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In the early 14th century, the
Spanish scholar, Arnaldus de Villa Nova (1235–1311), began to use litmus for studying acids and bases. This compound, extracted from a lichen, had been used as a dye since at least the time of the Vikings, but he was the first person known to use it as a test of
183:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Stir the lichens from time to time and the color changes from red to purple and finally blue after about four weeks. The lichens are then dried and powdered. At this stage the lichens contain partly litmus and partly
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medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. In short, it is a dye and indicator which is used to place substances on a pH scale.
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but in different proportions. In contrast with orcein, the principal constituent of litmus has an average molecular mass of 3300. Acid-base indicators on litmus owe their properties to a
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1393-92-6 and contains 10 to around 15 different dyes. All of the chemical components of litmus are likely to be the same as those of the related mixture known as
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ions react with the added base. The conjugate base formed from the litmus acid has a blue color, so the wet red litmus paper turns blue in an alkaline solution.
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range 4.5–8.3 at 25 °C (77 °F). Neutral litmus paper is purple. Wet litmus paper can also be used to test for water-soluble gases that affect
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Beecken, H.; E.-M. Gottschalk; U. v. Gizycki; H. Krämer; D. Maassen; H.-G. Matthies; H. Musso; C. Rathjen; Ul. Zdhorszky (2003). "Orcein and Litmus".
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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This summary of a modern manufacturing procedure is from The
Vanishing Lichens, D H S Richardson, London, 1975. The lichens (preferably
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E. T. Wolf: Vollständige Übersicht der
Elementar-analytischen Untersuchungen organischer Substanzen, S. 450–453, veröffentlicht
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647:, leaving the pure blue litmus. It is marketed as blue lumps, masses, or tablets, after mixing with colorless compounds such as
602:(or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein, and leucazolitmin. Azolitmin shows nearly the same effect as litmus.
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that functions similarly. Under acidic conditions, the solution is red, and under alkaline conditions, the solution is blue.
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gas, which is alkaline, turns red litmus paper blue. While all litmus paper acts as pH paper, the opposite is not true.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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ions are present. This reaction is irreversible, so the litmus is not acting as an indicator in this situation.
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Chemical reactions other than acid–base can also cause a color change to litmus paper. For instance,
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H. Musso, C. Rathjen (1959). "Orcein dyes. X. Light absorption and chromophore of litmus".
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The word "litmus" comes from an Old Norse word for “moss used for dyeing”. About 1300, the
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pH of the Skin: Issues and
Challenges - Current Problems in Dermatology
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Details are difficult to find because the processes were kept secret.
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From the 16th century onwards, the blue dye was extracted from some
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and the resulting solution colors the litmus paper. For instance,
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A recipe to make litmus out of the lichens, as outlined on a
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to this template: there are already 1,864 articles in the
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Surber, Christian; Humbert, Philippe; Abels, Christoph;
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The main use of litmus is to test whether a solution is
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872:"Students ask questions, UCSB scientists answer them"
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gas turns blue litmus paper white; the litmus dye is
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conditions, with the color change occurring over the
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708:Neupert, Manfred (January 31, 2013). "Lackmus".
284:Chemical structure of 7-hydroxyphenoxazone, the
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598:of litmus were given specific names including
380:. The dyes are extracted from such species as
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345:began using litmus to study acids and bases.
376:Litmus can be found in different species of
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643:. The orcein is removed by extraction with
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727:(2018). Surber, Christian; Abels (eds.).
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
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456:Litmus paper after being used
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29:Litmus (Battlestar Galactica)
861:, Verlag E. Anton (Germany).
802:10.1080/10520290410001671362
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313:. It is often absorbed onto
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664:Red litmus contains a weak
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175:Machine translation, like
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392:(Angola and Madagascar),
230:{{Translated|de|Lackmus}}
156:the corresponding article
845:10.1002/cber.19590920331
27:For the TV episode, see
765:O'Leary, Donal (2000).
447:
441:Dendrographa leucophoea
239:For more guidance, see
109:more precise citations.
18:Litmus test (chemistry)
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343:Arnaldus de Villa Nova
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771:The Chemical Elements
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241:Knowledge:Translation
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710:Römpp Lexikon Chemie
589:7-hydroxyphenoxazone
423:Parmotrema tinctorum
352:, especially in the
288:of litmus components
417:Ochrolechia parella
412:Variolaria dealbata
389:Roccella fuciformis
622:Roccella tinctoria
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435:Roccella montagnei
410:(Norway, Sweden),
401:Roccella phycopsis
386:(South American),
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592:chromophore
398:(Algeria),
354:Netherlands
286:chromophore
107:introducing
890:Categories
767:"Chlorine"
676:References
581:CAS number
341:physician
90:references
54:improve it
833:Chem. Ber
660:Mechanism
596:fractions
575:Chemistry
307:extracted
234:talk page
186:Consider
158:in German
60:talk page
818:41944320
810:15473576
753:acidity.
690:"Litmus"
670:hydrogen
641:pigments
567:because
565:bleached
561:chlorine
490:basicity
478:alkaline
429:Parmelia
325:. In an
210:provide
878:. 2002.
645:alcohol
630:ammonia
594:. Some
498:ammonia
486:acidity
378:lichens
350:lichens
339:Spanish
333:History
323:acidity
311:lichens
232:to the
214:in the
160:.
103:improve
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653:gypsum
638:orcein
585:orcein
514:Litmus
470:acidic
462:acidic
426:, and
327:acidic
296:Litmus
92:, but
814:S2CID
746:1 May
649:chalk
494:water
474:basic
466:basic
309:from
298:is a
177:DeepL
859:1846
806:PMID
748:2023
735:ISBN
651:and
628:and
620:and
448:Uses
304:dyes
208:must
206:You
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552:5.3
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482:pH
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