611:
516:
343:
534:
784:
3250:
60:
525:
414:(1674–1725) as heir apparent. The heir apparent was removed twice because of his extravagance and abhorrent behavior, which included an attempt to assassinate the emperor. After Yinreng was demoted for good in 1712, the emperor refused to name an heir. Because Qing policy forced imperial princes to reside in the capital Beijing, many princes became involved in politics, and the Kangxi succession became particularly contested. After the Kangxi Emperor's death in 1722, his fourth son Yinzhen (1678–1735) emerged as victor and reigned as the
2618:
2497:
2355:
857:
identified retrospectively as Taizu ("grand progenitor"), the usual name given to a dynasty's first emperor. This is why
Nurhaci is considered as the first Qing ruler even if he was never emperor in his lifetime. Taizong was the usual name for the second emperor of a dynasty, and so Hong Taiji was canonized as Qing Taizong. The last emperor of a dynasty usually did not receive a temple name because his descendants were no longer in power when he died, and thus could not perpetuate the ancestral cult.
1258:
1117:
1650:
2234:
1771:
978:
1917:
1390:
1520:
751:. When the Yongzheng Emperor, whose generation was the first in which all imperial sons shared a generational character as in Chinese clans, acceded the throne, he made all his brothers change the first character of their name from "Yin" (胤) to "Yun" (允) to respect the taboo. Citing fraternal solidarity, his successor, the Qianlong Emperor, simply removed one stroke from his own name and let his brothers keep their own.
593:, but her political role increased so much that within a few years she was taking charge of most government matters. She became sole regent in 1881 after the death of Empress Dowager Ci'an. With the assistance of eunuchs and Manchu princes, she remained regent until March 1889, when she finally let the Guangxu Emperor rule personally (he was then 17 years old). After she intervened to end the
78:
2078:
652:" (r. 1875–1908). Strictly speaking, referring to the Qianlong Emperor simply as "Qianlong" is wrong, because "Qianlong" was not that emperor's own name but that of his reign era. For convenience sake, however, many historians still choose to call him Qianlong (though not "Emperor Qianlong"). The only Qing emperors who are not commonly known by their reign name are the first two:
920:
Since posthumous titles and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, to avoid confusion they are usually preceded by the dynastic name. The
Qianlong emperor, for instance, should be referred to as Qing Gaozong rather than just Gaozong. Because each emperor's posthumous name
815:
that were displayed there, the temple name was followed by the honorific name, as in "Shizu Zhang huangdi" for the
Shunzhi Emperor and "Taizong Wen huangdi" for Hong Taiji. As dynastic founder, Nurhaci ("Taizu") became the focal ancestor in the main hall of the temple. The earlier paternal ancestors
690:
An era name was used to record dates, usually in the format "Reign-name Xth year, Yth month, Zth day" (sometimes abridged as X/Y/Z by modern scholars). A Qing emperor's era name was also used on the coins that were cast during his reign. Unlike in the Ming dynasty, the characters used in Qing reign
421:
To avoid such struggles in the future, the
Yongzheng Emperor designed a system by which the living emperor would choose his successor in advance and on merit, but would keep his choice secret until his deathbed. The name of the future emperor was sealed in a casket that was hidden behind a panel in
856:
had the Aisin Gioro ancestral tablets installed in what had been the Ming ancestral temple. In 1648 the Qing government bestowed the title of "emperor" to these ancestors and gave them the honorific posthumous names and temple names by which they were known for the rest of the dynasty. Nurhaci was
851:
Hong Taiji created the Qing ancestral cult in 1636 when he assumed the title of emperor. Taking the
Chinese imperial cult as a model, he named his main paternal ancestors "kings" and built an Imperial Ancestral Temple in his capital Mukden to offer sacrifices to them. When the Qing took control of
386:
of the
Jurchens, he refused to answer, telling his sons that they should determine after his death who among them was the most qualified leader. His answer reflected the fact that in Jurchen society, succession as tribal chieftain was usually determined by merit, not descent. When Nurhaci died in
453:
was the one who selected the next emperor. But instead of making the deceased emperor adopt an heir from the generation below himself (in this case this would have been a nephew of the
Tongzhi Emperor) as the rules of imperial succession dictated, she picked one from the same generation. The new
579:
For almost 200 years, the Qing Empire was governed by adult emperors. In the last fifty years of the dynasty—from the death of the
Xianfeng Emperor in 1861 to the final abdication of the child emperor Puyi in 1912—the imperial position again became vulnerable to the power of regents,
3263:, p. xxi , Ch'ien-lung ) of emperors are routinely treated as if they were the names of the emperors themselves. There are several good reasons for this practice, even though it is historiographically erroneous. We adopt it here as a convention that needs no apology."].
912:
following the death of the previous emperor, which is when the new emperor's era name came into use. The number of years indicated in the same column is the number of years in which that era name was used. Because of discrepancies between the western and the
640:
after that emperor's accession, which fell between 21 January and 20 February (inclusively) of the
Gregorian calendar. Even if an emperor died in the middle of the year, his era name was used for the rest of that year before the next era officially began.
395:(1592–1643) as his successor. Hong Taiji's death in 1643 caused another succession crisis, because many of Nurhaci's other sons appeared to be qualified leaders. As a compromise, the Manchu princes chose Hong Taiji's four-year-old son Fulin (the
766:(r. 1820–1850) removed the character for "continuous" (綿) from his name and decreed that his descendants should henceforth all omit one stroke from their name. In accordance with Manchu practice, Qing emperors rarely used their clan name
482:
for example. Threats to imperial power usually came from within the imperial clan. When the young Fulin was chosen to succeed his father Hong Taiji in
September 1643, two "prince regents" were selected for him: Hong Taiji's half-brother
466:(r. 1850–1861). She assured her opponents that as soon as the new emperor had a son, he would be adopted into the Tongzhi Emperor's line. However, as the Guangxu Emperor died heirless too, Empress Dowager Cixi also chose his successor,
921:
was extremely long—that of the Shunzhi Emperor, for instance, was "Titian longyun dingtong jianji yingrui qinwen xianwu dade honggong zhiren chunxiao Zhang huangdi" 體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝—the table only shows the short form.
588:
who had been named by her husband, the Xianfeng Emperor. She controlled the government during the reigns of the Tongzhi (r. 1861–1875) and Guangxu (r. 1875–1908) emperors. From 1861 onwards, she was officially co-regent with
306:—Qing emperors used only one era name ("Shunzhi", "Qianlong", "Guangxu", etc.) for their entire reign, and are most commonly known by that name. Starting with Nurhaci, there were twelve Qing rulers. Following the capture of
491:(1599–1655). Soon after the Manchus had seized Beijing under Dorgon's leadership in May 1644, Dorgon came to control all important government matters. Official documents referred to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (
903:
The emperors were usually enthroned on an auspicious day soon after the death of the previous monarch. With two exceptions (Jiaqing and Guangxu), they reigned under their predecessor's era name until the following
4671:
2712:
259:" in 1635 and changed the name of Nurhaci's state from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636. Hong Taiji was the real founder of Qing imperial institutions. He was the first to adopt the title of "
507:
was placed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple next to those of Nurhaci and Hong Taiji. In early March 1651 after Dorgon's supporters had been purged from the court, these titles were abrogated.
4735:
679:) meant the achievement of this transformation. The practice of translating reign names is not new: Jesuits who resided at the Qing court in Beijing in the 18th century translated "
5291:
560:
The reign of the Shunzhi Emperor ended when he died of smallpox in 1661 at the age of 22. His last will—which was tampered and perhaps even forged by its beneficiaries—appointed
4569:
636:
or reign name was chosen at the beginning of his reign to reflect the political concerns of the court at the time. A new era name became effective on the first day of the
5330:
2024:
The first day of the Jiaqing era was also the first day of this emperor's reign, because his father retired on the last day of the previous year. Jiaqing did not hold
2786:
3018:
4664:
159:
17:
2831:
275:
in 1636. After the Qing captured Beijing in 1644 and appropriated the Ming Ancestral Temple, from 1648 on, Nurhaci was worshiped there as "Taizu" (太祖), a
5335:
5171:
667:
Reign names are usually left untranslated, but some scholars occasionally gloss them when they think these names have a special significance. Historian
1193:"Hong Taiji" means "Prince Hong" and was probably a title, not a name. In some Western historical studies, 'Hong Taiji' is erroneously called Abahai.
5010:
4750:
3070:
5155:
5126:
4745:
4201:
3435:
4827:
644:
Like the emperors of the Ming dynasty, Qing monarchs used only one reign name and are usually known by that name, as when we speak of the "
4366:
478:
Qing succession and inheritance policies made it difficult for empresses and their relatives to build power at court, as they had in the
374:
whenever possible and forbade other sons from participating in politics, the Qing monarchs did not choose their successors according to
3826:
3786:
3447:
4708:
898:
4815:
4800:
64:
4502:
576:
regency", named after the most powerful of the four regents, lasted until 1669, when the Kangxi Emperor started his personal rule.
2779:
2776:
2775:
326:(r. 1796–1820) in order not to reign longer than his grandfather. Qing emperors succeeded each other from father to son until the
3821:
3781:
597:
in September 1898, she had the emperor put under house arrest and held the reins of the Qing government until her death in 1908.
410:(r. 1661–1722), who for the first time in Qing history followed the Chinese habit of primogeniture and appointed his eldest son
5538:
4877:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2777:
358:. Hongli was the first Qing monarch to be chosen through the secret system that his father instated to prevent struggles over
5605:
5569:
4810:
4122:
3712:
495:皇叔父攝政王), a title that left him one step short of claiming the throne for himself. A few days after his death, he received a
5039:
4790:
4427:
2781:
3116:
Historians widely agree that the Shunzhi Emperor's will was either deeply modified or forged altogether. See for instance
4612:
4442:
3636:
Chiang, Howard (2012), "How China Became a 'Castrated Civilization' and Eunuchs a 'Third Sex'", in Chiang, Howard (ed.),
2780:
1884:, the Qianlong Emperor retired on 8 February 1796, the last day of that year in the Chinese calendar and took the title
5610:
5600:
5255:
4624:
4497:
4321:
3645:
1628:
561:
2854:
314:(r. 1643/4–1661) became the first of the ten Qing sovereigns to rule over China proper. At 61 years, the reign of the
5544:
5385:
5260:
4617:
4194:
4169:
4151:
4103:
4081:
4043:
4020:
3997:
3976:
3957:
3933:
3861:
3840:
3800:
3759:
3735:
3690:
3671:
2725:
758:(r. 1796–1820), whose personal name was Yongyan (永琰), replaced the very common first character of his personal name (
568:. All four were Manchu dignitaries who had supported the Shunzhi Emperor after the death of Dorgon, but their Manchu
230:
881:), that is, "the emperor from whom all others descend." Hong Taiji's posthumous name, the "Emperor of Letters" (M.:
5615:
5355:
3811:
610:
5472:
4715:
4402:
4288:
5056:
4922:
4690:
4437:
4376:
4346:
4336:
861:, the last Qing monarch, reigned as the Xuantong Emperor from 1908 to 1912, but did not receive a temple name.
823:
5490:
5265:
5121:
4805:
4795:
4780:
4775:
4607:
4557:
4537:
4477:
4311:
848:), which were compiled at the end of each reign, retrospectively referred to emperors by their temple names.
831:
406:
in 1661, chose his third son Xuanye as successor because he had survived smallpox. That child reigned as the
347:
2783:
2782:
5249:
5027:
4894:
4760:
4654:
4264:
4254:
4187:
399:, r. 1643–1661) as his successor, marking the adoption of father-son succession in the Qing imperial line.
149:
917:, this number does not perfectly correspond to the number of years in which an emperor was on the throne.
675:
in Manchu) referred to a "capacity to transform" supported by Heaven, and that his second one Chongde 崇德 (
5166:
5149:
4659:
4634:
4597:
4507:
4467:
4219:
1088:
Tianming was not used as an era name during Nurhaci's lifetime. His posthumous name was originally Wudi (
248:
5549:
4995:
3834:
3794:
873:
that reflected their ruling style. Nurhaci's posthumous name was originally the "Martial Emperor" (武皇帝
735:
5559:
5278:
5207:
5000:
4532:
4457:
4326:
4244:
2801:
808:
792:
423:
268:
244:
711:玄 ("mysterious", "profound") in the Kangxi Emperor's personal name Xuanye (玄燁), for example, forced
5480:
5300:
5034:
5005:
4755:
3745:
707:
As in previous dynasties, the emperor's personal name became taboo after his accession. The use of
590:
288:
3810:
2784:
330:(r. 1861–1875), the 11th Qing ruler, died childless in 1875. The last two emperors were chosen by
5076:
4542:
4527:
4361:
4259:
4053:
Stary, Giovanni (1984), "The Manchu Emperor 'Abahai': Analysis of an Historiographical Mistake",
2736:, until the "Amendment of Preferential Treatment Conditions" rescinded the title in 1924. He was
594:
112:
5457:
5345:
5226:
5051:
4269:
2717:
889:), was chosen to reflect the way in which he metamorphosed Qing institutions during his reign.
322:(r. 1735–1796), would have reigned even longer if he had not purposely ceded the throne to the
294:
Like their Ming (1368–1644) predecessors—but unlike the emperors of earlier dynasties like the
279:
usually accorded to dynastic founders. Qing emperors since Hong Taiji were also referred to as
4073:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
4031:
2772:
2771:
664:
meaning "prince Hong". Hong Taiji was the only Qing emperor to use two era names (see table).
5531:
5390:
5350:
5017:
4979:
4867:
4847:
4765:
4564:
4547:
4412:
4381:
4316:
3723:
3523:
4008:
5462:
5429:
5395:
5340:
5220:
5202:
4912:
4842:
4649:
4432:
3816:
3776:
3771:
3655:
625:
551:
450:
331:
218:
3456:, pp. 270 (Taizong as name of the second emperor) and 806 (Hong Taiji's temple name).
8:
5515:
5365:
5305:
5237:
4917:
4770:
4725:
4472:
4351:
4331:
4239:
569:
533:
459:
359:
877:)—to reflect his military exploits—but in 1662 it was changed to "Highest Emperor" (高皇帝
515:
59:
5400:
5111:
5106:
4932:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4676:
4522:
4341:
3850:
3660:
2826:
2737:
909:
712:
696:
584:, imperial uncles, and eunuchs. Empress Dowager Cixi (1835–1908) came to power through
194:
5410:
5405:
5380:
5325:
5320:
5243:
5191:
5096:
4927:
4832:
4730:
4629:
4592:
4517:
4447:
4417:
4371:
4165:
4147:
4118:
4099:
4077:
4039:
4016:
3993:
3972:
3953:
3929:
3894:
3857:
3755:
3731:
3708:
3700:
3686:
3667:
3641:
3444:, pp. 270 ("Taizu" as name of dynastic founder) and 806 (Nurhaci's temple name).
1656:
818:
816:
of the Qing imperial line were worshiped in a back hall. Historical records like the
740:
680:
620:
415:
351:
2028:
power until Qianlong's death in 1799. His personal name before his enthronement was
754:
Later emperors found other ways to diminish the inconvenience of naming taboos. The
342:
5564:
5447:
5370:
5310:
5116:
4837:
4698:
4644:
4487:
4452:
4356:
4281:
4249:
4067:
3884:
2467:
2240:
2206:
2190:
2084:
1777:
914:
905:
763:
762:永, which means "forever") with an obscure one (顒) with the same pronunciation. The
716:
645:
637:
633:
463:
439:
431:
430:. As successor, the Yongzheng Emperor chose his fourth son Hongli (1711–1799), the
355:
319:
260:
222:
5579:
5525:
5375:
5360:
5184:
4639:
4602:
4552:
4512:
4462:
4407:
4276:
4071:
3987:
3947:
3749:
2503:
2361:
1923:
1396:
1093:
870:
804:
755:
668:
649:
615:
581:
500:
455:
446:
435:
396:
327:
323:
311:
226:
202:
136:
4160:
Zelin, Madeleine (2002), "The Yung-cheng Reign", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
1375:
in May 1636 when he declared himself Emperor of the newly renamed Qing dynasty.
197:
and the last imperial dynasty of China. It was officially proclaimed in 1636 in
5442:
5315:
5081:
5044:
4492:
4482:
4422:
2713:
Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication
1885:
1881:
1526:
565:
427:
407:
315:
284:
240:
173:
3889:
3872:
908:. The date that appears under "Dates of reign" indicates the first day of the
5594:
5554:
5520:
5485:
5101:
5091:
4907:
4298:
4134:
The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862–1874
3898:
3873:"A New Study of the Title of the Reigning Dynasty during the Pre-Qing Period"
2836:
2617:
812:
788:
656:(r. 1616–1626), who is known by his personal name, and his son and successor
504:
388:
375:
371:
256:
169:
3751:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
2496:
2354:
1880:
In an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his
1505:, the Prince Regent. The Shunzhi Emperor started his personal rule in 1651.
618:
from 1862 until his death in 1875. The era name Tongzhi, an allusion to the
382:(1559–1626) was asked which one of his sons he had chosen to succeed him as
5574:
5271:
5213:
4902:
4884:
4740:
4210:
3943:
3908:
Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the
3027:, pp. 1217–18 (role of empresses and their clans in the Han dynasty);
2813:
2050:
692:
661:
564:
for his son and successor the six-year-old Xuanye, who was to reign as the
383:
367:
303:
299:
251:(1115–1234) that had once ruled over northern China. His son and successor
214:
210:
186:
2201:
when he acceded the throne because a naming taboo on the common character
699:
contained in it could no longer be used in writing throughout the empire.
542:
The three most powerful regents of the Qing dynasty: (from left to right)
5510:
5231:
4952:
4947:
3770:
2721:
800:
767:
585:
496:
479:
295:
276:
3705:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
1257:
1116:
438:(r. 1796–1820). The latter chose his successor Minning (1782–1850), the
5178:
5022:
4972:
4942:
4785:
3967:
Peterson, Willard J. (2002), "Preface", in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
3662:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
2863:, pp. 54 (analysis of the painting) and 102 ("secret succession").
1264:
1123:
657:
392:
280:
252:
122:
4179:
4036:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4013:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
3728:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
1649:
628:(1835–1908) ousted Zaichun's eight regents in a coup in November 1861.
4967:
4957:
4162:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
4076:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
3992:, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press,
3971:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. xxi–xxii,
3969:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1:The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800
3949:
Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669
2233:
2037:
1770:
977:
729:
624:, was chosen to reflect the new political situation after his mother
488:
217:
in 1644. The Qing dynasty collapsed when the imperial clan (surnamed
4164:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–229,
3683:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
1916:
1389:
5452:
5197:
5144:
5086:
4962:
4937:
4038:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–82,
3730:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119,
1519:
418:, but his legitimacy was questioned for years after his accession.
403:
198:
5437:
4015:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–72,
3989:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
2729:
984:
653:
411:
379:
307:
236:
206:
177:
3928:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press,
3685:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press,
3238:
3918:(Ph.D. thesis). Department of History, Kansas State University.
1502:
853:
839:
720:
543:
484:
272:
190:
2770:
5161:
4720:
3554:
3552:
2931:
462:, a half-brother of Empress Dowager Cixi's late husband, the
442:, in 1799, but only read his testament shortly before dying.
4146:, Cambridge, MA; London, England: Harvard University Press,
3640:, Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 23–66,
5331:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
4820:
4144:
Passage to Power: Kang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661–1722
3505:
3503:
3501:
3336:
3334:
3226:
2841:
2624:
2077:
1632:
858:
573:
547:
467:
132:
85:
77:
3549:
3488:
3486:
3273:
3271:
3269:
1902:
power remained under his control until his death in 1799.
783:
572:
reversed many of the Shunzhi Emperor's own policies. The "
3852:
K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule, 1661–1684
3098:
3083:, pp. 47–48 (imperial funeral, "Righteous Emperor").
318:(r. 1661–1722) was the longest, though his grandson, the
3539:
3537:
3498:
3471:
3459:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3389:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3214:
3202:
3156:
3154:
3034:
2991:
2989:
2987:
3600:
3576:
3483:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3266:
3190:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2958:
1627:
From 1662 to 1669, political power lay in the hands of
671:
explains that Hong Taiji's first era name Tiancong 天聰 (
524:
3058:
2943:
2895:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2462:
Court officials initially chose to use the reign name
942:
3564:
3534:
3401:
3377:
3346:
3166:
3151:
3046:
2984:
2036:), but the first character was altered to the nearly
310:
and re-enthronement as Emperor of China in 1644, the
3612:
3418:
3178:
3001:
2955:
2907:
2219:'cotton') would have been too inconvenient.
5336:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
3952:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,
3856:, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,
3531:), chapter 5, p. 163 of the Zhonghua shuju edition.
3139:
3086:
2866:
2478:before the beginning of the following New Year, so
3849:
3659:
3588:
4117:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center,
4098:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center,
3916:in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724
2063:; 'forever' was considered inconvenient.
1222:
1215:
1212:
935:
723:books to replace this very common character with
434:, who himself selected his 15th son Yongyan, the
366:Unlike the Ming emperors, who named their eldest
221:) abdicated in February 1912, a few months after
5592:
473:
350:, represents the passing of the throne from the
2919:
2474:), but they changed their minds and settled on
503:(Yi Huangdi 義皇帝, "Righteous Emperor"), and his
4736:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1367:Hong Taiji declared a change of era name from
799:After their deaths, the emperors were given a
5156:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
5127:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4195:
3666:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2692:
2675:
2658:
2629:
2588:
2571:
2554:
2537:
2508:
2446:
2429:
2412:
2395:
2366:
2325:
2308:
2291:
2274:
2245:
2169:
2152:
2135:
2118:
2089:
2008:
1991:
1974:
1957:
1928:
1864:
1845:
1828:
1811:
1782:
1741:
1724:
1707:
1690:
1661:
1611:
1594:
1577:
1560:
1531:
1481:
1464:
1447:
1430:
1401:
1351:
1334:
1315:
1298:
1269:
1174:
1157:
1128:
1069:
1052:
1035:
1018:
989:
683:"—or its Manchu version "Hūwaliyasun tob"—as
354:(left) to his son Hongli (right), the future
41:
3699:
3024:
1097:
864:
3754:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2214:
807:under which they would be worshiped at the
4202:
4188:
3721:
3129:
3104:
3079:, p. 217 (Chengzong and Yi huangdi);
1111:
1102:), but this was changed to Gaodi in 1662.
972:
945:
334:from other branches of the imperial clan.
4816:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
4136:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
4112:
4090:
3905:
3888:
3558:
3509:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3395:
3340:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
2740:as ruling emperor for part of July 1917.
787:Qing emperors worshiped their ancestors'
4665:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3966:
3926:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
3827:United States Government Printing Office
3787:United States Government Printing Office
3680:
3654:
3582:
3492:
3277:
3260:
3031:, p. 346 (rest of the information).
2724:, and the provisional government of the
782:
609:
600:
341:
247:in 1616 in reference to the Jurchen-led
5272:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
4209:
4066:
4006:
3870:
3847:
3744:
3570:
3256:
3125:
3121:
3064:
3052:
2889:
287:" by their Turkic Muslim subjects when
14:
5593:
4131:
4029:
3985:
3923:
3635:
3618:
3606:
3543:
3429:
3412:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3172:
3160:
3133:
3040:
3028:
2995:
2966:
2949:
2913:
2901:
2877:
2860:
5570:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
4811:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
4183:
4159:
4052:
3942:
3871:Lu, Zhengheng; Huang, Yinong (2023).
3808:
3768:
3594:
3196:
3184:
3145:
3117:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3012:
2978:
1228:
1225:
1209:
1186:
948:
932:
929:
4791:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3822:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
3782:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2732:allowed Puyi to retain his title of
773:
18:List of Emperors of the Qing Dynasty
5539:History of Qing (People's Republic)
3812:"Hsiao-ch'in Hsien Huang-hou"
892:
869:After death emperors were given an
24:
5256:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4625:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4618:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
4498:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4322:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
4141:
2937:
2925:
1243:
963:
449:died heirless in 1875, his mother
229:that led to the foundation of the
90:2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912
25:
5627:
5545:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
5386:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
5261:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
4413:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
4034:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
4011:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
3906:Marinescu, Jocelyn M. N. (2008).
3726:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.),
3521:This posthumous title appears in
1631:, the most powerful of which was
487:(1612–1650) and Nurhaci's nephew
402:The Shunzhi Emperor, who died of
5356:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4672:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4428:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2616:
2608:33 years and 264 days
2495:
2353:
2345:11 years and 167 days
2232:
2224:29 years and 147 days
2076:
2068:24 years and 207 days
1915:
1907:60 years and 115 days
1769:
1761:12 years and 286 days
1648:
1640:61 years and 319 days
1518:
1510:17 years and 121 days
1388:
1256:
1115:
1107:10 years and 226 days
976:
702:
586:a coup that ousted eight regents
532:
523:
514:
346:"Spring's Peaceful Message", by
283:by the Mongol subjects, and as "
255:(1592–1643) renamed his people "
76:
58:
4403:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
4289:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3910:Lettres édifiantes et curieuses
3515:
3110:
2487:13 years and 63 days
1380:7 years and 227 days
1198:9 years and 111 days
852:Beijing in 1644, Prince Regent
727:元 in all their books. Even the
660:(r. 1626–1643), whose name was
614:The young Zaichun ruled as the
5057:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
4347:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3681:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1999),
3628:
2759:3 years and 73 days
2059:
2045:
1894:
844:
835:
827:
778:
289:Qing rule extended to Xinjiang
13:
1:
5491:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
5266:Islam during the Qing dynasty
5122:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
4806:Provincial military commander
4796:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4781:Imperial Household Department
4608:Preparative Constitutionalism
4312:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4115:Chinese History: A New Manual
3877:Journal of Chinese Humanities
3848:Kessler, Lawrence D. (1976),
3839:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3799:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2847:
474:Regents and empresses dowager
337:
5606:Emperors of the Qing dynasty
5250:Researches on Manchu Origins
4655:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
4265:Transition from Ming to Qing
4255:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
4113:Wilkinson, Endymion (2012),
4091:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000),
4030:Spence, Jonathan D. (2002),
4009:"State Building Before 1644"
2940:, pp. 118–20 and 154–5.
733:, a Daoist classic, and the
554:(r. 1861–1889 and 1898–1908)
65:Standard of the Qing Emperor
7:
5150:Changzhou School of Thought
4660:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4635:Railway Protection Movement
4613:1909 Parliamentary election
4598:British expedition to Tibet
4508:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
4468:Self-Strengthening Movement
4443:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
4007:Roth Li, Gertraude (2002),
2820:
2765:
743:, had to be reprinted with
605:
10:
5632:
5550:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4438:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
4377:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
4367:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
4337:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3986:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998),
3722:Dennerline, Jerry (2002),
1501:political power was under
896:
871:honorific posthumous title
736:Thousand Character Classic
501:honorific posthumous title
5611:Lists of leaders of China
5601:Lists of Chinese monarchs
5560:Names of the Qing dynasty
5503:
5471:
5428:
5421:
5290:
5208:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
5135:
5067:
4988:
4893:
4689:
4580:
4538:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4533:Gongche Shangshu movement
4478:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
4390:
4327:Chinese Rites controversy
4297:
4227:
4218:
4093:Chinese History: A Manual
3890:10.1163/23521341-12340146
2758:
2709:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2589:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2471:
2461:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2292:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2210:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2054:
2040:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1626:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1496:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1366:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1231:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1158:
1152:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1019:
1013:
990:
982:
975:
951:
899:Qing emperors family tree
865:Honorific posthumous name
809:Imperial Ancestral Temple
793:Imperial Ancestral Temple
648:" (r. 1735–1795) or the "
493:Huang shufu shezheng wang
458:; 1871–1908), the son of
454:emperor was Zaitian (the
269:Imperial Ancestral Temple
239:(1559–1626), khan of the
165:
155:
145:
128:
118:
113:His Imperial Majesty (陛下)
108:
103:
99:
95:
75:
71:
57:
50:
42:
39:
31:
5481:Great Qing Treasure Note
5301:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
5011:Administrative divisions
4828:Administrative divisions
4756:Flag of the Qing dynasty
4132:Wright, Mary C. (1957),
3809:Fang, Chao-ying (1943).
3769:Fang, Chao-ying (1943).
2832:Qing dynasty family tree
2197:), but he changed it to
2053:on the common character
195:imperial Chinese dynasty
5616:Lists of Chinese people
5077:Chengde Mountain Resort
4878:Three Eastern Provinces
4528:First Sino-Japanese War
4503:Northern Chinese Famine
4362:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
4260:Qing invasion of Joseon
4055:Central Asiatic Journal
3247:, pp. 182 and 512.
3120:, pp. 62–63 and 205–7;
1295:Aisin-Gioro Huang Taiji
1154:Aisin-Gioro Huang Taiji
1098:
5458:Great Qing Copper Coin
5346:Convention of Tientsin
5279:Annotated Bibliography
5227:Qing official headwear
4270:Battle of Shanhai Pass
4095:(Revised and Enlarged)
3924:Naquin, Susan (2000),
2718:Empress Dowager Longyu
2716:signed by Puyi's aunt
796:
629:
499:(Chengzong 成宗) and an
363:
5532:Draft History of Qing
5391:Treaty of Shimonoseki
5172:performance criticism
4776:Imperial Commissioner
4766:Great Qing Legal Code
4565:Eight-Nation Alliance
4548:Third plague pandemic
4458:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
4382:White Lotus Rebellion
4032:"The K'ang-hsi Reign"
3817:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3777:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
3724:"The Shun-chih Reign"
3656:Crossley, Pamela Kyle
3524:Draft History of Qing
1205:Emperors of the Qing
786:
613:
601:Multiple appellations
591:Empress Dowager Ci'an
387:1626, a committee of
345:
291:in the 18th century.
5463:Great Qing Gold Coin
5396:Treaty of Tarbagatai
5341:Convention of Peking
5221:Pentaglot Dictionary
5203:Literary inquisition
4913:Ever Victorious Army
4746:Deliberative Council
4650:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4603:1905 Batang uprising
4543:Hundred Days' Reform
4433:Small Swords Society
2738:temporarily restored
2115:Aisin-Gioro Mianning
626:Empress Dowager Cixi
595:Hundred Days' Reform
552:Empress Dowager Cixi
550:(r. 1661–1669), and
451:Empress Dowager Cixi
348:Giuseppe Castiglione
332:Empress Dowager Cixi
271:in the Qing capital
205:, but only captured
5516:Anti-Qing sentiment
5366:Treaty of the Bogue
5306:Treaty of Nerchinsk
5238:Complete Tang Poems
4918:Green Standard Army
4801:Provincial governor
4771:Imperial Clan Court
4751:Diplomatic missions
4726:Consultative Bureau
4473:Tongzhi Restoration
4352:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4332:Ten Great Campaigns
4240:Jurchen unification
3829:. pp. 295–300.
3789:. pp. 215–219.
3571:Lu & Huang 2023
3132:, p. 119; and
2534:Aisin-Gioro Zaitian
2392:Aisin-Gioro Zaichun
1954:Aisin-Gioro Yongyan
1687:Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen
1497:From 1643 to 1650,
1206:
1015:Aisin-Gioro Nurhaci
926:
824:traditional Chinese
422:the rafters of the
223:a military uprising
5401:Treaty of Tientsin
5112:Western Qing tombs
5107:Eastern Qing tombs
4933:Peking Field Force
4677:Manchu Restoration
4570:Declaration of war
4523:Jindandao incident
4342:Lhasa riot of 1750
4142:Wu, Silas (1979),
3701:de Crespigny, Rafe
3374:, pp. 110–11.
3235:, pp. 513–14.
3199:, pp. 298–99.
3043:, pp. 96–103.
2981:, pp. 185–86.
2827:Dynasties of China
2707:Nephew of Guangxu
2601:Cousin of Tongzhi
2185:His name had been
1808:Aisin-Gioro Hongli
1557:Aisin-Gioro Xuanye
1494:Son of Hong Taiji
1364:(Founder of Qing)
1204:
924:
832:simplified Chinese
797:
677:wesihun erdemungge
630:
364:
209:and succeeded the
189:(1644–1912) was a
119:First monarch
5588:
5587:
5499:
5498:
5411:Treaty of Whampoa
5406:Treaty of Wanghia
5381:Treaty of Nanking
5351:Li–Lobanov Treaty
5326:Chefoo Convention
5321:Burlingame Treaty
5192:Kangxi Dictionary
5097:Old Summer Palace
4928:Firearm Battalion
4731:Cup of Solid Gold
4685:
4684:
4630:Manchurian plague
4593:Late Qing reforms
4584:(1901–1912)
4518:Sikkim expedition
4448:Panthay Rebellion
4418:Taiping Rebellion
4394:(1801–1900)
4372:Sino-Nepalese War
4317:Dzungar–Qing Wars
4303:(1683–1799)
4231:(1616–1683)
4124:978-0-674-06715-8
4087:. In two volumes.
4068:Wakeman, Frederic
3835:cite encyclopedia
3795:cite encyclopedia
3714:978-90-04-15605-0
3707:, Leiden: Brill,
3638:Transgender China
3609:, pp. 17–18.
3561:, pp. 806–7.
3025:de Crespigny 2007
2904:, pp. 98–99.
2763:
2762:
2726:Republic of China
2271:Aisin-Gioro Yizhu
2217:
1982:Saicungga fengšen
1877:Son of Yongzheng
1657:Yongzheng Emperor
1427:Aisin-Gioro Fulin
1202:
1201:
925:Khans of the Jin
819:Veritable Records
774:Posthumous titles
621:Book of Documents
570:nativist measures
416:Yongzheng Emperor
391:princes selected
352:Yongzheng Emperor
267:) and founded an
245:Later Jin dynasty
231:Republic of China
227:Xinhai Revolution
183:
182:
129:Last monarch
16:(Redirected from
5623:
5565:New Qing History
5448:Qianlong Tongbao
5426:
5425:
5371:Treaty of Canton
5311:Unequal treaties
5117:Fuling Mausoleum
4716:Advisory Council
4645:Wuchang Uprising
4585:
4488:Tianjin Massacre
4453:Second Opium War
4395:
4357:Sino-Burmese War
4304:
4282:Battle of Penghu
4250:Seven Grievances
4232:
4225:
4224:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4156:
4137:
4127:
4108:
4086:
4062:
4048:
4025:
4002:
3981:
3962:
3944:Oxnam, Robert B.
3938:
3919:
3902:
3892:
3866:
3855:
3844:
3838:
3830:
3814:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3774:
3764:
3746:Elliott, Mark C.
3740:
3717:
3695:
3676:
3665:
3650:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3532:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3264:
3259:, p. xii ;
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3128:, p. 1015;
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2953:
2952:, p. 101–2.
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2892:, pp. 51–2.
2887:
2881:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2753:
2747:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2655:Aisin-Gioro Puyi
2649:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2625:Xuantong Emperor
2620:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2482:was never used.
2473:
2459:Son of Xianfeng
2455:
2450:
2449:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2338:Son of Daoguang
2334:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2299:Gubci elgiyengge
2295:
2294:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:Xianfeng Emperor
2236:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2196:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2085:Daoguang Emperor
2080:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2021:Son of Qianlong
2017:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1919:
1896:
1891:
1886:Emperor Emeritus
1873:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:Qianlong Emperor
1773:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1245:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1119:
1101:
1091:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
980:
965:
940:
927:
923:
915:Chinese calendar
893:List of emperors
846:
837:
829:
764:Daoguang Emperor
739:, a widely used
646:Qianlong Emperor
638:Chinese New Year
582:empress dowagers
546:(r. 1643–1650),
536:
527:
518:
464:Xianfeng Emperor
440:Daoguang Emperor
432:Qianlong Emperor
356:Qianlong Emperor
320:Qianlong Emperor
225:had started the
160:12 February 1912
133:Xuantong Emperor
86:Xuantong Emperor
80:
62:
46:
45:
44:
35:
29:
28:
21:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5580:Willow Palisade
5526:Chuang Guandong
5495:
5467:
5417:
5376:Treaty of Kulja
5361:Treaty of Aigun
5294:
5286:
5185:History of Ming
5137:
5131:
5069:
5063:
4989:Special regions
4984:
4923:Imperial Guards
4889:
4681:
4640:1911 Revolution
4586:
4583:
4576:
4553:Boxer Rebellion
4513:Sino-French War
4463:Amur Annexation
4408:First Opium War
4396:
4393:
4386:
4305:
4302:
4293:
4277:Great Clearance
4233:
4230:
4214:
4208:
4178:
4172:
4154:
4125:
4106:
4084:
4046:
4023:
4000:
3979:
3960:
3936:
3864:
3832:
3831:
3792:
3791:
3762:
3738:
3715:
3693:
3674:
3648:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3347:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3130:Dennerline 2002
3115:
3111:
3105:Dennerline 2002
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2823:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2785:
2768:
2751:
2745:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2562:Badarangga doro
2561:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2504:Guangxu Emperor
2453:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2420:Yooningga dasan
2419:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2362:Tongzhi Emperor
2332:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2182:Son of Jiaqing
2176:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2015:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1924:Jiaqing Emperor
1871:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1715:Hūwaliyasun tob
1714:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1397:Shunzhi Emperor
1358:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1218:
1217:
1190:Son of Nurhaci
1181:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
994:
988:
938:
937:
901:
895:
867:
781:
776:
756:Jiaqing Emperor
705:
695:, that is, the
685:Concordia Recta
669:Pamela Crossley
650:Guangxu Emperor
616:Tongzhi Emperor
608:
603:
562:four co-regents
558:
557:
556:
555:
539:
538:
537:
529:
528:
520:
519:
476:
456:Guangxu Emperor
447:Tongzhi Emperor
436:Jiaqing Emperor
424:Qianqing Palace
397:Shunzhi Emperor
378:. When in 1622
340:
328:Tongzhi Emperor
324:Jiaqing Emperor
312:Shunzhi Emperor
203:Northeast China
201:in what is now
172:
123:Chongde Emperor
91:
89:
84:
67:
53:
40:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Kangxi Tongbao
5440:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Boxer Protocol
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Forbidden City
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5045:General of Ili
5042:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5028:List of ambans
5025:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4493:Margary Affair
4490:
4485:
4483:Mudan incident
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Nian Rebellion
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4157:
4152:
4139:
4129:
4123:
4110:
4104:
4088:
4082:
4064:
4050:
4044:
4027:
4021:
4004:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3964:
3958:
3940:
3934:
3921:
3903:
3868:
3862:
3845:
3806:
3772:"Dorgon"
3766:
3760:
3742:
3736:
3719:
3713:
3697:
3691:
3678:
3672:
3652:
3647:978-0230340626
3646:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3585:, p. 208.
3575:
3563:
3559:Wilkinson 2012
3548:
3546:, p. 303.
3533:
3514:
3512:, p. 806.
3510:Wilkinson 2012
3497:
3495:, p. 138.
3482:
3480:, p. 807.
3478:Wilkinson 2012
3470:
3468:, p. 270.
3466:Wilkinson 2012
3458:
3454:Wilkinson 2012
3446:
3442:Wilkinson 2012
3434:
3417:
3415:, p. 208.
3400:
3398:, p. 146.
3396:Wilkinson 2012
3388:
3386:, p. 111.
3376:
3364:
3362:, p. 110.
3345:
3343:, p. 274.
3341:Wilkinson 2012
3330:
3328:, p. 110.
3326:Wilkinson 2000
3318:
3316:, p. 276.
3314:Wilkinson 2012
3306:
3304:, p. 514.
3302:Wilkinson 2012
3294:
3292:, p. 152.
3290:Marinescu 2008
3282:
3280:, p. 137.
3265:
3249:
3245:Wilkinson 2012
3237:
3233:Wilkinson 2012
3225:
3223:, p. 512.
3221:Wilkinson 2012
3213:
3211:, p. 515.
3209:Wilkinson 2012
3201:
3189:
3187:, p. 298.
3177:
3175:, p. 346.
3165:
3163:, p. 133.
3150:
3138:
3136:, p. 126.
3124:, p. 20;
3109:
3107:, p. 118.
3097:
3085:
3069:
3067:, p. 861.
3057:
3045:
3033:
3017:
3015:, p. 297.
3000:
2998:, p. 103.
2983:
2971:
2969:, p. 102.
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2916:, p. 125.
2906:
2894:
2882:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2708:
2705:
2697:
2686:
2669:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2582:
2565:
2548:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2460:
2457:
2440:
2423:
2406:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2319:
2302:
2285:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2183:
2180:
2163:
2146:
2129:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2022:
2019:
2002:
1985:
1968:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:Tàishàng Huáng
1878:
1875:
1858:
1839:
1836:Abkai wehiyehe
1822:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:Son of Kangxi
1752:
1735:
1718:
1701:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1624:Son of Shunzi
1622:
1605:
1588:
1571:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1527:Kangxi Emperor
1523:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1441:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1362:
1345:
1328:
1309:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1168:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1043:Abkai fulingga
1029:
1012:
1005:
998:
981:
974:
970:
969:
966:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
934:
931:
910:lunisolar year
894:
891:
866:
863:
813:spirit tablets
805:honorific name
789:spirit tablets
780:
777:
775:
772:
704:
701:
607:
604:
602:
599:
566:Kangxi Emperor
541:
540:
531:
530:
522:
521:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
475:
472:
428:Forbidden City
408:Kangxi Emperor
339:
336:
316:Kangxi Emperor
285:Chinese khagan
243:, founded the
181:
180:
174:Forbidden City
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
63:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
37:
36:
34:the Great Qing
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5628:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Manchu people
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Canton System
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:Hubu Guanpiao
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:Society &
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Summer Palace
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Mukden Palace
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:Palaces &
5066:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Eight Banners
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Grand Council
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4581:20th century
4579:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4391:19th century
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4173:
4171:0-521-24334-3
4167:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4153:0-674-65625-3
4149:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4105:0-674-00249-0
4101:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4083:0-520-04804-0
4079:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:(3–4): 296–99
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4045:0-521-24334-3
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4022:0-521-24334-3
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:0-520-22837-5
3995:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3978:0-521-24334-3
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3959:0-226-64244-5
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3935:0-520-21991-0
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3863:0-226-43203-3
3859:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3761:0-8047-4684-2
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:0-521-24334-3
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:0-520-21566-4
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3673:0-691-05583-1
3669:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3621:, p. 52.
3620:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3583:Crossley 1990
3579:
3573:, p. 97.
3572:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3493:Crossley 1999
3489:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3432:, p. 74.
3431:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3278:Crossley 1999
3274:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:Peterson 2002
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3148:, p. 48.
3147:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3095:, p. 75.
3094:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3055:, p. 71.
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2928:, p. 31.
2927:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2880:, p. 98.
2879:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Son of Heaven
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2690:
2685:
2683:Gehungge yoso
2673:
2668:
2656:
2646:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2547:
2535:
2525:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2444:
2439:
2427:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2393:
2383:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2306:
2301:
2289:
2284:
2272:
2262:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2167:
2162:
2150:
2145:
2143:Doro eldengge
2133:
2128:
2116:
2106:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1984:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1945:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:'). However,
1897:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1857:
1843:
1838:
1826:
1821:
1809:
1799:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1739:
1734:
1722:
1717:
1705:
1700:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1609:
1604:
1592:
1587:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1548:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1479:
1474:
1462:
1457:
1455:Ijishūn dasan
1445:
1440:
1428:
1418:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1349:
1344:
1332:
1327:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1286:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1062:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1028:
1016:
1006:
999:
987:
986:
979:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:
955:
928:
922:
918:
916:
911:
907:
900:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
860:
855:
849:
847:
841:
833:
825:
821:
820:
814:
810:
806:
802:
794:
790:
785:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:Personal name
700:
698:
694:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
639:
635:
632:An emperor's
627:
623:
622:
617:
612:
598:
596:
592:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
549:
545:
535:
526:
517:
508:
506:
505:spirit tablet
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
377:
376:primogeniture
373:
372:heir apparent
369:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
179:
175:
171:
170:Mukden Palace
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
88:
87:
83:Last to reign
79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
56:
49:
38:
30:
27:
19:
5575:Treaty ports
5537:
5530:
5504:Other topics
5277:
5270:
5248:
5236:
5219:
5214:Peiwen Yunfu
5212:
5190:
5183:
5154:
4903:Beiyang Army
4885:Zongli Yamen
4741:Da-Qing Bank
4703:
4558:Red Lanterns
4211:Qing dynasty
4161:
4143:
4133:
4114:
4096:
4092:
4072:
4058:
4054:
4035:
4012:
3988:
3968:
3948:
3925:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3883:(1): 77–99.
3880:
3876:
3851:
3820:
3780:
3750:
3727:
3704:
3682:
3661:
3637:
3614:
3602:
3597:, p. ?.
3590:
3578:
3566:
3528:
3522:
3517:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3257:Elliott 2001
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3141:
3126:Wakeman 1985
3122:Kessler 1976
3112:
3100:
3088:
3072:
3065:Wakeman 1985
3060:
3053:Roth Li 2002
3048:
3036:
3020:
2974:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2890:Roth Li 2002
2885:
2856:
2789:
2788:
2733:
2711:
2702:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2671:
2664:
2654:
2623:
2594:
2584:
2577:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2533:
2502:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2452:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2360:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2239:
2202:
2198:
2186:
2175:
2165:
2158:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2124:
2114:
2083:
2058:
2051:naming taboo
2044:
2029:
2025:
2014:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1922:
1899:
1893:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1807:
1776:
1747:
1737:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1655:
1629:four regents
1617:
1607:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1525:
1498:
1487:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1436:
1426:
1395:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1347:
1342:Genggiyen su
1340:
1330:
1321:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1288:21 September
1263:
1180:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1122:
1083:
1082:(Founder of
1075:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1041:
1031:
1024:
1014:
1008:30 September
983:
919:
902:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
850:
843:
817:
798:
759:
753:
748:
744:
734:
728:
724:
708:
706:
689:
684:
676:
672:
666:
643:
631:
619:
578:
559:
492:
477:
444:
420:
401:
365:
293:
264:
235:
215:China proper
211:Ming dynasty
187:Qing dynasty
184:
137:
82:
26:
5511:Aisin Gioro
5473:Paper money
5232:Qing poetry
4953:Wuwei Corps
4948:Shuishiying
4709:Family tree
3629:Works cited
3619:Chiang 2012
3607:Wright 1957
3544:Rawski 1998
3529:Qingshi Gao
3430:Rawski 1998
3413:Rawski 1998
3384:Rawski 1998
3372:Rawski 1998
3360:Rawski 1998
3173:Naquin 2000
3161:Spence 2002
3134:Spence 2002
3041:Rawski 1998
3029:Naquin 2000
2996:Rawski 1998
2967:Rawski 1998
2950:Rawski 1998
2914:Spence 2002
2902:Rawski 1998
2878:Rawski 1998
2861:Rawski 1998
2722:Yuan Shikai
2648:12 February
2636:(1906–1967)
2527:14 November
2520:25 February
2515:(1871–1908)
2378:11 November
2373:(1856–1875)
2252:(1831–1861)
2177:Siowandzung
2108:26 February
2096:(1782–1850)
2038:homophonous
1947:2 September
1935:(1760–1820)
1882:grandfather
1789:(1711–1799)
1732:Temgetulehe
1673:27 December
1668:(1678–1735)
1585:Elhe taifin
1550:20 December
1538:(1654–1722)
1413:30 October
1408:(1638–1661)
1276:(1592–1643)
1229:Succession
1135:(1592–1643)
1084:Later Jin)
1001:17 February
996:(1559–1626)
949:Succession
887:wén huángdì
885:; Ch.: 文皇帝
883:šu hūwangdi
879:gāo huángdì
801:temple name
779:Temple name
768:Aisin Gioro
747:instead of
691:names were
497:temple name
480:Han dynasty
470:, in 1908.
460:Prince Chun
426:inside the
277:temple name
249:Jin dynasty
219:Aisin Gioro
32:Emperor of
5595:Categories
5179:Four Wangs
5070:mausoleums
5023:Golden Urn
4996:Inner Asia
4973:Xiang Army
4943:Hushenying
4868:Liangguang
4848:Liangjiang
4786:Lifan Yuan
4691:Government
3595:Stary 1984
3197:Fang 1943b
3185:Fang 1943b
3146:Oxnam 1975
3118:Oxnam 1975
3093:Oxnam 1975
3081:Oxnam 1975
3077:Fang 1943a
3013:Fang 1943b
2979:Zelin 2002
2848:References
2641:2 December
2579:Ambalinggū
2545:Dzai tiyan
2385:12 January
1940:9 February
1853:Yongkiyaha
1801:9 February
1794:18 October
1568:Hiowan yei
1543:5 February
1420:5 February
1325:erdemungge
1306:Hong taiji
1265:Hong Taiji
1219:(Lifespan)
1182:Abkai sure
1165:Hong taiji
1140:20 October
1124:Hong Taiji
939:(Lifespan)
897:See also:
875:wǔ huángdì
697:characters
673:abkai sure
658:Hong Taiji
393:Hong Taiji
368:legitimate
360:succession
338:Succession
281:Bogda Khan
253:Hong Taiji
5001:Manchuria
4968:Huai Army
4958:Yong Ying
4843:Shaan-Gan
4299:High Qing
4245:Later Jin
3914:Ruijianlu
3899:2352-1333
2264:22 August
2101:3 October
1999:Sunggiyen
1872:G'aodzung
1704:Yongzheng
1680:8 October
1472:Eldembuhe
1237:Personal
1213:Portrait
1020:愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊
957:Personal
933:Portrait
811:. On the
730:Daodejing
681:Yongzheng
489:Jirgalang
445:When the
166:Residence
156:Abolition
146:Formation
5453:Hongqian
5422:Currency
5292:Treaties
5198:Kaozheng
5145:Booi Aha
5087:Hetu Ala
5040:Timeline
5035:Xinjiang
5006:Mongolia
4963:Chu Army
4938:New Army
4895:Military
4833:Viceroys
4070:(1985),
3946:(1975),
3748:(2001),
3703:(2007),
3658:(1990),
2821:See also
2816:monarchs
2812:denotes
2804:monarchs
2800:denotes
2766:Timeline
2700:Gongzong
2672:Xuantong
2437:Filingga
2403:Dzai šun
2333:Wendzung
2288:Xianfeng
2187:Mianning
2166:Xuanzong
2132:Daoguang
2126:Min ning
2026:de facto
2016:Žindzung
1965:Yong yan
1900:de facto
1855:hūwangdi
1825:Qianlong
1499:de facto
1369:Tiancong
1359:Taidzung
1300:愛新覺羅·皇太极
1171:Tiancong
1159:愛新覺羅·皇太極
1099:Horonggo
1032:Tianming
906:New Year
717:Buddhist
713:printers
634:era name
606:Era name
404:smallpox
241:Jurchens
199:Shenyang
52:Imperial
5438:Zhiqian
5430:Coinage
5167:Economy
5138:culture
4873:Yun-Gui
4863:Min-Zhe
4858:Sichuan
4853:Huguang
4699:Emperor
4220:History
3819:(ed.).
3779:(ed.).
2938:Wu 1979
2926:Wu 1979
2790:Legend:
2752:12 July
2734:emperor
2730:Nanking
2660:愛新覺羅·溥儀
2596:Dedzung
2551:Guangxu
2539:愛新覺羅·載湉
2480:Qixiang
2476:Tongzhi
2468:Chinese
2464:Qixiang
2454:Mudzung
2409:Tongzhi
2397:愛新覺羅·載淳
2322:Wenzong
2276:愛新覺羅·奕詝
2257:9 March
2207:Chinese
2199:Minning
2191:Chinese
2160:Šanggan
2149:Chengdi
2120:愛新覺羅·旻寧
2049:, as a
2030:Yongyan
2005:Renzong
1971:Jiaqing
1959:愛新覺羅·顒琰
1861:Gaozong
1819:Hung li
1813:愛新覺羅·弘曆
1749:Šidzung
1738:Shizong
1692:愛新覺羅·胤禛
1619:Šengdzu
1608:Shengzu
1562:愛新覺羅·玄燁
1461:Zhangdi
1444:Shunzhi
1432:愛新覺羅·福臨
1373:Chongde
1348:Taizong
1323:Wesihun
1312:Chongde
1248:Temple
1216:Emperor
1026:Nurgaci
985:Nurhaci
968:Temple
936:Emperor
803:and an
791:in the
662:a title
654:Nurhaci
412:Yinreng
380:Nurhaci
308:Beijing
265:huangdi
261:emperor
237:Nurhaci
207:Beijing
178:Beijing
138:De jure
104:Details
5052:Taiwan
4228:Early
4213:topics
4168:
4150:
4121:
4102:
4080:
4042:
4019:
3996:
3975:
3956:
3932:
3912:&
3897:
3860:
3758:
3734:
3711:
3689:
3670:
3644:
2797:Orange
2746:1 July
2585:Dezong
2568:Jingdi
2470::
2443:Muzong
2305:Xiandi
2209::
2193::
1842:Chundi
1721:Xiandi
1698:In jen
1574:Kangxi
1503:Dorgon
1281:15 May
1232:Notes
1226:Names
1223:Reign
1147:15 May
1094:Manchu
1077:Taidzu
952:Notes
946:Names
943:Reign
854:Dorgon
842::
840:pinyin
834::
826::
741:primer
721:Daoist
544:Dorgon
485:Dorgon
389:Manchu
302:, and
273:Mukden
257:Manchu
191:Manchu
5244:Queue
5162:Dibao
5018:Tibet
4838:Zhili
4721:Amban
3815:. In
3775:. In
2754:1917
2748:1917
2689:Mindi
2651:1912
2644:1908
2530:1908
2523:1875
2388:1875
2381:1861
2316:Iletu
2267:1861
2260:1850
2111:1850
2104:1820
1988:Ruidi
1950:1820
1943:1796
1804:1796
1797:1735
1683:1735
1676:1722
1602:Gosin
1591:Rendi
1553:1722
1546:1661
1489:Šidzu
1478:Shizu
1438:Fulin
1423:1661
1416:1644
1331:Wendi
1291:1643
1284:1636
1244:Post.
1150:1636
1143:1626
1066:Taizu
1060:Dergi
1049:Gaodi
1011:1626
1004:1616
964:Post.
845:Shílù
693:taboo
193:-led
109:Style
4980:Navy
4821:Ejen
4704:List
4166:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4119:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4078:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3994:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3954:ISBN
3930:ISBN
3895:ISSN
3858:ISBN
3841:link
3801:link
3756:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3642:ISBN
2842:Ejen
2814:Qing
2809:Pink
2710:The
2666:Pu I
2426:Yidi
2282:I ju
2216:lit.
2203:Mian
2060:yǒng
2046:yóng
1633:Oboi
1240:Era
991:努爾哈赤
960:Era
859:Puyi
760:yong
749:xuan
745:yuan
725:yuan
719:and
709:xuan
574:Oboi
548:Oboi
468:Puyi
384:khan
370:son
304:Song
300:Tang
185:The
150:1636
43:大清皇帝
3885:doi
2802:Jin
2728:in
2703:恭宗
2631:宣統帝
2613:11
2510:光緒帝
2492:10
2368:同治帝
2247:咸豐帝
2091:道光帝
1930:嘉慶帝
1890:太上皇
1784:乾隆帝
1663:雍正帝
1533:康熙帝
1403:順治帝
1371:to
1271:皇太极
1130:皇太極
715:of
296:Han
263:" (
213:in
5597::
4059:28
4057:,
3893:.
3879:.
3875:.
3837:}}
3833:{{
3825:.
3797:}}
3793:{{
3785:.
3551:^
3536:^
3500:^
3485:^
3420:^
3403:^
3348:^
3333:^
3268:^
3153:^
3003:^
2986:^
2957:^
2868:^
2720:,
2694:愍帝
2677:宣統
2590:德宗
2573:景帝
2556:光緒
2472:祺祥
2448:穆宗
2431:毅帝
2414:同治
2350:9
2327:文宗
2310:顯帝
2293:咸豐
2229:8
2213:;
2195:綿寧
2171:宣宗
2154:成帝
2137:道光
2073:7
2057:;
2043:;
2034:永琰
2010:仁宗
1993:睿帝
1976:嘉慶
1912:6
1892:;
1866:高宗
1847:純帝
1830:乾隆
1766:5
1743:世宗
1726:憲帝
1709:雍正
1645:4
1635:.
1613:聖祖
1596:仁帝
1579:康熙
1515:3
1483:世祖
1466:章帝
1449:順治
1385:2
1353:太宗
1336:文帝
1317:崇德
1253:1
1210:#
1187:-
1176:天聰
1112:2
1096::
1092:,
1090:武帝
1071:太祖
1054:高帝
1037:天命
973:1
930:#
838:;
836:实录
830:;
828:實錄
770:.
687:.
298:,
233:.
176:,
4203:e
4196:t
4189:v
4175:.
4138:.
4128:.
4109:.
4063:.
4049:.
4026:.
4003:.
3982:.
3963:.
3939:.
3920:.
3901:.
3887::
3881:9
3867:.
3843:)
3805:.
3803:)
3765:.
3741:.
3718:.
3696:.
3677:.
3651:.
3527:(
2466:(
2211:綿
2205:(
2189:(
2055:永
2041:顒
2032:(
1888:(
822:(
795:.
362:.
141:)
135:(
20:)
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