294:
fragment that appeared during this period in the first half of the twentieth century was a response to the challenges of modernity. As John Tytell explains, the fragment became synonymous with literary modernism because it represented "a new sense of the universe that began to emerge as the nineteenth century ended". Industrialisation, technological advancement and developments in science all lead to significant societal changes, and the First World War "seemed to sever any reliable continuities with the values of the past", leading to a "fragmented experience of modernity". These changes prompted writers to seek a new mode of representation that could represent the complexity of the modern world.
22:
390:
86:
245:
50:
that literary fragments "disturb characterization", as they exist somewhere between a part and a whole but do not belong to either. Others, such as Hans-Jost Frey, suggest that the fragment may be entirely incompatible with literary theory because it is by nature "hostile to meaning", and defies the boundaries and borders upon which theory depends.
302:
developed novelistic forms that were fragmented, deployed multiple viewpoints, emphasised the subjective nature of experience, disrupted narrative chronology, drew attention to the fictive nature of their narrative procedures, experimented with language, and, by refusing the comforts of
49:
The literary fragment and the concept of fragmentariness presents several challenges to literary criticism, in part because of the difficulty in determining what constitutes a fragment. Guignery and Drag write that the task of defining the literary fragment is "near-impossible". Sophie Thomas writes
348:
The postmodern literary fragment is characterised by mosaic, montage, collage, polyphonic narrative and voices, multiple perspectives, pastiche, duplication, mirroring, and incompletion. Douwe
Fokkema writes that the Postmodern fragment emphasises discontinuity and destroys connectivity, explaining
344:
period saw a renewed focus on the literary fragment as a rejection of traditional narrative modes, leading Paul
Virilio to label the period as "the age of micro-narrative, the art of the fragment". While the modernists saw the fragment as a way of making sense of the chaos of the modernising world
293:
The modernist literary movement is often described as being a repudiation of earlier ideas, but many note that modernist fragmentary writing was a clear response to the
Romantic fragment poem. While the Romantics saw the fragment as a way to reckon with ideas of possibility and limitlessness, the
397:
The contemporary period has seen an increase in the prevalence of fragmentation in works of literature. Wojciech DrÄ
g notes that this period has seen a revival of fragmentary writing that poses a new kind of challenge for the reader, as it rejects narrative conventions and conventional novelistic
53:
The difficulty in defining the literary fragment is also due to the connotations of the word 'fragment' and its relationship to archaeology; while a fragment of pottery can suggest the part that was lost due to the nature of patterning, the literary fragment cannot represent its whole in the same
37:
While it is difficult to classify literary fragments, a number of critics agree on a basic taxonomy of two types of fragment: those who intentionally use fragmentation as a form in their writing, and those that are fragmented because they are incomplete or because parts have been lost over time.
401:
Critics such as
Shannon Callaghan note that the contemporary fragment offers a new way of representing marginalised identities and traumatic experiences outside of traditional narrative structures. Guignery and Drag note that the contemporary fragment might also be a response to the "accelerated
62:
The discovery of fragments of larger works has been of interest to scholars in many fields since at least the sixteenth century, and has formed the research basis of many fields since the establishment of academic disciplines in the nineteenth century. Historical literary fragments are studied
240:
The historical fragment and the motif of the historical ruin also gained popularity during this period, with many writers taking inspiration from recently discovered relics of the past. This interest in historical fragments saw several literary hoaxes in which
Romantic writers including Thomas
297:
According to
Gasiorek, the modernist period saw the literary fragment become part of the novel, the genre previously considered the least consistent with fragmentation. He explains that the modernists adopted the fragment as a rejection of realism that was seen as an "unwarrantedly stable and
33:
is a piece of text that may be part of a larger work, or that employs a 'fragmentary' form characterised by physical features such as short paragraphs or sentences separated by white space, and thematic features such as discontinuity, ambivalence, ambiguity, or lack of a traditional narrative
345:
and searching for unity in a disjointed world, the postmodern period saw writers "give up
Modernist attempts to restore wholeness to a fragmented world", dispensing with the notion of over-arching meaning, instead representing the world as fundamentally fractured and disordered.
682:
The ancient fragments ; containing what remains of the writings of
Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho. Also the Hermetic creed, the Old chronicle, the Laterculus of Eratosthenes, the Tyrian annals, the Oracles of Zoroaster, and the Periplus of
237:
This idea is also reflected in the work of the
English late-Romantic poets who saw the potential of the fragmented form to express insights "that went beyond established forms and genres".
525:
41:
As a form, the literary fragment has been employed during the
Romantic, Modernist, Postmodern and Contemporary literary periods as a way to reckon with the challenges of modernity.
349:
that "many Postmodernist texts are a collection of relatively unconnected fragments, which challenge the literary code that predisposes the reader to look for coherence."
398:
structures, favours non-linearity, experimentation with chronology, metatextuality, repetition, listing and the use of citations in creative works.
241:
Chatterton and James Macpherson claimed to have translated or discovered historical fragments that were later shown to be their own modern creation.
290:. As Nora Golschmidt explains, "the fragment is so integral to the literary and visual cultures of modernism that it borders on cliche."
715:
Gasche, Rodolphe (1991). "Foreword: Ideality in Fragmentation". In Schlegel, Friedrich; Firchow, Peter; Gasche, Rodolphe (eds.).
868:
Guignery, Vanessa; Drag, Wojciech (2019). "Introduction: the art of the fragment". In Guignery, Vanessa; Drag, Wojciech (eds.).
1049:. Utrecht publications in general and comparative literature. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 44.
1054:
957:
847:
805:
664:
148:
74:
Historical literary fragments include the remains of works otherwise lost over time, such as in the case of the poetry of
67:, which involves the study of papyrus texts almost all preserved in fragments, and the more recently established field of
226:
ways of thinking, and could reflect the fragmentary nature of existence while gesturing towards the future. According to
472:
402:
culture of social media and overcommunication within which long-form fiction seems increasingly anachronistic."
482:
78:, as well as quotations in secondary texts from works that have never been discovered, such as in the work of
696:
Sandford, Stella (2016). "The dream is a fragment: Freud, transdisciplinarity and early German Romanticism".
190:,scholars note that the fragmentary form was established by a group of German writers associated with the
68:
203:
222:
that offered freedom from the limitations imposed by traditional genres, had the potential to reject
1177:
231:
787:
455:
261:
908:
54:
way, which complicates the relationship between the literary fragment and its suggested whole.
21:
883:
Tytell, J (1981). "Epiphany in Chaos: Fragmentation in Modernism". In Krirzman, L. D. (ed.).
341:
357:
Notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the Postmodern period include
435:
358:
312:
Notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the Modernist period include
275:
223:
71:, which involves the study of surviving fragments of mostly medieval European manuscripts.
8:
1167:
839:
411:
410:
Notable examples of authors producing fragmented work in the Contemporary period include
260:
Notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the Romantic period include
207:
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835:
793:
614:
Baltussen, Han; Olson, S. Douglas (2017). "Epilogue: A Conversation on Fragments".
366:
191:
187:
215:
952:. Modern and Contemporary Poetics. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.
473:
https://lithub.com/break-everything-and-begin-again-on-fragmentation-as-a-form/
321:
317:
227:
1072:"Interzone's a Riot: William S. Burroughs and Writing the Moroccan Revolution"
797:
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934:
451:
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419:
415:
378:
374:
219:
131:
1071:
909:"Jenny Offill's Dept. of Speculation and the Revival of Fragmentary Writing"
483:
https://lithub.com/fragmented-narratives-are-broken-independent-and-honest/
427:
423:
389:
870:
The Poetics of Fragmentation in Contemporary British and American Fiction
636:
Duba, William; FlĂźeler, Christoph (2018). "Fragments and fragmentology".
571:
The Poetics of Fragmentation in Contemporary British and American Fiction
511:
The Poetics of Fragmentation in Contemporary British and American Fiction
431:
362:
325:
313:
176:
175:
The fragment as both theme and form is strongly associated with European
135:
119:
1139:
1031:
1007:
993:
Horizons of Assent: Modernism, Postmodernism, and the Ironic Imagination
182:
While the Romantic fragment evolved out of the much earlier writings of
102:
Notable examples of writers of extant fragments of longer works include
1088:
370:
329:
271:
265:
107:
79:
64:
980:. Translated by Polizzotti, Mark. New York: Semiotext(e). p. 35.
752:
The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism
447:
439:
244:
111:
85:
735:
Janowitz, Ann (2017). "The Romantic Fragment". In Wu, Duncan (ed.).
556:
The Fragment: Towards a History and Poetics of a Performative Genre
127:
123:
115:
1124:"What Lyric Is Missing: Anne Carson and the Contemporary Fragment"
199:
1008:"A Mosaic of Fragments as Narrative Practice: Maqiao Dictionary"
159:
584:
Thomas, Sophie (2005). "The Fragment". In Roe, Nicholas (ed.).
103:
90:
75:
754:. Translated by Barnard, P; Lester, C. SUNY Press. p. 41.
1103:
Callahan, Shannon (2020). "The Female and the Fragment(ed)".
950:
Interruptions: the fragmentary aesthetic in modern literature
154:
286:
The use of the fragment as a form is closely linked to the
657:
Antisthenes of Athens: texts, translations, and commentary
298:
epistemologically confident narrative mode", and instead,
234:, the Romantic "aims at fragmentation for its own sake".
995:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 42.
913:
MiscelĂĄnea: A Journal of English and American Studies
57:
772:. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. p. 16.
749:
750:Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe; Nancy, Jean-Luc (1988).
654:
603:. State University of New York Press. p. 25.
478:https://thenewinquiry.com/narrative-of-fragments/
468:https://gulfcoastmag.org/journal/25.1/the-f-word/
1159:
975:
834:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 1â16,
530:Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics
509:Guignery, Vanessa; Drag, Wojciech Drag (2019).
165:
1047:Literary history, modernism, and postmodernism
613:
867:
508:
89:Fragment of the Tithonus poem by Greek poet
825:
659:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
635:
976:Virilio, Paul; Lotringer, Sylvère (1983).
524:Jovanovic, Evelina Saponjic (2019-12-22).
1087:
1076:Journal of Transnational American Studies
924:
885:Fragments: Incompletion and Discontinuity
573:. Delaware: Vernon Press. pp. xviii.
523:
303:closure, remained steadfastly openâended.
1102:
785:
734:
695:
568:
513:. Delaware: Vernon Press. pp. xvii.
388:
243:
84:
20:
1044:
872:. Delaware: Vernon Press. pp. xiv.
44:
1160:
882:
767:
714:
655:Prince, Susan H.; Antisthenes (2015).
583:
384:
160:Digital Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum
1121:
1069:
990:
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969:
947:
902:
900:
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896:
894:
887:. New York Literary Forum. p. 3.
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352:
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149:Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
1005:
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588:. Oxford Academic. pp. 511â512.
549:
547:
545:
543:
504:
502:
500:
498:
461:
335:
186:, Pascal and the English and French
770:The Fragment: An Incomplete History
526:"Fragment as a Storytelling Device"
281:
97:
25:Byzantine Egyptian papyrus fragment
13:
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891:
840:10.1093/oso/9780192863409.003.0001
814:
776:
758:
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250:Kubla Khan: Or A Vision in a Dream
170:
141:
58:Literary fragments of larger works
14:
1189:
789:A History of Modernist Literature
739:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 479.
626:
558:. Harvard: Peter Lang. p. 3.
540:
495:
202:. The Jena Romantics, as well as
826:Goldschmidt, Nora (2023-12-07),
792:(1 ed.). Wiley. p. 6.
786:GÄ
siorek, Andrzej (2015-06-22).
719:. University of Minnesota Press.
1115:
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984:
941:
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861:
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16:Genre or piece of a larger work
1045:Fokkema, Douwe Wessel (1984).
648:
616:Journal of Juristic Papyrology
607:
592:
577:
562:
517:
1:
1070:Suver, Stacey Andrew (2017).
926:10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20176787
907:DrÄ
g, Wojciech (2017-12-20).
488:
680:Cory, Isaac Preston (1828).
288:modernist literary tradition
166:Literary fragments as a form
7:
10:
1194:
737:A Companion to Romanticism
569:Guignery, Vanessa (2019).
948:Bruns, Gerald L. (2018).
798:10.1002/9781118607305.ch0
248:Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
63:closely in the fields of
768:Tronzo, William (2009).
599:Frey, Hans-Jost (1996).
232:Philippe Lacoue-Lebarthe
218:, saw the fragment as a
1128:Contemporary Literature
717:Philosophical Fragments
685:. London: W. Pickering.
554:Elias, Camelia (2004).
262:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1122:Burke, Jordan (2023).
1006:Feng, Zongxin (2013).
394:
305:
252:
94:
26:
832:Fragmentary Modernism
392:
300:
247:
93:, third century BCE.
88:
24:
1105:Body Studies Journal
991:Wilde, Alan (1981).
436:Jonathan Safran Foer
359:William S. Burroughs
276:Percy Bysshe Shelley
45:Criticism and theory
1140:10.3368/cl.63.2.149
412:Mark Z. Danielewski
385:Contemporary period
1089:10.5070/T881028666
698:Radical Philosophy
395:
253:
196:Friedrich Schlegel
188:moralist tradition
95:
27:
1056:978-90-272-2194-0
959:978-0-8173-5906-5
849:978-0-19-286340-9
807:978-1-4051-7716-0
666:978-0-472-11934-9
336:Postmodern period
194:school including
155:The Fragmentarium
31:literary fragment
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308:Notable examples
282:Modernist period
256:Notable examples
98:Notable examples
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462:Further reading
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393:Eula Biss, 2019
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216:Walter Benjamin
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171:Romantic period
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142:Further reading
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828:"Introduction"
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601:Interruptions
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536:(3): 125â140.
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28:
18:
586:Romanticism
432:Anne Carson
363:Kathy Acker
326:James Joyce
314:T. S. Eliot
177:Romanticism
136:Megasthenes
120:Antisthenes
34:structure.
1168:Literature
1162:Categories
1111:(2): 9â18.
855:2024-04-30
622:: 393â406.
489:References
371:John Barth
342:postmodern
330:Ezra Pound
272:Lord Byron
266:John Keats
108:Heraclitus
80:Heraclitus
65:papyrology
1148:1548-9949
1024:1063-3685
1012:Narrative
935:2386-4834
448:Ali Smith
440:Eula Biss
208:Nietzsche
184:Montaigne
112:Sophocles
1032:24615401
978:Pure War
212:Schiller
128:Berossus
124:Abydenus
116:Xenophon
1173:Writing
200:Novalis
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1053:
1030:
1022:
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933:
919:: 57.
846:
804:
663:
644:: 1â5.
328:, and
204:Goethe
104:Sappho
91:Sappho
76:Sappho
1082:(1).
1028:JSTOR
704:: 25.
683:Hanno
1144:ISSN
1051:ISBN
1020:ISSN
954:ISBN
931:ISSN
844:ISBN
802:ISBN
661:ISBN
454:and
377:and
340:The
274:and
230:and
214:and
198:and
192:Jena
134:and
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1010:.
968:^
929:.
917:56
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