3688:
2656:
1802:
2758:
4000:
2739:
1724:
2956:
2214:
15131:
3383:
2063:
2611:
1908:
2435:
2794:
2192:
3589:
2590:
3485:
3465:
2019:
2081:
2776:
150:
3675:
2634:
3844:
3760:
3445:
2395:
2300:
1646:
2170:
2830:
2147:
2037:
1638:
3078:
873:
1850:
3270:
2721:
3798:
3402:
2103:
2566:
1698:
3247:
3779:
2356:
2685:
1874:
14497:
14321:
3629:
2895:
3224:
2507:
927:
3979:
3609:
2548:
3421:
474:
3354:
3874:
2919:
3035:
1395:
710:
3288:
1949:
3505:
420:
193:
1593:
3196:
3157:
1359:
1377:
2938:
2812:
15145:
3530:
1467:
15117:
3901:
1089:
2471:
1269:
310:
2703:
674:
14509:
2995:
1341:
1197:
963:
855:
346:
402:
24:
1449:
1305:
1287:
1215:
1071:
783:
1413:
1161:
1125:
909:
729:
438:
384:
366:
202:
175:
1539:
1503:
1233:
1053:
1017:
945:
620:
602:
456:
3556:
2121:
1989:
1557:
747:
692:
656:
566:
548:
512:
292:
494:
3098:
1251:
1179:
584:
238:
891:
837:
801:
256:
1575:
819:
530:
274:
220:
157:
1107:
999:
981:
3138:
3307:
3055:
2876:
3736:
1967:
3118:
765:
1521:
1485:
1035:
638:
3015:
328:
1431:
1143:
3708:
1776:
1680:
1323:
1750:
2334:
2259:
2976:
1930:
2848:
1662:
2236:
1826:
13916:). An eruption began on 30 September in a 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) fissure under Vatnajökull between Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn and lasted until 13 October. The seismic activity indicated a magma flow from Bárðarbunga. Melting water flowed to Grímsvötn and filled the subglacial lake to highest level ever recorded. The long-awaited
4180:; An active stratovolcano located under the Vatnajökull glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, 2,009 metres (6,591 ft) above sea level, and part of a volcanic system that is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) long and 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide. Historically there are large eruptions every 250–600 years.
9957:, large fissure eruption pouring out basaltic lava. The lava flowed down the valley Laxárdalur to the lowland plain of Aðaldalur where it entered the Arctic Ocean about 50 km (31 mi) away from Mývatn. The crater row that was formed on top of the eruptive fissure is called Þrengslaborgir (or Lúdentsborgir).
7356:, The "Reykjanes Volcanic System" is one of the volcanic systems on Reykjanes Peninsula, and consists of (volcanic and tectonic) fissures and faults directed mostly NE-SW. It is part of Reykjanes Volcanic Belt like the 3-6 (depending on author) other volcanic systems on Reykjanes Peninsula. No volcanic
14185:
being raised from orange to red, indicating an eruption in progress. The following day, the aviation risk was lowered from red to orange and the statement that there was an eruption in progress was retracted. However, later aerial observations of glacial depressions southeast of the volcano suggested
12267:
river valley and
Hverfisfljót, down into the lowlands and covered about 580 km (220 sq mi) (including a gorge thought to have been 200 metres (660 ft) deep). The eruption has been estimated to have killed over six million people globally. Ash fall and poisoning caused hay failure
5096:
in the area, is composed of a red (rather than black) volcanic rock, and is approximately 55 m (180 ft) deep, 170 m (560 ft) wide, and 270 m (890 ft) across. Kerið's caldera is one of the three most recognisable volcanic craters because at approximately 6,500 years old,
7657:
which began 130 metres (430 feet) below sea level, and reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of 2.7 km (1.0 sq mi). The most recent survey (2007) shows the island's maximum elevation at 155 m
13556:, eruption number 15 began on May 5 in the southwestern part of Heklugjár and in Skjólkvíar north of the mountain. Considerable ash fall to NNV, all the way north to Húnavatnssýslur. In the mountain itself the activity stopped after a few days but in Skjólkvíar it erupted for about 2 months.
5009:
by about 14.5 metres (48 ft) per year (varying substantially from year to year due to the complexity of the movement). As of 2020, the place where the line crosses the island is close to the northern tip and by the middle of the 21st century it will pass north of
Grimsey altogether.)
10163:
in so called "Settlement eruption" dated to 877 ± 2 CE. The craters resulted from 65 kilometres (40 mi) (or 42 kilometres (26 mi)) long volcanic fissures within the area of a lake. The mainly explosive eruptions emitted 5–10 km (1.2–2.4 cu mi) of
15042:
lava field alone is estimated to have produced about 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) of lava. Grímsvötn has probably had more than 30 eruptions in the last 400 years, and produced around 55 cubic kilometres (13 cu mi) over the last 10,000 years.
5157:
lava field alone is estimated to have produced about 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) of lava. Grímsvötn has probably had more than 30 eruptions in the last 400 years, and produced around 55 cubic kilometres (13 cu mi) over the last 10,000 years.
2525:
lava field alone is estimated to have produced about 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) of lava. Grímsvötn has probably had more than 30 eruptions in the last 400 years, and produced around 55 cubic kilometres (13 cu mi) over the last 10,000 years.
14186:
that the now-retracted report of an eruption had been correct and that a short eruption did occur under the ice, but the lack of further melting indicated that this eruption had now ceased. Then, a new fissure eruption breached the surface between Bárðarbunga and
16746:
Jillian Mary
Verbeurgt: A comparative analysis of the magnetic anomalies associated with the geothermal systems on Reykjanes peninsula. Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Sustainable Energy Science. Haraldur Auðunsson, Supervisor. Reykjavík University. September
10026:
in the last 2,000 years. The source of the eruption remains to be found. Icelandic volcanos were proposed. However, the cryptotephras dated exactly to AD 536 are geochemically distinct from
Icelandic tephra, and the shards in the Swiss glacier have large age
16635:
Kahl, M; Bali, E.; Guðfinnsson, G.H.; Neave, D.A.; Ubide, T.; van der Meer, Q.H.A.; Matthews, S. (2021). "Conditions and
Dynamics of Magma Storage in the Snæfellsnes Volcanic Zone, Western Iceland: Insights from the Búðahraun and Berserkjahraun Eruptions".
3595:
volcano - Inside the magma chamber. The only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator into the magma chamber. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, revealing the rift beneath the
7989:. Covering a 3,270 square metres (35,200 sq ft) area and a depth of 213 meters (699 ft), it has not erupted in the past 4000 years. It opened for tourism in 2012, the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator into the
13586:
on 23 January. About a third of the town was buried under lava, over 400 properties were destroyed. The lava front was cooled by pumping seawater on it, it saved the important harbour entrance. A volcano formed and
Heimaey expanded to the
15386:
Schleicher, N.; Kramar, U.; Dietze, V.; Kaminski, U.; Norra, S. (2012). "Geochemical characterization of single atmospheric particles from the
Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption event collected at ground-based sampling sites in Germany".
5462:; an active stratovolcano in the south. It is one of the most active volcanoes; over 20 eruptions since the year 1210. During the Middle Ages it was known as the "Gateway to Hell". Part of a volcanic ridge, 40 km (25 mi) long.
14964:
The Tjörnes
Fracture Zone (TFZ) connects the North Volcanic Zone to the Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR), which is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It contains its own volcanic systems, which are smaller than those in the Mid-Iceland Belt.
14542:
Vonarskarð and Hágöngur, belong to the same volcanic system. The southern propagating rift region of the EVZ with more tendency yo explosive eruption characteristics is known as the
Southern Iceland Volcanic Zone (SIVZ).
10855:. They are owned by Yngra Stampahraun, (Klofningahraun), Eldvarpahraun, Illahraun and Arnarseturshraun. Sandy winter due to a large ash eruption at Reykjanestá and the so-called Medieval Valley fell. Famine as a result.
11850:. Studies of tephra layers have shown that a number of eruptions occurred beneath the glacier, probably in the north-east of the crater or in Bárðarbunga. There have also been smaller eruptions in an ice-free area of
16446:
16430:
6565:
located in the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded to the south by the Tjörnes
Fracture Zone, which connects the submarine ridge to the on-shore Northern Volcanic Zone rifting center in eastern Iceland. The volcanic islands
17968:
Kristján Sæmundsson, Magnús Á. Sigurgeirsson, Árni Hjartarson, Ingibjörg Kaldal, Sigurður Garðar Kristinsson and Skúli Víkingsson (2016). Geological Map of Southwest Iceland, 1:100.000 (2nd ed.). Reykjavík: Iceland
5899:
region, 35 kilometres (22 mi) offshore, it is 200 metres (660 ft) long and up to 100 metres (330 ft) wide, with its highest point 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level. It appears on maps from 1761
13708:, eruption number 16 began on August 17 and lasted until the 20th . Ash spread to the north, lava flowed mostly to the west and north. The eruption resumed on April 9 of the following year and ended on April 16.
14668:
in the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded to the south by the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, which connects the submarine ridge to the on-shore Northern Volcanic Zone rifting center in eastern Iceland. The volcanic islands
4583:. Most of the volcano, including the 40 km caldera, is covered by the icecap. On the other hand, are parts of the SE flank exposed in NW-SE-trending ridges. Most of the exposed rocks are mildly alkaline
6068:
are moving apart, is partly responsible for this intense volcanic activity, but an additional cause is necessary to explain why Iceland is a substantial island while the rest of the ridge mostly consists of
13420:. Heklugjá opened lengthwise, about 0.8 km (0.19 cu mi) of lava flowed, mostly to the west and southwest from Axlargígur. One Icelandic geologist died while doing research at the eruption.
15620:
11795:, eruption number 11 began on 13 February and lasted until the autumn. Heavy ash fall to the northwest at the beginning of the eruption which caused great and permanent damage in the surrounding areas.
2600:. Hekla has erupted at least 17 times in historical times, with total volume about 7 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi), but around 42 cubic kilometres (10 cu mi) since the last ice age.
15760:
14931:
striking west-northwest in southwestern Iceland, being one of two large fracture zones, associated with such transform faults, striking about 75°N to 80°W, the other being the Tjörnes Fracture Zone.
11618:. September 2–14 . Large eruption with heavy ash fall to the east. 25 farms were deserted. Þorsteinn Magnússon, abbot of Þykkvabær, wrote a report on the eruption, the first of its kind in Iceland.
13416:, eruption number 14 began on March 29 with an explosion. First eruption in Hekla in over 100 years. The plume reached a height of 30 km (19 mi) ash fall to the south over Fljótshlíð and
4781:, It has been bisected vertically by coastal erosion, to expose its inner structure, including lava layers and an intrusive magma dyke. It may have been formed during two separate glacial periods.
9044:, subglacial volcano is a shield type with caldera. The third largest ice cap after Vatnajökull and Langjökull and the largest active volcano in the country, situated in the west of the Highlands
14194:
lava field, in the early hours of 29 August. This was followed by a second fissure eruption in the Holuhraun area, along the same volcanic fissure, which started shortly after 4 am on 31 August.
13043:
was erupted. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. 1910 was the last known eruption of Bárðarbunga before the 2014 eruptions.)It may also be linked to the Grímsvötn eruption of the same year.
6171:. Over the following eight months it appeared and disappeared several times, as wave erosion and volcanic activity alternated in dominance, until oceanic erosion led to its final disappearance.
15093:
has erupted at least 17 times in historical times, with total volume about 7 cubic kilometres (1.7 cu mi), but around 42 cubic kilometres (10 cu mi) since the last ice age.
9578:
in the area cover a total of 54 km (21 sq mi). The total volume of lava produced in the lava flows of Grímsnes has been estimated at 1.2 cubic kilometres (0.29 cu mi).
8276:
and lava fields. It is about 10 kilometres in diameter. Its oblong crater is about 1,200 to 1,500 metres in length, 500 metres broad, and about 100 metres deep. Most of its
16802:
16970:
15325:
9679:
covered an area of 3,270 square metres (35,200 sq ft) to a depth of 213 meters (699 ft), It is the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator into the
18550:
17288:
8434:. It is in the south-east of the island, covering approximately 10% of the country. The Vatnajökull glacier embraces seven identified subglacial volcanoes, of which the best-known are
5100:
Although originally believed to have been formed by a volcanic explosion, studies of the Grímsnes region failed to find any supporting evidence. So it is now believed that Kerið was a
8963:. The remains of this caldera are much larger than the modern island itself, with the island near the caldera's center. The rest of the caldera underlies a large part of what is now
16212:
16179:
13873:
but soon subsided. One crater east of the mountain was active until March 17. A considerable amount of lava flowed on the south side of the mountain, but there was little ash fall.
8819:. The remains of the caldera are much larger than the modern island itself, with the island near the caldera's center. The rest of the caldera underlies a large part of what is now
19612:
T. Gudmundsson; Thórdís Högnadóttir (January 2007). "Volcanic systems and calderas in the Vatnajökull region, central Iceland: Constraints on crustal structure from gravity data".
18855:
12105:. The eruption began on October 17 and lasted until mid-February. A large amount of ash, about 1.5 km (0.36 cu mi), reached the northeast and caused great damage in
8044:
composition, and a 5-km-wide caldera was formed during the eruption of the 54,000-year-old Thórsmörk Ignimbrite. It is capped by a glacier of 19 km. Its highest peak is Ýmir.
14411:- Sundhnúkur second eruption - began in the early hours of the 14 January 2024 (around 7:57 UTC) and ended on 16th January 2024. It resulted in damage by lava to the outskirts of
4456:, a volcano and a canyon that is part of the Katla volcano; a segment of a 40 kilometres (25 mi) chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from
18551:
C.F. Zellmer, et al.: On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 269 (2008) 387–397.
19221:
17431:
Müller, R. Dietmar; Royer, Jean-Yves; Lawver, Lawrence A. (1993-03-01). "Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks".
17289:
C.F. Zellmer, etal.: On the recent bimodal magmatic processes and their rates in the Torfajökull–Veidivötn area, Iceland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 269 (2008) 387–397.
16071:
Morphometry of subaerial shield volcanoes and glaciovolcanoes from Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Effects of eruption environment. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
10037:
751-763 ± 2 Hrafnkatla (AT-8 or E2) series of eruptions including large eruptions in 757 and 763 ± 2 with total tephra volume greater than 4,500 km (1,100 cu mi)
19368:
8096:(KR), which is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It contains its own volcanic systems, which are smaller than those in the Mid-Iceland Belt. It is one of two major and active
6919:
volcanic system. The pollution from the 1783 eruption led to the deaths of over 50% of Iceland's livestock, and the destruction of the vast majority of crops. The resulting
18300:. Icelandic Meteorological Office, Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police
14927:, which connects the East and West Volcanic Zones. It contains its own volcanic systems, smaller than those in the Mid-Iceland Belt. The SISZ is a set of major and active
9407:
Note: Bárðarbunga 6600 BC is also described as "about 8,600 years ago, with a total volume of 21 to 30 cubic kilometres and covering approximately 950 square kilometres."
5794:. The Hofsjökull glacier is the third largest ice cap after Vatnajökull and Langjökull. The largest active volcano in the country, situated in the west of the Highlands
2925:- Eroded remnants of the island in 2020. First measured in 1616, the island was 700 metres (2,300 ft) from north to south and 100 m (330 ft) east to west.
19202:
14789:
south of Iceland and intersects to its north-east at Hengill with the WVZ and the South Iceland seismic zone (SISZ, also known as the Reykjanes fracture zone, RFZ).
9391:) ( area. The Þjórsá lava field is up to 1,000 km (390 sq mi) in area and flowed over 100 km (62 mi) to the sea and forms the coast between
8882:
16,000,000 years ago - the oldest known rock in Iceland was formed in a lava eruption. The age of the basaltic strata from west to east is 16–10 million years. (See
19100:
14336:
2277:
17264:
18953:
14053:
4 eruption began in Eyjafjallajökull on 14 April. It caused major disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe and across the North Atlantic, not seen before.
7966:
6400:
872:
9075:
to the west and away from the active volcanic zone. Two volcanoes were active in the Reykjavík region, Viðey volcano and Stardals volcano. They partially formed
8917:
to the west and away from the active volcanic zone. Two volcanoes were active in the Reykjavík region, Viðey volcano and Stardals volcano. They partially formed
2313:
14182:
14429:- Sundhnúkur third eruption - began on 8 February 2024 (around 6:07 UTC), about a kilometre north of Grindavík, in the same area as the December eruption. See
9231:, volcanic melting of glacier ice induced the formation of one or more subglacial meltwater lakes. Dropping overburden pressures led to the eruption of vitric
5952:
4702:. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an area 5 kilometres (3 mi) wide and 16 kilometres (10 mi) long between the
41:
18205:
17234:
10000:, The latest eruption took place circa 50-350 CE and released approximately 0.11 km (144,000,000 cu yd) of volcanic material. The eruption was
6773:, a volcano in the county of Rangárvallasýsla, located east of Hekla, it is part of the Nýjahraun lava field. It is 858 meters high and last erupted in 1878.
16770:
14785:, RVB) contains multiple fissure vent orientated volcanic systems including one with a similar name. It is the continuation of the Reykjanes Ridge (RR) (the
13021:
which has geological interactions with Grímsvötn, although not in official databases It may also be linked to the Loki-Fögrufjöll eruption of the same year.
12557:
10261:
7932:
18468:
Gabriel, I.; Plunkett, G.; Abbott, P.M.; Behrens, M.; Burke, A.; Chellman, N.; Cook, E.; Fleitmann, D.; Hörhold, M.; Hutchison, W.; McConnell, J.R. (2024).
15624:
15564:
12688:
9556:
6927:
resulted in one of the most important climatic and socially significant natural events of the last millennium. triggering up to 6 million deaths worldwide.
6512:
and is expected to disappear in the near future. Erosion rate data from 1994 suggested that this would happen around 2020. As of April 2021, two small
17581:
Processes, Products and Depositional Environments of Ice-Confined Basaltic Fissure Eruptions: A Case Study of the Sveifluháls Volcanic Complex, SW Iceland.
14474:
4531:. The western part of the mountain range is the oldest (about 3.2 million years) and the eastern part is the youngest (about 1.8 million years).
3687:
19426:
15423:
14705:
North of Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is called Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR) and is connected to the North Volcanic Zone via the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ).
10518:
8262:
6605:
13909:
5731:, A volcanic table mountain the southwest, to the south of Þingvellir. The volcano is still active, evidenced by its numerous hot springs and fumaroles.
3314:
17858:Árni Hjartarson 1994: „Environmental changes in Iceland following the Great Þjórsá Lava Eruption 7800 14C years BP". In: J. Stötter og F. Wilhelm (ed.)
14457:- Sundhnúkur fifth eruption - began on 29 May 2024 (at 12:45 UTC) and lasted until 22 June 2024 being the largest in the Sundhnúkur series to date. See
12553:
11376:
10938:
10406:
11183:
8281:
8200:
7420:
4018:
There are about 32 volcanic systems in Iceland. Volcanic system means a volcano-tectonic fissure system and – very often a bigger volcano, a so-called
18374:
Abbott, D. H.; Biscaye, P.; Cole-Dai, J.; Breger, D. (December 2008). "Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon".
14287:. The eruption began at 16:40 UTC on July 10, north of the Litli-Hrútur (English translation: Little Ram) volcanic fell, with considerable lava flow.
1708:
and other craters began on March 28 and lasted for about eight hours. Heavy ash damage in the middle of East Iceland caused farms to be deserted, and
12590:
12046:
11519:, eruption number 9. From January 3 into the summer. Volcanic eruptions were widespread but caused little living space, although mainly in Mýrdalur.
10250:
926:
18079:"Chronology of late Holocene climatic events in the northern North Atlantic based on AMS C dates and tephra markers from the volcano Hekla, Iceland"
16792:
14446:
13603:
13084:
12106:
12074:
11974:
11088:
10402:
88:
14460:
14432:
14400:
14259:
2048:
14906:
14418:
13599:
12565:
12561:
9834:
pine sequence, and the Irish oak sequence of extremely narrow growth rings. A research team led by Baker dated it to 1021 BC ±130. Some
8216:
5661:
2637:
60:
14575:
8212:
19569:
Jenness, Maria H.; Clifton, Amy E. (September 2009). "Controls on the geometry of a Holocene crater row: a field study from southwest Iceland".
19455:
19203:
Reykjavík Grapevine June 4 2021, The Message In The Magma: The Geldingadalir Eruption Site Is Growing—What Have We Learned? By Hannah Jane Cohen
16979:
15070:
seems to be part of the same system. The total volume of volcanic eruptions from Katla over the last 10,000 years is very similar to Grímsvötn.
14972:
zones striking west-northwest in northern and southern Iceland. The Tjörnes and Reykjanes Fracture Zones are found striking about 75°N to 80°W.
14643:
11851:
11225:
11203:
8100:
zones striking west-northwest in northern and southern Iceland. The Tjörnes and Reykjanes Fracture Zones are found striking about 75°N to 80°W.
2858:
seems to be part of the same system. The total volume of volcanic eruptions from Katla over the last 10,000 years is very similar to Grímsvötn.
17371:
15323:
10198:
4078:
149:
18258:
16261:
G. L. Johnson; J. R. Southall; P. W. Young; P. R. Vogt (10 October 1972). "Origin and structure of the Iceland Plateau and Kolbeinsey Ridge".
16007:
13870:
12692:
12684:
12481:
12166:
12110:
12092:
10354:
18924:
18078:
17912:
16729:
12772:
10265:
6770:
4754:
4074:
67:
10346:
8089:
13542:
13083:
began on October 12 and ended on November 5. The eruption reached a height of 14.3 km (8.9 mi) and caused considerable damage in
6959:
6164:
19487:
19141:
Thorarinsson, S.; Steinthorsson, S.; Einarsson, T.; Kristmannsdottir, H.; Oskarsson, N. (1973-02-09). "The eruption on Heimaey, Iceland".
18800:
18408:
Plunkett, Gill; Sigl, Michael; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Chellman, Nathan; Steffensen, J.P.; Büntgen, Ulf (2020-06-08).
16315:
16202:
16169:
9724:
table mountain situated in the southwest. The range covers an area of about 4 by 7 km. It is still active, evidenced by its numerous
19650:
T. Thordarson; G. Larsen (January 2007). "Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history".
18863:
13058:
12114:
11859:
to the north-east. Eruptions appear to follow a cycle: there were several eruptions in the glacier between 1701 and 1740 and since 1780.
9947:
4573:
14324:
Map of volcanic systems on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Grindavík is at the southern end of the Eldvörp-Svartsengi system (marked here as 2)
18180:
Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause". In Teeter, Emily; Larson John (eds.).
10358:
74:
19218:
18509:
Büntgen, U.; Eggertsson, Ó.; Wacker, L.; Sigl, M.; Ljungqvist, F.C.; Di Cosmo, N.; Plunkett; Krusic, P.J.; Newfield, T.P.; Esper, J.;
15699:"The 1996 eruption at Gjálp, Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland: efficiency of heat transfer, ice deformation and subglacial water pressure"
6535:). Dredged glass shards indicate submarine eruptive activity during the late-Pleistocene until at least 11,800 radiocarbon years ago.
2782:, part of the summit crater of Oraefajokull volcano, the highest peak in Iceland, part of the Oraefajokull-Vatnajokull National Park.
18184:. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 58. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. pp. 456–458.
14886:
It is proposed that the east–west line from the Grímsvötn volcano in the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB) to the SVB shows the movement of the
17881:
12714:
11445:
eruption number 8. A large eruption with heavy ash fall to the south. The largest Hekla lava field from historical times. Extensive
2622:
in eruption. The Latin text translates as "The Hekla, perpetually condemned to storms and snow, vomits stones under terrible noise".
1705:
16515:
15957:
15731:
Will subglacial rhyolite eruptions be explosive or intrusive? Some insights from analytical models. Annals of Glaciology, in press.
6168:
3062:
19372:
19219:
I. Galeczka, etal.: "The effect of the 2002 glacial flood on dissolved and suspended chemical fluxes in the Skaftá river, Iceland"
16923:
15506:
5006:
2655:
56:
19545:
16666:
University of Iceland, Earth Sciences, How common are new islands in eruptions? by Professor Sigurður Steinþórsson, 9 June 2005.
15888:
9067:) - The western part is about 3.2 million years and the eastern part is about 1.8 million years. The movements of the
8909:) - The western part is about 3.2 million years and the eastern part is about 1.8 million years. The movements of the
5084:. It is one of several crater lakes in the area, known as the Western Volcanic Zone, created as the land moved over a localized
1801:
19792:
19782:
9894:
and the Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge. It is one of five volcanic systems found in the axial rift zone in north east Iceland.
1394:
17534:
16554:; Clarke, Garry K.C. (2007). "Glacier fluctuation and inferred climatology of Langjökull ice cap through the Little Ice Age".
15931:
15822:
2836:
on 22 August 1966, two weeks after volcanic activity ceased. By the end of September 1966 it disappeared due to wave erosion.
18358:
18102:
4366:
volcanic systems together form the 35–40 km (20 to 25 mile) long Eldey system on the mid-Atlantic ridge. There is not a
18883:
16141:
16038:
15367:
T. Thordarson, G. Larsen:Volcanism in Iceland in historical time. Volcano types, eruption types and eruption history. (2007)
14853:
14312:
13359:
12476:, eruption number 13 began on September 2 and lasted for about 7 months. Heavy ash fall to the southeast and a lava flow in
9943:
7572:
7545:
4634:
2569:
135:
19519:
19347:
15595:
17144:
15532:
11582:). The eruption began on October 16, but sources do not agree on which glacier erupted, Katla is considered more likely..
3448:
Sundhnúkur first eruption, 2023, photographed by the Icelandic Coast Guard. Grindavík is visible at the right background.
19802:
6608:
lava-field. The summit crater contains a bowl about 150 metres in diameter with a depth of about 60–70 metres.
18231:
17354:
12721:
people moved to the West as a result. Öskjuvatn was formed and it grew steadily. Eruptions occurred for several months.
12713:
One of the largest ash eruptions in Icelandic history began on March 28 and lasted for about eight hours. Eruption from
10575:
18957:
16710:
15232:
1358:
17595:
16118:
10118:. An effusive eruption with large jökulhlaup dated within 6 months between late 822 to early 823 CE by tree ring data.
8964:
1884:(left) in 2006. The fissure from the 1973 eruption is visible running from the lower left to the center of the image.
18905:
18590:Árni Hjartarson 2015. Hallmundarkviða. Áhrif eldgoss á mannlíf og byggð í Borgarfirði. Náttúrufræðingurinn 85, 60-67.
18189:
18129:
16864:
16415:
15175:
14489:
14130:
Possible subglacial eruption - the last confirmed eruption was in 1910. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. See
14014:
Possible subglacial eruption - the last confirmed eruption was in 1910. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. See
13997:
Possible subglacial eruption - the last confirmed eruption was in 1910. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. See
13891:
Possible subglacial eruption - the last confirmed eruption was in 1910. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. See
13852:
Possible subglacial eruption - the last confirmed eruption was in 1910. (Part of the Bárðarbunga fissure system. See
134:
For latest information about the current/ongoing series of eruptions near Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula - See
107:
18470:"Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period"
14443:- Sundhnúkur fourth eruption - began on 16 March 2024 (at 20:23 UTC) in the same area as the February eruption. See
13017:. Ashfall was observed in the east of the country from June to November. This eruption has been assigned by some to
18209:
17242:
16882:
9683:. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, revealing the
7993:. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, revealing the
4858:, a volcanic rock with steep sides except for two landing places. It submerged beneath the waves in 1830, due to a
3999:
1592:
547:
419:
81:
17268:
16762:
15851:
14234:. The eruption began in the valley Meradalir on August 3 on top of a lava flow from the previous year's eruption.
473:
19492:
16263:
15554:
14833:
14179:
14105:
12375:. The eruption began weakly on December 19, no lava flowed but some ash fell. Subsequently, Lava flowed north to
10994:, but sources are unclear and contradictory. Crop and hay failure the following year with associated casualties.
9180:
8853:
6396:
5097:
it is only half the age of most of the surrounding volcanic features. The other two are Seyðishólar and Kerhóll.
3425:
2955:
709:
19393:
18599:Árni Hjartarson 2011. Víðáttumestu hraun Íslands. (The Largest Lavas of Iceland). Náttúrufræðingurinn 81, 37-49.
17711:"Icelandic volcanic ash from the Late-glacial open-air archaeological site of Ahrenshöft LA 58 D, North Germany"
17452:
9631:
9527:
3350 BCE (?) - Prestahnúkur, volcano in the west of the Highlands of Iceland to the west of Langjökull glacier.
9495:
7578:- Sundhnúkur eruptions, near Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula. Eruptions from 18 December 2023. No volcanic
5687:
4313:
volcanic system or the volcanic system, (sometimes called the (Dyngjufjöll volcanic system), and is part of the
2738:
2660:
1881:
1723:
19418:
18735:
17220:
15655:
15461:
15180:
14821:
14767:
volcanic belt (ÖVB, also Öræfi volcanic belt) is an intraplate volcanic belt, connected to the Eurasian plate.
14700:
12717:
and other craters. Heavy damage from ash fall in the middle of East Iceland and many farms were deserted. Many
4840:
3908:
is the largest white area to the lower right. The glacier embraces seven identified subglacial volcanoes. (See
2757:
2220:, The new eruption fissures to the left, the older ones to the right, seen from a helicopter, view to the east.
45:
19704:
17957:
16745:
11733:. The eruption began on November 3 and lasted until the end of the year. A small ash fall but a large flow on
9287:. It is thought that Katla is the source of more than 6 to 7 cubic kilometers (1.4 to 1.7 cu mi) of
6666:. Its highest peak reaches up to 818 m and it is 2 km in depth. There have been 29 reported eruptions in
192:
19797:
16140:
Sæmundsson, Kristján; Hjartarson, Árni (1994). "Geology and erosion of Kolbeinsey". In Gísli Viggóson (ed.).
15728:
14981:
14533:
11654:, eruption number 10 began on May 8 and lasted for over a year. Ash fall to the northeast and little damage.
10721:
9709:), on the one hand to Þórisós and on the other hand down with Tungná and Þjórsá all the way down to Landsveit
9291:'Vedde Ash' found at a number of sites including Vedde in Norway, Denmark, Scotland and North Atlantic cores.
5840:
2213:
1619:
19253:
14845:
10369:
in historic time (800 square kilometres (310 sq mi), 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cu mi) of
19076:
Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, Pétur Þorsteinsson: Íslensk fjöll. Gönguleiðir á 151 tind. Reykjavík 2004, p. 200.
16676:
16174:
15220:
Visindavefur, Science Web, Which volcano has erupted the most? By Sigurður Steinþórsson, Professor Emeritus
15163:
14745:
12210:
6923:
then killed approximately a quarter of the island's human population. The eight-month emission of sulfuric
4778:
4695:
2062:
1214:
18396:
17095:
14805:
13501:
7442:
7214:
that raged from 1724 to 1729. Lava flowed into Mývatn and the explosive crater Víti at Krafla was formed.
6912:
5932:
5836:
5767:
5146:
4314:
3367:
3179:
eruptions. Estimated six million deaths world-wide - the deadliest volcanic eruption in historical times.
18274:
Reynir Ingibjartsson: 25 Gönguleiðir á Reykjanesskaga. Náttúrann við Bæjarveggin. Reykjavík , p.112 - 117
17822:"Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information"
17038:
15376:
See eg.: Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson: Classic geology in Europe 3. Iceland. Harpenden 2002, p. 14
14369:
14112:
began on May 21 and caused major disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe from 22 to 25 May 2011.
11774:
11701:
10769:
8272:, with a height of 1,468 metres (4,816 ft) and rising almost 600 metres above the surrounding
7579:
7357:
4711:
18106:
17943:
Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir og Árni Hjartarson 1985: Vikurhlaup í Heklugosum. Náttúrufræðingurinn 54, 17-30.
17910:
17871:Árni Hjartarson 1988: „Þjórsárhraunið mikla – stærsta nútímahraun jarðar". Náttúrufræðingurinn 58: 1–16.
14471:- Sundhnúkur sixth eruption - began on 22 August 2024 (at 21:25 UTC) and finished 6 September 2024. See
11471:. The eruption lasted for 6 weeks in the spring. Red bells formed and from them flowed Pálssteinshraun.
9306:). The first of three dated eruptions, produced approximately 18 billion cubic metres of basaltic lava.
8883:
7021:) is about 1,450 m (4,760 ft) above sea level. The largest recorded surface area was in 1840.
16698:
Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson: Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3. Harpenden 2002, p.48-49, eg.
14918:
12967:
12865:
11358:
10734:
1188 - ? Rjúpnadyngju lava flow and Mávahlíða lava flow. Rjúpnadyngjuhraun og Mávahlíðahraun runnu
10177:
9793:
3382:
16207:
9320:
lava shield formed in one huge and protracted eruption. The lava flowed south and formed the basin of
7431:
3357:
2610:
130:. Please see External links below for databases of Icelandic eruptions which include over 530 events.
19787:
19447:
19101:"Steinþór lést við gosrannsóknir - "Þá sá ég að eitthvað logaði þar sem ég bjóst við að hann væri" -"
18812:
Th. Thordarson; S. Self (May 1993). "The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785".
18581:Árni Hjartarson 2014. Hallmundarkviða, eldforn lýsing á eldgosi. Náttúrufræðingurinn 84 (1–2). 27–37.
18034:
Baker, Andy; et al. (1995). "The Hekla 3 volcanic eruption recorded in a Scottish speleothem?".
17417:
16098:
Geochemical interpretation of thermal water and gas samples from Krýsuvík, Iceland and Alid, Eritrea.
15239:
Brennisteinsfjöll. Detailed description. In: Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Retrieved 27 July 2020
14849:
14691:
The Mid-Iceland belt (MIB) connects the East, West and North volcanic zones, across central Iceland.
12691:
on 18 February on a 25 km (16 mi) long fissure. It lasted until mid-August and flowed from
10990:. Darkness in the Eastfjords and ash fall in many parts of the country. Major lava flow, probably on
10570:(H1). Its first and greatest eruption in historical time. Heavy ash fall to the north and northeast.
7753:
881:
Note: Kolbeinsey (3.84 km further north of map at 67deg)
17825:
17375:
17116:
16726:
16576:
15448:
14809:
13905:
13322:
11238:, eruption number 7. Norðurhraun lava flows, Skarð, Tjaldastaðir and maybe more farms are subsumed.
9383:
flow", the largest known effusive eruption in Iceland in the last 10,000 years, originated from the
18614:
18324:
18255:
18154:
17644:"Ash layers from Iceland in the Greenland GRIP ice core correlated with oceanic and land sediments"
16842:
16607:
16239:
16004:
15868:
15793:
15349:
15266:
15187:
14869:
14857:
12718:
12272:
that killed about 25% of the island's population and resulted in a drop in global temperatures, as
9917:
9232:
6638:
of about 10 km in diameter with a 90 km long fissure zone. It is located in the north of
6001:
3168:
1907:
1709:
18928:
18657:"The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland"
18319:
17919:
15863:
15788:
15744:
14959:
13478:. Lava eruption began on October 26 on a 300 m long fissure and lasted until the end of November.
10622:). Volcanic activity in a fissure swarm known as Krýsuvík on the Reykjanes peninsula. Eruption in
9113:
9018:. Ice thickness and more exact time of eruption are not known, just that it took place during the
7485:
4063:
3588:
2641:
2434:
18712:
18619:
18329:
18159:
16847:
16612:
16244:
15873:
15798:
15354:
15271:
14782:
13233:
10619:
9613:
5081:
4409:, on 23 January 1973. The eruption caused a major crisis for the island and led to its temporary
2589:
1856:
volcano, January 1973. Water was pumped onto this lava flow to halt its advance down the street.
1484:
34:
19304:
17005:
15698:
15697:
Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn; Björnsson, Helgi; Högnadóttir, Thórdís (2004).
10381:
indicates that 940 was one of the coolest summers in 1500 years. Summer average temperatures in
9555:, An eruption in 3550 BC ± 500 years poured out 150,000,000 cubic meters of lava in the area of
1466:
1142:
19497:
18570:
17978:
Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson: Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3. Harpenden 2002, p.56
16571:
15443:
14171:
14083:
13080:
12170:
10019:
7185:
2793:
2191:
1704:
1875 - Ashfall drift from one of the largest ash eruptions in Icelandic history. Eruption from
437:
19140:
18736:
Sveinn Jakobson u.a., Volcanic systems and segmentation of the plate boundaries in S-W-Iceland
18409:
17642:
Grönvold, K.; Oskarsson N.; Johnsen S.J.; Clausen H.B.; Hammer C.U.; Bond G.; Bard E. (1995).
17302:
6092:
reduces the melting temperature, which may also play a role in enhancing Icelandic volcanism.
4599:
1376:
19020:
18513:(2017). "Multi-proxy dating of Iceland's major pre-settlement Katla eruption to 822–823 CE".
16356:
15136:
15011:
10071:
9737:
9441:. The ash layer H5 is found in soil in the central highlands and in many parts of the North.
565:
327:
17889:
17755:
17659:
17319:
12125:. Lightning killed two people. About 50 farms were deserted, most of them only temporarily.
10074:
settlers arrived in 870/874.) Please see individual articles that may have more date detail.
9869:
9362:
9303:
7928:
3484:
3464:
1322:
19659:
19621:
19578:
19152:
18821:
18668:
18522:
18481:
18379:
18090:
18043:
17722:
17655:
17440:
17176:
16563:
16272:
15435:
15396:
15158:
14887:
14883:
volcanic belt (SVB) is an intraplate volcanic belt, connected to the North American plate.
14127:
14011:
13994:
13888:
13849:
13036:
11346:
11211:
9460:
8228:
7761:
7233:, was a small, uninhabited island that formed in 1783 due to an underwater eruption in the
7099:
7017:. The volume is 195 km and up to 580 m (1,900 ft) thick. The highest point (
7010:
6659:
6443:
6065:
5832:
5069:
4998:
4410:
4047:
3648:
3172:
2304:
2270:
2018:
1849:
1520:
1178:
19744:"Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program: Data Base Search: Eruptions: Iceland"
18979:"Smithsonian Institution – Global Volcanism Program: Data Base Search: Eruptions: Iceland"
16533:
Sigurður Steinþórsson. "Í hvaða gosi myndaðist hraunið hjá Landmannalaugum og hvaða ár?".
14797:
14169:
In August 2014, a swarm of around 1,600 earthquakes in 48-hours, with magnitudes up to 4.5
11353:, which was formed around 1477. Note: This remote event appears to also be referred to as
11179:
11124:
11053:
11031:
10942:
10571:
10410:
10405:
and his people fled according to "Settlement". Landnáma also tells about the formation of
9676:
9609:
8327:
8280:
fields have flowed in a northerly direction, with one branch of it reaching the valley of
7978:
4251:
3877:
2080:
8:
17043:
16972:
Volcanotectonic Evolution and Characteristic Volcanism of the Neovolcanic Zone of Iceland
14898:
14837:
14749:
13337:
12480:. Lava flowed west and northwest, about 25 km (9.7 sq mi), so the farm of
12277:
12165:, eruption number 12. The largest lava eruption of Hekla in historical time. Ash fall in
11450:
10934:
10916:
10765:
10615:
10579:
10378:
10023:
9997:
9865:
9847:
9797:
9759:
9358:
9340:
9299:
9176:
9106:
9008:
8423:
7686:
7473:
6392:
6113:
5791:
5153:
eruption of 1783, Grímsvötn is probably the most eruptive volcano system in Iceland. The
4913:
4774:
4762:
4691:
4630:
4520:
4359:
4255:
3405:
3386:
2775:
2521:
eruption of 1783, Grímsvötn is probably the most eruptive volcano system in Iceland. The
1783:
1304:
1196:
1034:
637:
19663:
19625:
19582:
19156:
18825:
18672:
18561:
G. Larsen, Thor Thordarson: Phreatomagmatism in the Eastern Volcanic Zone; 25 July 2010
18526:
18485:
18410:"Smoking guns and volcanic ash: the importance of sparse tephras in Greenland ice cores"
18383:
18094:
18047:
17726:
17444:
17180:
16567:
16276:
15961:
15439:
15400:
15015:
14771:
14764:
14619:
14615:
14603:
14599:
14563:
14046:
14028:
12372:
12256:
12042:
11579:
11195:
9380:
9198:
8137:
8077:
8025:
7894:
7791:
7279:
5928:
5916:
4618:
3763:
3674:
3559:
3468:
Sundhnúkur second eruption, January 14 2024, near Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula.
2779:
2633:
2281:
2106:
2084:
2066:
2040:
2022:
1996:
1268:
1160:
1124:
1070:
309:
19594:
19168:
18837:
18689:
18656:
18439:
18232:"Geothermal Projects in NE Iceland at Krafla, Bjarnarflag, Gjástykki and Theistareykir"
18059:
17628:
Ash Bed in Western Norway, and Its Possible Correlations with Tephra in Cores from the
16927:
16338:
15826:
15498:
15170:
14786:
14661:
13358:. An eruption north of the caldera but did not emerge from the glacier ice. (Note: The
11855:
11320:
11080:
10254:
10138:
10001:
9891:
9015:
8192:
8188:
7829:
7749:
7234:
7103:
6655:
6651:
6562:
6524:
6057:
4805:
3824:
3820:
3759:
3636:
3488:
Sundhnúkur third eruption, February 8 2024, near Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula.
3444:
2394:
1787:
1761:
122:
16146:. Orkustofnun (National Energy Authority of Iceland). pp. 443–451. Archived from
15248:Þorleifur Einarsson: Geology of Iceland. Rocks and landscape. Reykjavík 1991, pp.61–63
14987:
13607:
13522:. Reports of an eruption in 1961 at Trölladyngja are most likely attributed to nearby
12078:
11978:
11092:
10772:
had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021 when a
7902:
5876:
1430:
673:
19598:
18901:
18841:
18694:
18443:
18431:
18354:
18185:
18125:
18063:
18001:
17668:
17643:
17473:
Denk, Thomas; Grímsson, Friðgeir; Zetter, Reinhard; Símonarson, Leifur (2011-02-23),
17456:
17188:
17021:
16899:
16687:
16551:
16411:
16288:
15896:
15651:
14829:
13582:
3. A 1600 m long eruption fissure opens east of the town Vestamnnaeyar on the island
11384:
11199:
10964:
10436:
9706:
9601:
9388:
9172:
9004:
8877:
Dates are approximate. Please see individual articles that may have more date detail.
8820:
8443:
7890:
7757:
7654:
6377:
6045:
5690:, formed from a secondary eruption on the Stórhöfði peninsula on the island Heimaey,
5085:
4859:
4398:
3644:
3563:
3176:
2829:
2169:
2088:
1873:
18634:
17911:
Guðrún Sverrisdóttir; Níels Óskarsson; Árný E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir; Rósa Ólafsdóttir.
16585:
16342:
14729:
14500:
Volcanism in Iceland. The Volcanic zones and the dotted circle approximating to the
13336:), but at the time, science could not yet analyze the events. The eruption remained
12556:. The eruption began on June 30 in a 15 km (9.3 mi) long fissure north of
10525:
which extends some 50 kilometres (31 mi) westward into the valley of the Hvítá.
9635:
9491:
9083:); the smaller mountains near Reykjavík; plus the islands and small peninsulas like
8925:); the smaller mountains near Reykjavík; plus the islands and small peninsulas like
6958:; a lava field in the Fjallabak Nature Reserve in the Highlands, on the edge of the
6597:
6435:
5112:. The current pool of water at the bottom of the crater is at the same level as the
5005:. (However, due to long-term oscillations in the Earth's axis, the Arctic Circle is
4070:
2899:
2146:
2036:
1825:
1645:
854:
19667:
19629:
19586:
19326:
19172:
19160:
19143:
18829:
18684:
18676:
18530:
18489:
18421:
18098:
18051:
17997:
17769:
17730:
17663:
17540:
17448:
17216:
17184:
17017:
16645:
16581:
16330:
16296:
16280:
15935:
15710:
15453:
15408:
15404:
15150:
14686:
14655:
14579:
14555:
14547:
14162:
14109:
14072:
14068:
13913:
12144:
11847:
11446:
11354:
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10173:
10165:
9805:
9777:
9262:
9011:
8439:
8224:
8145:
8093:
7111:
6667:
6558:
6384:
6081:
4177:
3843:
2615:
2274:
1727:
174:
18378:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008. Vol. 41. pp. 41B–1454.
17709:; Cullen, V. L.; Weber, M. -J.; Riede, F.; Gamble, C. S.; Brock, F. (2012-03-01).
16518:. Stjórnartíðindi B, nr. 354/1979. August 13. 1979. Retrieved on August 21. 2014.
15007:
13247:). One person was killed. It is located at the SE part of the Vatnajökull icecap.
13092:
12775:, located in the county of Rangárvallasýsla, east of Hekla. Last erupted in 1878.
12118:
11734:
10991:
10623:
9321:
9317:
8967:. The underwater eruption that formed Viðey island stopped circa 9,000 years ago.
8823:. The underwater eruption that formed Viðey island stopped circa 9,000 years ago.
8342:. It has an elevation of 1,523 metres (4,997 ft) and is located northwest of
7905:. The upper section is made up of pillow lavas and is 574 metres above sea level.
7582:
had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021, -
5895:. a small, uninhabited island is the easternmost point of Iceland. Located in the
3077:
2318:
It took some time to fill the subglacial lake of Grímsvötn and break the ice wall.
2299:
19700:
19225:
18262:
17148:
16733:
16714:
16147:
16042:
16035:
16011:
15329:
15236:
15063:
14969:
14928:
14891:
14721:
14587:
14551:
14539:
14521:
14513:
14501:
13575:
13453:
13076:
12908:
12517:
12354:
12102:
11956:
11810:
11730:
11665:
11615:
11575:
11486:
11405:
11342:
11258:
11187:
11161:
10987:
10930:
10912:
10717:
10492:
10462:
10454:
10334:
10316:
10202:
10115:
10034:
9755:
9284:
9121:
9068:
8910:
8733:
8184:
8097:
7974:
7643:
7493:
7481:
7449:, but is known to have had repose times of over 100,000 years between eruptions.
7056:
7048:
6955:
6814:
6806:
6647:
6199:
6156:
6049:
6041:
5924:
5759:
4576:
4457:
4406:
4367:
4059:
4019:
3816:
3797:
3401:
3291:
3273:
3269:
2851:
2724:
2720:
2406:
2363:
1637:
1088:
1052:
601:
19689:. Reykjavík: Icelandic Institute of Natural History and Iceland Geodetic Survey.
19448:"Global Volcanism Program | Report on Reykjanes (Iceland) — 13–19 December 2023"
16649:
16381:
16260:
16054:
15587:
14753:
14372:
had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021.
14249:
13519:
12412:
12248:
10597:
9154:
8313:
8258:
7317:
7246:
6101:
6048:
which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the
4714:
had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021.
3847:
2102:
1448:
782:
764:
19241:
18774:
18609:
18510:
18494:
18469:
18149:
18055:
17795:
17706:
17331:
17141:
16837:
16665:
16602:
16334:
16234:
16068:
15684:
15528:
15344:
15310:
15261:
15219:
15122:
15031:
14999:
14935:
14817:
14813:
14639:
14571:
14253:
14231:
14213:
14209:
14101:
13976:
13935:
13802:
13784:
13435:
13395:
13377:
13355:
13333:
13308:
13290:
13244:
13182:
13146:
13014:
12996:
12978:
12941:
12918:
12894:
12876:
12839:
12821:
12796:
12665:. Lava eruption began on January 3 . Sigketill began to form later that month.
12626:
12576:
12535:
12499:
12455:
12336:
12318:
12295:
12273:
12252:
12188:
11770:
11712:
11675:
11633:
11597:
11557:
11534:
11380:
11143:
11110:
11013:
10777:
10432:
10382:
10269:
10054:
10044:
9813:
9702:
9672:
9639:
9384:
9332:
9210:
8729:
8672:
8435:
8269:
7962:
7769:
7765:
7647:
7365:
7282:, An ice-covered active volcano, it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park.
6916:
6663:
6601:
6439:
6061:
5920:
5775:
5691:
5142:
5138:
4906:
4766:
4683:
4263:
4043:
4003:
3850:
3656:
3652:
3613:
3592:
3246:
2565:
2510:
2308:
2217:
2195:
2173:
2151:
2125:
2044:
1697:
1556:
1340:
511:
345:
141:
19671:
19633:
19590:
18680:
18373:
17735:
17710:
17684:
15714:
15457:
15290:
14943:
14902:
14880:
14861:
14717:
14631:
14623:
14393:- Sundhnúkur first eruption - began on 18 December 2023, around 22:00, at the
13838:
13611:
12754:
12608:
12394:
12376:
12140:
12032:
12004:
11982:
11959:. Heavy ash fall, about 1 km (0.24 cu mi) and a big lava flow.
11938:
11920:
11892:
11874:
11824:
11752:
11693:
11419:
11388:
11308:
11190:) was completely destroyed and few seem to have escaped. The group was called
11009:
10685:
10544:
10466:
10428:
10350:
10280:
10220:
10126:
9887:
9701:
1200 BC - Veiðivatnasvæði, Búrfellshraun flowed from a series of craters near
9392:
9228:
8415:
8343:
8169:
7936:
7107:
7060:
7006:
6855:
5825:
4899:
4797:
4569:
4306:
4055:
3982:
3905:
3801:
3778:
3567:
2684:
2597:
2514:
2355:
2004:
1412:
383:
201:
19776:
19743:
19124:
18978:
18751:
18435:
18297:
17629:
17625:
17460:
16292:
15588:"Hvað getið þið sagt mér um eldstöðvakerfið sem kennt er við Fagradalsfjall?"
14924:
14793:
14351:
14338:
14320:
14274:
14261:
13538:
12785:
12430:
12280:. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in India.
11312:
10130:
9789:
9680:
9506:
9202:
9117:
9109:
8176:
8029:
7990:
7489:
7477:
7438:
7173:
6802:
6505:
6489:
5093:
5002:
4895:
4847:
4707:
4421:
threatened to close off the harbour, the island's main income source via its
4390:
4363:
4023:
3808:
3628:
3363:
2894:
2240:
2129:
401:
19278:
18999:
18426:
17641:
17068:
16707:
16284:
15230:
14947:
14865:
14737:
14635:
14627:
14496:
14394:
14330:
14212:. The eruption began in the valley Geldingadalir on March 19 and the lava ("
13917:
13457:
13326:
13279:
13237:
13088:
12477:
12064:
11910:
11697:
11207:
10169:
10160:
10082:
9479:. The pool of water at the bottom of the crater is at the same level as the
9041:
8648:
8369:
8215:, has left a thin layer of easily recognized mixed tephra all over Iceland (
8141:
8081:
7729:
7360:
had occurred for 815 years on the Peninsula until 19 March 2021 when a
7321:
6994:
6851:
6109:
5956:
5880:
5787:
4917:
4905:. It originated in an eruption series in 1996 which is probably part of the
3739:
3711:
3691:
3632:
3141:
2937:
2506:
2266:
1614:
1538:
1502:
1232:
1016:
944:
619:
18698:
17958:
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1703-01=&volpage=erupt
17845:Árni Hjartarson 1988: „Þjórsárhraunið mikla - stærsta nútímahraun jarðar".
17603:
17569:
Snæbjörn Gudmunðsson: Vegvísir um jarðfræði Íslands. Reykjavík 2015, p. 257
16797:
16110:
15761:
STATISTICS ICELAND: Population by locality, age and sex 1 January 2011–2018
15322:
Stjórnunar- og verndaráætlun Vatnajökulsþjóðgarðs, 2. útgáfa, 2013. p. 12.
14611:
13018:
12959:
12857:
10773:
10627:
10458:
10398:
10366:
10089:
9979:
9843:
9835:
9552:
9335:
The eruption was VEI 6, producing some 15 km (3.6 cu mi) of
8376:
8085:
7825:
7821:
7361:
7052:
6908:
5844:
4425:
fleet. An operation was mounted to cool the advancing lava flow by pumping
4414:
4309:, a volcanic mountain range in the northeast of Iceland. It belongs to the
3978:
3719:
3608:
3529:
2547:
1808:
volcano, August 2014. Island of Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands).
1286:
18348:
17624:
Mangerud, J., Lie, S.V., Furned, H., Kristiansen, I.L., Lømo, L. (1984) A
17167:
Einarsson, P. (1991). "Earthquakes and present-day tectonism in Iceland".
16868:
16300:
15696:
14412:
14365:
13417:
13229:
13204:
12963:
12861:
9510:
8804:
8152:
record from 23 to 2.6 million years ago. (i.e. non-volcanic rock from the
7982:
7841:
6404:
4770:
4699:
4565:
4500:
3750:. Rocks and boulders that have piled up in the fissure due to earthquakes.
3420:
3353:
3223:
3200:
3164:
2551:
1992:
962:
836:
291:
16487:
15555:""Small" volcanic eruption in Iceland lights up night sky near Reykjavik"
15475:
15003:
14713:
14147:. The eruption began on August 29, 2014, and ended on February 28, 2015.
10514:
10386:
10362:
10004:
and originated from the summit crater, and may have produced lava flows.
9831:
9809:
9725:
9480:
9468:
9415:
9396:
9056:
9023:
9019:
8986:
8952:
8898:
8808:
8737:
8220:
7745:
7733:
7650:
6528:
6381:
5948:
5113:
5101:
4959:
4801:
4516:
4325:
has its own system of crevices and fissures, which last erupted in 1961.
3873:
3743:
3715:
3640:
3034:
2918:
2797:
908:
728:
365:
15424:"Increasing signs of activity at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland: Eruptions"
13920:
then submerged Skeiðarársandur on 5 November, damaging several bridges.
13537:
rose from the sea on November 14 in an underwater eruption southwest of
9567:
9464:
6858:
glacier, between the Vatnajökull glacier and the Dyngjufjöll mountains.
5073:
5033:
3504:
3287:
2474:
2442:
2398:
2359:
493:
18833:
18397:
https://www.science.org/content/article/why-536-was-worst-year-be-alive
17578:
17265:"Birding trail Northeast Iceland - Mapguide - Visit North East Iceland"
16948:
16793:"Iceland volcano: Eruption under way in Fagradalsfjall, near Reykjavik"
16203:"VIDEO: Kolbeinsey, Iceland's Northernmost Island, Is Hanging In There"
14670:
13841:. Possible eruption. small earthquakes and sigg boilers in the glacier.
13598:
fires, 1st eruption 20 December. Lava eruption from a short fissure at
13149:. The eruption began at the end of September and ended within a month.
11350:
11191:
10374:
10096:. More than two dozen eruptions have occurred at Vatnafjöll during the
9575:
9214:
8982:
8849:
8383:. More than two dozen eruptions have occurred at Vatnafjöll during the
8265:
7935:), a small glacier in eastern Iceland, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from
7779:
7181:
7014:
6962:
6567:
6485:
6474:
6121:
5896:
5821:
4955:
4703:
4527:
flowed, and in the cold periods ridges of tuff were built up under the
4495:), a 914 m (2,999 ft) mountain situated in the south-west of
4259:
4066:
3785:
peninsula - Fossil bearing sedimentary rock, 23–2.6 million years old.
3117:
2922:
455:
17117:"Only in Iceland: Descending into a volcano's magma chamber - CNN.com"
17069:"Thrihnukagigur Volcano in Iceland, Thrihnukar | InsideTheVolcano.com"
16452:, 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2020. (System no. 2 on the maps and tables)
15982:
15916:
15914:
14801:
14674:
13311:. The eruption began at the end of March and lasted until mid-April..
11131:-2 eruption. One of the bigger lava flows, runs south to the coast at
10345:
6. Dated now to 939 ± 2 CE. A large lava flow from Eldgjá flowed over
10022:
was the most severe and protracted episode of climatic cooling in the
9800:
for several years afterwards. Traces have been identified in Scottish
8121:
8065:
6571:
6497:
6454:
volcano system with hot springs and rivulets, as well as red volcanic
5790:, subglacial volcano is a shield type with caldera, formed during the
4990:
3782:
2811:
2648:
2337:
998:
980:
554:
19164:
18534:
15559:
14725:
14591:
14302:
14191:
14144:
12244:
11272:
11198:. Most of the ash was carried east to the sea, but destroyed much of
11035:
10894:
10880:
10866:
10852:
10838:
10824:
10788:
10699:
10401:
were 2 °C lower than normal. Probably the earthquake from which
10294:
9909:
9824:
9605:
9128:
9088:
8930:
8219:). This layer makes it possible to determine the exact dates of many
8173:
8125:
7500:
7435:
7353:
7238:
6810:
6492:
located 105 kilometres (55 nautical miles) off the northern coast of
6159:
off the south coast between December, 1965 and July, 1966. A vent of
6080:
As well as being a region of higher temperature than the surrounding
6074:
5993:
5892:
5817:
4997:
island, 40 kilometres (20 nautical miles) off the north coast of the
4851:
4572:
icecap. A strict nature reserve. The volcanic system consists of the
4504:
4429:
onto it, which was successful in preventing the loss of the harbour.
4426:
4418:
3900:
3805:
3250:
2815:
2761:
2743:
2470:
1731:
818:
746:
691:
655:
19729:
Kortabók Mál og Menningar, Reykjavík 2005, pp.48/49 and 55/56, icel.
18775:
Brennisteinsfjoll, Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution
18182:
Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente
18103:
10.1002/1099-1417(200009)15:6<573::AID-JQS554>3.0.CO;2-A
17207:
Ward, P. L. (1971). "New Interpretation of the Geology of Iceland".
15067:
15038:
eruption of 1783, is probably the most eruptive volcano system. The
15035:
14741:
14559:
14329:
A series of lava fissure eruptions began on 18 December 2023 at the
12264:
10338:
9954:
7207:
6805:, The volcanic system is a fissure swarm, situated on the divergent
6643:
6523:
Kolbeinsey is the only sub-aerial expression of this portion of the
6447:
6152:
5150:
4453:
3322:
3310:
2994:
2855:
2833:
2702:
2518:
1948:
1934:
1911:
800:
255:
23:
19242:
Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program - Grimsvotn 2011
19059:
18713:"Volcanic eruption influenced Iceland's conversion to Christianity"
18015:
Baillie, Mike (1989). "Do Irish bog oaks date the Shang dynasty?".
16534:
15911:
15144:
13497:
12122:
11056:. The last eruption in the Brennisteinsfjöll volcanic system was a
10652:
4 eruption began on 19 January 1158 producing over 0.15 km of
10097:
9827:
9801:
9785:
9733:
9729:
9608:
peninsula, 25 km (16 mi) south of Reykjavík. Part of the
9597:
9132:
9052:
8894:
8384:
8204:
8157:
8041:
7737:
7507:
eruptions have originated from the summit crater and have produced
7504:
7446:
7177:
6965:. This lava field was formed by an eruption in approximately 1477.
6532:
6517:
6455:
6070:
4588:
4322:
3555:
3195:
3156:
3097:
2120:
1988:
19706:
Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement
14567:
14508:
13340:. Might be the same as the following eruption north of Grímsvötn.
9788:. which threw about 7.3 cubic kilometres (1.8 cu mi) of
9456:
9084:
8948:
8926:
8796:
7184:), is the smallest volcano in Iceland. It is centrally located on
5065:
3306:
3137:
3054:
2875:
2478:
2438:
2402:
2366:
2262:
1574:
19611:
17497:
Háskóla Íslands, Raunvísindadeild, Jarð- og landfræðiskor. (2007)
16549:
14995:
14825:
14665:
14607:
13869:, eruption number 17 began on January 17 in the southern part of
13583:
13571:
13534:
13330:
13241:
12222:
11324:
11316:
11084:
10477:
CE eruption is the only one on the peninsula in recorded history.
10142:
10134:
9975:
9921:
9839:
9820:
9817:
9721:
9717:
9643:
9499:
9476:
9266:
9206:
9072:
8960:
8956:
8914:
8816:
8812:
8800:
8741:
8431:
8427:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8196:
8180:
8153:
8129:
8069:
8033:
7986:
7837:
7741:
7639:
7242:
7002:
6924:
6639:
6635:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6160:
6053:
6005:
5936:
5828:
5728:
5109:
5089:
5077:
4994:
4902:
4855:
4626:
4622:
4580:
4528:
4496:
4422:
4417:
fell over most of the island, destroying around 400 homes, and a
4402:
4394:
4386:
4051:
4027:
3828:
3812:
3735:
3534:
3508:
2706:
2688:
2664:
2000:
1966:
1877:
1853:
1829:
1805:
1250:
583:
237:
126:
19758:
19394:"Latest news on the volcanic eruption on the Reykjanes Peninula"
18349:
Rosi, Mauro; Luip, Luca; Papale, Paolo; Stoppato, Marco (2003).
14516:(light blue oval area) encircling Iceland in the Atlantic Ocean.
13091:(meltwater-flood) left icebergs 60 m (200 ft) tall on
12218:
12206:
7324:
glacier. It consists of rhyolite and has a small magma chamber.
7230:
3428:
on 18 December 2023. Near Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula.
3014:
1403:
Tjörnes Peninsula (Sedimentary rock with fossils)
1106:
19327:"Iceland volcano: Aviation risk level from Bardarbunga lowered"
17532:
17400:
16529:
16527:
15929:
15745:
M.T. Gudmundsson, G. Larsen, Á. Höskuldsson and Á.G. Gylfason:
15586:
Sæmundsson, Kristján; Sigurgeirsson, Magnús Á. (25 June 2018).
14991:
14841:
14733:
13820:
13766:
13748:
13723:
13687:
13669:
13651:
13633:
13615:
13595:
13493:
13040:
12269:
11986:
10657:
10394:
10390:
10237:
10168:. The first eruption since human settlement of Iceland was the
10086:
9925:
9913:
9593:
9336:
9288:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9136:
9125:
8852:, a large peninsula in northwestern Iceland. (A remnant of the
8373:
8273:
8208:
8149:
8133:
8073:
8037:
7508:
7497:
6920:
6854:, a mountain range situated on the north-eastern border of the
6631:
6513:
6478:
6117:
6009:
5997:
4912:
It was the first modern technical monitoring and analysis of a
4584:
4508:
4318:
3747:
3723:
3707:
3695:
3318:
3122:
3102:
3082:
3058:
3039:
3019:
2999:
2979:
2960:
2941:
2879:
1974:
1775:
1757:
1679:
1221:
890:
19699:
17694:, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen, pp. 95–108
16460:
16458:
16143:
Proceedings of the Hornafjörlur International Costal Symposium
15385:
14939:
9014:
which thawed the ice and formed a subglacial lake, and caused
7939:
glacier. It has an elevation of 1,236 metres (4,055 ft).
2764:- Lava fountains of the fissure eruption on 13 September 2014.
1749:
935: Krýsuvík
18925:"Eruptions in Iceland during the 20th and the 21st centuries"
18747:
18745:
18743:
17821:
15284:
15090:
14709:
14583:
14187:
13953:
13866:
13705:
13553:
13523:
13475:
13413:
13262:
13218:
13200:
13164:
13128:
13110:
12962:, There is a mechanical interaction between Thordarhyrna and
12860:, There is a mechanical interaction between Thordarhyrna and
12810:
12736:
12710:
12680:
12662:
12644:
12473:
12214:
12162:
12014:
11792:
11651:
11516:
11506:
11468:
11442:
11290:
11235:
11076:
10960:
10810:
10792:
10747:
10645:
10567:
10370:
10093:
10085:. A 40 km (25 mi) long, 9 km (6 mi) wide
9781:
9654:
9542:
9475:
reserve. Once the magma was depleted, the weight of the cone
9472:
9438:
9434:
9246:
9080:
9060:
8922:
8902:
8380:
8068:, Fracture Zone is a submarine volcano situated northeast of
7840:. There is a mechanical interaction between Thordarhyrna and
7245:. It disappeared within a year. Note: The tiny skerry called
6481:
6089:
6085:
5771:
5459:
5108:
reserve. Once the magma was depleted, the weight of the cone
5105:
4492:
4355:
4039:
3827:. The last eruption (1477), consisted of the largest area of
2847:
2667:
harbor, Island of Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands).
2619:
2593:
1779:
1753:
1701:
1683:
1665:
529:
273:
219:
156:
18467:
18407:
16524:
15932:"National Land Survey of Iceland – Geographical information"
14488:(For a detail description of the volcanic zones. See :
14301:
2023-2024 - Sundhnúkur eruptions, Reykjanes Peninsula, near
6496:, 74 km (40 nmi) north-northwest of the island of
6084:, the hotspot is believed to have a higher concentration of
4773:. The flat topped volcano formed under the ice-sheet in the
2235:
142:
Index map of eruptions, fissures, glaciers and notable sites
19684:
19369:"Scientists: Bigger Eruption, Moves North. 500 Earthquakes"
19348:"Eruption Started Between Barðarbunga and Askja in Iceland"
18948:
18946:
18564:
18508:
17750:
17748:
17746:
17453:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0275:rpmrtt>2.3.co;2
16900:"Surveying and charting the Surtsey area from 1964 to 2007"
16455:
15039:
14595:
12240:
10653:
10496:
10481:
10298:
9684:
9235:
9076:
9064:
8918:
8906:
8277:
7994:
7898:
6904:
6451:
6388:
6105:
5763:
5715:
5154:
4758:
4687:
4524:
4512:
4488:
3227:
3204:
3160:
2903:
2746:
lava field, on 4 September 2014, during the 2014 eruption.
2522:
2369:
in October, one of many craters within the volcanic system.
2333:
2258:
1970:
1952:
19546:"Iceland's Volcano Eruption No Longer Visible: Met Office"
19198:
19196:
19194:
19192:
19190:
19188:
19186:
19184:
19182:
18740:
17536:
National Land Survey of Iceland – Geographical information
17221:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2991:NIOTGO]2.0.CO;2
16550:
Flowers, Gwenn E.; Björnsson, Helgi; Geirsdóttir, Áslaug;
13325:
An eruption took place in the 1930s. It had also caused a
9823:
has been attributed to H-3. The eruption is detectable in
7532:
3616:, an open volcanic conduit, from the former magma chamber.
18796:
18794:
17121:
15476:"Iceland's volcanic ash halts flights in northern Europe"
14520:
Iceland has several major volcanic zones surrounding the
14075:
was recorded with over 30 earthquakes measuring up to 3.7
14050:
13579:
13504:. (May be either the same as, or associated with, nearby
11128:
11057:
10649:
10342:
9571:
9157:, The main volcanic bulk is about 400-500 000 years old.
8199:
extrusive rocks in Iceland. The 870 eruption, a combined
8108:
7114:
fissure system. It is independent of Bárðarbunga itself.
7071:
CE is the only one on the peninsula in recorded history.
2975:
2854:, 1918. It has erupted 17 times in historical times, and
1929:
1615:
Alphabetic index of eruptions, fissures and notable sites
18943:
17918:. Institute of earth sciences, Reykjavik. Archived from
17743:
16832:
16830:
16828:
16826:
16824:
16822:
16820:
16634:
14397:
crater chain and ended 3 days later on December 21. See
9736:
occurred approximately 2,000 years ago, before the
9426:
means "lava field") lava field is about 7,800 years old.
8765:
8759:
5774:
volcano. It formed beneath the icesheet during the last
5709:
5145:
with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in
4839:
For the other Icelandic island named Geirfuglasker, see
4358:
a small island about 13 kilometres off the coast of the
2963:(mountain) and Krafla caldera with Leirhnjúkur in 2008.
2671:
1661:
572:
19179:
17814:
17063:
17061:
15585:
15529:"Global Volcanism Program | Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja"
13614:
and the volcanic "Viti crater" (Hell crater) formed by
11985:
and the volcanic "Viti crater" (Hell crater) formed by
9796:(VEI) at 5. This would have cooled temperatures in the
7710:
7704:
7434:, at 1,833 m (6,014 ft) high, is the tallest
7320:, is a volcano in the Central Highlands, a part of the
7188:. It includes a chain of small, basaltic cinder cones.
6721:
5955:-Langjökull subglacial volcanic system in the north of
5798:
5655:
5446:
4670:
4664:
4499:, about ten kilometres north of Iceland's capital city
4058:
mountains. The Askja system includes, for example, the
3360:(1,833 m (6,014 ft)) viewed from Kárahnjúkar.
1383:
19649:
19235:
18791:
17704:
9950:) erupted, and the lava flowed 2,5 km to the sea.
9581:
9160:
8992:
7859:
7844:, despite these volcanoes being relatively far apart,
7716:
6751:
6127:
5039:
4965:
4195:
2709:- A hot spring at the base of the Hengladalir valleys,
2554:
ash cloud. View of landscape during the 2011 eruption.
1601:
Westfjords (North Atlantic Igneous Province)
19761:. University of Iceland, Iceland Met Office, CPD-NCIP
19482:
19480:
19478:
19476:
19474:
19472:
19296:
19054:
19052:
19050:
19048:
19046:
19044:
18811:
17632:
and the North Atlantic. Quaternary Research 21 85–104
17033:
17031:
16817:
16477:
Brayshay and Grattan, 1999; Demarée and Ogilvie, 2001
16251:
10521:. The craters of this system produced the lava field
7339:
6745:
6739:
1367:Þingvellir canyon (Mid Atlantic Ridge)
1275:
19302:
19060:"Loki-Fögrufjöll Volcano, Iceland | John Seach"
17090:
17088:
17058:
16859:
16857:
16661:
16659:
16511:
16509:
16227:
16139:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15306:
15304:
15302:
15300:
15298:
15112:
14912:
13282:. A fire was seen for a long time during the summer.
12052:
11217:
10007:
9968:
9142:
7942:
7514:
7452:
7389:
7285:
7191:
7074:
5667:
4658:
4281:
3373:
1473:
1185:
19687:
Geologic Map of Iceland, 1:500,000. Bedrock Geology
18919:
18917:
18173:
16757:
16755:
16256:
16254:
16100:
The United Nations University. Report No. 18, 2004.
15895:. Icelandic Environment Association. Archived from
14216:") flowed into the Meradalir and Nátthagi valleys.
14031:. The eruption began at Fimmvörðuháls on March 20.
13203:. Eruption in the summer. A small island formed in
8115:
8052:
8012:
7252:
6727:
6715:
6531:(from circa 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago.) (or
6364:
5648:
4401:which began without warning on the eastern side of
3891:
3788:
1491:
1401:
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19759:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Eruption Search"
19469:
19214:
19212:
19210:
19041:
19000:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Eruption Search"
18900:. Origin and Development of Craters. p. 376.
18571:Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program - Vatnaöldur
17988:Baillie, Mike (1989). "Hekla 3: how big was it?".
17953:
17951:
17949:
17937:
17315:
17313:
17311:
17028:
16978:(Thesis). Universität zu Göttingen. Archived from
16410:. Origin and Development of Craters. p. 376.
14874:
14758:
14382:
14290:
14237:
14219:
13545:and Jólnir were formed but soon disappeared again.
12739:. The last flame was seen at the end of the year.
12436:
12418:
12228:
11278:
11063:
11041:
10900:
10886:
10872:
10858:
10844:
10830:
10798:
10705:
10633:
10304:
10208:
9743:
9690:
9619:
9516:
9186:
9094:
9029:
8970:
8936:
8866:
8826:
8000:
7871:
7865:
7772:and rifts which traverse the region. The largest,
7592:
7526:
7371:
6911:that bisects Laki mountain in the western part of
6820:
6733:
6410:
5939:. Its summit is the highest point in the country.
5734:
4865:
4862:. Later a new Geirfuglasker appeared on the site.
4784:
4717:
4534:
4293:
4287:
4269:
3769:
3659:and rifts which traverse the region. The largest,
2786:
2113:
2095:
2073:
2055:
2029:
716:
334:
316:
19127:The eruption in Askja, 1961; a preliminary report
18801:Krafla Visitor Centre, Myvatn Fires, Krafla Fires
18546:
18544:
17475:Introduction to the Nature and Geology of Iceland
17430:
17303:Guide to Iceland - Information about Trölladyngja
17162:
17160:
17158:
17156:
17085:
16854:
16656:
16543:
16506:
15486:
15295:
11981:) (Myvatn Fires, Krafla Fires). Lava flowed into
11275:an island is formed and lasts for several years.
11182:. The largest ash eruption in Icelandic history.
11079:, eruption number 6. The ash spread west through
8838:
8483:
7922:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
4652:
4213:
3957:
3766:, a 5-km-wide caldera was formed 54,000 years ago
3497:
3477:
3457:
3437:
3279:
1077:
1005:
987:
771:
680:
19774:
18914:
18655:Oppenheime, Clive; et al. (19 March 2018).
17852:
17839:
16994:Figure 2.8 shows 7 volcanoes beneath the glacier
16752:
15421:
14776:
14131:
14015:
13998:
13892:
13853:
12695:. It is believed to be a magma flow from Askja.
8195:. The 1477 eruption created the largest area of
7585:
7539:
7376:
7159:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7009:. It is situated in the west of the interior or
6981:
6139:
5974:
5681:
4977:
4920:. The volume of meltwater was around 4 km3. The
3619:
3599:
3546:
3520:
3411:
3392:
2910:
2677:
2227:
2224:
2205:
2202:
2183:
2180:
2161:
2158:
2138:
2135:
1900:
1866:
1842:
1818:
1347:
1203:
861:
352:
19605:
19371:. Icelandreview.com. 2014-08-31. Archived from
19207:
18632:
18463:
18461:
18459:
18457:
18455:
18453:
17946:
17682:
17324:
17308:
16597:
16595:
16450:Postglacial volcanism in Iceland, Jökull no. 58
16448:Thorvaldur Thordarson and Ármann Höskuldsson:
16433:Postglacial volcanism in Iceland. Jökull No. 58
15313:Vísindavefurinn, 9 December 2008 (in Icelandic)
14375:
13456:. Probably a small eruption under the glacier.
11357:, the largest known Icelandic eruption, with a
10720:. Sources are unclear, but ash layers found in
10574:was destroyed, including the farm named Stöng (
9924:. The eruption was in the southern part of the
7773:
7407:
7401:
7395:
6008:. The eruption was in the southern part of the
5980:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4237:
4115:
3660:
3511:, sixteen days after the onset of the eruption.
2902:area with geothermal activity. Part of a large
2250:
2247:
1653:
1609:List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland (Iceland)
1329:
408:
19645:
19643:
19568:
19488:"The eruption North of Stóra-Skógfell is over"
19230:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
19129:by Sigurdur Thorarinsson and G. E. Sigvaldason
19070:
18770:
18768:
18752:Ferlir, Volcanic Eruptions in Historical Times
18555:
18541:
17153:
17010:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
16867:. Þjóðgarðurinn Snæfellsjökull. Archived from
16670:
16096:See eg. maps herein: Ermias Yohannes Berhane:
15771:
15769:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15209:
15207:
15205:
15203:
15066:has erupted 17 times in historical times, and
14953:
14150:
13826:
13772:
13754:
13751:fires, 7th eruption, 30 January - 4 February.
13736:
13729:
13693:
13675:
13657:
13639:
13621:
13481:
13267:
13210:
13170:
13134:
13116:
12742:
12724:
12698:
12668:
12650:
12084:
11992:
11777:, one person died and a number of livestock..
10603:
10242:
9960:
9931:
9897:
9875:
9530:
9368:
9309:
9272:
8495:
8287:
7808:
7802:
7692:
7441:in Iceland. Located in the north-east part of
7327:
7035:
6879:
6861:
6838:
6673:
6611:
6015:
5850:
5036:, is a fissure or crater row volcanic system.
4878:
4824:
4811:
4328:
4109:
4084:
3969:
3864:
3856:
3573:
3344:
3338:
1686:(and Víti, geothermal lake, in the foreground)
1455:
1311:
1293:
789:
19285:. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 2014-08-16
19232:301 (2015) 253–276. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
19099:Árnadóttir, Guðrún Gyða Eyþórs (2021-04-12).
18971:
18144:
18142:
17913:"The Selsund Pumice and the old Hekla crater"
17519:Ari Trausti Guðmundsson, Pétur Þorsteinsson:
15096:
15073:
15046:
14482:
14197:
14115:
14089:
14056:
14034:
13982:
13959:
13956:, eruption number 18. February 26 - March 8.
13941:
13923:
13876:
13808:
13790:
13711:
13559:
13463:
13441:
13423:
13401:
13383:
13365:
13343:
13314:
13296:
13250:
13188:
13152:
13098:
13064:
13046:
13039:The last confirmed eruption was in 1910 when
13024:
13002:
12984:
12966:. The combined eruption from Grimsvötn had a
12947:
12924:
12900:
12882:
12845:
12827:
12802:
12778:
12760:
12647:. Likely eruption in February. Gas was seen.
12632:
12614:
12582:
12541:
12523:
12505:
12487:
12461:
12442:
12400:
12382:
12360:
12342:
12324:
12301:
12283:
12194:
12176:
12150:
12128:
12081:), (Myvatn Fires, Krafla Fires). 1 eruption.
12020:
11962:
11944:
11926:
11898:
11880:
11862:
11830:
11816:
11798:
11780:
11758:
11740:
11718:
11681:
11657:
11639:
11621:
11603:
11585:
11563:
11540:
11522:
11492:
11474:
11456:
11425:
11411:
11364:
11330:
11296:
11264:
11241:
11167:
11149:
11116:
11098:
11019:
10997:
10970:
10948:
10922:
10816:
10753:
10727:
10691:
10667:
10585:
10550:
10502:
10442:
10416:
10322:
10286:
10225:
10183:
10148:
10103:
9985:
9853:
9765:
9660:
9444:
9402:
9346:
9220:
8747:
8678:
8503:
8489:
8453:
8390:
8316:) that the last eruption was 5,000 years ago.
8305:
8299:
7908:
7877:
7847:
7833:
7785:
7661:
7117:
7029:
7024:
6968:
6930:
6776:
6757:
6709:
6205:
6174:
5962:
5863:
5697:
5495:
5465:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5257:
5245:
5173:
5161:
4923:
4640:
4594:
4475:
4463:
4432:
4183:
3988:
3963:
3915:
3909:
3834:
3579:
2882:with the smaller Keilirbörn hills in winter.
2861:
2818:crater from the south. 2500 BP. 1km diameter.
2804:
2540:
2529:
1832:volcano. January 1973, Houses buried by ash.
1738:
1527:
1437:
1419:
1167:
1149:
1131:
915:
735:
390:
372:
208:
181:
18602:
18450:
18298:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Hengill"
17500:
17202:
17200:
17198:
16708:Reykjanes. Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes.
16688:Ferlir, Underwater Eruption Out of Reykjanes
16592:
14694:
12259:, sometimes referred to in Icelandic as the
12225:smoke, but disappeared in less than a year.
11034:(no lava from the 14th century known on the
10413:) in the great course of the Jökulsá river.
9812:growth in Ireland. An eighteen-year span of
8696:
8690:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8471:
8459:
8245:
7304:
7298:
7198:The last eruption of Lysuhóll is not dated.
6832:
6789:
6422:
6028:
5088:, but it has the most visually recognizable
5051:
4341:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4207:
4121:
3945:
3933:
3753:
3729:
3701:
3681:
3668:
3491:
3471:
3451:
3431:
3298:
3148:
2944:- Lava flow during a rift eruption in 1984.
2929:
2731:
2581:
2154:eruption, seen from Reykjavík on 9 May 2021.
1599:
1545:
1509:
1365:
1239:
1059:
1041:
1023:
951:
879:
644:
626:
608:
462:
19640:
19134:
18786:Íslandshandbókin. Náttúra, saga og sérkenni
18765:
18284:Íslandshandbókin. Náttúra, saga og sérkenni
17972:
17424:
17142:National Land Survey of Iceland (Icelandic)
16897:
16891:
16727:Icelandic Met Office. Aviation colour code.
16630:
16628:
16537:July 4. 2008. Retrieved on 21 August 2014.
16431:Thorvaldur Thordarson, Ármann Höskuldsson:
16085:Íslandshandbókin. Náttúra, saga og sérkenni
16024:Íslandshandbókin. Náttúra, saga og sérkenni
15766:
15200:
15052:
14975:
14923:The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) is a
14527:
13460:took several bridges. No ash or lava seen.
13362:was precisely monitored, unlike the 1938).
12221:rose from the sea with intense, poisonous,
11194:when it started to rebuild and the glacier
8717:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8465:
8447:
8349:
8239:
7723:
7653:off the southern coast. It was formed in a
7604:
6891:
6885:
6873:
5804:
5746:
5664:- small mountain on Snæfellsnes Peninsula.
4568:, subglacial volcano at the SE part of the
4201:
4009:
3939:
3927:
3921:
3883:
3566:, basaltic tuya seen from the south across
3261:
3238:
3215:
3187:
2821:
2768:
2750:
2558:
2536:
2011:
1894:
1782:, about 13 kilometres off the coast of the
1742:
1563:
753:
698:
662:
518:
484:(Touching the Arctic Circle)
298:
19411:
19098:
18654:
18312:
18295:
18198:
18139:
17360:. The Environment Agency of Iceland. 2006.
17135:
16313:
15783:
15781:
15763:, Px.hagstofa.is, accessed 18 January 2019
15615:
15613:
15468:
13221:. Turbulence in the sea for several hours.
12864:. An eruption between 1887 and 1889 had a
10776:appeared in Geldingadalir to the south of
9780:is considered the most severe eruption of
8708:
8659:
8402:
7364:appeared in Geldingadalir to the south of
7086:
6697:
6577:
6538:
6229:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5359:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5124:
5092:still intact. The caldera, like the other
5013:
4850:("Great Auk Rock") was a small islet near
4552:
4546:
2649:Helgafell (on Snæfellsnes Peninsula) index
2488:
2485:
2452:
2449:
2416:
2413:
2376:
2373:
933:
500:
19723:
18688:
18493:
18425:
18367:
18070:
17734:
17667:
17467:
17412:
17410:
17395:
17393:
17374:. Icelandic Tourist Board. Archived from
17195:
17166:
16575:
16029:
15960:. Nordic Adventure Travel. Archived from
15889:"Herðubreið - Drottning íslenskra fjalla"
15447:
15339:
15337:
14680:
14660:The Kolbeinsey Ridge is a segment of the
10698:1160-1180 - Two eruptions in the sea off
10092:system. It is part of the same system as
8807:. About two million years ago during the
8702:
8379:system. It is part of the same system as
8088:that last erupted from 1867 to 1868. The
6223:
5627:
5615:
5597:
5591:
5573:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5185:
5179:
4916:under a thick ice cover with a resulting
4698:, around 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
4629:, erupts relatively frequently since the
3540:
3514:
3065:geothermal area, Námafjall, August 2008.
2713:
2695:
2347:
2344:
2303:Memorial of the 1996 Gjálp jökulhlaup on
1888:
1860:
1836:
1812:
1257:
719:Hvannadalshnúkur (Highest peak)
590:
480:
244:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
19279:"Activity in Bárðarbunga volcano – News"
18884:How The Earth Was Made: The Age of Earth
18756:
18124:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 256.
18119:
18076:
17904:
17882:"Global Volcanism Program – Hveravellir"
17685:"Postglacial Lava Production in Iceland"
17533:National Land Survey of Iceland (2001),
16625:
16201:Fontaine, Andie Sophia (28 April 2021).
16200:
15930:National Land Survey of Iceland (2001).
15664:
15547:
14649:
14507:
14495:
14319:
12907:? 1896 - Probable eruption south of the
9675:, an eruption in the volcanic system of
9634:formed from a secondary eruption on the
9365:). The second of three dated eruptions.
8985:, currently dormant, inactive since the
8871:
8783:
8771:
8092:connects the North Volcanic Zone to the
8059:
7673:
6942:
6813:peninsula is a fissure system without a
6685:
6217:
4808:and the Greenland–Iceland–Faeroe Ridge.
4440:
4097:
3998:
3977:
3899:
3872:
3842:
3796:
3777:
3758:
3734:
3706:
3686:
3673:
3627:
3607:
3587:
3554:
3528:
3503:
3483:
3463:
3443:
3419:
3400:
3381:
3352:
3332:
3305:
3286:
3268:
3245:
3222:
3194:
3155:
3136:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3096:
3089:
3076:
3069:
3053:
3046:
3033:
3026:
3013:
3006:
2993:
2986:
2974:
2967:
2954:
2947:
2936:
2917:
2893:
2886:
2874:
2846:
2839:
2828:
2810:
2792:
2774:
2756:
2737:
2719:
2701:
2683:
2654:
2632:
2609:
2588:
2564:
2546:
2505:
2469:
2433:
2393:
2354:
2332:
2298:
2257:
2234:
2212:
2190:
2168:
2145:
2119:
2101:
2079:
2061:
2035:
2017:
1987:
1965:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1906:
1872:
1848:
1824:
1800:
1774:
1748:
1722:
1696:
1678:
1660:
1644:
1636:
1095:
897:
843:
807:
262:
19340:
18268:
18014:
17987:
17602:. University of Iceland. Archived from
17004:Andrew, Ruth E. B. (20 November 2008).
16884:Surtsey Island 50 Percent Original Size
16314:Thordarson, Thorvaldur (January 2008).
16170:"Annasamt og eftirminnilegt ár að baki"
15847:
15845:
15843:
15778:
15645:
15610:
15256:
15254:
15102:
15079:
15026:
11095:) and many settlements were destroyed.
10963:, eruption number 5. Heavy ash fall in
10660:. It is likely to be the source of the
9872:). The third of three dated eruptions.
8951:About two million years ago during the
8777:
8740:off the south coast. Largest island is
7556:
6703:
6186:
4503:. Esja is not a single mountain, but a
4310:
2867:
2626:
2603:
2498:
2495:
2462:
2459:
2426:
2423:
2386:
2383:
2325:
2322:
2291:
2288:
1794:
1768:
1716:
1690:
1672:
1581:
825:
536:
444:
426:
280:
226:
163:
57:"List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland"
19775:
19685:H. Jóhannesson; K. Sæmundsson (1998).
18895:
18474:Communications Earth & Environment
18113:
17521:Íslensk fjöll. Gönguleiðir á 152 tind.
17407:
17390:
17298:
17296:
17209:Geological Society of America Bulletin
17003:
16681:
16405:
15817:
15815:
15775:Information board next to Kerið Crater
15334:
15291:Icelandic Met Office Volcanoes - Eldey
13787:. A small eruption at the end of May.
13505:
12813:. Submarine eruption. Unclear sources.
9758:. Two ash layers in the South and the
9477:collapsed into the empty magma chamber
9467:area. It is believed that Kerið was a
8477:
7680:
6691:
6508:. Kolbeinsey is subject to rapid wave
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
5639:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5603:
5585:
5579:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5110:collapsed into the empty magma chamber
4958:; is a volcano that was active during
4941:
4935:
4587:, but there are also small amounts of
4515:. Esja was built up at the end of the
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4103:
3951:
3424:Sundhnúkur 1st eruption, taken by the
3257:
3234:
3211:
3183:
2577:See Sundhnúkur eruptions images below,
1981:
1959:
1113:
969:
19458:from the original on 23 December 2023
19021:"Volcanic system: Bárðarbunga system"
18862:. Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Archived from
18856:"Vatnajökull National Park—Lakagigar"
18633:Albert Zijlstra (29 September 2016).
18179:
18033:
17588:
17572:
17349:
17347:
17345:
17114:
16924:"Geology and tectonics of Þingvellir"
16516:"Auglýsing um friðland að Fjallabaki"
16194:
16162:
16121:from the original on 20 November 2020
14950:the old meeting place of the Alþing.
13823:fires, 9th eruption, 4–18 September.
13769:fires, 8th eruption, 18–23 November.
11854:
10768:. 1206? Information and No volcanic
8284:, a distance of roughly 100 km.
8213:Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system
7768:can be clearly seen in the cracks or
7265:
6247:
6241:
6235:
5501:
3678:Þingvellir National Park rift valley.
3655:can be clearly seen in the cracks or
2340:Island skyline, on the Arctic Circle.
428:Gjálp (subglacial eruption)
19361:
19118:
18992:
18353:. Firefly Books. pp. 130, 131.
17489:
17487:
17320:Global Volcanism Program: Vatnafjöll
17206:
16904:Surtsey Research Progress Report XII
16480:
16133:
15893:International year of mountains 2002
15886:
15856:
15840:
15251:
15021:
14781:The Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ or
13979:. The eruption began on November 1.
13726:fires, 6th eruption, 18–23 October.
13329:(literally "glacial run") a type of
13240:(literally "glacial run") a type of
13232:. A small eruption, a lava flow off
11135:bay forming lava falls on their way.
8321:
8211:) with additional engagement of the
5656:Helgafell (on Snæfellsnes Peninsula)
4245:
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
19693:
19324:
19305:"Bárðarbunga – updated information"
19303:Icelandic Met Office (2014-08-23).
19079:
18320:"Snaefellsjökull: Eruptive History"
18077:Eríksson, Jón; et al. (2000).
17560:Thordarson & Hoskuldsson, p. 29
17513:
17293:
16926:. Ólafur Ingólfsson. Archived from
16887:, Iceland Review online, 2013-08-13
16701:
16424:
16182:from the original on 10 August 2022
16078:
15950:
15920:Thordarson & Hoskuldsson, p. 72
15812:
15747:Volcanic hazards in Iceland. Jökull
15729:Hugh Tuffen, D.W. McGarvie, etal.:
15650:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15422:Thordarson, T.; Larsen, G. (2007).
15224:
15085:
15058:
14642:(Westman Islands), central volcano
14178:, was followed on 23 August by the
13654:fires, 3rd eruption 8–9 September.
9437:(H5). The first acidic eruption in
8502:Vatnajökull glacier is part of the
8420:"Glacier of Lakes", "Vatna Glacier"
8019:
7558:Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð 400BC
7414:
6898:
6552:
5910:
4922:Vatnajökull glacier is part of the
4761:mountain on the south coast of the
4612:
13:
19543:
19496:. 6 September 2024. Archived from
17342:
17332:"Hver er stærsti jökull í Evrópu?"
16968:
16805:from the original on 19 March 2021
16773:from the original on 19 March 2021
16763:"Upptök gossins eru í Geldingadal"
16316:"Postglacial volcanism in Iceland"
16215:from the original on 28 April 2021
15567:from the original on 20 March 2021
15535:from the original on 18 March 2021
14968:It is one of two major and active
14538:The East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), the
12173:counties. 10 lands were deserted.
11349:. It is at the edge of Laugahraun
10301:layer from the eruption is known.
9842:, and blamed it for famines under
9205:), a 5 km (3.1 mi)-wide
7093:
6949:
6500:. It is the northernmost point of
6035:
5870:
3612:Looking up the volcanic throat of
2517:glacier, July 1972. Including the
14:
19814:
19736:
19419:"Eruption on Reykjanes Peninsula"
19307:. Icelandic Meteorological Office
18898:Origin and Development of Craters
17715:Journal of Archaeological Science
17484:
16951:. Icelandic Meteorological Office
16408:Origin and Development of Craters
16062:
15598:from the original on 14 July 2021
15509:from the original on 14 July 2021
15176:Geological deformation of Iceland
14913:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
14490:Geological deformation of Iceland
13636:fires, 2nd eruption 27–29 April.
13610:), (Myvatn Fires, Krafla Fires),
13533:1963- 67 - Vestmannaeyjar :
11467:1554 - Vondubjallar southwest of
11164:. Extensive eruption and damage.
9969:Common era (CE), Anno Domini (AD)
9792:into the atmosphere, placing its
9610:Brennisteinsfjöll volcanic system
9582:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
9161:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
8993:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
8723:
7956:
7467:
7211:
7201:
7005:in Iceland, (953 km), after
6591:
6429:
6128:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
6056:. Iceland's location astride the
5448:Grímsvötn Eruptive activity below
5040:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
4966:South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ)
4677:
4637:disrupting international travel.
3326:
2906:volcano system with hot springs.
19678:
19562:
19537:
19520:"Uplift at Svartsengi continues"
19512:
19440:
19386:
19318:
19271:
19246:
19092:
19013:
18889:
18877:
18848:
18805:
18779:
18729:
18705:
18648:
18626:
18593:
18584:
18575:
18502:
18401:
18390:
18342:
18289:
18277:
18249:
18224:
18027:
18008:
17981:
17962:
17874:
17865:
17788:
17762:
17698:
17676:
17635:
17618:
17583:University of Pittsburgh. (2011)
17563:
17554:
17526:
17338:(in Icelandic). 5 February 2016.
17115:Anita, Isalska (13 March 2014).
17022:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.025
16178:(in Icelandic). 3 January 2022.
16036:Brief description from Dartmouth
15143:
15129:
15115:
14677:lie along the Kolbeinsey Ridge.
13690:fires, 5th eruption July 10–18.
12600:1867-68 - Tjörnes Fracture Zone.
11692:1655 -? probably an eruption in
11379:. Eruption on a long fissure in
10780:mountain. (Reykjanes 1210-1240?)
10365:). The eruption was the largest
10178:volcanic explosivity index (VEI)
10159:877 - Ash and lava eruptions in
9120:on its flanks, plus upper-flank
8116:Tjörnes Peninsula (non-volcanic)
7492:on its flanks, plus upper-flank
7075:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB))
6403:and about 17 miles southwest of
5843:. The lava field was created by
4832:
1591:
1573:
1555:
1537:
1519:
1501:
1483:
1465:
1447:
1429:
1411:
1393:
1375:
1357:
1339:
1321:
1303:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1231:
1213:
1195:
1177:
1159:
1141:
1123:
1105:
1087:
1069:
1051:
1033:
1015:
997:
979:
961:
943:
925:
907:
889:
871:
853:
835:
817:
799:
781:
763:
745:
727:
708:
690:
672:
654:
636:
618:
600:
582:
564:
546:
528:
510:
492:
472:
454:
436:
418:
400:
382:
364:
344:
326:
308:
290:
272:
254:
236:
218:
200:
191:
173:
155:
148:
22:
19493:Icelandic Meteorological Office
19429:from the original on 2023-12-19
19398:Icelandic Meteorological office
19254:"1.600 earthquakes in 48 hours"
19087:Vegavísir um jarðfræði Íslands.
18954:"Eruptions beneath Vatnajökull"
18940:Eruptions in Iceland since 1900
18122:Iron Age Communities in Britain
17860:Environmental Change in Iceland
17828:from the original on 2012-10-24
17802:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013
17776:. Smithsonian Institution. 2013
17508:Vegavísir um jarðfræði Íslands.
17495:Jarðfræði Reykjavíkursvæðisins.
17364:
17282:
17257:
17227:
17108:
16997:
16962:
16941:
16916:
16875:
16785:
16739:
16720:
16692:
16586:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.016
16471:
16440:
16399:
16374:
16349:
16307:
16264:Journal of Geophysical Research
16103:
16090:
16048:
16017:
15998:
15987:(Map). Nuremberg: Homanns. 1761
15975:
15923:
15880:
15754:
15738:
15721:
15690:
15677:
15672:Vegavísir um jarðfræði Íslands.
15639:
15579:
15521:
15415:
15379:
15370:
14875:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
14759:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (ÖVB)
13967:
12932:
12309:
12053:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)
11838:
11548:
11433:
11249:
11218:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)
10978:
10738:
10558:
10529:
10191:
10008:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
9890:. It is at the junction of the
9559:, to the south of Thordarhyrna.
9143:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
8867:Chronological list of eruptions
8854:North Atlantic Igneous Province
8252:
8084:. It is a series of underwater
7943:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (ÖVB)
7884:
7815:
7658:(509 ft) above sea level.
7515:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
7453:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)
7311:
7286:Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)
7192:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
6450:highland road. Part of a large
6095:
5951:, is a geothermal field of the
5923:on the northwestern rim of the
5717:Helgafell (on Heimaey) 3,000 BC
5668:Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)
5116:and is not caused by rainfall.
4482:
4439:See Eruptive Chronology below:
4069:ridge and the shield volcanoes
3426:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1385:Tjörnes Fracture Zone
33:needs additional citations for
18256:The Hverfjall fissure eruption
16057:The Surtsey Eruption 1963-1967
16055:The Surtsey Research Society,
16005:The Hverfjall fissure eruption
15751:(PDF) Retrieved 8 August 2020.
15409:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.034
15361:
15316:
15242:
15181:Geology of Reykjanes Peninsula
14701:North volcanic zone of Iceland
14313:2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
13672:fires, 4th eruption 16 March.
13526:, which erupted the same year.
10933:. Fire with heavy ash fall in
10851:1226-1227 - some eruptions in
10439:) (volcanic layer in NA-land)
10061:
9513:20 km (12 mi) west.
9483:and is not caused by rainfall.
9471:which erupted and emptied its
9105:Circa 700,000 years ago-
8409:
8312:Note : there are claims (
8268:, it is the biggest Icelandic
8163:
7923:Þrándarjökull / Thrándarjökull
7573:2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
7534:Snæfellsjökull circa 50-350 CE
7273:
6764:
6646:region and is situated on the
5942:
5104:which erupted and emptied its
4841:Geirfuglasker (Vestmannaeyjar)
4791:
4748:
4300:
4171:
1641:Iceland Mid-Atlantic Ridge map
136:2023–2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
120:This is an incomplete list of
1:
19793:Iceland geology-related lists
19783:Volcanic eruptions in Iceland
19125:American Journal of Science,
18296:Sæmundsson, Kristján (2019).
18206:"List of Icelandic Volcanoes"
18083:Journal of Quaternary Science
16865:"Flash map of Snæfellsjökull"
15193:
14982:West volcanic zone of Iceland
14854:Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð
14777:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
14534:East volcanic zone of Iceland
14383:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
14291:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
14238:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
14220:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
14167:(main article - Bárðarbunga).
13805:. Probably a small eruption.
12437:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
12419:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
12229:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
12045:, at the glacier roots above
11499:
11398:
11279:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
11087:. Great death, especially in
11064:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
11042:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10901:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10887:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10873:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10859:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10845:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10831:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10799:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10706:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10678:
10634:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10537:
10305:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
10209:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9944:Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð
9808:shows a decade of negligible
9744:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9691:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9620:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9517:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9187:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9095:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
9040:2,500,000-11,000 years ago -
9030:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
8971:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
8937:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
8843:
8827:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
8642:
8363:
8128:situated at the northeast of
8110:Tjörnes Fracture Zone 1867-68
8001:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
7901:in southern Iceland, east of
7593:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
7565:
7546:Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð
7540:Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð
7445:, it has been dormant in the
7372:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
7253:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
7042:
7013:and can be seen clearly from
6988:
6845:
6821:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
6468:
6411:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
6366:Katla Eruptive activity below
5781:
5753:
5735:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
5682:Helgafell (on Heimaey island)
5650:Hekla Eruptive activity below
4949:
4866:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
4785:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
4718:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
4535:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
4362:in south west. The Eldey and
4270:Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)
3366:in Iceland is located in the
3329:that raged from 1724 to 1729.
2570:Grindavík 2023-2024 Eruptions
18002:10.1016/0160-9327(89)90006-9
17690:, in Árni Hjartarson (ed.),
17669:10.1016/0012-821X(95)00145-3
17579:Emily Constantine Mercurio:
17189:10.1016/0040-1951(91)90501-I
17012:. Volcanic Flows and Falls.
16535:The Icelandic Web of Science
16045:, (at the end of the report)
15984:Insvlae Islandiae delineatio
15733:Lancaster University. (2006)
15685:Grimsvotn. Eruptive history.
15164:List of volcanoes in Iceland
14512:Topographic map showing the
12441:May be the same as adjacent
11327:extrusive rocks in Iceland.
10319:(ash layer called Katla-R).
10145:extrusive rocks in Iceland.
9153:400,000-500,000 years ago -
9003:2,500,000-11,000 years ago.
8981:2,500,000-11,000 years ago.
8947:2,600,000-9,000 years ago -
8884:Geology of Iceland - Origins
8767:Helgafell (volcano) 3,000 BC
8761:Stórhöfði peninsula 6,000 BP
8666:
7571:Current/ongoing event - See
7347:
6527:. It formed during the late-
5987:
5886:
5811:
5711:Stórhöfði peninsula 6,000 BP
5132:
4559:
3831:extrusive rocks in Iceland.
2727:, viewed from the southeast.
2672:Helgafell (on Heimaey) index
2243:among the Fuglasker islands.
1901:Vestmannaeyjar Islands index
1867:Vestmannaeyjar Islands index
1843:Vestmannaeyjar Islands index
1819:Vestmannaeyjar Islands index
1649:Volcanic systems in Iceland.
7:
19544:Presse, AFP-Agence France.
18351:Volcanoes (A Firefly Guide)
17600:Institute of Earth Sciences
16437:. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
16069:G.B.M.Pedersen, P. Grosse:
15108:
14954:Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ)
14071:. On 26 September 2010, an
13837:? 1985 - Final ridge under
12683:. A lava eruption began in
10517:. A volcanic system in the
9838:have dated the eruption to
9494:was formed to the south of
9071:are continually moving the
9051:Circa 1,800,000 years ago (
8913:are continually moving the
8893:Circa 3,200,000 years ago (
8090:Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ)
7778:, is a significant canyon.
7712:Theistareykjarbunga 6800 BC
7706:Theistareykjarbunga 9500 BC
7167:
7063:Peninsula. The eruption in
6915:. Lakagígar is part of the
6796:
6723:Krafla fires 1977 September
6088:. The presence of water in
5800:Hofsjökull 2,500,000-11,000
5027:
4800:, A volcanic system on the
4672:Eyjafjallajökull 2010 April
4666:Eyjafjallajökull 2010 March
4197:Bárðarbunga ca.6600-6700 BC
4006:, Grænavatn ("green lake").
3665:, is a significant canyon.
2481:frozen over in early April.
2409:within the Grímsnes system.
2198:The new eruption fissures.
2109:eruption on 27 March 2010.
10:
19819:
19803:Lists of events in Iceland
19131:, Retrieved Apr. 23, 2019.
19089:Reykjavík 2015, p. 280-281
18495:10.1038/s43247-024-01350-6
18376:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
18056:10.1177/095968369500500309
17756:"Global Volcanism Program"
17523:Reykjavík 2004, p. 156-157
17355:"Skaftafell national park"
17305:, Retrieved Apr. 23, 2019.
16898:Vésteinsson, Árni (2009),
16749:Retrieved 17. August 2020.
16736:Retrieved 17. August 2020.
16556:Quaternary Science Reviews
16335:10.33799/jokull2008.58.197
16075:See also for maps therein.
15674:Reykjavík 2015, p. 280-281
14979:
14957:
14919:South Iceland seismic zone
14916:
14834:Krýsuvík (volcanic system)
14698:
14684:
14653:
14531:
14483:Volcanic zones and systems
14106:2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
13061:/ Lambafit east of Hekla.
12968:Volcanic Explosivity Index
12261:Skaftáreldur, Skaftá Fires
11234:1389-1390 - in and around
11012:(Vatnajökli), probably in
10480:999 or 1000 - Svínahraun (
10297:, location uncertain, but
10057:781 ± 2 From ice core data
10047:753 ± 2 From ice core data
9794:Volcanic Explosivity Index
9227:42,000-12,400 years ago -
9181:Krýsuvík (volcanic system)
8036:. It has erupted rocks of
7977:in the volcanic system of
7861:Thórðarhyrna 3550 BC ± 500
7786:Þjórsá Lava / Thjórsá Lava
7782:are frequent in the area.
7718:Theistareykjarbunga 900 BC
7633:
7426:
7210:were a series of fires at
6753:Krafla fires 1981 November
5722:
4984:
4838:
4523:. During the warm periods
4519:with the beginning of the
4507:mountain range, made from
4380:
3325:were a series of fires at
2573:For individual eruptions:
2051:, covered in volcanic ash.
1712:people moved to the West.
1654:Volcanic zones and systems
19672:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005
19634:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.015
19591:10.1007/s00445-009-0267-9
18681:10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9
18635:"Eldgja: Eruption dating"
18610:"Katla: Eruptive History"
17736:10.1016/j.jas.2011.11.003
17585:Retrieved 26 August 2020.
16717:Retrieved 17 August 2020.
16650:10.1093/petrology/egab054
16488:"The Summer of acid rain"
15823:"visitvestmannislands.is"
15735:Retrieved 30 August 2020.
15715:10.1007/s00445-003-0295-9
15687:Retrieved 29 August 2020.
15648:Who killed the Great Auk?
15458:10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005
14998:(also listed under RFZ),
14901:and smaller volcanoes on
14850:Reykjanes volcanic system
14828:(also listed under WVZ),
14822:Helgafell (Hafnarfjörður)
14695:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
14275:63.9186444°N 22.2071250°W
14151:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13827:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13773:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13755:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13737:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13730:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13694:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13676:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13658:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13640:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13622:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13502:Vatnajökull National Park
13482:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13268:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13211:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13171:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13167:. A small lava eruption.
13135:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13131:. A small lava eruption.
13117:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
13113:. A small lava eruption.
12743:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
12725:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
12699:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
12669:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
12651:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
12085:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
11993:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
11737:and cut Höfðabrekka off.
10967:and famine as a result..
10604:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
10243:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9961:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9932:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9898:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9876:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9531:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9369:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9324:, Iceland's largest lake.
9310:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
9283:Circa 10,600 years ago -
9273:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
8288:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
7774:
7754:Thingvellir National Park
7693:North volcanic zone (EVZ)
7443:Vatnajökull National Park
7341:Prestahnúkur 3350 BCE (?)
7328:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
6913:Vatnajökull National Park
6862:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
6747:Krafla fires 1981 January
6741:Krafla fires 1980 October
6674:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
6625:
6612:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
6371:
6146:
6116:and consisting mostly of
6016:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
5933:Vatnajökull National Park
5879:, is a mountain north of
5851:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
5768:Vatnajökull National Park
5147:Vatnajökull National Park
5001:, where it straddles the
4898:ridge (tindar) under the
4812:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
4804:, at the junction of the
4447:
4329:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
4317:. The central volcano of
4315:Vatnajökull National Park
4085:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
4022:which in most cases is a
3857:North volcanic zone (NVZ)
3661:
3368:Vatnajökull National Park
2176:eruption on 16 July 2021.
18615:Global Volcanism Program
18325:Global Volcanism Program
18265:Accessed 29 October 2008
18155:Global Volcanism Program
18120:Cunliffe, Barry (2005).
17800:Global Volcanism Program
17774:Global Volcanism Program
17683:Árni Hjartarson (2003),
17510:Reykjavík 2015, p. 22-23
16843:Global Volcanism Program
16608:Global Volcanism Program
16464:Gunnar Karlsson (2000),
16240:Global Volcanism Program
16014:Accessed 29 October 2008
15869:Global Volcanism Program
15794:Global Volcanism Program
15646:Gaskell, Jeremy (2000).
15350:Global Volcanism Program
15311:Hvernig myndaðist Esjan?
15267:Global Volcanism Program
15188:Global Volcanism Program
15097:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
15074:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
15047:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14976:West volcanic zone (WVZ)
14858:Svartsengi Power Station
14740:, many volcanoes in the
14664:located to the north of
14528:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14198:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14116:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14090:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14057:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
14035:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13983:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13960:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13942:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13924:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13877:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13809:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13791:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13712:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13560:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13464:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13442:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13424:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13402:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13384:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13366:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13344:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13315:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13297:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13251:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13189:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13153:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13099:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13065:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13047:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13025:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
13003:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12985:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12948:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12925:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12901:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12883:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12846:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12828:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12803:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12779:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12761:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12633:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12615:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12583:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12542:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12524:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12506:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12488:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12462:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12401:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12383:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12361:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12343:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12325:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12302:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12284:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12195:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12177:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12151:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12129:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
12021:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11963:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11945:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11927:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11899:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11881:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11863:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11831:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11817:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11799:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11781:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11759:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11741:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11719:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11682:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11658:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11640:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11622:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11604:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11586:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11564:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11541:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11523:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11493:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11475:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11457:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11426:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11412:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11365:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11331:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11297:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11265:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11242:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11168:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11150:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11117:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11099:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
11020:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10998:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10971:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10949:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10923:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10817:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10754:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10728:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10692:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10668:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10586:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10551:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10503:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10443:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10417:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10323:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10287:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10226:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10184:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10176:) eruption, which had a
10149:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
10104:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9986:West volcanic zone (WVZ)
9918:Phreatomagmatic eruption
9854:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9766:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9661:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9604:, shield volcano on the
9507:Bláfjöll Volcanic System
9445:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9403:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9347:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9316:circa 9,000 years ago -
9221:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
9135:eruptions have produced
8790:
8748:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
8679:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
8504:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
8391:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
7909:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
7848:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
7724:Þingvellir / Thingvellir
7662:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
7391:Reykjanes peninsula 1206
7118:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
7028:. Associated volcanoes:
7025:West volcanic zone (WVZ)
7001:) is the second largest
6969:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
6931:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
6777:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
6397:Krýsuvík volcanic system
6206:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
6193:
6175:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
6002:Phreatomagmatic eruption
5963:West volcanic zone (WVZ)
5698:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
5466:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
5453:
5162:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
5059:
4924:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4886:
4660:Eyjafjallajökull 1821-23
4641:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4595:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4464:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4433:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4349:
4283:Brennisteinsfjöll 5200BP
4254:; A minor system on the
4184:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
4033:
3375:Snæfell (Múlaþing) index
2862:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
2659:The cone of the dormant
2640:a small mountain on the
2530:East volcanic zone (EVZ)
2124:People on the slopes of
2025:eruption column in 2010.
1529:Vatnajökull glacier
1493:Tungnafells glacier
19703:; Jason Phipps Morgan.
19571:Bulletin of Volcanology
19350:. Wired.com. 2014-08-29
18814:Bulletin of Volcanology
18788:. Reykjavík 1989, p.797
18620:Smithsonian Institution
18427:10.33265/polar.v39.3511
18386:. Abstract #PP41B-1454.
18330:Smithsonian Institution
18160:Smithsonian Institution
17770:"Holocene Volcano List"
17660:1995E&PSL.135..149G
16848:Smithsonian Institution
16677:Islandsbloggen, 2011/04
16613:Smithsonian Institution
16285:10.1029/JB077I029P05688
16245:Smithsonian Institution
16208:The Reykjavík Grapevine
16175:Landhelgisgæsla Íslands
16026:. Reykjavík 1989, p.805
15874:Smithsonian Institution
15799:Smithsonian Institution
15703:Bulletin of Volcanology
15389:Atmospheric Environment
15355:Smithsonian Institution
15272:Smithsonian Institution
14934:Includes: The towns of
14783:Reykjanes volcanic belt
14630:, several volcanoes in
14364:) north of the town of
14280:63.9186444; -22.2071250
11773:. A major lava flow in
9886:800 BC (± 300 years) -
9614:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt
9175:, volcanic cone on the
8861:Chronology of Eruptions
8835:Chronology of Eruptions
8756:Chronology of Eruptions
8687:Chronology of Eruptions
8656:Chronology of Eruptions
8512:Chronology of Eruptions
8399:Chronology of Eruptions
8358:Chronology of Eruptions
8296:Chronology of Eruptions
8236:Chronology of Eruptions
8105:Chronology of Eruptions
8054:Tindfjallajökull 54,000
8049:Chronology of Eruptions
8014:Thríhnákagígur 4,000 BP
8009:Chronology of Eruptions
7951:Chronology of Eruptions
7917:Chronology of Eruptions
7856:Chronology of Eruptions
7799:Chronology of Eruptions
7701:Chronology of Eruptions
7670:Chronology of Eruptions
7601:Chronology of Eruptions
7553:Chronology of Eruptions
7523:Chronology of Eruptions
7462:Chronology of Eruptions
7386:Chronology of Eruptions
7336:Chronology of Eruptions
7295:Chronology of Eruptions
7262:Chronology of Eruptions
7224:
7219:Chronology of Eruptions
7126:Chronology of Eruptions
7083:Chronology of Eruptions
6978:Chronology of Eruptions
6939:Chronology of Eruptions
6870:Chronology of Eruptions
6829:Chronology of Eruptions
6807:tectonic plate boundary
6786:Chronology of Eruptions
6729:Krafla fires 1980 March
6717:Krafla fires 1977 April
6682:Chronology of Eruptions
6620:Chronology of Eruptions
6586:Chronology of Eruptions
6547:Chronology of Eruptions
6463:Chronology of Eruptions
6424:Keilir 2,500,000-11,000
6419:Chronology of Eruptions
6214:Chronology of Eruptions
6183:Chronology of Eruptions
6136:Chronology of Eruptions
6025:Chronology of Eruptions
5971:Chronology of Eruptions
5905:Chronology of Eruptions
5860:Chronology of Eruptions
5743:Chronology of Eruptions
5706:Chronology of Eruptions
5676:Chronology of Eruptions
5474:Chronology of Eruptions
5170:Chronology of Eruptions
5121:Chronology of Eruptions
5048:Chronology of Eruptions
5022:Chronology of Eruptions
4974:Chronology of Eruptions
4932:Chronology of Eruptions
4875:Chronology of Eruptions
4821:Chronology of Eruptions
4726:Chronology of Eruptions
4649:Chronology of Eruptions
4607:Chronology of Eruptions
4543:Chronology of Eruptions
4472:Chronology of Eruptions
4375:Chronology of Eruptions
4338:Chronology of Eruptions
4278:Chronology of Eruptions
4192:Chronology of Eruptions
4094:Chronology of Eruptions
3893:Tungnafellsjökull index
3880:, volcano and glacier.
3790:Tjörnes Peninsula index
3313:, a shallow lake, near
3280:"Landmannalaugar index"
1631:Eruption Related Images
1475:Tungnafells jökull
1043:Langjökull glacier
646:Hofsjökull glacier
19652:Journal of Geodynamics
19614:Journal of Geodynamics
19085:Snæbjörn Guðmundsson:
18286:. Reykjavík 1989, p.45
17506:Snæbjörn Guðmundsson:
17481:, retrieved 2018-10-16
16949:"Earthquakes: Iceland"
16087:. Reykjavík 1989, p.53
15670:Snæbjörn Guðmundsson:
15428:Journal of Geodynamics
14681:Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB)
14517:
14505:
14433:February 2024 eruption
14401:December 2023 eruption
14325:
14084:moment magnitude scale
13906:1996 eruption of Gjálp
13360:1996 eruption of Gjálp
13081:1918 eruption of Katla
12433:. Submarine eruption.
12415:. Submarine eruption.
11856:[ˈtiɲcʏˌhauls]
11323:. The largest area of
10897:, location uncertain.
10883:, location uncertain.
10869:, location uncertain.
10841:, location uncertain.
10827:, location uncertain.
10664:lava on Hekla's west.
10576:Þjóðveldisbærinn Stöng
10141:. The largest area of
10067:Dates are approximate.
10020:Volcanic winter of 536
9379:6700 BC. - the "Great
8955:, Viðey was an active
8811:, Viðey was an active
8350:Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB)
7873:Thórðarhyrna 1902-1904
7867:Thórðarhyrna 1887-1889
7689:(Þeistareykjarbunga);
7528:Snæfellsjökull 700,000
7186:Snaefellsnes Peninsula
6735:Krafla fires 1980 July
6561:, is a segment of the
6504:and lies north of the
5797:See chronology below:
5688:Helgafell (on Heimaey)
4999:main island of Iceland
4690:volcano formed in the
4295:Brennisteinsfjöll 1341
4289:Brennisteinsfjöll 1340
4050:. A complex of nested
4015:
3994:
3975:
3897:
3884:Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB)
3870:
3840:
3794:
3775:
3771:Tindfjallajökull index
3756:
3732:
3704:
3684:
3671:
3625:
3605:
3585:
3552:
3526:
3501:
3481:
3461:
3441:
3417:
3398:
3379:
3350:
3303:
3284:
3266:
3243:
3220:
3192:
3153:
3134:
3114:
3094:
3074:
3051:
3031:
3011:
2991:
2972:
2952:
2934:
2915:
2911:"Kerlingarfjöll index"
2891:
2872:
2844:
2826:
2808:
2790:
2787:Hvannadalshnúkur index
2772:
2754:
2735:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2652:
2630:
2607:
2586:
2562:
2544:
2503:
2477:. The volcanic crater
2467:
2431:
2391:
2352:
2330:
2296:
2255:
2232:
2210:
2188:
2166:
2150:Lava fountains of the
2143:
2117:
2114:Eyjafjallajökull index
2099:
2096:Eyjafjallajökull index
2077:
2074:Eyjafjallajökull index
2059:
2056:Eyjafjallajökull index
2033:
2030:Eyjafjallajökull index
2015:
1985:
1963:
1945:
1926:
1904:
1870:
1846:
1822:
1798:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1694:
1676:
1658:
1642:
18896:Jaggar, TAKE (1947).
17648:Earth Planet Sci Lett
16406:Jaggar, TAKE (1947).
16073:282, (2014), 115-133.
15137:Earth sciences portal
14960:Tjörnes Fracture Zone
14846:Rauðhólar (Reykjavík)
14650:Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR)
14511:
14499:
14473:(Main article :
14459:(Main article :
14445:(Main article :
14431:(Main article :
14419:January 2024 eruption
14417:(Main article :
14399:(Main article :
14352:63.87917°N 22.38722°W
14323:
14311:(Main article :
13938:. 18. - 28 December.
13541:. Later, the islands
13438:. Possible eruption.
13398:. Possible eruption.
13380:. Possible eruption.
12788:. Submarine eruption.
12593:. Submarine eruption.
12484:had to be relocated.
12117:. A big lava flow on
11224:1372 - north-west of
11060:-2 eruption in 1341.
10937:. The last people at
10915:. Fire and lava from
10813:, eruption number 4.
10750:, eruption number 3.
10648:, second eruption. A
9776:Circa 1,000-900 BC -
9738:settlement of Iceland
9687:beneath the surface.
9612:and therefore of the
9574:3. The Grímsneshraun
9114:Snæfellsnes Peninsula
8872:Prehistoric eruptions
8839:Viðey 2,600,000-9,000
8485:Loki-Fögrufjöll index
8060:Tjörnes Fracture Zone
7997:beneath the surface.
7629:Sundhnúkur 2024.08.22
7625:Sundhnúkur 2024.05.29
7621:Sundhnúkur 2024.03.16
7617:Sundhnúkur 2024.02.08
7613:Sundhnúkur 2024.01.14
7609:Sundhnúkur 2023.12.18
7486:Snæfellsnes Peninsula
7476:The 700,000-year-old
6578:Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR)
6574:lie along the ridge.
6539:Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR)
6387:or perhaps a conical
6066:North American Plates
5014:Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR)
4710:systems. No volcanic
4654:Eyjafjallajökull 1612
4215:Bárðarbunga 1701-1864
4062:tabular volcano, the
4002:
3981:
3959:Loki-Fögrufjöll index
3903:
3876:
3846:
3800:
3781:
3762:
3738:
3710:
3690:
3677:
3631:
3611:
3591:
3558:
3532:
3507:
3498:Sundhnúkur 2024.02.08
3487:
3478:Sundhnúkur 2024.01.14
3467:
3458:Sundhnúkur 2023.12.18
3447:
3438:Sundhnúkur 2023.12.18
3423:
3404:
3385:
3356:
3309:
3290:
3272:
3249:
3226:
3198:
3159:
3140:
3120:
3100:
3080:
3057:
3037:
3017:
2997:
2978:
2958:
2940:
2921:
2897:
2878:
2850:
2832:
2814:
2796:
2778:
2760:
2741:
2723:
2705:
2687:
2658:
2642:Snæfellsnes Peninsula
2636:
2613:
2592:
2568:
2550:
2509:
2473:
2441:, volcanic crater on
2437:
2397:
2358:
2336:
2302:
2261:
2238:
2216:
2194:
2172:
2149:
2123:
2105:
2083:
2065:
2039:
2021:
1991:
1969:
1951:
1932:
1910:
1876:
1852:
1828:
1804:
1778:
1752:
1726:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1648:
1640:
336:Eyjafjallajök glacier
19798:Volcanoes of Iceland
19425:. 18 December 2023.
18886:(video), History.com
17418:"Jarðfræðikort ÍSOR"
17378:on 24 September 2015
17073:insidethevolcano.com
17039:"INSIDE THE VOLCANO"
16638:Journal of Petrology
16562:(19–21): 2337–2353.
16466:Iceland's 1100 Years
15852:US Geological Survey
15159:Volcanism of Iceland
15027:Grímsvötn eruptivity
14888:North American Plate
14806:Eldborg í Bláfjöllum
14475:August 2024 eruption
14183:Aviation Color Codes
14133:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
14017:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
14000:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
13894:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
13855:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
13492:1961 - Dyngjufjöll.
12520:. A small eruption.
12276:was spewed into the
12263:) Lava flowed along
12091:1753 - southwest of
12013:1725 - southeast of
11347:Highlands of Iceland
11321:subglacial volcanoes
10139:subglacial volcanoes
9974:150 AD ± 75 years -
9816:that is recorded in
9509:, lava flow reached
9171:100,000 years ago -
9007:was formed during a
8426:and most voluminous
8189:subglacial volcanoes
7830:subglacial volcanoes
7586:Fagradalsfjall index
7161:Loki-Fögrufjöll 2011
7155:Loki-Fögrufjöll 2008
7149:Loki-Fögrufjöll 2006
7143:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1991
7137:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1986
7131:Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910
7110:glacier, within the
7011:Highlands of Iceland
6983:Landmannalaugar 1477
6660:North American Plate
6516:remained visible at
6444:Highlands of Iceland
6141:Ingólfsfjall 400,000
6114:subglacial eruptions
5976:Hveravellir 5,800 BC
5837:Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla
5766:in northern part of
4979:Grensdalur 2,500,000
4769:volcanic system and
3904:Iceland from space.
3821:subglacial volcanoes
3694:, Snorkeling in the
3621:Thríhnákagígur index
3601:Thríhnákagígur index
3548:Vestmannaeyjar index
3522:Vestmannaeyjar index
3413:Snæfellsjökull index
3394:Snæfellsjökull index
3101:Boiling mudpools at
2678:Vestmannaeyjar index
2228:Fagradalsfjall index
2206:Fagradalsfjall index
2184:Fagradalsfjall index
2162:Fagradalsfjall index
2139:Fagradalsfjall index
42:improve this article
19664:2007JGeo...43..118T
19626:2007JGeo...43..153G
19583:2009BVol...71..715J
19500:on 6 September 2024
19157:1973Natur.241..372T
18826:1993BVol...55..233T
18762:Thorarinsson, p. 11
18673:2018ClCh..147..369O
18527:2017Geo....45..783B
18486:2024ComEE...5..194G
18384:2008AGUFMPP41B1454A
18095:2000JQS....15..573E
18048:1995Holoc...5..336B
18017:Current Archaeology
17925:on 19 December 2008
17862:(Munchen): 147-155.
17847:Náttúrufræðingurinn
17727:2012JArSc..39..708H
17445:1993Geo....21..275D
17181:1991Tectp.189..261E
17096:"Innan í eldfjalli"
17044:The Huffington Post
16969:Andrew, Ruth E. B.
16568:2007QSRv...26.2337F
16494:. December 19, 2007
16277:1972JGR....77.5688J
15440:2007JGeo...43..118T
15401:2012AtmEn..48..113S
14870:Þorbjörn (mountain)
14750:Theistareykjarbunga
14447:March 2024 eruption
14376:Fagradalsfjall 2021
14357:63.87917; -22.38722
14348: /
14271: /
12278:Northern Hemisphere
11700:. Big lava flow in
10766:Reykjanes peninsula
10702:(ash layer known).
10656:and 0.2 km of
10620:is: Krýsuvíkureldar
10379:Northern Hemisphere
10255:is: Hallmundarhraun
10182:(It is part of the
10024:Northern Hemisphere
9866:Theistareykjarbunga
9848:Bronze Age collapse
9798:Northern Hemisphere
9760:Reykjanes peninsula
9642:(Westman Islands).
9636:Stórhöfði peninsula
9492:Stórhöfði peninsula
9359:Theistareykjarbunga
9341:Saksunarvatn tephra
9339:, resulting in the
9300:Theistareykjarbunga
9245:11,000 years ago -
9197:54,000 years ago -
9177:Reykjanes peninsula
8223:finds by so-called
8191:, located north of
8148:known for its rich
7810:Thjórsá Lava 6700BC
7687:Theistareykjarbunga
7681:Theistareykjarbunga
7409:Fagradalsfjall 2023
7403:Fagradalsfjall 2022
7397:Fagradalsfjall 2021
7249:may be its remnants
6401:Reykjanesfólkvangur
6393:Reykjanes Peninsula
6108:in the vicinity of
6073:, with peaks below
5982:Hveravellir 1000 BC
5929:Öræfajökull volcano
5841:Northeastern Region
5833:Icelandic Highlands
5792:Last Glacial Period
5694:(Westman Islands).
4914:subglacial eruption
4779:Reykjanes Peninsula
4775:Last Glacial Period
4763:Reykjanes Peninsula
4743:Fagradalsfjall 2023
4737:Fagradalsfjall 2022
4731:Fagradalsfjall 2021
4696:Reykjanes Peninsula
4692:Last Glacial Period
4631:Last Glacial Period
4600:Oræfi Volcanic Belt
4360:Reykjanes Peninsula
4256:Reykjanes Peninsula
4239:Bárðarbunga 2014-15
4117:Askja 1875-February
3823:, located north of
3643:National Park. The
3018:Sulfur deposits at
2618:' 1585 map showing
2251:Geirfuglasker index
2239:Former location of
1784:Reykjanes Peninsula
1634:
1633:(right hand column)
1622:Under construction.
1439:Torfajökull Ice cap
1151:Öræfajökull glacier
1097:Mývatn (fires)
19325:BBC (2014-08-24).
19224:2021-05-17 at the
18834:10.1007/BF00624353
18261:2011-07-28 at the
18212:on October 9, 2011
17892:on 22 October 2020
17824:. Volcano.si.edu.
17606:on 9 November 2009
17147:2007-04-29 at the
16838:"Tindfjallajökull"
16732:2014-08-26 at the
16713:2021-07-14 at the
16552:Miller, Gifford H.
16386:Iceland Road Guide
16235:"Kolbeinsey Ridge"
16041:2020-02-23 at the
16010:2011-07-28 at the
15887:Teitsson, Ingvar.
15328:2021-04-17 at the
15235:2017-02-04 at the
15171:Geology of Iceland
14810:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
14787:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
14662:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
14574:, central volcano
14518:
14506:
14326:
13293:. Small eruption.
13234:Breiðamerkurjökull
13185:. Small eruption.
11123:1341 - (± 1 year)
10943:is: Sólheimasandur
10722:Greenland Glaciers
9892:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
9870:Þeistareykjarbunga
9363:Þeistareykjarbunga
9304:Þeistareykjarbunga
9209:was formed during
9016:explosive activity
8497:Thordarhyrna index
8261:, Situated in the
7971:Three Peaks Crater
7828:, is one of seven
7804:Þjórsá Lava 6700BC
7752:passes across the
7750:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
7736:. Notable for its
7235:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
7176:?, (also known as
7104:subglacial volcano
6881:Kverkfjöll 1711-12
6840:Krýsuvík 1151-1188
6656:divergent boundary
6654:, which forms the
6652:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
6563:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
6525:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
6058:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
6052:and the island of
5996:, (Hverfell) is a
5824:just north of the
5007:shifting northward
4880:Geirfuglasker 1830
4826:Fremrinámur 800 BC
4806:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
4258:in the southwest.
4111:Askja 1875-January
4026:and may contain a
4016:
3995:
3976:
3971:Thordarhyrna index
3898:
3871:
3866:Trölladyngja index
3841:
3795:
3776:
3757:
3733:
3705:
3685:
3672:
3639:passes across the
3637:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
3626:
3606:
3586:
3575:Thórólfsfell index
3553:
3527:
3502:
3482:
3462:
3442:
3418:
3399:
3380:
3351:
3346:Krafla fires index
3340:Mývatn fires index
3304:
3299:"Ljósufjöll index"
3285:
3267:
3244:
3221:
3193:
3154:
3135:
3115:
3095:
3075:
3052:
3038:A general view of
3032:
3012:
2992:
2973:
2953:
2935:
2916:
2892:
2873:
2845:
2827:
2809:
2800:- blue hot spring.
2791:
2773:
2755:
2736:
2718:
2700:
2682:
2663:volcano seen from
2653:
2631:
2608:
2587:
2563:
2545:
2504:
2468:
2432:
2392:
2353:
2331:
2316:in the background.
2297:
2284:in the background.
2256:
2233:
2211:
2189:
2167:
2144:
2118:
2100:
2078:
2060:
2034:
2016:
1986:
1964:
1946:
1927:
1905:
1871:
1847:
1823:
1799:
1788:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1773:
1762:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
1747:
1721:
1695:
1677:
1659:
1643:
1628:
1277:Theistareykjabunga
123:volcanic eruptions
19151:(5389): 372–375.
18360:978-1-55297-683-8
17372:"Westman Islands"
17239:www.raunvis.hi.is
17215:(11): 2991–3012.
16801:. 20 March 2021.
16271:(29): 5688–5696.
16150:on 9 January 2006
15563:. 20 March 2021.
15503:Volcano Discovery
15022:Eruptive activity
14804:(Hafnarfjörður),
14798:Brennisteinsfjöll
14540:central volcanoes
14461:May 2024 eruption
12568:flowed from them.
12564:formed there and
12444:Eldeyjarboði 1830
12171:Skagafjarðarsýsla
12121:, mostly west of
11775:Jökulsá á Fjöllum
11702:Jökulsá á Fjöllum
11664:1637-38 - by the
11293:or surroundings.
11180:Knappafellsjökull
11125:Brennisteinsfjöll
11054:Brennisteinsfjöll
11032:Brennisteinsfjöll
10787:1210-1211 - from
10411:is:Sólheimasandur
10373:.) Evidence from
9846:during the wider
9677:Brennisteinsfjöll
9602:effusive eruption
9498:on the island of
9455:Circa 6,500 BP -
9414:Circa 5,800 BC -
9118:pyroclastic cones
8692:Veiðivötn 6700BC;
8491:Öræfajökull index
8455:Bárðarbunga index
8328:Tungnafellsjökull
8322:Tungnafellsjökull
8307:Trölladyngja 1961
8301:Trölladyngja 1151
8187:) and complex of
7979:Brennisteinsfjöll
7879:Thórðarhyrna 1910
7758:continental drift
7744:environment in a
7655:volcanic eruption
7490:pyroclastic cones
7480:, the only large
6907:. Lakagigar is a
6759:Krafla fires 1984
6711:Krafla fires 1975
6378:Keilir (mountain)
6112:originating from
5865:Holuhraun 2014-15
5497:Hekla 1000-900 BC
5175:Grímsvötn 8230 BC
4909:volcanic system,
4860:volcanic eruption
4477:Eldgjá 934 or 939
4399:volcanic eruption
4397:. It formed in a
4393:on the island of
4252:Brennisteinsfjöll
4246:Brennisteinsfjöll
4048:central highlands
3990:Vatnajökull index
3965:Öræfajökull index
3917:Bárðarbunga index
3914:and also :
3911:Vatnajökull index
3878:Tungnafellsjökull
3836:Torfajökull index
3819:) and complex of
3645:continental drift
3581:Þórólfsfell index
3315:Höfði Nature Park
3294:, Grábrók crater.
3262:"Lakagígar index"
3239:"Lakagígar index"
3216:"Lakagígar index"
2805:Hveravellir index
2541:Vatnajökull index
1739:Bárðarbunga index
1635:
1602:
1584:
1566:
1548:
1530:
1512:
1494:
1476:
1458:
1440:
1422:
1404:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1332:
1314:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1188:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1098:
1080:
1062:
1044:
1026:
1008:
990:
972:
954:
936:
918:
900:
882:
864:
846:
828:
810:
792:
774:
756:
738:
720:
701:
683:
665:
647:
629:
611:
593:
575:
557:
539:
521:
503:
485:
465:
447:
446:Gjálp Floods
429:
411:
393:
375:
357:
337:
319:
301:
283:
265:
247:
229:
211:
184:
166:
118:
117:
110:
92:
19810:
19788:Active volcanoes
19769:
19767:
19766:
19754:
19752:
19750:
19730:
19727:
19721:
19720:
19718:
19717:
19711:
19697:
19691:
19690:
19682:
19676:
19675:
19647:
19638:
19637:
19609:
19603:
19602:
19566:
19560:
19559:
19557:
19556:
19541:
19535:
19534:
19532:
19530:
19516:
19510:
19509:
19507:
19505:
19484:
19467:
19466:
19464:
19463:
19444:
19438:
19437:
19435:
19434:
19415:
19409:
19408:
19406:
19405:
19390:
19384:
19383:
19381:
19380:
19365:
19359:
19358:
19356:
19355:
19344:
19338:
19337:
19335:
19334:
19322:
19316:
19315:
19313:
19312:
19300:
19294:
19293:
19291:
19290:
19275:
19269:
19268:
19266:
19264:
19250:
19244:
19239:
19233:
19216:
19205:
19200:
19177:
19176:
19165:10.1038/241372a0
19138:
19132:
19122:
19116:
19115:
19113:
19112:
19096:
19090:
19083:
19077:
19074:
19068:
19067:
19056:
19039:
19038:
19036:
19034:
19025:
19017:
19011:
19010:
19008:
19006:
18996:
18990:
18989:
18987:
18985:
18975:
18969:
18968:
18966:
18965:
18956:. Archived from
18950:
18941:
18939:
18937:
18936:
18927:. Archived from
18921:
18912:
18911:
18893:
18887:
18881:
18875:
18874:
18872:
18871:
18852:
18846:
18845:
18809:
18803:
18798:
18789:
18783:
18777:
18772:
18763:
18760:
18754:
18749:
18738:
18733:
18727:
18726:
18724:
18723:
18709:
18703:
18702:
18692:
18667:(3–4): 369–381.
18652:
18646:
18645:
18643:
18641:
18630:
18624:
18623:
18606:
18600:
18597:
18591:
18588:
18582:
18579:
18573:
18568:
18562:
18559:
18553:
18548:
18539:
18538:
18535:10.1130/G39269.1
18506:
18500:
18499:
18497:
18465:
18448:
18447:
18429:
18405:
18399:
18394:
18388:
18387:
18371:
18365:
18364:
18346:
18340:
18339:
18337:
18336:
18316:
18310:
18309:
18307:
18305:
18293:
18287:
18281:
18275:
18272:
18266:
18253:
18247:
18246:
18244:
18242:
18236:
18228:
18222:
18221:
18219:
18217:
18208:. Archived from
18202:
18196:
18195:
18177:
18171:
18170:
18168:
18166:
18146:
18137:
18135:
18117:
18111:
18110:
18105:. Archived from
18074:
18068:
18067:
18031:
18025:
18024:
18012:
18006:
18005:
17985:
17979:
17976:
17970:
17966:
17960:
17955:
17944:
17941:
17935:
17934:
17932:
17930:
17924:
17917:
17908:
17902:
17901:
17899:
17897:
17888:. Archived from
17878:
17872:
17869:
17863:
17856:
17850:
17843:
17837:
17836:
17834:
17833:
17818:
17812:
17811:
17809:
17807:
17792:
17786:
17785:
17783:
17781:
17766:
17760:
17759:
17752:
17741:
17740:
17738:
17705:Housley, R. A.;
17702:
17696:
17695:
17689:
17680:
17674:
17673:
17671:
17654:(1–4): 149–155.
17639:
17633:
17622:
17616:
17615:
17613:
17611:
17592:
17586:
17576:
17570:
17567:
17561:
17558:
17552:
17550:
17549:
17548:
17539:, archived from
17530:
17524:
17517:
17511:
17504:
17498:
17491:
17482:
17471:
17465:
17464:
17428:
17422:
17421:
17414:
17405:
17404:
17397:
17388:
17387:
17385:
17383:
17368:
17362:
17361:
17359:
17351:
17340:
17339:
17328:
17322:
17317:
17306:
17300:
17291:
17286:
17280:
17279:
17277:
17276:
17267:. Archived from
17261:
17255:
17254:
17252:
17250:
17245:on 15 April 2012
17241:. Archived from
17231:
17225:
17224:
17204:
17193:
17192:
17175:(1–4): 261–279.
17164:
17151:
17139:
17133:
17132:
17130:
17129:
17112:
17106:
17105:
17103:
17102:
17092:
17083:
17082:
17080:
17079:
17065:
17056:
17055:
17053:
17052:
17035:
17026:
17025:
17016:(4): 1045–1054.
17001:
16995:
16993:
16991:
16990:
16984:
16977:
16966:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16956:
16945:
16939:
16938:
16936:
16935:
16920:
16914:
16913:
16912:
16911:
16906:: 52 (Figure 11)
16895:
16889:
16888:
16879:
16873:
16872:
16861:
16852:
16851:
16834:
16815:
16814:
16812:
16810:
16789:
16783:
16782:
16780:
16778:
16769:(in Icelandic).
16759:
16750:
16743:
16737:
16724:
16718:
16705:
16699:
16696:
16690:
16685:
16679:
16674:
16668:
16663:
16654:
16653:
16632:
16623:
16622:
16620:
16619:
16599:
16590:
16589:
16579:
16547:
16541:
16540:
16531:
16522:
16521:
16513:
16504:
16503:
16501:
16499:
16484:
16478:
16475:
16469:
16462:
16453:
16444:
16438:
16428:
16422:
16421:
16403:
16397:
16396:
16394:
16392:
16378:
16372:
16371:
16369:
16367:
16361:Guide to Iceland
16353:
16347:
16346:
16320:
16311:
16305:
16304:
16258:
16249:
16248:
16231:
16225:
16224:
16222:
16220:
16198:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16187:
16166:
16160:
16159:
16157:
16155:
16137:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16126:
16111:"Svarfdæla saga"
16107:
16101:
16094:
16088:
16082:
16076:
16066:
16060:
16052:
16046:
16033:
16027:
16021:
16015:
16002:
15996:
15995:
15993:
15992:
15979:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15969:
15954:
15948:
15946:
15944:
15943:
15934:. Archived from
15927:
15921:
15918:
15909:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15884:
15878:
15877:
15860:
15854:
15849:
15838:
15837:
15835:
15834:
15825:. Archived from
15819:
15810:
15809:
15807:
15805:
15785:
15776:
15773:
15764:
15758:
15752:
15742:
15736:
15725:
15719:
15718:
15694:
15688:
15681:
15675:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15643:
15637:
15636:
15634:
15632:
15623:. Archived from
15617:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15603:
15583:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15572:
15551:
15545:
15544:
15542:
15540:
15525:
15519:
15518:
15516:
15514:
15499:"Fagradalsfjall"
15495:
15484:
15483:
15482:. 15 April 2010.
15472:
15466:
15465:
15460:. Archived from
15451:
15419:
15413:
15412:
15383:
15377:
15374:
15368:
15365:
15359:
15358:
15341:
15332:
15320:
15314:
15308:
15293:
15288:
15282:
15281:
15279:
15278:
15258:
15249:
15246:
15240:
15228:
15222:
15217:
15153:
15151:Volcanoes portal
15148:
15147:
15139:
15134:
15133:
15132:
15125:
15120:
15119:
15118:
15086:Hekla eruptivity
15059:Katla eruptivity
15034:, including the
15012:Stóra-Björnsfell
14970:transform faults
14929:transform faults
14687:Mid-Iceland belt
14656:Kolbeinsey Ridge
14620:Tindfjallajökull
14564:Eyjafjallajökull
14556:Brennisteinsalda
14363:
14362:
14360:
14359:
14358:
14353:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14344:
14341:
14286:
14285:
14283:
14282:
14281:
14276:
14272:
14269:
14268:
14267:
14264:
14110:Plinian eruption
14073:earthquake swarm
14047:Eyjafjallajökull
14029:Eyjafjallajökull
13500:eruption within
12679:1875 February -
12373:Eyjafjallajökull
12217:. The island of
11858:
11580:Eyjafjallajökull
11504:
11501:
11451:Rangárvallasýsla
11447:land degradation
11418:about 1500 - in
11403:
11400:
11214:and out to sea.
11093:is: Rangárvellir
10683:
10680:
10542:
10539:
10499:layer survives.
10476:
10474:
10469:Peninsula. This
10203:is: Afstapahraun
10166:tholeiite basalt
9996:Circa 50-350 CE
9912:(Hverfell) is a
9806:dendrochronology
9557:Bergvatnsárhraun
9459:, is a volcanic
9263:Northern Ireland
9199:Tindfjallajökull
9124:and lower-flank
9069:plate boundaries
9012:fissure eruption
8911:plate boundaries
8698:Veiðivötn 1200BC
8553:Vatnajökull 1477
8547:Vatnajökull 1332
8541:Vatnajökull 1160
8535:Vatnajökull 1060
8473:Kverkfjöll index
8461:Herðubreið index
8247:Torfajökull 1477
8225:tephrochronology
8201:bimodal eruption
8146:Sedimentary rock
8098:transform faults
8094:Kolbeinsey Ridge
8032:in the south of
8026:Tindfjallajökull
8020:Tindfjallajökull
7777:
7776:
7496:and lower-flank
7421:Reykjaneshryggur
7415:Reykjaneshryggur
7306:Öræfajökull 1727
7300:Öræfajökull 1357
7070:
7068:
6909:volcanic fissure
6899:Laki / Lakagígar
6834:Krýsuvík 100,000
6791:Krakatindur 1878
6668:recorded history
6559:Kolbeinsey Ridge
6553:Kolbeinsey Ridge
6385:subglacial mound
6030:Hverfjall 500 BC
5917:Hvannadalshnúkur
5911:Hvannadalshnúkur
5149:. Including the
5053:Grímsnes 3500 BC
4633:, most recently
4619:Eyjafjallajökull
4613:Eyjafjallajökull
4343:Dyngjufjöll 1961
4264:shield volcanoes
4233:Bárðarbunga 2010
4227:Bárðarbunga 1996
4221:Bárðarbunga 1910
4209:Bárðarbunga 1477
4123:Askja 1875-March
4064:Herðubreiðartögl
3947:Kverkfjöll index
3935:Herðubreið index
3764:Tindfjallajökull
3754:Þingvellir index
3730:Þingvellir index
3702:Þingvellir index
3682:Þingvellir index
3669:Þingvellir index
3664:
3663:
3493:Sundhnúkur index
3473:Sundhnúkur index
3453:Sundhnúkur index
3433:Sundhnúkur index
3149:Kverkfjöll index
2930:Kolbeinsey index
2780:Hvannadalshnúkur
2732:Herðubreið index
2616:Abraham Ortelius
2583:Sundhnúkur index
2407:volcanic craters
2314:Svínafellsjökull
2275:piedmont glacier
2107:Eyjafjallajökull
2085:Eyjafjallajökull
2067:Eyjafjallajökull
2041:Eyjafjallajökull
2023:Eyjafjallajökull
1955:mountain range.
1933:Canyon floor of
1668:caldera in 1984.
1627:
1600:
1595:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1559:
1546:
1541:
1528:
1523:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1487:
1474:
1469:
1456:
1451:
1438:
1433:
1420:
1415:
1402:
1397:
1384:
1379:
1366:
1361:
1348:
1343:
1330:
1325:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1235:
1222:
1217:
1204:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1150:
1145:
1132:
1127:
1114:
1109:
1096:
1091:
1078:
1073:
1060:
1055:
1042:
1037:
1024:
1019:
1006:
1001:
988:
983:
970:
965:
952:
947:
934:
929:
916:
911:
898:
893:
880:
875:
862:
857:
844:
839:
826:
821:
808:
803:
790:
785:
772:
767:
754:
749:
736:
731:
717:
712:
699:
694:
681:
676:
663:
658:
645:
640:
627:
622:
609:
604:
591:
586:
573:
568:
555:
550:
537:
532:
519:
514:
501:
496:
481:
476:
463:
458:
445:
440:
427:
422:
409:
404:
391:
386:
373:
368:
353:
348:
335:
330:
318:Eyjafjallajökull
317:
312:
299:
294:
281:
276:
263:
258:
245:
240:
227:
222:
209:
204:
195:
182:
177:
164:
159:
152:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
19818:
19817:
19813:
19812:
19811:
19809:
19808:
19807:
19773:
19772:
19764:
19762:
19757:
19748:
19746:
19742:
19739:
19734:
19733:
19728:
19724:
19715:
19713:
19709:
19701:W. Jason Morgan
19698:
19694:
19683:
19679:
19648:
19641:
19610:
19606:
19567:
19563:
19554:
19552:
19550:www.barrons.com
19542:
19538:
19528:
19526:
19518:
19517:
19513:
19503:
19501:
19486:
19485:
19470:
19461:
19459:
19446:
19445:
19441:
19432:
19430:
19417:
19416:
19412:
19403:
19401:
19392:
19391:
19387:
19378:
19376:
19367:
19366:
19362:
19353:
19351:
19346:
19345:
19341:
19332:
19330:
19323:
19319:
19310:
19308:
19301:
19297:
19288:
19286:
19277:
19276:
19272:
19262:
19260:
19252:
19251:
19247:
19240:
19236:
19226:Wayback Machine
19217:
19208:
19201:
19180:
19139:
19135:
19123:
19119:
19110:
19108:
19097:
19093:
19084:
19080:
19075:
19071:
19064:volcanolive.com
19058:
19057:
19042:
19032:
19030:
19023:
19019:
19018:
19014:
19004:
19002:
18998:
18997:
18993:
18983:
18981:
18977:
18976:
18972:
18963:
18961:
18952:
18951:
18944:
18934:
18932:
18923:
18922:
18915:
18908:
18894:
18890:
18882:
18878:
18869:
18867:
18854:
18853:
18849:
18810:
18806:
18799:
18792:
18784:
18780:
18773:
18766:
18761:
18757:
18750:
18741:
18734:
18730:
18721:
18719:
18711:
18710:
18706:
18661:Climatic Change
18653:
18649:
18639:
18637:
18631:
18627:
18608:
18607:
18603:
18598:
18594:
18589:
18585:
18580:
18576:
18569:
18565:
18560:
18556:
18549:
18542:
18507:
18503:
18466:
18451:
18406:
18402:
18395:
18391:
18372:
18368:
18361:
18347:
18343:
18334:
18332:
18318:
18317:
18313:
18303:
18301:
18294:
18290:
18282:
18278:
18273:
18269:
18263:Wayback Machine
18254:
18250:
18240:
18238:
18234:
18230:
18229:
18225:
18215:
18213:
18204:
18203:
18199:
18192:
18178:
18174:
18164:
18162:
18148:
18147:
18140:
18132:
18118:
18114:
18075:
18071:
18032:
18028:
18013:
18009:
17986:
17982:
17977:
17973:
17967:
17963:
17956:
17947:
17942:
17938:
17928:
17926:
17922:
17915:
17909:
17905:
17895:
17893:
17880:
17879:
17875:
17870:
17866:
17857:
17853:
17844:
17840:
17831:
17829:
17820:
17819:
17815:
17805:
17803:
17794:
17793:
17789:
17779:
17777:
17768:
17767:
17763:
17754:
17753:
17744:
17703:
17699:
17687:
17681:
17677:
17640:
17636:
17623:
17619:
17609:
17607:
17596:"Katla Volcano"
17594:
17593:
17589:
17577:
17573:
17568:
17564:
17559:
17555:
17546:
17544:
17531:
17527:
17518:
17514:
17505:
17501:
17493:Freyr Pálsson:
17492:
17485:
17472:
17468:
17429:
17425:
17416:
17415:
17408:
17399:
17398:
17391:
17381:
17379:
17370:
17369:
17365:
17357:
17353:
17352:
17343:
17336:Vísindavefurinn
17330:
17329:
17325:
17318:
17309:
17301:
17294:
17287:
17283:
17274:
17272:
17263:
17262:
17258:
17248:
17246:
17233:
17232:
17228:
17205:
17196:
17165:
17154:
17149:Wayback Machine
17140:
17136:
17127:
17125:
17113:
17109:
17100:
17098:
17094:
17093:
17086:
17077:
17075:
17067:
17066:
17059:
17050:
17048:
17037:
17036:
17029:
17002:
16998:
16988:
16986:
16982:
16975:
16967:
16963:
16954:
16952:
16947:
16946:
16942:
16933:
16931:
16922:
16921:
16917:
16909:
16907:
16896:
16892:
16881:
16880:
16876:
16863:
16862:
16855:
16836:
16835:
16818:
16808:
16806:
16791:
16790:
16786:
16776:
16774:
16761:
16760:
16753:
16744:
16740:
16734:Wayback Machine
16725:
16721:
16715:Wayback Machine
16706:
16702:
16697:
16693:
16686:
16682:
16675:
16671:
16664:
16657:
16633:
16626:
16617:
16615:
16601:
16600:
16593:
16577:10.1.1.596.2710
16548:
16544:
16538:
16532:
16525:
16519:
16514:
16507:
16497:
16495:
16486:
16485:
16481:
16476:
16472:
16463:
16456:
16445:
16441:
16429:
16425:
16418:
16404:
16400:
16390:
16388:
16380:
16379:
16375:
16365:
16363:
16355:
16354:
16350:
16318:
16312:
16308:
16259:
16252:
16233:
16232:
16228:
16218:
16216:
16199:
16195:
16185:
16183:
16168:
16167:
16163:
16153:
16151:
16138:
16134:
16124:
16122:
16109:
16108:
16104:
16095:
16091:
16083:
16079:
16067:
16063:
16053:
16049:
16043:Wayback Machine
16034:
16030:
16022:
16018:
16012:Wayback Machine
16003:
15999:
15990:
15988:
15981:
15980:
15976:
15967:
15965:
15956:
15955:
15951:
15941:
15939:
15928:
15924:
15919:
15912:
15902:
15900:
15885:
15881:
15862:
15861:
15857:
15850:
15841:
15832:
15830:
15821:
15820:
15813:
15803:
15801:
15787:
15786:
15779:
15774:
15767:
15759:
15755:
15743:
15739:
15726:
15722:
15695:
15691:
15682:
15678:
15669:
15665:
15658:
15644:
15640:
15630:
15628:
15619:
15618:
15611:
15601:
15599:
15592:Vísindavefurinn
15584:
15580:
15570:
15568:
15553:
15552:
15548:
15538:
15536:
15527:
15526:
15522:
15512:
15510:
15497:
15496:
15487:
15474:
15473:
15469:
15449:10.1.1.454.7455
15420:
15416:
15384:
15380:
15375:
15371:
15366:
15362:
15343:
15342:
15335:
15330:Wayback Machine
15321:
15317:
15309:
15296:
15289:
15285:
15276:
15274:
15260:
15259:
15252:
15247:
15243:
15237:Wayback Machine
15229:
15225:
15218:
15201:
15196:
15149:
15142:
15135:
15130:
15128:
15121:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15088:
15061:
15053:Grímsvötn index
15029:
15024:
14988:Geitlandsjökull
14984:
14978:
14962:
14956:
14921:
14915:
14892:Iceland hotspot
14877:
14779:
14761:
14703:
14697:
14689:
14683:
14658:
14652:
14536:
14530:
14522:Iceland hotspot
14514:Iceland Plateau
14485:
14356:
14354:
14350:
14347:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14335:
14334:
14279:
14277:
14273:
14270:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14258:
14257:
14175:
14128:Loki-Fögrufjöll
14080:
14012:Loki-Fögrufjöll
13995:Loki-Fögrufjöll
13970:
13889:Loki-Fögrufjöll
13850:Loki-Fögrufjöll
13608:is:Mývatnseldar
13576:Westman Islands
13037:Loki-Fögrufjöll
12935:
12909:Westman Islands
12661:1875 January -
12312:
12213:, southwest of
12139:1766 - west of
12079:is:Mývatnseldar
12047:Sandfellsskerji
11979:is:Mývatnseldar
11841:
11666:Westman Islands
11551:
11502:
11436:
11401:
11343:Landmannalaugar
11319:and complex of
11252:
11212:Skeiðarársandur
11206:along the way.
10981:
10741:
10681:
10580:is: Stöng (bær)
10561:
10540:
10532:
10523:Hallmundarhraun
10519:Arnarvatnsheiði
10472:
10470:
10463:central volcano
10333:939 (or 934) -
10270:is: Hnappadalur
10251:Hallmundarhraun
10194:
10137:and complex of
10064:
9971:
9928:fissure swarm.
9908:circa 500 BC -
9732:, but the last
9463:located in the
9357:Circa 6,800 BC
9298:Circa 9,500 BC
9233:phreatomagmatic
8959:with a massive
8874:
8869:
8846:
8815:with a massive
8793:
8734:Westman Islands
8726:
8718:Veiðivötn image
8669:
8661:Vatnaöldur 870;
8645:
8529:Vatnajökull 940
8523:Vatnajökull 905
8517:Vatnajökull 900
8467:Holuhraun index
8449:Grímsvötn index
8412:
8366:
8324:
8255:
8241:Torfajökull 870
8229:Reykjavík 871±2
8185:central volcano
8166:
8118:
8062:
8022:
7975:dormant volcano
7959:
7925:
7887:
7818:
7788:
7766:Eurasian Plates
7726:
7683:
7646:located in the
7644:volcanic island
7636:
7605:Sundhnúkur 2023
7568:
7542:
7482:central volcano
7470:
7429:
7417:
7350:
7314:
7276:
7251:. (Part of the
7227:
7204:
7170:
7100:Loki-Fögrufjöll
7096:
7094:Loki-Fögrufjöll
7066:
7064:
7057:central volcano
7045:
6991:
6956:Landmannalaugar
6952:
6950:Landmannalaugar
6901:
6893:Kverkfjöll 1929
6887:Kverkfjöll 1729
6875:Kverkfjöll 1655
6848:
6815:central volcano
6799:
6767:
6648:Iceland hotspot
6628:
6594:
6555:
6471:
6432:
6374:
6196:
6157:volcanic island
6149:
6098:
6050:Iceland Plateau
6042:Iceland hotspot
6038:
6036:Iceland hotspot
6012:fissure swarm.
5990:
5953:Oddnýjarhnjúkur
5945:
5913:
5889:
5877:Hrómundartindur
5873:
5871:Hrómundartindur
5814:
5806:Hofsjökull 2015
5784:
5756:
5748:Hengill 1130 BC
5725:
5684:
5658:
5456:
5135:
5072:located in the
5062:
5030:
4987:
4952:
4889:
4844:
4835:
4794:
4751:
4686:; is an active
4680:
4615:
4577:central volcano
4562:
4485:
4450:
4407:Westman Islands
4383:
4368:central volcano
4352:
4303:
4248:
4203:Bárðarbunga 877
4174:
4036:
4020:central volcano
4011:Veiðivötn index
4007:
3986:
3941:Holuhraun index
3929:Grímsvötn index
3923:Esjufjöll index
3889:
3862:
3832:
3817:central volcano
3786:
3767:
3751:
3727:
3699:
3679:
3666:
3653:Eurasian Plates
3617:
3597:
3571:
3538:
3512:
3489:
3469:
3449:
3429:
3409:
3390:
3389:in the morning.
3371:
3361:
3330:
3295:
3276:
3274:Landmannalaugar
3254:
3231:
3208:
3203:fissure in the
3188:Lakagígar index
3180:
3169:Phreatomagmatic
3145:
3126:
3106:
3086:
3066:
3043:
3023:
3003:
2983:
2982:volcanic area.
2964:
2959:Aerial view of
2926:
2907:
2883:
2837:
2823:Hverfjall index
2819:
2801:
2783:
2769:Holuhraun index
2765:
2751:Holuhraun index
2747:
2728:
2710:
2692:
2668:
2645:
2623:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2559:Grímsvötn index
2555:
2537:Grímsvötn index
2482:
2446:
2410:
2370:
2364:volcanic crater
2341:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2305:Skeiðarársandur
2285:
2278:Skeiðarárjökull
2271:Skeiðarársandur
2265:1996 eruption:
2244:
2221:
2199:
2177:
2155:
2132:eruption 2021.
2128:, watching the
2110:
2092:
2091:in August 2009.
2070:
2069:and the aurora.
2052:
2026:
2012:Esjufjöll index
2008:
1978:
1956:
1938:
1919:
1895:Helgafell index
1885:
1857:
1833:
1809:
1791:
1765:
1743:Holuhraun index
1735:
1713:
1687:
1669:
1650:
1632:
1630:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1002:
994:
993:
992:
984:
976:
975:
974:
966:
958:
957:
956:
948:
940:
939:
938:
930:
922:
921:
920:
912:
904:
903:
902:
894:
886:
885:
884:
876:
868:
867:
866:
858:
850:
849:
848:
840:
832:
831:
830:
822:
814:
813:
812:
804:
796:
795:
794:
786:
778:
777:
776:
768:
760:
759:
758:
750:
742:
741:
740:
732:
724:
723:
722:
718:
713:
705:
704:
703:
695:
687:
686:
685:
682:Hrómundartindur
677:
669:
668:
667:
659:
651:
650:
649:
641:
633:
632:
631:
623:
615:
614:
613:
605:
597:
596:
595:
587:
579:
578:
577:
569:
561:
560:
559:
551:
543:
542:
541:
533:
525:
524:
523:
515:
507:
506:
505:
497:
489:
488:
487:
483:
477:
469:
468:
467:
459:
451:
450:
449:
441:
433:
432:
431:
423:
415:
414:
413:
405:
397:
396:
395:
387:
379:
378:
377:
369:
361:
360:
359:
355:
354:
349:
341:
340:
339:
331:
323:
322:
321:
313:
305:
304:
303:
295:
287:
286:
285:
277:
269:
268:
267:
259:
251:
250:
249:
241:
233:
232:
231:
223:
215:
214:
213:
205:
197:
196:
188:
187:
186:
178:
170:
169:
168:
160:
144:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
19816:
19806:
19805:
19800:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19771:
19770:
19755:
19738:
19737:External links
19735:
19732:
19731:
19722:
19692:
19677:
19658:(1): 118–152.
19639:
19620:(1): 153–169.
19604:
19577:(7): 715–728.
19561:
19536:
19511:
19468:
19452:volcano.si.edu
19439:
19410:
19385:
19360:
19339:
19317:
19295:
19270:
19245:
19234:
19206:
19178:
19133:
19117:
19107:(in Icelandic)
19091:
19078:
19069:
19040:
19012:
18991:
18970:
18942:
18913:
18906:
18888:
18876:
18847:
18804:
18790:
18778:
18764:
18755:
18739:
18728:
18704:
18647:
18625:
18601:
18592:
18583:
18574:
18563:
18554:
18540:
18521:(9): 783–786.
18501:
18449:
18414:Polar Research
18400:
18389:
18366:
18359:
18341:
18311:
18288:
18276:
18267:
18248:
18223:
18197:
18190:
18172:
18138:
18130:
18112:
18109:on 2012-12-17.
18089:(6): 573–580.
18069:
18042:(3): 336–342.
18026:
18007:
17992:. New Series.
17980:
17971:
17961:
17945:
17936:
17903:
17873:
17864:
17851:
17838:
17813:
17787:
17761:
17742:
17721:(3): 708–716.
17697:
17675:
17634:
17617:
17587:
17571:
17562:
17553:
17525:
17512:
17499:
17483:
17466:
17423:
17406:
17403:. 18 May 2017.
17401:"Videy Island"
17389:
17363:
17341:
17323:
17307:
17292:
17281:
17256:
17226:
17194:
17169:Tectonophysics
17152:
17134:
17107:
17084:
17057:
17027:
16996:
16961:
16940:
16915:
16890:
16874:
16871:on 2006-07-18.
16853:
16816:
16784:
16751:
16738:
16719:
16700:
16691:
16680:
16669:
16655:
16624:
16591:
16542:
16539:(in Icelandic)
16523:
16520:(in Icelandic)
16505:
16479:
16470:
16454:
16439:
16423:
16416:
16398:
16373:
16348:
16306:
16250:
16226:
16193:
16161:
16132:
16102:
16089:
16077:
16061:
16047:
16028:
16016:
15997:
15974:
15949:
15922:
15910:
15879:
15855:
15839:
15811:
15777:
15765:
15753:
15737:
15720:
15689:
15683:See also GVP:
15676:
15663:
15656:
15638:
15627:on May 1, 2012
15609:
15578:
15546:
15520:
15485:
15467:
15464:on 2010-04-19.
15434:(1): 118–152.
15414:
15378:
15369:
15360:
15333:
15315:
15294:
15283:
15250:
15241:
15223:
15198:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15191:
15190:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15178:
15168:
15167:
15166:
15155:
15154:
15140:
15126:
15123:Iceland portal
15110:
15107:
15087:
15084:
15060:
15057:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
14980:Main article:
14977:
14974:
14958:Main article:
14955:
14952:
14917:Main article:
14914:
14911:
14899:Snæfellsjökull
14876:
14873:
14838:Krýsuvík fires
14814:Fagradalsfjall
14778:
14775:
14760:
14757:
14730:Kollóttadyngja
14699:Main article:
14696:
14693:
14685:Main article:
14682:
14679:
14654:Main article:
14651:
14648:
14640:Vestmannaeyjar
14532:Main article:
14529:
14526:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14479:
14466:
14465:
14452:
14451:
14438:
14437:
14424:
14423:
14406:
14405:
14388:
14387:
14368:. No volcanic
14333:crater chain (
14318:
14317:
14307:
14306:
14296:
14295:
14254:Fagradalsfjall
14243:
14242:
14232:Fagradalsfjall
14225:
14224:
14214:Fagradalshraun
14210:Fagradalsfjall
14203:
14202:
14173:
14156:
14155:
14138:
14137:
14121:
14120:
14095:
14094:
14078:
14062:
14061:
14040:
14039:
14022:
14021:
14005:
14004:
13988:
13987:
13969:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13947:
13946:
13929:
13928:
13899:
13898:
13882:
13881:
13860:
13859:
13843:
13842:
13832:
13831:
13814:
13813:
13796:
13795:
13778:
13777:
13760:
13759:
13742:
13741:
13717:
13716:
13699:
13698:
13681:
13680:
13663:
13662:
13645:
13644:
13627:
13626:
13589:
13588:
13565:
13564:
13547:
13546:
13528:
13527:
13513:
13512:
13487:
13486:
13469:
13468:
13447:
13446:
13429:
13428:
13407:
13406:
13389:
13388:
13371:
13370:
13349:
13348:
13334:outburst flood
13319:
13302:
13301:
13284:
13283:
13273:
13272:
13256:
13255:
13245:outburst flood
13223:
13222:
13215:
13194:
13193:
13176:
13175:
13158:
13157:
13140:
13139:
13122:
13121:
13104:
13103:
13070:
13069:
13052:
13051:
13030:
13029:
13008:
13007:
12990:
12989:
12972:
12971:
12953:
12952:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12912:
12911:
12905:
12888:
12887:
12870:
12869:
12851:
12850:
12833:
12832:
12815:
12814:
12809:? 1884 - Near
12807:
12790:
12789:
12782:
12766:
12765:
12748:
12747:
12730:
12729:
12704:
12703:
12674:
12673:
12656:
12655:
12638:
12637:
12620:
12619:
12602:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12587:
12570:
12569:
12558:Tungnaárjökull
12554:Heljargjárrein
12547:
12546:
12529:
12528:
12511:
12510:
12493:
12492:
12467:
12466:
12449:
12448:
12424:
12423:
12406:
12405:
12388:
12387:
12366:
12365:
12348:
12347:
12330:
12329:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12306:
12289:
12288:
12274:sulfur dioxide
12234:
12233:
12211:Reykjaneshrygg
12200:
12199:
12182:
12181:
12156:
12155:
12143:, probably in
12134:
12133:
12096:
12095:
12089:
12068:
12067:
12058:
12057:
12036:
12035:
12026:
12025:
12008:
12007:
11998:
11997:
11968:
11967:
11950:
11949:
11932:
11931:
11914:
11913:
11904:
11903:
11886:
11885:
11868:
11867:
11840:
11837:
11836:
11835:
11821:
11804:
11803:
11786:
11785:
11764:
11763:
11746:
11745:
11724:
11723:
11706:
11705:
11696:, probably in
11687:
11686:
11669:
11668:
11662:
11645:
11644:
11627:
11626:
11609:
11608:
11591:
11590:
11569:
11568:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11528:
11527:
11510:
11509:
11497:
11480:
11479:
11462:
11461:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11430:
11416:
11393:
11392:
11377:Heljargjárrein
11370:
11369:
11336:
11335:
11302:
11301:
11284:
11283:
11269:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11229:
11228:
11222:
11173:
11172:
11155:
11154:
11142:1354 - ?
11137:
11136:
11121:
11109:1341 - ?
11104:
11103:
11070:
11069:
11047:
11046:
11030:1340 - ?
11025:
11024:
11003:
11002:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10954:
10953:
10939:Sólheimasandur
10935:Sólheimajökull
10927:
10917:Sólheimajökull
10906:
10905:
10891:
10877:
10863:
10849:
10835:
10821:
10804:
10803:
10782:
10781:
10778:Fagradalsfjall
10759:
10758:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10711:
10710:
10696:
10688:(Vatnajökli).
10673:
10672:
10662:Efrahvolshraun
10639:
10638:
10616:Krýsuvík fires
10609:
10608:
10591:
10590:
10560:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10508:
10507:
10486:
10485:
10478:
10448:
10447:
10422:
10421:
10407:Sólheimasandur
10383:Central Europe
10328:
10327:
10310:
10309:
10291:
10274:
10273:
10262:Rauðhálsahraun
10258:
10247:
10231:
10230:
10214:
10213:
10193:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10154:
10153:
10120:
10119:
10109:
10108:
10098:Holocene Epoch
10063:
10060:
10059:
10058:
10049:
10048:
10039:
10038:
10029:
10028:
10013:
10012:
9998:Snæfellsjökull
9991:
9990:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9965:
9951:
9937:
9936:
9903:
9902:
9881:
9880:
9859:
9858:
9814:global cooling
9771:
9770:
9749:
9748:
9711:
9710:
9696:
9695:
9673:Thríhnákagígur
9666:
9665:
9648:
9647:
9640:Vestmannaeyjar
9625:
9624:
9587:
9586:
9561:
9560:
9546:
9545:
9536:
9535:
9522:
9521:
9503:
9490:6000 BP - The
9485:
9484:
9450:
9449:
9428:
9427:
9409:
9408:
9374:
9373:
9352:
9351:
9326:
9325:
9314:
9293:
9292:
9278:
9277:
9240:
9239:
9225:
9192:
9191:
9166:
9165:
9148:
9147:
9107:Snæfellsjökull
9100:
9099:
9046:
9045:
9035:
9034:
8998:
8997:
8976:
8975:
8942:
8941:
8888:
8887:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8845:
8842:
8792:
8789:
8730:Vestmannaeyjar
8725:
8724:Vestmannaeyjar
8722:
8710:Veiðivötn 1477
8668:
8665:
8644:
8641:
8411:
8408:
8404:Vatnafjöll 800
8385:Holocene Epoch
8365:
8362:
8323:
8320:
8270:shield volcano
8254:
8251:
8227:, like in the
8165:
8162:
8132:, between the
8117:
8114:
8072:, between the
8061:
8058:
8021:
8018:
7967:Thríhnákagígur
7963:Thrihnukagigur
7958:
7957:Thríhnúkagígur
7955:
7933:Thrándarjökull
7924:
7921:
7886:
7883:
7817:
7814:
7787:
7784:
7762:North American
7725:
7722:
7682:
7679:
7648:Vestmannaeyjar
7635:
7632:
7567:
7564:
7541:
7538:
7474:Snæfellsjökull
7469:
7468:Snæfellsjökull
7466:
7428:
7425:
7416:
7413:
7378:Fagradalsfjall
7366:Fagradalsfjall
7349:
7346:
7313:
7310:
7275:
7272:
7226:
7223:
7203:
7202:Mývatn (fires)
7200:
7169:
7166:
7095:
7092:
7088:Ljósufjöll 960
7044:
7041:
6990:
6987:
6951:
6948:
6900:
6897:
6847:
6844:
6798:
6795:
6766:
6763:
6699:Krafla 1724-29
6664:Eurasian Plate
6627:
6624:
6602:shield volcano
6598:Kollóttadyngja
6593:
6592:Kollóttadyngja
6590:
6554:
6551:
6470:
6467:
6440:mountain range
6436:Kerlingarfjöll
6431:
6430:Kerlingarfjöll
6428:
6373:
6370:
6195:
6192:
6148:
6145:
6097:
6094:
6037:
6034:
5989:
5986:
5944:
5941:
5921:pyramidal peak
5912:
5909:
5888:
5885:
5872:
5869:
5813:
5810:
5783:
5780:
5776:glacial period
5755:
5752:
5724:
5721:
5692:Vestmannaeyjar
5683:
5680:
5657:
5654:
5455:
5452:
5205:Grímsvötn 1354
5199:Grímsvötn 1341
5193:Grímsvötn 1332
5155:Laki/Lakagígar
5143:active volcano
5134:
5131:
5126:Kerið 6,500 BP
5076:area in south
5068:is a volcanic
5061:
5058:
5029:
5026:
4986:
4983:
4951:
4948:
4903:glacier shield
4888:
4885:
4834:
4831:
4802:basalt plateau
4793:
4790:
4767:Fagradalsfjall
4750:
4747:
4684:Fagradalsfjall
4679:
4678:Fagradalsfjall
4676:
4614:
4611:
4561:
4558:
4554:Ezjá 1,800,000
4548:Ezjá 3,200,000
4484:
4481:
4449:
4446:
4382:
4379:
4351:
4348:
4302:
4299:
4247:
4244:
4173:
4170:
4071:Kollóttadyngja
4044:active volcano
4035:
4032:
3851:shield volcano
3748:Silfra Fissure
3649:North American
3614:Thrihnukagigur
3593:Thrihnukagigur
3533:The island of
3406:Snæfellsjökull
3387:Snæfellsjökull
3199:Centre of the
3121:Small lake in
2998:Lava ropes at
2900:Kerlingarfjöll
2898:Valley in the
2887:"Keilir index"
2523:Laki/Lakagígar
2489:Grímsnes index
2453:Grímsnes index
2417:Grímsnes index
2377:Grímsnes index
2309:outlet glacier
2218:Fagradalsfjall
2196:Fagradalsfjall
2174:Fagradalsfjall
2152:Fagradalsfjall
2126:Fagradalsfjall
2045:outlet glacier
1616:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1349:Thrihnukagigur
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1205:Snæfellsjökull
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1003:
996:
995:
986:
985:
978:
977:
971:Laki/Lakagigar
968:
967:
960:
959:
950:
949:
942:
941:
932:
931:
924:
923:
914:
913:
906:
905:
896:
895:
888:
887:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:Kerlingarfjöll
860:
859:
852:
851:
842:
841:
834:
833:
824:
823:
816:
815:
806:
805:
798:
797:
788:
787:
780:
779:
773:. Hotspot
770:
769:
762:
761:
752:
751:
744:
743:
734:
733:
726:
725:
715:
714:
707:
706:
697:
696:
689:
688:
679:
678:
671:
670:
661:
660:
653:
652:
643:
642:
635:
634:
625:
624:
617:
616:
607:
606:
599:
598:
589:
588:
581:
580:
571:
570:
563:
562:
553:
552:
545:
544:
535:
534:
527:
526:
517:
516:
509:
508:
499:
498:
491:
490:
479:
478:
471:
470:
461:
460:
453:
452:
443:
442:
435:
434:
425:
424:
417:
416:
407:
406:
399:
398:
389:
388:
381:
380:
371:
370:
363:
362:
356:Fagradalsfjall
351:
350:
343:
342:
333:
332:
325:
324:
315:
314:
307:
306:
297:
296:
289:
288:
279:
278:
271:
270:
261:
260:
253:
252:
243:
242:
235:
234:
225:
224:
217:
216:
207:
206:
199:
198:
190:
189:
180:
179:
172:
171:
162:
161:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:
143:
140:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19815:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19780:
19778:
19760:
19756:
19745:
19741:
19740:
19726:
19712:. p. 111
19708:
19707:
19702:
19696:
19688:
19681:
19673:
19669:
19665:
19661:
19657:
19653:
19646:
19644:
19635:
19631:
19627:
19623:
19619:
19615:
19608:
19600:
19596:
19592:
19588:
19584:
19580:
19576:
19572:
19565:
19551:
19547:
19540:
19525:
19521:
19515:
19499:
19495:
19494:
19489:
19483:
19481:
19479:
19477:
19475:
19473:
19457:
19453:
19449:
19443:
19428:
19424:
19420:
19414:
19399:
19395:
19389:
19375:on 2015-05-18
19374:
19370:
19364:
19349:
19343:
19328:
19321:
19306:
19299:
19284:
19280:
19274:
19259:
19255:
19249:
19243:
19238:
19231:
19227:
19223:
19220:
19215:
19213:
19211:
19204:
19199:
19197:
19195:
19193:
19191:
19189:
19187:
19185:
19183:
19174:
19170:
19166:
19162:
19158:
19154:
19150:
19146:
19145:
19137:
19130:
19128:
19121:
19106:
19102:
19095:
19088:
19082:
19073:
19065:
19061:
19055:
19053:
19051:
19049:
19047:
19045:
19029:
19022:
19016:
19001:
18995:
18980:
18974:
18960:on 2011-05-27
18959:
18955:
18949:
18947:
18931:on 2012-12-21
18930:
18926:
18920:
18918:
18909:
18907:9780813710211
18903:
18899:
18892:
18885:
18880:
18866:on 2018-12-05
18865:
18861:
18857:
18851:
18843:
18839:
18835:
18831:
18827:
18823:
18820:(4): 233–63.
18819:
18815:
18808:
18802:
18797:
18795:
18787:
18782:
18776:
18771:
18769:
18759:
18753:
18748:
18746:
18744:
18737:
18732:
18718:
18714:
18708:
18700:
18696:
18691:
18686:
18682:
18678:
18674:
18670:
18666:
18662:
18658:
18651:
18636:
18629:
18621:
18617:
18616:
18611:
18605:
18596:
18587:
18578:
18572:
18567:
18558:
18552:
18547:
18545:
18536:
18532:
18528:
18524:
18520:
18516:
18512:
18505:
18496:
18491:
18487:
18483:
18479:
18475:
18471:
18464:
18462:
18460:
18458:
18456:
18454:
18445:
18441:
18437:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18419:
18415:
18411:
18404:
18398:
18393:
18385:
18381:
18377:
18370:
18362:
18356:
18352:
18345:
18331:
18327:
18326:
18321:
18315:
18299:
18292:
18285:
18280:
18271:
18264:
18260:
18257:
18252:
18233:
18227:
18211:
18207:
18201:
18193:
18191:1-885923-09-0
18187:
18183:
18176:
18161:
18157:
18156:
18151:
18145:
18143:
18133:
18131:0-415-34779-3
18127:
18123:
18116:
18108:
18104:
18100:
18096:
18092:
18088:
18084:
18080:
18073:
18065:
18061:
18057:
18053:
18049:
18045:
18041:
18037:
18030:
18022:
18018:
18011:
18003:
17999:
17995:
17991:
17984:
17975:
17965:
17959:
17954:
17952:
17950:
17940:
17921:
17914:
17907:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17877:
17868:
17861:
17855:
17848:
17842:
17827:
17823:
17817:
17801:
17797:
17791:
17775:
17771:
17765:
17757:
17751:
17749:
17747:
17737:
17732:
17728:
17724:
17720:
17716:
17712:
17708:
17701:
17693:
17686:
17679:
17670:
17665:
17661:
17657:
17653:
17649:
17645:
17638:
17631:
17630:Norwegian Sea
17627:
17626:Younger Dryas
17621:
17605:
17601:
17597:
17591:
17584:
17582:
17575:
17566:
17557:
17543:on 2010-04-06
17542:
17538:
17537:
17529:
17522:
17516:
17509:
17503:
17496:
17490:
17488:
17480:
17476:
17470:
17462:
17458:
17454:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17438:
17434:
17427:
17419:
17413:
17411:
17402:
17396:
17394:
17377:
17373:
17367:
17356:
17350:
17348:
17346:
17337:
17333:
17327:
17321:
17316:
17314:
17312:
17304:
17299:
17297:
17290:
17285:
17271:on 2011-03-31
17270:
17266:
17260:
17244:
17240:
17236:
17230:
17222:
17218:
17214:
17210:
17203:
17201:
17199:
17190:
17186:
17182:
17178:
17174:
17170:
17163:
17161:
17159:
17157:
17150:
17146:
17143:
17138:
17124:
17123:
17118:
17111:
17097:
17091:
17089:
17074:
17070:
17064:
17062:
17046:
17045:
17040:
17034:
17032:
17023:
17019:
17015:
17011:
17007:
17000:
16985:on 2012-03-09
16981:
16974:
16973:
16965:
16950:
16944:
16930:on 2016-07-22
16929:
16925:
16919:
16905:
16901:
16894:
16886:
16885:
16878:
16870:
16866:
16860:
16858:
16849:
16845:
16844:
16839:
16833:
16831:
16829:
16827:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16804:
16800:
16799:
16794:
16788:
16772:
16768:
16764:
16758:
16756:
16748:
16742:
16735:
16731:
16728:
16723:
16716:
16712:
16709:
16704:
16695:
16689:
16684:
16678:
16673:
16667:
16662:
16660:
16651:
16647:
16643:
16639:
16631:
16629:
16614:
16610:
16609:
16604:
16598:
16596:
16587:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16569:
16565:
16561:
16557:
16553:
16546:
16536:
16530:
16528:
16517:
16512:
16510:
16493:
16492:The Economist
16489:
16483:
16474:
16467:
16461:
16459:
16451:
16447:
16443:
16436:
16434:
16427:
16419:
16417:9780813710211
16413:
16409:
16402:
16387:
16383:
16377:
16362:
16358:
16357:"Krakatindur"
16352:
16344:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16324:
16317:
16310:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16290:
16286:
16282:
16278:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16265:
16257:
16255:
16246:
16242:
16241:
16236:
16230:
16214:
16210:
16209:
16204:
16197:
16181:
16177:
16176:
16171:
16165:
16149:
16145:
16144:
16136:
16120:
16116:
16115:www.snerpa.is
16112:
16106:
16099:
16093:
16086:
16081:
16074:
16072:
16065:
16059:
16058:
16051:
16044:
16040:
16037:
16032:
16025:
16020:
16013:
16009:
16006:
16001:
15986:
15985:
15978:
15964:on 2014-08-30
15963:
15959:
15953:
15938:on 2010-04-06
15937:
15933:
15926:
15917:
15915:
15899:on 2005-02-21
15898:
15894:
15890:
15883:
15875:
15871:
15870:
15865:
15859:
15853:
15848:
15846:
15844:
15829:on 2017-09-12
15828:
15824:
15818:
15816:
15800:
15796:
15795:
15790:
15784:
15782:
15772:
15770:
15762:
15757:
15750:
15749:no. 58 (2008)
15748:
15741:
15734:
15732:
15724:
15716:
15712:
15708:
15704:
15700:
15693:
15686:
15680:
15673:
15667:
15659:
15653:
15649:
15642:
15626:
15622:
15616:
15614:
15597:
15593:
15589:
15582:
15566:
15562:
15561:
15556:
15550:
15534:
15530:
15524:
15508:
15504:
15500:
15494:
15492:
15490:
15481:
15477:
15471:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15441:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15418:
15410:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15382:
15373:
15364:
15356:
15352:
15351:
15346:
15340:
15338:
15331:
15327:
15324:
15319:
15312:
15307:
15305:
15303:
15301:
15299:
15292:
15287:
15273:
15269:
15268:
15263:
15262:"Bárdarbunga"
15257:
15255:
15245:
15238:
15234:
15231:
15227:
15221:
15216:
15214:
15212:
15210:
15208:
15206:
15204:
15199:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15173:
15172:
15169:
15165:
15162:
15161:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15152:
15146:
15141:
15138:
15127:
15124:
15113:
15106:
15104:
15100:
15098:
15095:(Part of the
15092:
15083:
15081:
15077:
15075:
15072:(Part of the
15069:
15065:
15056:
15054:
15050:
15048:
15045:(Part of the
15041:
15037:
15033:
15019:
15017:
15013:
15009:
15008:Skjaldbreiður
15005:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14983:
14973:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14951:
14949:
14946:and probably
14945:
14941:
14937:
14932:
14930:
14926:
14925:fracture zone
14920:
14910:
14908:
14904:
14900:
14895:
14893:
14889:
14884:
14882:
14872:
14871:
14867:
14863:
14859:
14855:
14851:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14835:
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14815:
14811:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14790:
14788:
14784:
14774:
14773:
14768:
14766:
14756:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14719:
14715:
14711:
14706:
14702:
14692:
14688:
14678:
14676:
14672:
14667:
14663:
14657:
14647:
14645:
14641:
14637:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14621:
14617:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14601:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14585:
14581:
14577:
14573:
14569:
14565:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14544:
14541:
14535:
14525:
14523:
14515:
14510:
14503:
14498:
14494:
14493:
14491:
14478:
14476:
14470:
14469:
14468:
14464:
14462:
14456:
14455:
14454:
14450:
14448:
14442:
14441:
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14436:
14434:
14428:
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14422:
14420:
14414:
14410:
14409:
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14404:
14402:
14396:
14392:
14391:
14390:
14385:
14384:
14379:
14377:
14371:
14367:
14361:
14332:
14328:
14327:
14322:
14316:
14314:
14309:
14308:
14304:
14300:
14299:
14298:
14294:
14292:
14289:(Part of the
14284:
14266:22°12′25.65″W
14255:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14245:
14241:
14239:
14236:(Part of the
14233:
14229:
14228:
14227:
14223:
14221:
14218:(Part of the
14215:
14211:
14207:
14206:
14205:
14201:
14199:
14193:
14189:
14184:
14181:
14177:
14176:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14154:
14152:
14149:(Part of the
14146:
14142:
14141:
14140:
14135:
14134:
14129:
14125:
14124:
14123:
14119:
14117:
14114:(Part of the
14111:
14107:
14103:
14099:
14098:
14097:
14093:
14091:
14085:
14081:
14074:
14070:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14060:
14058:
14055:(Part of the
14052:
14048:
14044:
14043:
14042:
14038:
14036:
14033:(Part of the
14030:
14026:
14025:
14024:
14019:
14018:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13992:
13991:
13990:
13986:
13984:
13981:(Part of the
13978:
13974:
13973:
13972:
13963:
13961:
13958:(Part of the
13955:
13951:
13950:
13949:
13945:
13943:
13940:(Part of the
13937:
13933:
13932:
13931:
13927:
13925:
13922:(Part of the
13919:
13915:
13911:
13907:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13886:
13885:
13884:
13880:
13878:
13875:(Part of the
13872:
13868:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13857:
13856:
13851:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13840:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13830:
13828:
13825:(Part of the
13822:
13818:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13810:
13807:(Part of the
13804:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13794:
13792:
13789:(Part of the
13786:
13782:
13781:
13780:
13776:
13774:
13771:(Part of the
13768:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13758:
13756:
13753:(Part of the
13750:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13740:
13738:
13735:(Part of the
13733:
13731:
13728:(Part of the
13725:
13721:
13720:
13719:
13715:
13713:
13710:(Part of the
13707:
13703:
13702:
13701:
13697:
13695:
13692:(Part of the
13689:
13685:
13684:
13683:
13679:
13677:
13674:(Part of the
13671:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13661:
13659:
13656:(Part of the
13653:
13649:
13648:
13647:
13643:
13641:
13638:(Part of the
13635:
13631:
13630:
13629:
13625:
13623:
13620:(Part of the
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13592:
13591:
13585:
13581:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13568:
13567:
13563:
13561:
13558:(Part of the
13555:
13551:
13550:
13549:
13544:
13540:
13539:Geirfuglasker
13536:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13525:
13524:Askja Caldera
13521:
13517:
13516:
13515:
13510:
13508:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13485:
13483:
13480:(Part of the
13477:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13467:
13465:
13462:(Part of the
13459:
13455:
13451:
13450:
13449:
13445:
13443:
13440:(Part of the
13437:
13433:
13432:
13431:
13427:
13425:
13422:(Part of the
13419:
13415:
13411:
13410:
13409:
13405:
13403:
13400:(Part of the
13397:
13393:
13392:
13391:
13387:
13385:
13382:(Part of the
13379:
13375:
13374:
13373:
13369:
13367:
13364:(Part of the
13361:
13357:
13353:
13352:
13351:
13347:
13345:
13342:(Part of the
13339:
13335:
13332:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13318:
13316:
13313:(Part of the
13310:
13306:
13305:
13304:
13300:
13298:
13295:(Part of the
13292:
13288:
13287:
13286:
13281:
13277:
13276:
13275:
13271:
13269:
13266:(Part of the
13264:
13260:
13259:
13258:
13254:
13252:
13249:(Part of the
13246:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13226:
13225:
13220:
13216:
13214:
13212:
13209:(Part of the
13206:
13202:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13192:
13190:
13187:(Part of the
13184:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13172:
13169:(Part of the
13166:
13162:
13161:
13160:
13156:
13154:
13151:(Part of the
13148:
13144:
13143:
13142:
13138:
13136:
13133:(Part of the
13130:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13120:
13118:
13115:(Part of the
13112:
13108:
13107:
13106:
13102:
13100:
13097:(Part of the
13094:
13093:Mýrdalssandur
13090:
13086:
13082:
13078:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13068:
13066:
13063:(Part of the
13060:
13056:
13055:
13054:
13050:
13048:
13045:(Part of the
13042:
13038:
13034:
13033:
13032:
13028:
13026:
13023:(Part of the
13020:
13016:
13012:
13011:
13010:
13006:
13004:
13001:(Part of the
12998:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12988:
12986:
12983:(Part of the
12980:
12976:
12975:
12974:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12956:
12955:
12951:
12949:
12946:(Part of the
12943:
12939:
12938:
12937:
12928:
12926:
12923:(Part of the
12920:
12916:
12915:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12899:(Part of the
12896:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12886:
12884:
12881:(Part of the
12878:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12849:
12847:
12844:(Part of the
12841:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12831:
12829:
12826:(Part of the
12823:
12819:
12818:
12817:
12812:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12801:(Part of the
12798:
12794:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12786:Geirfuglasker
12783:
12781:
12780:
12774:
12770:
12769:
12768:
12764:
12762:
12759:(Part of the
12756:
12752:
12751:
12750:
12746:
12744:
12741:(Part of the
12738:
12734:
12733:
12732:
12728:
12726:
12723:(Part of the
12720:
12716:
12712:
12709:1875 March -
12708:
12707:
12706:
12702:
12700:
12697:(Part of the
12694:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12677:
12676:
12672:
12670:
12667:(Part of the
12664:
12660:
12659:
12658:
12654:
12652:
12649:(Part of the
12646:
12642:
12641:
12640:
12636:
12634:
12631:(Part of the
12628:
12624:
12623:
12622:
12618:
12616:
12613:(Part of the
12610:
12606:
12605:
12604:
12599:
12598:
12597:
12592:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12581:(Part of the
12578:
12574:
12573:
12572:
12567:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12552:1862-64 - at
12551:
12550:
12549:
12545:
12543:
12540:(Part of the
12537:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12527:
12525:
12522:(Part of the
12519:
12515:
12514:
12513:
12509:
12507:
12504:(Part of the
12501:
12497:
12496:
12495:
12491:
12489:
12486:(Part of the
12483:
12479:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12469:
12465:
12463:
12460:(Part of the
12457:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12446:
12445:
12440:
12438:
12435:(Part of the
12432:
12431:Geirfuglasker
12428:
12427:
12426:
12422:
12420:
12417:(Part of the
12414:
12410:
12409:
12408:
12404:
12402:
12399:(Part of the
12396:
12392:
12391:
12390:
12386:
12384:
12381:(Part of the
12378:
12374:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12364:
12362:
12359:(Part of the
12356:
12352:
12351:
12350:
12346:
12344:
12341:(Part of the
12338:
12334:
12333:
12332:
12328:
12326:
12323:(Part of the
12320:
12316:
12315:
12314:
12305:
12303:
12300:(Part of the
12297:
12293:
12292:
12291:
12287:
12285:
12282:(Part of the
12279:
12275:
12271:
12268:leading to a
12266:
12262:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12237:
12236:
12232:
12230:
12227:(Part of the
12224:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12203:
12202:
12198:
12196:
12193:(Part of the
12190:
12186:
12185:
12184:
12180:
12178:
12175:(Part of the
12172:
12168:
12164:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12154:
12152:
12149:(Part of the
12146:
12142:
12138:
12137:
12136:
12132:
12130:
12127:(Part of the
12124:
12120:
12119:Mýrdalssandur
12116:
12112:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12099:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12088:
12086:
12083:(Part of the
12080:
12076:
12072:
12071:
12070:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12060:
12056:
12054:
12051:(Part of the
12048:
12044:
12040:
12039:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12024:
12022:
12019:(Part of the
12016:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12006:
12002:
12001:
12000:
11996:
11994:
11991:(Part of the
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11966:
11964:
11961:(Part of the
11958:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11948:
11946:
11943:(Part of the
11940:
11936:
11935:
11934:
11930:
11928:
11925:(Part of the
11922:
11918:
11917:
11916:
11912:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11902:
11900:
11897:(Part of the
11894:
11890:
11889:
11888:
11884:
11882:
11879:(Part of the
11876:
11872:
11871:
11870:
11866:
11864:
11861:(Part of the
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11834:
11832:
11829:(Part of the
11826:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11815:(Part of the
11812:
11808:
11807:
11806:
11802:
11800:
11797:(Part of the
11794:
11790:
11789:
11788:
11784:
11782:
11779:(Part of the
11776:
11772:
11768:
11767:
11766:
11762:
11760:
11757:(Part of the
11754:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11744:
11742:
11739:(Part of the
11736:
11735:Mýrdalssandur
11732:
11728:
11727:
11726:
11722:
11720:
11717:(Part of the
11714:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11685:
11683:
11680:(Part of the
11677:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11661:
11659:
11656:(Part of the
11653:
11649:
11648:
11647:
11643:
11641:
11638:(Part of the
11635:
11631:
11630:
11629:
11625:
11623:
11620:(Part of the
11617:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11607:
11605:
11602:(Part of the
11599:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11589:
11587:
11584:(Part of the
11581:
11577:
11573:
11572:
11571:
11567:
11565:
11562:(Part of the
11559:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11544:
11542:
11539:(Part of the
11536:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11526:
11524:
11521:(Part of the
11518:
11514:
11513:
11512:
11508:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11491:(Part of the
11488:
11484:
11483:
11482:
11478:
11476:
11473:(Part of the
11470:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11460:
11458:
11455:(Part of the
11453:as a result.
11452:
11448:
11444:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11429:
11427:
11424:(Part of the
11421:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11410:(Part of the
11407:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11368:
11366:
11363:(Part of the
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11334:
11332:
11329:(Part of the
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11313:stratovolcano
11310:
11306:
11305:
11304:
11300:
11298:
11295:(Part of the
11292:
11288:
11287:
11286:
11282:
11280:
11277:(Part of the
11274:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11263:(Part of the
11260:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11245:
11243:
11240:(Part of the
11237:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11221:
11219:
11216:(Part of the
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11171:
11169:
11166:(Part of the
11163:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11153:
11151:
11148:(Part of the
11145:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11115:(Part of the
11112:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11100:
11097:(Part of the
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11081:Borgarfjörður
11078:
11074:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11065:
11062:(Part of the
11059:
11055:
11051:
11050:
11049:
11045:
11043:
11040:(Part of the
11037:
11033:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11023:
11021:
11018:(Part of the
11015:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11005:
11001:
10999:
10996:(Part of the
10993:
10992:Mýrdalssandur
10989:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10974:
10972:
10969:(Part of the
10966:
10962:
10958:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10950:
10947:(Part of the
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10921:(Part of the
10918:
10914:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10904:
10902:
10899:(Part of the
10896:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10885:(Part of the
10882:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10871:(Part of the
10868:
10864:
10862:
10860:
10857:(Part of the
10854:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10843:(Part of the
10840:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10829:(Part of the
10826:
10822:
10820:
10818:
10815:(Part of the
10812:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10802:
10800:
10797:(Part of the
10794:
10790:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10757:
10755:
10752:(Part of the
10749:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10726:(Part of the
10723:
10719:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10709:
10707:
10704:(Part of the
10701:
10697:
10695:
10693:
10690:(Part of the
10687:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10666:(Part of the
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10635:
10632:(Part of the
10629:
10625:
10624:Ögmundarhraun
10621:
10617:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10607:
10605:
10602:(Part of the
10599:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10589:
10587:
10584:(Part of the
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10554:
10552:
10549:(Part of the
10546:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10513:Circa 1000 -
10512:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10504:
10501:(Part of the
10498:
10494:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10479:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10444:
10441:(Part of the
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10425:
10424:
10420:
10418:
10415:(Part of the
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10331:
10330:
10326:
10324:
10321:(Part of the
10318:
10314:
10313:
10312:
10308:
10306:
10303:(Part of the
10300:
10296:
10292:
10290:
10288:
10285:(Part of the
10282:
10278:
10277:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10257:) lava flows.
10256:
10252:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10241:(Part of the
10239:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10229:
10227:
10224:(Part of the
10222:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10212:
10210:
10207:(Part of the
10204:
10200:
10196:
10195:
10187:
10185:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10162:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10152:
10150:
10147:(Part of the
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10131:stratovolcano
10128:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10107:
10105:
10102:(Part of the
10099:
10095:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10070:(Note: First
10068:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10011:
10009:
10006:(Part of the
10003:
9999:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9989:
9987:
9984:(Part of the
9981:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9964:
9962:
9959:(Part of the
9956:
9952:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9933:
9930:(Part of the
9927:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9906:
9905:
9901:
9899:
9896:(Part of the
9893:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9879:
9877:
9874:(Part of the
9871:
9867:
9864:Circa 900 BC
9863:
9862:
9861:
9857:
9855:
9852:(Part of the
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9836:Egyptologists
9833:
9829:
9826:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9790:volcanic rock
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9769:
9767:
9764:(Part of the
9761:
9757:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9745:
9742:(Part of the
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9698:
9693:
9692:
9686:
9682:
9681:magma chamber
9678:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9668:
9664:
9662:
9659:(Part of the
9656:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9627:
9623:
9621:
9618:(Part of the
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9585:
9583:
9580:(Part of the
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9532:
9529:(Part of the
9526:
9525:
9524:
9520:
9518:
9515:(Part of the
9512:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9448:
9446:
9443:(Part of the
9440:
9436:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9404:
9401:(Part of the
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9370:
9367:(Part of the
9364:
9360:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9350:
9348:
9345:(Part of the
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9322:Þingvallavatn
9319:
9318:Skjaldbreiður
9315:
9313:
9311:
9308:(Part of the
9305:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9274:
9271:(Part of the
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9219:(Part of the
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9203:stratovolcano
9200:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9188:
9185:(Part of the
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9162:
9159:(Part of the
9156:
9152:
9151:
9150:
9146:
9144:
9141:(Part of the
9138:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9110:stratovolcano
9108:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9096:
9093:(Part of the
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9033:
9031:
9028:(Part of the
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9006:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8994:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8972:
8969:(Part of the
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8940:
8938:
8935:(Part of the
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8864:
8862:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8825:(Part of the
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8750:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8721:
8719:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8704:Veiðivötn 940
8700:
8699:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8674:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8650:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8560:
8555:
8554:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8389:(Part of the
8386:
8382:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8361:
8359:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8348:(Part of the
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8286:(Part of the
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8221:archeological
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8193:Mýrdalsjökull
8190:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8177:stratovolcano
8175:
8171:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8086:fissure vents
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8030:stratovolcano
8027:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7996:
7992:
7991:magma chamber
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7954:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7929:Þrándarjökull
7920:
7918:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7897:, a basaltic
7896:
7892:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7793:
7783:
7781:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7688:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7587:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7513:(Part of the
7510:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:stratovolcano
7475:
7465:
7463:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7451:(Part of the
7448:
7444:
7440:
7439:stratovolcano
7437:
7433:
7424:
7422:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7326:(Part of the
7323:
7319:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7284:(Part of the
7281:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7237:southwest of
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6967:(Part of the
6964:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6775:(Part of the
6772:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6634:, a volcanic
6633:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6506:Arctic Circle
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6490:Greenland Sea
6487:
6483:
6480:
6477:, is a small
6476:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:Katla 1000 BC
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6163:, along with
6162:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6014:(Part of the
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5925:summit crater
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5849:(Part of the
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5491:Hekla 2500 BC
5487:
5486:
5485:Hekla 3900 BC
5481:
5480:
5479:Hekla 5000 BC
5475:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5187:Grímsvötn 781
5183:
5182:
5181:Grímsvötn 753
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5094:volcanic rock
5091:
5087:
5083:
5082:Golden Circle
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5004:
5003:Arctic Circle
5000:
4996:
4993:, is a small
4992:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4896:hyaloclastite
4893:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4864:(Part of the
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4848:Geirfuglasker
4842:
4837:
4833:Geirfuglasker
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4810:(Part of the
4807:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4757:, an exposed
4756:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:with a large
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:volcanic cone
4388:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:Geirfuglasker
4361:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4327:(Part of the
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4083:(Part of the
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:stratovolcano
4021:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3882:(Part of the
3879:
3875:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3855:(Part of the
3852:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3825:Mýrdalsjökull
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:stratovolcano
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:Surtsey index
3536:
3531:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:Surtsey index
3510:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3364:stratovolcano
3359:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3321:volcano. The
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:in July 2012.
3229:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3061:- Mudpots at
3060:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:, June 2007.
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:, June 2007.
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:, June 2007.
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2860:(Part of the
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2714:Hengill index
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2696:Hengill index
2690:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2528:(Part of the
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:Grímsey index
2346:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:Geirfuglasker
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:Geldingadalir
2127:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1973:as seen from
1972:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:Eldfell index
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:Eldfell index
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:Eldfell index
1831:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:Eldfell index
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1717:"Askja index"
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1691:"Askja index"
1685:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:"Askja index"
1667:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1331:Þrándarjökull
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
711:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
621:
612:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
504:
495:
486:
475:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
421:
412:
410:Geirfuglasker
403:
394:
385:
376:
367:
358:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
185:
176:
167:
158:
151:
139:
138:
137:
131:
129:
128:
124:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
19763:. Retrieved
19747:. Retrieved
19725:
19714:. Retrieved
19705:
19695:
19686:
19680:
19655:
19651:
19617:
19613:
19607:
19574:
19570:
19564:
19553:. Retrieved
19549:
19539:
19527:. Retrieved
19523:
19514:
19502:. Retrieved
19498:the original
19491:
19460:. Retrieved
19451:
19442:
19431:. Retrieved
19422:
19413:
19402:. Retrieved
19400:. 2023-07-10
19397:
19388:
19377:. Retrieved
19373:the original
19363:
19352:. Retrieved
19342:
19331:. Retrieved
19320:
19309:. Retrieved
19298:
19287:. Retrieved
19282:
19273:
19261:. Retrieved
19257:
19248:
19237:
19229:
19148:
19142:
19136:
19126:
19120:
19109:. Retrieved
19104:
19094:
19086:
19081:
19072:
19063:
19031:. Retrieved
19027:
19015:
19003:. Retrieved
18994:
18982:. Retrieved
18973:
18962:. Retrieved
18958:the original
18933:. Retrieved
18929:the original
18897:
18891:
18879:
18868:. Retrieved
18864:the original
18859:
18850:
18817:
18816:(abstract).
18813:
18807:
18785:
18781:
18758:
18731:
18720:. Retrieved
18717:ScienceDaily
18716:
18707:
18664:
18660:
18650:
18638:. Retrieved
18628:
18613:
18604:
18595:
18586:
18577:
18566:
18557:
18518:
18514:
18504:
18477:
18473:
18417:
18413:
18403:
18392:
18375:
18369:
18350:
18344:
18333:. Retrieved
18323:
18314:
18302:. Retrieved
18291:
18283:
18279:
18270:
18251:
18239:. Retrieved
18237:. p. 13
18226:
18214:. Retrieved
18210:the original
18200:
18181:
18175:
18163:. Retrieved
18153:
18121:
18115:
18107:the original
18086:
18082:
18072:
18039:
18036:The Holocene
18035:
18029:
18020:
18016:
18010:
17996:(2): 78–81.
17993:
17989:
17983:
17974:
17964:
17939:
17927:. Retrieved
17920:the original
17906:
17894:. Retrieved
17890:the original
17885:
17876:
17867:
17859:
17854:
17846:
17841:
17830:. Retrieved
17816:
17804:. Retrieved
17799:
17790:
17778:. Retrieved
17773:
17764:
17718:
17714:
17700:
17691:
17678:
17651:
17647:
17637:
17620:
17608:. Retrieved
17604:the original
17599:
17590:
17580:
17574:
17565:
17556:
17545:, retrieved
17541:the original
17535:
17528:
17520:
17515:
17507:
17502:
17494:
17478:
17474:
17469:
17436:
17432:
17426:
17380:. Retrieved
17376:the original
17366:
17335:
17326:
17284:
17273:. Retrieved
17269:the original
17259:
17247:. Retrieved
17243:the original
17238:
17229:
17212:
17208:
17172:
17168:
17137:
17126:. Retrieved
17120:
17110:
17099:. Retrieved
17076:. Retrieved
17072:
17049:. Retrieved
17047:. 2014-05-16
17042:
17013:
17009:
16999:
16987:. Retrieved
16980:the original
16971:
16964:
16953:. Retrieved
16943:
16932:. Retrieved
16928:the original
16918:
16908:, retrieved
16903:
16893:
16883:
16877:
16869:the original
16841:
16807:. Retrieved
16798:The Guardian
16796:
16787:
16775:. Retrieved
16766:
16741:
16722:
16703:
16694:
16683:
16672:
16641:
16637:
16616:. Retrieved
16606:
16603:"Ljósufjöll"
16559:
16555:
16545:
16496:. Retrieved
16491:
16482:
16473:
16465:
16449:
16442:
16432:
16426:
16407:
16401:
16389:. Retrieved
16385:
16376:
16364:. Retrieved
16360:
16351:
16326:
16322:
16309:
16268:
16262:
16238:
16229:
16217:. Retrieved
16206:
16196:
16184:. Retrieved
16173:
16164:
16152:. Retrieved
16148:the original
16142:
16135:
16123:. Retrieved
16114:
16105:
16097:
16092:
16084:
16080:
16070:
16064:
16056:
16050:
16031:
16023:
16019:
16000:
15989:. Retrieved
15983:
15977:
15966:. Retrieved
15962:the original
15952:
15940:. Retrieved
15936:the original
15925:
15901:. Retrieved
15897:the original
15892:
15882:
15867:
15858:
15831:. Retrieved
15827:the original
15802:. Retrieved
15792:
15756:
15746:
15740:
15730:
15723:
15706:
15702:
15692:
15679:
15671:
15666:
15647:
15641:
15629:. Retrieved
15625:the original
15600:. Retrieved
15591:
15581:
15569:. Retrieved
15558:
15549:
15537:. Retrieved
15523:
15511:. Retrieved
15502:
15479:
15470:
15462:the original
15431:
15427:
15417:
15392:
15388:
15381:
15372:
15363:
15348:
15318:
15286:
15275:. Retrieved
15265:
15244:
15226:
15094:
15089:
15071:
15062:
15044:
15030:
14985:
14967:
14963:
14933:
14922:
14896:
14885:
14878:
14791:
14780:
14769:
14762:
14754:Trölladyngja
14707:
14704:
14690:
14659:
14612:Thordarhyrna
14580:is: Hágöngur
14545:
14537:
14519:
14487:
14486:
14472:
14467:
14458:
14453:
14444:
14439:
14430:
14425:
14416:
14407:
14398:
14389:
14381:Part of the
14380:
14373:
14310:
14297:
14288:
14263:63°55′7.12″N
14250:Litli-Hrútur
14244:
14235:
14226:
14217:
14204:
14196:Part of the
14195:
14170:
14166:
14157:
14148:
14139:
14132:
14122:
14113:
14096:
14088:Part of the
14087:
14076:
14063:
14054:
14041:
14032:
14023:
14016:
14006:
13999:
13989:
13980:
13971:
13968:21st century
13957:
13948:
13939:
13930:
13921:
13910:Gjálpargosið
13900:
13893:
13883:
13874:
13861:
13854:
13844:
13833:
13824:
13815:
13806:
13797:
13788:
13779:
13770:
13761:
13752:
13743:
13734:
13727:
13718:
13709:
13700:
13691:
13682:
13673:
13664:
13655:
13646:
13637:
13628:
13619:
13604:Mývatnseldar
13590:
13566:
13557:
13548:
13529:
13520:Trölladyngja
13514:
13506:
13488:
13479:
13470:
13461:
13448:
13439:
13430:
13421:
13408:
13399:
13390:
13381:
13372:
13363:
13350:
13341:
13312:
13303:
13294:
13285:
13274:
13265:
13257:
13248:
13224:
13208:
13195:
13186:
13177:
13168:
13159:
13150:
13141:
13132:
13123:
13114:
13105:
13096:
13085:Skaftártunga
13071:
13062:
13053:
13044:
13031:
13022:
13019:Thórðarhyrna
13009:
13000:
12991:
12982:
12973:
12960:Thórðarhyrna
12954:
12945:
12936:
12933:20th century
12922:
12913:
12898:
12889:
12880:
12871:
12858:Thórðarhyrna
12852:
12843:
12834:
12825:
12816:
12800:
12791:
12777:Part of the
12776:
12767:
12758:
12749:
12740:
12731:
12722:
12705:
12696:
12675:
12666:
12657:
12648:
12639:
12630:
12621:
12612:
12603:
12596:
12580:
12571:
12548:
12539:
12530:
12521:
12512:
12503:
12494:
12485:
12468:
12459:
12450:
12443:
12434:
12425:
12416:
12413:Eldeyjarboði
12407:
12398:
12389:
12380:
12367:
12358:
12349:
12340:
12331:
12322:
12313:
12310:19th century
12299:
12290:
12281:
12260:
12249:Skaftáreldar
12235:
12226:
12201:
12192:
12183:
12174:
12157:
12148:
12135:
12126:
12107:Skaftártunga
12097:
12082:
12075:Mývatnseldar
12069:
12059:
12050:
12037:
12027:
12018:
12009:
11999:
11990:
11975:Mývatnseldar
11969:
11960:
11951:
11942:
11933:
11924:
11915:
11905:
11896:
11887:
11878:
11869:
11860:
11842:
11839:18th century
11828:
11814:
11805:
11796:
11787:
11778:
11765:
11756:
11747:
11738:
11725:
11716:
11707:
11688:
11679:
11670:
11655:
11646:
11637:
11628:
11619:
11610:
11601:
11592:
11583:
11570:
11561:
11552:
11549:17th century
11538:
11529:
11520:
11511:
11490:
11481:
11472:
11463:
11454:
11437:
11434:16th century
11423:
11409:
11394:
11385:is:Veiðivötn
11371:
11362:
11337:
11328:
11303:
11294:
11285:
11276:
11262:
11253:
11250:15th century
11239:
11230:
11215:
11200:Hornafjörður
11174:
11165:
11156:
11147:
11138:
11114:
11105:
11096:
11089:Rangárvellir
11071:
11061:
11048:
11039:
11038:peninsula).
11026:
11017:
11004:
10995:
10982:
10979:14th century
10968:
10965:Skagafjörður
10959:1300-1301 -
10955:
10946:
10920:
10907:
10898:
10884:
10870:
10856:
10842:
10828:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10783:
10774:fissure vent
10760:
10751:
10742:
10739:13th century
10725:
10712:
10703:
10689:
10684:- ? in
10674:
10665:
10661:
10640:
10631:
10628:Kapelluhraun
10610:
10601:
10598:Trölladyngja
10592:
10583:
10572:Þjórsárdalur
10562:
10559:12th century
10548:
10533:
10530:11th century
10522:
10509:
10500:
10487:
10459:fissure vent
10449:
10440:
10437:is:Veiðivötn
10423:
10414:
10403:Molda-Gnúpur
10399:Central Asia
10367:flood basalt
10363:is: Landbrot
10351:is: Álftaver
10329:
10320:
10311:
10302:
10284:
10275:
10240:
10232:
10223:
10215:
10206:
10199:Afstapahraun
10192:10th century
10181:
10155:
10146:
10125:circa 870 -
10121:
10110:
10101:
10090:fissure vent
10081:circa 800 -
10077:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10050:
10040:
10030:
10027:uncertainty.
10014:
10005:
9992:
9983:
9980:Fissure vent
9958:
9938:
9929:
9920:in northern
9904:
9895:
9882:
9873:
9860:
9851:
9844:Ramesses III
9772:
9763:
9750:
9741:
9712:
9707:is:Veiðivötn
9697:
9689:Part of the
9688:
9667:
9658:
9649:
9626:
9617:
9588:
9579:
9562:
9553:Thórðarhyrna
9547:
9537:
9528:
9523:
9514:
9486:
9469:cone volcano
9451:
9442:
9429:
9423:
9419:
9410:
9400:
9389:is:Veiðivötn
9375:
9366:
9353:
9344:
9327:
9307:
9294:
9279:
9270:
9241:
9218:
9217:) eruption.
9193:
9184:
9167:
9158:
9155:Ingólfsfjall
9149:
9140:
9101:
9092:
9047:
9036:
9027:
8999:
8991:Part of the
8990:
8977:
8968:
8965:Kollafjörður
8943:
8934:
8889:
8876:
8875:
8860:
8858:
8847:
8834:
8832:
8824:
8821:Kollafjörður
8794:
8785:Eldfell 1973
8784:
8778:
8773:Surtsey 1963
8772:
8766:
8760:
8755:
8753:
8746:Part of the
8745:
8727:
8720:in Gallery.
8715:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8677:Part of the
8676:
8670:
8660:
8655:
8653:
8646:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8576:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8516:
8511:
8509:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8444:Öraefajökull
8419:
8413:
8403:
8398:
8396:
8388:
8377:fissure vent
8367:
8357:
8355:
8347:
8325:
8314:Trölladyngja
8311:
8306:
8300:
8295:
8293:
8285:
8259:Trölladyngja
8256:
8253:Trölladyngja
8246:
8240:
8235:
8233:
8167:
8119:
8109:
8104:
8102:
8063:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8023:
8013:
8008:
8006:
7999:Part of the
7998:
7970:
7960:
7950:
7948:
7941:Part of the
7940:
7926:
7916:
7914:
7907:Part of the
7906:
7891:Thórólfsfell
7888:
7885:Thórólfsfell
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7855:
7853:
7846:Part of the
7845:
7832:beneath the
7826:Thordarhyrna
7819:
7816:Thordarhyrna
7809:
7803:
7798:
7796:
7789:
7760:between the
7727:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7700:
7698:
7691:Part of the
7690:
7684:
7675:Surtsey 1963
7674:
7669:
7667:
7660:Part of the
7659:
7637:
7600:
7598:
7591:Part of the
7590:
7583:
7577:
7570:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7543:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7520:
7512:
7471:
7461:
7459:
7450:
7430:
7418:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7370:Part of the
7369:
7362:fissure vent
7351:
7340:
7335:
7333:
7325:
7318:Prestahnúkur
7315:
7312:Prestahnúkur
7305:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7283:
7277:
7266:
7261:
7259:
7250:
7247:Eldeyjarboði
7228:
7218:
7216:
7208:Mývatn fires
7205:
7197:
7190:Part of the
7189:
7171:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7136:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7116:Part of the
7115:
7097:
7087:
7082:
7080:
7073:Part of the
7072:
7053:fissure vent
7046:
7037:Prestahnúkur
7036:
7030:
7023:Part of the
7022:
7018:
6999:long glacier
6998:
6992:
6982:
6977:
6975:
6966:
6953:
6944:Laki 1783-84
6943:
6938:
6936:
6929:Part of the
6928:
6902:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6860:Part of the
6859:
6849:
6839:
6833:
6828:
6826:
6819:Part of the
6818:
6800:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6774:
6768:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6687:Krafla 500BC
6686:
6681:
6679:
6672:Part of the
6671:
6658:between the
6629:
6619:
6617:
6610:Part of the
6609:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6576:Part of the
6575:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6537:Part of the
6536:
6522:
6484:, devoid of
6472:
6462:
6460:
6433:
6423:
6418:
6416:
6409:Part of the
6408:
6375:
6365:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6219:Katla 10,000
6218:
6213:
6211:
6204:Part of the
6203:
6197:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6173:Part of the
6172:
6150:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6126:Part of the
6125:
6102:Ingólfsfjall
6099:
6096:Ingólfsfjall
6079:
6060:, where the
6039:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6004:in northern
5991:
5981:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5961:Part of the
5960:
5946:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5890:
5874:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5848:
5815:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5785:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5740:
5733:Part of the
5732:
5726:
5716:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5696:Part of the
5695:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5666:Part of the
5665:
5659:
5649:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5464:Part of the
5463:
5457:
5447:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5160:Part of the
5159:
5136:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5102:cone volcano
5099:
5080:, along the
5063:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5038:Part of the
5037:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5012:Part of the
5011:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4964:Part of the
4963:
4953:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4911:
4891:
4890:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4845:
4836:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4795:
4783:Part of the
4782:
4752:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4716:Part of the
4715:
4681:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4639:Part of the
4638:
4621:, (E15), An
4616:
4606:
4604:
4593:Part of the
4592:
4563:
4553:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4533:Part of the
4532:
4486:
4483:Esja / Esjan
4476:
4471:
4469:
4462:Part of the
4461:
4451:
4442:Eldfell 1973
4441:
4438:
4431:Part of the
4430:
4415:Volcanic ash
4384:
4374:
4372:
4353:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4304:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4268:Part of the
4267:
4249:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4182:Part of the
4181:
4175:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4099:Askja 11,000
4098:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4079:Svartadyngja
4037:
4017:
4010:
3996:
3989:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3892:
3881:
3865:
3854:
3848:Trölladyngja
3835:
3789:
3770:
3647:between the
3620:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3564:Thórólfsfell
3547:
3541:
3521:
3515:
3492:
3472:
3452:
3432:
3412:
3393:
3374:
3362:The tallest
3345:
3339:
3334:Mývatn index
3333:
3323:Mývatn fires
3296:
3277:
3258:"Laki index"
3255:
3235:"Laki index"
3232:
3212:"Laki index"
3209:
3181:
3146:
3130:Krafla index
3127:
3110:Krafla index
3107:
3090:Krafla index
3087:
3070:Krafla index
3067:
3047:Krafla index
3044:
3027:Krafla index
3024:
3007:Krafla index
3004:
2987:Krafla index
2984:
2968:Krafla index
2965:
2948:Krafla index
2945:
2927:
2908:
2884:
2868:
2859:
2841:Jólnir index
2840:
2822:
2802:
2784:
2766:
2748:
2729:
2711:
2693:
2676:
2669:
2646:
2624:
2601:
2582:
2580:- or follow
2576:
2556:
2534:
2527:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2349:
2342:
2327:
2320:
2293:
2286:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2222:
2207:
2200:
2185:
2178:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2133:
2111:
2093:
2071:
2053:
2027:
2009:
1979:
1957:
1942:Eldgjá index
1939:
1923:Eldgjá index
1920:
1916:"fire gorge"
1915:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:(right) and
1865:
1858:
1841:
1834:
1817:
1810:
1792:
1766:
1764:. July 2010.
1756:, a remnant
1736:
1714:
1688:
1670:
1651:
1621:
1618:
1457:Trölladyngja
1313:Thórólfsfell
1295:Thordarhyrna
1223:StoraEldborg
1079:LokiFögrufjö
791:Ingólfsfjall
133:
132:
121:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
19504:6 September
19423:RÚV English
19283:En.vedur.is
18860:Klaustur.is
18165:18 December
17796:"Grímsvötn"
17707:Lane, C. S.
16498:October 21,
16382:"Nýjahraun"
16329:: 197–228.
15958:"Holuhraun"
15908:Archive.org
15345:"Esjufjöll"
15103:Hekla index
15080:Katla index
15016:Þórisjökull
15004:Hveravellir
14944:Hvolsvöllur
14903:Snæfellsnes
14881:Snæfellsnes
14862:Sveifluháls
14772:Öræfajökull
14765:Öræfajökull
14718:Fremrinámur
14714:Dimmuborgir
14632:Vatnajökull
14624:Torfajökull
14616:Þórðarhyrna
14604:Þórólfsfell
14600:Þjórsá Lava
14548:Bárðarbunga
14355: /
14278: /
14163:Bárðarbunga
14069:Bárðarbunga
13914:Bárðarbunga
13839:Vatnajökull
13612:Lake Mývatn
13600:Leirhnjúkur
12970:(VEI) of 4.
12773:Krakatindur
12755:Vatnajökull
12689:Mývatnsöræf
12609:Vatnajökull
12566:Tröllahraun
12562:Trollagígar
12395:Vatnajökull
12377:Markarfljót
12257:Þórðarhyrna
12145:Bárðarbunga
12141:Vatnajökull
12043:Öræfajökull
12033:Vatnajökull
12005:Vatnajökull
11983:Lake Mývatn
11939:Vatnajökull
11921:Vatnajökull
11893:Vatnajökull
11875:Vatnajökull
11848:Bárðarbunga
11825:Vatnajökull
11753:Vatnajökull
11694:Vatnajökull
11503: 1582
11420:Vatnajökull
11402: 1480
11389:Vatnajökull
11355:Bárðarbunga
11309:Torfajökull
11271:1422 - off
11196:Öræfajökull
11184:Litla-Hérað
11133:Herdísarvík
11010:Vatnajökull
10893:1240 - off
10879:1238 - off
10865:1231 - off
10837:1225 - off
10823:1223 - off
10686:Vatnajökull
10682: 1160
10545:Vatnajökull
10541: 1060
10515:Hveravellir
10467:Snæfellsnes
10461:system and
10429:Vatnajökull
10387:Scandinavia
10281:Vatnajökull
10266:Hnappadalur
10221:Vatnajökull
10174:Bárðarbunga
10127:Torfajökull
10062:9th century
9888:Fremrinámur
9832:bristlecone
9784:during the
9726:hot springs
9671:4,000 BP -
9630:3,000 BC -
9576:lava-fields
9541:3,900 BC -
9481:water table
9461:crater lake
9416:Hveravellir
9381:Þjórsá Lava
9229:Sveifluháls
9057:Pleistocene
9024:Weichselian
9020:Pleistocene
8987:Pleistocene
8953:Pleistocene
8899:Pleistocene
8809:Pleistocene
8779:Jólnir 1963
8738:archipelago
8440:Bárðarbunga
8416:Vatnajökull
8410:Vatnajökull
8344:Vatnajökull
8282:Bárðardalur
8217:Landnámslag
8170:Torfajökull
8164:Torfajökull
8138:Öxarfjörður
8078:Öxarfjörður
7937:Vatnajökull
7895:Þórólfsfell
7836:glacier in
7834:Vatnajokull
7822:Þórðarhyrna
7792:Þjórsá Lava
7780:Earthquakes
7746:rift valley
7734:Thingvellir
7651:archipelago
7488:, has many
7280:Öræfajökull
7274:Öræfajökull
7112:Bárðarbunga
7108:Vatnajökull
7061:Snæfellsnes
7055:system and
7031:Hveravellir
7007:Vatnajökull
6856:Vatnajökull
6771:Krakatindur
6765:Krakatindur
6705:Krafla 1746
6529:Pleistocene
6382:Pleistocene
6261:Katla 1179
6188:Jólnir 1963
5949:Hveravellir
5943:Hveravellir
5847:eruptions.
5826:Vatnajökull
5770:, close to
5114:water table
5070:crater lake
4960:Pleistocene
4900:Vatnajökull
4798:Fremrinámur
4792:Fremrinámur
4755:Festarfjall
4749:Festarfjall
4625:covers the
4570:Vatnajökull
4517:Pleistocene
4307:Dyngjufjöll
4301:Dyngjufjöll
4260:crater rows
4178:Bárðarbunga
4172:Bárðarbunga
4075:Flatadyngja
4056:Dyngjufjöll
4054:within the
3983:Vatnajökull
3906:Vatnajökull
3802:Torfajökull
3744:Thingvellir
3720:Scuba diver
3716:Thingvellir
3641:Thingvellir
3568:Markarfljót
3560:Þórólfsfell
3297:(See below
3173:Strombolian
3167:), 1783-84
2869:Katla index
2798:Hveravellir
2627:Hekla index
2604:Hekla index
2515:Vatnajökull
2499:Kerið index
2463:Kerið index
2427:Kerið index
2387:Kerið index
2326:Gjálp index
2292:Gjálp index
2282:Öræfajökull
2087:taken from
2043:'s largest
2005:Vatnajökull
1997:Jökulsárlón
1795:Eldey index
1769:Eldey index
1728:Bárðarbunga
1421:Torfajökull
1169:Þjórsá Lava
1133:Öræfajökull
917:Krakatindur
737:Hveravellir
392:Fremrinámur
374:Festarfjall
210:Dyngjufjöll
183:Bárðarbunga
19777:Categories
19765:2024-01-22
19716:2010-04-23
19555:2023-12-23
19529:14 January
19462:2023-12-23
19433:2023-12-18
19404:2023-07-13
19379:2014-08-31
19354:2014-08-29
19333:2014-08-24
19311:2014-08-23
19289:2014-08-20
19258:www.mbl.is
19111:2024-03-28
19105:Mannlíf.is
18964:2011-05-27
18935:2011-05-24
18870:2018-12-04
18722:2018-03-30
18480:(1): 194.
18335:2010-02-16
18023:: 310–313.
17969:GeoSurvey.
17896:8 February
17832:2015-12-16
17692:PhD-thesis
17547:2008-08-14
17439:(3): 275.
17275:2023-09-25
17249:17 January
17128:2016-06-15
17101:2018-09-25
17078:2018-09-25
17051:2016-06-15
17006:"Elsevier"
16989:2011-05-24
16955:2008-10-05
16934:2020-08-16
16910:2014-08-15
16767:www.mbl.is
16618:2021-06-25
15991:2018-12-25
15968:2014-08-29
15942:2008-08-14
15903:2011-10-19
15833:2021-06-12
15727:See also:
15657:0198564783
15277:2009-06-18
15194:References
14986:Includes:
14948:Þingvellir
14897:Includes:
14866:Vífilsfell
14792:Includes:
14770:Includes:
14744:district,
14738:Kverkfjöll
14722:Herðubreið
14708:Includes:
14671:Kolbeinsey
14644:Vonarskarð
14636:Vatnaöldur
14628:Vatnafjöll
14552:Bláhnjúkur
14546:Includes:
14395:Sundhnúkur
14343:22°23′14″W
14340:63°52′45″N
14331:Sundhnúkur
14252:eruption (
14143:2014-15 -
13918:jökulhlaup
13704:1980-81 -
13543:Syrtlingur
13507:Askja 1961
13458:Jökulhlaup
13412:1947-48 -
13338:subglacial
13327:Jökulhlaup
13280:Kverkfjöll
13238:Jökulhlaup
13217:1926 - at
13089:jökulhlaup
12995:1908-09 -
12977:1905-06 -
12958:1902-1904
12940:1902-04 -
12856:1887-1889
12753:1876 - in
12719:East Fjord
12607:1872 - in
12591:Mánáreyjar
12589:1867-68 -
12478:Ytri-Rangá
12472:1845-46 -
12371:1821-23 -
12223:sulphurous
12161:1766-68 -
12101:1755-56 -
12065:Kverkfjöll
12049:. 3 died.
12031:1726 - in
12003:1725 - in
11973:1724-29 -
11937:1717 - in
11919:1716 - in
11911:Kverkfjöll
11909:1711-12 -
11891:1706 - in
11873:1702 - in
11852:Dyngjuháls
11846:1701-1864
11823:1697 - in
11769:1684-85 -
11751:1681 - in
11729:1660-61 -
11698:Kverkfjöll
11650:1636-37 -
11578:(and / or
11387:) west of
11375:1477 - at
11351:lava field
11226:Grímseyjar
11208:Jökulhlaup
11204:Lónshverfi
11188:Öræfasveit
11008:1332 - in
10614:1151-1188
10455:Ljósufjöll
10375:tree rings
10170:Vatnaöldur
10161:Vatnaöldur
10083:Vatnafjöll
10018:Note. The
9982:eruption.
9778:Hekla (H3)
9754:1000 BC -
9716:1130 BC -
9653:2500 BC -
9592:5200 BP -
9566:3500 BC -
9543:Hekla H-Sv
9505:5000 BP -
9433:5000 BC -
9331:8230 BC -
9215:ignimbrite
9139:material.
9129:lava flows
9042:Hofsjökull
9009:subglacial
8983:Grensdalur
8850:Westfjords
8844:Westfjords
8649:Vatnaöldur
8643:Vatnaöldur
8479:Laki index
8370:Vatnafjöll
8364:Vatnafjöll
8266:lava field
8263:Ódáðahraun
8142:Skjálfandi
8082:Skjálfandi
7903:Fljótshlíð
7775:Almannagjá
7730:Þingvellir
7566:Sundhnúkur
7511:material.
7503:. Several
7501:lava flows
7381:in index.
7368:mountain.
7322:Langjökull
7182:Helgrindur
7106:under the
7049:Ljósufjöll
7043:Ljósufjöll
7019:Baldjökull
7015:Haukadalur
6995:Langjökull
6989:Langjökull
6963:lava field
6960:Laugahraun
6852:Kverkfjöll
6846:Kverkfjöll
6693:Krafla 900
6606:Ódáðahraun
6568:Kolbeinsey
6486:vegetation
6475:Kolbeinsey
6469:Kolbeinsey
6395:. Part of
6285:Katla 1416
6279:Katla 1357
6273:Katla 1311
6267:Katla 1245
6255:Katla 1000
6165:Syrtlingur
6122:palagonite
6110:Hveragerði
5957:Langjökull
5897:Austurland
5881:Hveragerði
5822:lava field
5788:Hofsjökull
5782:Hofsjökull
5760:Herðubreið
5754:Herðubreið
5641:Hekla 2000
4956:Grensdalur
4950:Grensdalur
4943:Gjálp 1996
4937:Gjálp 1938
4918:jökulhlaup
4704:Svartsengi
4411:evacuation
4262:and small
4165:Askja 1961
4159:Askja 1929
4153:Askja 1926
4147:Askja 1923
4141:Askja 1922
4135:Askja 1921
4129:Askja 1876
4105:Askja 1874
4067:palagonite
4060:Herðubreið
3953:Laki index
3740:Þingvellir
3712:Þingvellir
3692:Þingvellir
3662:Almannagjá
3633:Þingvellir
3292:Ljósufjöll
3253:July 2004.
3184:Laki index
3142:Kverkfjöll
2923:Kolbeinsey
2725:Herðubreið
2614:Detail of
2267:Jökulhlaup
1982:Esja index
1960:Esja index
1710:East Fjord
1547:Vatnaöldur
1511:Vatnafjöll
1241:Sundhnúkur
1061:Ljósufjöll
1025:Langjökull
953:Kverkfjöll
628:Hofsjökull
610:Herðubreið
464:Grensdalur
68:newspapers
19599:128405263
18842:128734995
18640:1 January
18444:219672090
18436:0800-0395
18064:130396931
17990:Endeavour
17849:58: 1-16.
17461:0091-7613
17235:"Tjörnes"
16572:CiteSeerX
16301:Q97487827
16293:0148-0227
16219:10 August
16186:10 August
16125:28 August
15864:"Hengill"
15709:: 46–65.
15621:"Geology"
15560:France 24
15444:CiteSeerX
15040:Lakagígar
15032:Grímsvötn
15000:Hlöðufell
14907:Helgafell
14890:over the
14818:Heiðin há
14746:Rauðhólar
14726:Hverfjall
14592:Lakagigar
14572:Grímsvötn
14413:Grindavík
14370:eruptions
14366:Grindavík
14303:Grindavik
14192:Holuhraun
14190:, in the
14145:Holuhraun
14102:Grímsvötn
13977:Grímsvötn
13936:Grímsvötn
13871:Heklugjár
13803:Grímsvötn
13801:? 1984 -
13785:Grímsvötn
13452:? 1955 -
13436:Grímsvötn
13434:? 1954 -
13418:Eyjafjöll
13396:Grímsvötn
13394:? 1945 -
13378:Grímsvötn
13376:? 1941 -
13356:Grímsvötn
13309:Grímsvötn
13291:Grímsvötn
13230:Esjufjöll
13205:Öskjuvatn
13183:Grímsvötn
13147:Grímsvötn
13059:Mundafell
13015:Grímsvötn
12997:Grímsvötn
12979:Grímsvötn
12964:Grimsvötn
12942:Grímsvötn
12919:Grímsvötn
12895:Grímsvötn
12877:Grímsvötn
12862:Grimsvötn
12840:Grímsvötn
12822:Grímsvötn
12820:? 1885 -
12797:Grímsvötn
12693:Nýjahraun
12685:Sveinagjá
12627:Grímsvötn
12577:Grímsvötn
12536:Grímsvötn
12534:? 1861 -
12500:Grímsvötn
12482:Næfurholt
12456:Grímsvötn
12337:Grímsvötn
12319:Grímsvötn
12296:Grímsvötn
12253:Grímsvötn
12245:Lakagigar
12189:Grímsvötn
12167:Húnavatns
12111:Álftaveri
12093:Grímsvatn
11989:volcano.
11771:Grímsvötn
11713:Grímsvötn
11676:Grímsvötn
11634:Grímsvötn
11598:Grímsvötn
11558:Grímsvötn
11535:Grímsvötn
11404:– 1500 -
11381:Veiðivötn
11273:Reykjanes
11144:Grímsvötn
11111:Grímsvötn
11036:Reykjanes
11014:Grímsvötn
10895:Reykjanes
10881:Reykjanes
10867:Reykjanes
10853:Reykjanes
10839:Reykjanes
10825:Reykjanes
10789:Reykjanes
10700:Reykjanes
10433:Veiðivötn
10355:Meðalland
10295:Reykjanes
10055:Grímsvötn
10045:Grímsvötn
10002:explosive
9948:Eldborgir
9910:Hverfjall
9828:ice cores
9825:Greenland
9810:tree ring
9802:peat bogs
9730:fumaroles
9703:Veiðivötn
9632:Helgafell
9606:Reykjanes
9511:Reykjavík
9496:Helgafell
9420:Kjalhraun
9385:Veiðivötn
9333:Grímsvötn
9253:found in
9211:Thórsmörk
9179:, in the
9089:Kjalarnes
8931:Kjalarnes
8805:Reykjavík
8673:Veiðivötn
8667:Veiðivötn
8436:Grímsvötn
8422:) is the
8346:glacier.
8174:rhyolitic
8126:peninsula
8042:rhyolitic
7983:Reykjavík
7842:Grimsvötn
7436:subaerial
7354:Reykjanes
7348:Reykjanes
7267:Nýey 1783
7239:Reykjanes
6917:Grímsvötn
6811:Reykjanes
6650:atop the
6488:, in the
6446:near the
6405:Reykjavík
6363:See also
6249:Katla 934
6243:Katla 920
6237:Katla 822
6231:Katla 751
6075:sea level
6071:seamounts
5994:Hverfjall
5988:Hverfjall
5959:glacier.
5893:Hvalbakur
5887:Hvalbakur
5831:, in the
5818:Holuhraun
5812:Holuhraun
5662:Helgafell
5647:See also
5503:Hekla 800
5445:See also
5139:Grímsvötn
5133:Grímsvötn
4995:Icelandic
4907:Grímsvötn
4852:Reykjanes
4771:Grindavík
4765:near the
4700:Reykjavík
4589:rhyolitic
4574:Snaehetta
4566:Esjufjöll
4560:Esjufjöll
4501:Reykjavík
4427:sea water
4419:lava flow
4405:, in the
4004:Veiðivötn
3806:rhyolitic
3251:Lakagigar
3207:mountain.
3201:Lakagígar
3165:Lakagígar
2816:Hverfjall
2762:Holuhraun
2744:Holuhraun
2661:Helgafell
2638:Helgafell
2552:Grimsvötn
2511:Grímsvötn
2049:Gígjökull
1995:north of
1993:Esjufjöll
1914:fissure (
1882:Helgafell
1786:, on the
1732:Holuhraun
1629:Index of
1565:Veiðivötn
755:Hverfjall
700:Hvalbakur
664:Holuhraun
574:Helgafell
556:Helgafell
520:Grímsvötn
300:Esjufjöll
19749:31 March
19456:Archived
19427:Archived
19263:13 April
19222:Archived
19033:13 April
19028:vedur.is
19005:31 March
18984:31 March
18699:31258223
18511:Lane, C.
18259:Archived
17826:Archived
17610:12 March
17382:13 April
17145:Archived
16809:20 March
16803:Archived
16777:21 March
16771:Archived
16730:Archived
16711:Archived
16468:, p. 181
16343:53446884
16297:Wikidata
16213:Archived
16180:Archived
16154:11 April
16119:Archived
16039:Archived
16008:Archived
15596:Archived
15571:20 March
15565:Archived
15539:20 March
15533:Archived
15507:Archived
15480:BBC News
15326:Archived
15233:Archived
15109:See also
14794:Bláfjöll
14576:Hágöngur
14161:2014-15
13602:. Note:
13498:rhyolite
13321:1930s -
13087:. Large
12239:1783-84
12123:Hafursey
10795:formed.
10770:eruption
10359:Landbrot
10347:Álftaver
10087:basaltic
9916:cone or
9821:bog oaks
9786:Holocene
9734:eruption
9722:volcanic
9598:Holocene
9568:Grímsnes
9551:3550 BC
9465:Grímsnes
9133:Holocene
9126:basaltic
8863:below:
8374:basaltic
8360:below:
8231:museum.
8205:rhyolite
8158:Pliocene
8038:basaltic
7953:below:
7919:below:
7742:volcanic
7738:tectonic
7580:eruption
7505:holocene
7498:basaltic
7447:Holocene
7358:eruption
7178:Lysukard
7174:Lýsuhóll
7168:Lýsuhóll
6925:aerosols
6803:Krýsuvík
6797:Krýsuvík
6662:and the
6622:below:
6588:below:
6549:below:
6533:Holocene
6518:low tide
6514:skerries
6465:below:
6456:rhyolite
6155:, was a
6062:Eurasian
6000:cone or
5907:below:
5678:below:
5074:Grímsnes
5034:Grímsnes
5028:Grímsnes
5024:below:
4712:eruption
4708:Krýsuvík
4505:volcanic
4323:rhyolite
4052:calderas
3985:Glacier.
3726:canyon.
3698:canyon.
3596:surface.
3537:in 1999.
3408:volcano.
3177:Hawaiian
3081:Lava at
2785:See the
2513:and the
2475:Grímsnes
2443:Grímsnes
2399:Grímsnes
2360:Grímsnes
2007:glacier.
2001:nunataks
502:Grímsnes
98:May 2021
19660:Bibcode
19622:Bibcode
19579:Bibcode
19173:4163208
19153:Bibcode
18822:Bibcode
18690:6560931
18669:Bibcode
18523:Bibcode
18515:Geology
18482:Bibcode
18380:Bibcode
18241:June 7,
18216:June 7,
18150:"Hekla"
18091:Bibcode
18044:Bibcode
17723:Bibcode
17656:Bibcode
17441:Bibcode
17433:Geology
17177:Bibcode
16564:Bibcode
16273:Bibcode
15789:"Hekla"
15631:June 7,
15602:14 July
15513:14 July
15436:Bibcode
15397:Bibcode
15395:: 113.
15105:above.
15082:above.
15055:above.
14996:Hengill
14936:Selfoss
14905:, plus
14826:Hengill
14802:Búrfell
14675:Grímsey
14666:Iceland
14608:Surtsey
14502:hotspot
14248:2023 -
14230:2022 -
14208:2021 -
14136:above).
14108:), The
14100:2011 -
14082:on the
14067:2010 -
14045:2010 -
14027:2010 -
14020:above).
14003:above).
13975:2004 -
13952:2000 -
13934:1998 -
13904:1996 -
13897:above).
13865:1991 -
13858:above).
13819:1984 -
13783:1983 -
13765:1981 -
13747:1981 -
13722:1980 -
13686:1980 -
13668:1980 -
13650:1977 -
13632:1977 -
13594:1975 -
13584:Heimaey
13572:Eldfell
13570:1973 -
13552:1970 -
13535:Surtsey
13518:1961 -
13474:1961 -
13354:1938 -
13331:glacial
13307:1934 -
13289:1933 -
13278:1929 -
13261:1929 -
13242:glacial
13228:1927 -
13199:1926 -
13181:1923 -
13163:1923 -
13145:1922 -
13127:1922 -
13109:1921 -
13075:1918 -
13057:1913 -
13013:1910 -
12917:1897 -
12893:1892 -
12875:1889 -
12838:1887 -
12795:1883 -
12784:1879 -
12771:1878 -
12735:1876 -
12643:1874 -
12625:1873 -
12575:1867 -
12516:1860 -
12498:1854 -
12454:1838 -
12429:1830 -
12411:1830 -
12393:1823 -
12353:1821 -
12335:1816 -
12317:1807 -
12294:1797 -
12205:1783 -
12187:1774 -
12073:1746 -
12063:1729 -
12041:1727 -
11955:1721 -
11809:1693 -
11791:1693 -
11711:1659 -
11674:1638 -
11632:1629 -
11614:1625 -
11596:1619 -
11574:1612 -
11556:1603 -
11533:1598 -
11515:1597 -
11485:1580 -
11441:1510 -
11345:in the
11341:1477 -
11325:silicic
11317:caldera
11307:1477 -
11289:1440 -
11257:1416 -
11178:1362 -
11160:1357 -
11085:Akranes
11075:1341 -
11052:1341 -
10986:1311 -
10929:1262 -
10911:1245 -
10809:1222 -
10764:1206 -
10746:1206 -
10716:1179 -
10644:1158 -
10566:1104 -
10491:1000 -
10465:on the
10377:in the
10143:silicic
10135:caldera
9976:Hengill
9953:300 BC
9942:400 BC
9922:Iceland
9840:1159 BC
9718:Hengill
9644:Heimaey
9500:Heimaey
9267:Romania
9247:Askja-S
9207:caldera
9122:craters
9112:on the
8961:caldera
8957:volcano
8837:below:
8817:caldera
8813:volcano
8801:caldera
8758:below:
8742:Heimaey
8689:below:
8658:below:
8514:below:
8446:. (See
8432:Iceland
8428:ice cap
8424:largest
8401:below:
8340:Iceland
8336:volcano
8332:glacier
8298:below:
8238:below:
8197:silicic
8181:caldera
8160:eras.)
8154:Miocene
8130:Iceland
8124:, is a
8122:Tjörnes
8107:below:
8070:Iceland
8066:Tjörnes
8051:below:
8034:Iceland
8011:below:
7987:Iceland
7973:) is a
7858:below:
7838:Iceland
7801:below:
7703:below:
7672:below:
7640:Surtsey
7634:Surtsey
7603:below:
7555:below:
7525:below:
7494:craters
7484:on the
7464:below:
7432:Snæfell
7427:Snæfell
7388:below:
7338:below:
7297:below:
7264:below:
7243:Iceland
7221:below:
7128:below:
7085:below:
7059:on the
7051:, is a
7003:ice cap
6980:below:
6941:below:
6872:below:
6831:below:
6809:of the
6788:below:
6684:below:
6642:in the
6640:Iceland
6636:caldera
6604:in the
6572:Grímsey
6510:erosion
6502:Iceland
6498:Grímsey
6494:Iceland
6458:stone.
6442:in the
6421:below:
6380:, is a
6216:below:
6185:below:
6161:Surtsey
6138:below:
6054:Iceland
6046:hotspot
6027:below:
6006:Iceland
5973:below:
5937:Iceland
5927:of the
5862:below:
5845:fissure
5829:ice cap
5762:, is a
5745:below:
5729:Hengill
5723:Hengill
5708:below:
5629:1980-81
5617:1947-48
5599:1845-46
5593:1766-68
5575:1636-37
5476:below:
5355:1908-09
5349:1905-06
5343:1902-04
5259:1783-84
5247:1684-85
5172:below:
5123:below:
5090:caldera
5086:hotspot
5078:Iceland
5050:below:
4991:Grímsey
4985:Grímsey
4976:below:
4934:below:
4877:below:
4856:Iceland
4823:below:
4777:on the
4728:below:
4694:on the
4651:below:
4635:in 2010
4627:caldera
4623:ice cap
4609:below:
4591:rocks.
4585:basalts
4581:caldera
4545:below:
4529:glacier
4521:Ice Age
4497:Iceland
4474:below:
4423:fishing
4403:Heimaey
4395:Heimaey
4387:Eldfell
4381:Eldfell
4377:below:
4340:below:
4280:below:
4194:below:
4096:below:
4046:in the
4028:caldera
3829:silicic
3813:caldera
3783:Tjörnes
3722:in the
3535:Surtsey
3509:Surtsey
3358:Snæfell
2707:Hengill
2691:, 2004.
2689:Hengill
2665:Heimaey
2338:Grímsey
2089:Route 1
1878:Eldfell
1854:Eldfell
1830:Eldfell
1806:Eldfell
1760:on the
1259:Surtsey
1187:Snæfell
592:Hengill
482:Grímsey
246:Eldfell
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