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5 kV and is nebulized by a high-velocity coaxial flow of gas at the tip of the capillary, creating a fine spray of charged droplets in front of the entrance to the vacuum chamber. To avoid contamination of the vacuum system by buffers and salts, this capillary is usually perpendicularly located at the inlet of the MS system, in some cases with a counter-current of dry nitrogen in front of the entrance through which ions are directed by the electric field. In some sources, rapid droplet evaporation and thus maximum ion emission is achieved by mixing an additional stream of hot gas with the spray plume in front of the vacuum entrance. In other sources, the droplets are drawn through a heated capillary tube as they enter the vacuum, promoting droplet evaporation and ion emission. These methods of increasing droplet evaporation now allow the use of liquid flow rates of 1 - 2 mL/min to be used while still achieving efficient ionisation and high sensitivity. Thus while the use of 1 – 3 mm microbore columns and lower flow rates of 50 - 200 μl/min was commonly considered necessary for optimum operation, this limitation is no longer as important, and the higher column capacity of larger bore columns can now be advantageously employed with ESI LC–MS systems. Positively and negatively charged ions can be created by switching polarities, and it is possible to acquire alternate positive and negative mode spectra rapidly within the same LC run . While most large molecules (greater than MW 1500–2000) produce multiply charged ions in the ESI source, the majority of smaller molecules produce singly charged ions.
316:(TSP) interface was developed in 1980 by Marvin Vestal and co-workers at the University of Houston. It was commercialized by Vestec and several of the major mass spectrometer manufacturers. The interface resulted from a long-term research project intended to find a LC–MS interface capable of handling high flow rates (1 ml/min) and avoiding the flow split in DLI interfaces. The TSP interface was composed of a heated probe, a desolvation chamber, and an ion focusing skimmer. The LC effluent passed through the heated probe and emerged as a jet of vapor and small droplets flowing into the desolvation chamber at low pressure. Initially operated with a filament or discharge as the source of ions (thereby acting as a CI source for vapourized analyte), it was soon discovered that ions were also observed when the filament or discharge was off. This could be attributed to either direct emission of ions from the liquid droplets as they evaporated in a process related to electrospray ionization or ion evaporation, or to chemical ionization of vapourized analyte molecules from buffer ions (such as ammonium acetate). The fact that multiply-charged ions were observed from some larger analytes suggests that direct analyte ion emission was occurring under at least some conditions. The interface was able to handle up to 2 ml/min of eluate from the LC column and would efficiently introduce it into the MS vacuum system. TSP was also more suitable for LC–MS applications involving
352:) and continuous flow-FAB (CF-FAB) interfaces were developed in 1985 and 1986 respectively. Both interfaces were similar, but they differed in that the first used a porous frit probe as connecting channel, while CF-FAB used a probe tip. From these, the CF-FAB was more successful as a LC–MS interface and was useful to analyze non-volatile and thermally labile compounds. In these interfaces, the LC effluent passed through the frit or CF-FAB channels to form a uniform liquid film at the tip. There, the liquid was bombarded with ion beams or high energy atoms (fast atoms). For stable operation, the FAB based interfaces were able to handle liquid flow rates of only 1–15 μl and were also restricted to microbore and capillary columns. In order to be used in FAB MS ionization sources, the analytes of interest had to be mixed with a matrix (e.g., glycerol) that could be added before or after the separation in the LC column. FAB based interfaces were extensively used to characterize peptides, but lost applicability with the advent of
560:
used to analyze small, neutral, relatively non-polar, and thermally stable molecules (e.g., steroids, lipids, and fat soluble vitamins). These compounds are not well ionized using ESI. In addition, APCI can also handle mobile phase streams containing buffering agents. The liquid from the LC system is pumped through a capillary and there is also nebulization at the tip, where a corona discharge takes place. First, the ionizing gas surrounding the interface and the mobile phase solvent are subject to chemical ionization at the ion source. Later, these ions react with the analyte and transfer their charge. The sample ions then pass through small orifice skimmers by means of or ion-focusing lenses. Once inside the high vacuum region, the ions are subject to mass analysis. This interface can be operated in positive and negative charge modes and singly-charged ions are mainly produced. APCI ion source can also handle flow rates between 500 and 2000 μl/min and it can be directly connected to conventional 4.6 mm ID columns.
285:
diameter) to form a liquid jet composed of small droplets that were subsequently dried in a desolvation chamber. The analytes were ionized using a solvent-assisted chemical ionization source, where the LC solvents acted as reagent gases. To use this interface, it was necessary to split the flow coming out of the LC column because only a small portion of the effluent (10 to 50 μl/min out of 1 ml/min) could be introduced into the source without raising the vacuum pressure of the MS system too high. Alternately, Henion at
Cornell University had success with using micro-bore LC methods so that the entire (low) flow of the LC could be used. One of the main operational problems of the DLI interface was the frequent clogging of the diaphragm orifices. The DLI interface was used between 1982 and 1985 for the analysis of pesticides, corticosteroids, metabolites in horse urine, erythromycin, and vitamin B
300:(PBI), developed by Willoughby and Browner in 1984. Particle beam interfaces took over the wide applications of MBI for LC–MS in 1988. The PBI operated by using a helium gas nebulizer to spray the eluant into the vacuum, drying the droplets and pumping away the solvent vapour (using a jet separator) while the stream of monodisperse dried particles containing the analyte entered the source. Drying the droplets outside of the source volume, and using a jet separator to pump away the solvent vapour, allowed the particles to enter and be vapourized in a low-pressure EI source. As with the MBI, the ability to generate library-searchable EI spectra was a distinct advantage for many applications. Commercialized by
645:) is used to derive the sequences of individual peptides. LC–MS/MS is most commonly used for proteomic analysis of complex samples where peptide masses may overlap even with a high-resolution mass spectrometry. Samples of complex biological (e.g., human serum) may be analyzed in modern LC–MS/MS systems, which can identify over 1000 proteins. However, this high level of protein identification is possible only after separating the sample by means of SDS-PAGE gel or HPLC-SCX. Recently, LC–MS/MS has been applied to search peptide biomarkers. Examples are the recent discovery and validation of peptide biomarkers for four major bacterial respiratory tract pathogens (
435:
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163:(MS). Coupled chromatography – MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of each technique are enhanced synergistically. While liquid chromatography separates mixtures with multiple components, mass spectrometry provides spectral information that may help to identify (or confirm the suspected identity of) each separated component. MS is not only sensitive, but provides selective detection, relieving the need for complete chromatographic separation. LC–MS is also appropriate for
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ionization occurs by using photons coming from a discharge lamp. In the direct-APPI mode, singly charged analyte molecular ions are formed by absorption of a photon and ejection of an electron. In the dopant-APPI mode, an easily ionizable compound (Dopant) is added to the mobile phase or the nebulizing gas to promote a reaction of charge-exchange between the dopant molecular ion and the analyte. The ionized sample is later transferred to the mass analyzer at high vacuum as it passes through small orifice skimmers.
45:
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devices facilitating the transition from samples at higher pressure and in condensed phase (solid or liquid) into a vacuum system has been essential to develop MS as a potent tool for identification and quantification of organic compounds like peptides. MS is now in very common use in analytical laboratories that study physical, chemical, or biological properties of a great variety of compounds. Among the many different kinds of mass analyzers, the ones that find application in LC–MS systems are the
481:. In the case of electrospray ionization, the ion source moves ions that exist in liquid solution into the gas phase. The ion source converts and fragments the neutral sample molecules into gas-phase ions that are sent to the mass analyzer. While the mass analyzer applies the electric and magnetic fields to sort the ions by their masses, the detector measures and amplifies the ion current to calculate the abundances of each mass-resolved ion. In order to generate a
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alternatives were proposed as coupling alternatives. In general, off-line coupling involved fraction collection, evaporation of solvent, and transfer of analytes to the MS using probes. Off-line analyte treatment process was time-consuming and there was an inherent risk of sample contamination. Rapidly, it was realized that the analysis of complex mixtures would require the development of a fully automated on-line coupling solution in LC–MS.
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the solvent vapours under reduced pressure in two vacuum chambers. After the liquid phase was removed, the belt passed over a heater which flash desorbed the analytes into the MS ion source. One of the significant advantages of the MBI was its compatibility with a wide range of chromatographic conditions. MBI was successfully used for LC–MS applications between 1978 and 1990 because it allowed coupling of LC to MS devices using EI, CI, and
400:. Among these, the most widely used variant is the reverse-phase (RP) mode of the partition chromatography technique, which makes use of a nonpolar (hydrophobic) stationary phase and a polar mobile phase. In common applications, the mobile phase is a mixture of water and other polar solvents (e.g., methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile), and the stationary matrix is prepared by attaching long-chain alkyl groups (e.g., n-octadecyl or C
417:
chromatography experiments. Depending on the partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases, the components of the sample will flow out of the column at different times. The column is the most important component of the LC system and is designed to withstand the high pressure of the liquid. Conventional LC columns are 100–300 mm long with outer diameter of 6.4 mm (1/4 inch) and internal diameter of 3.0
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M; Dumont, E; Debyser, G; t'Kindt, R; Sandra, K; Gupta, S; Drouin, N; Harms, A; Hankemeier, T; Jones, DJL; Gupta, P; Lane, D; Lane, CS; El Ouadi, S; Vincendet, JB; Morrice, N; Oehrle, S; Tanna, N; Silvester, S; Hannam, S; Sigloch, FC; Bhangu-Uhlmann, A; Claereboudt, J; Anderson, NL; Razavi, M; Degroeve, S; Cuypers, L; Stove, C; Lagrou, K; Martens, GA; Deforce, D; Martens, L; Vissers, JPC; Dhaenens, M (28 June 2021).
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vacuum conditions needed at the MS analyzer. Although these interfaces are described individually, they can also be commercially available as dual ESI/APCI, ESI/APPI, or APCI/APPI ion sources. Various deposition and drying techniques were used in the past (e.g., moving belts) but the most common of these was the off-line
233:) ion sources in the MS system was a technically simpler challenge. Because of this, the development of GC-MS systems was faster than LC–MS and such systems were first commercialized in the 1970s. The development of LC–MS systems took longer than GC-MS and was directly related to the development of proper interfaces.
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The coupling of MS with LC systems is attractive because liquid chromatography can separate delicate and complex natural mixtures, which chemical composition needs to be well established (e.g., biological fluids, environmental samples, and drugs). Further, LC–MS has applications in volatile explosive
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changed this. Currently, the most common LC–MS interfaces are electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI). These are newer MS ion sources that facilitate the transition from a high pressure environment (HPLC) to high
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started the development of LC–MS in the late 1960s, when they first used capillaries to connect an LC columns to an EI source. A similar strategy was investigated by McLafferty and collaborators in 1973 who coupled the LC column to a CI source, which allowed a higher liquid flow into the source. This
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and collaborators in 1988. This ion source/ interface can be used for the analysis of moderately polar and even very polar molecules (e.g., metabolites, xenobiotics, peptides, nucleotides, polysaccharides). The liquid eluate coming out of the LC column is directed into a metal capillary kept at 3 to
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Van
Puyvelde, B; Van Uytfanghe, K; Tytgat, O; Van Oudenhove, L; Gabriels, R; Bouwmeester, R; Daled, S; Van Den Bossche, T; Ramasamy, P; Verhelst, S; De Clerck, L; Corveleyn, L; Willems, S; Debunne, N; Wynendaele, E; De Spiegeleer, B; Judak, P; Roels, K; De Wilde, L; Van Eenoo, P; Reyns, T; Cherlet,
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residue analysis. Nowadays, LC–MS has become one of the most widely used chemical analysis techniques because more than 85% of natural chemical compounds are polar and thermally labile and GC-MS cannot process these samples. As an example, HPLC–MS is regarded as the leading analytical technique for
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In HPLC, typically 20 μl of the sample of interest are injected into the mobile phase stream delivered by a high pressure pump. The mobile phase containing the analytes permeates through the stationary phase bed in a definite direction. The components of the mixture are separated depending on their
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The moving-belt interface (MBI) was developed by McFadden et al. in 1977 and commercialized by
Finnigan. This interface consisted of an endless moving belt onto which the LC column effluent was deposited in a band. On the belt, the solvent was evaporated by gently heating and efficiently exhausting
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In addition to the liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry devices, an LC–MS system contains an interface that efficiently transfers the separated components from the LC column into the MS ion source. The interface is necessary because the LC and MS devices are fundamentally incompatible. While
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because it allows quick molecular weight confirmation and structure identification. These features speed up the process of generating, testing, and validating a discovery starting from a vast array of products with potential application. LC–MS applications for drug development are highly automated
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The development of the APCI interface for LC–MS started with
Horning and collaborators in the early 1973. However, its commercial application was introduced at the beginning of the 1990s after Henion and collaborators improved the LC–APCI–MS interface in 1986. The APCI ion source/ interface can be
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The mass spectrum can be used to determine the mass of the analytes, their elemental and isotopic composition, or to elucidate the chemical structure of the sample. MS is an experiment that must take place in gas phase and under vacuum (1.33 * 10 to 1.33 * 10 pascal). Therefore, the development of
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4.6 mm. For applications involving LC–MS, the length of chromatography columns can be shorter (30–50 mm) with 3–5 μm diameter packing particles. In addition to the conventional model, other LC columns are the narrow bore, microbore, microcapillary, and nano-LC models. These columns have
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from the LC column into the MS source. Overall, the interface is a mechanically simple part of the LC–MS system that transfers the maximum amount of analyte, removes a significant portion of the mobile phase used in LC and preserves the chemical identity of the chromatography products (chemically
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The key to the success and widespread adoption of LC–MS as a routine analytical tool lies in the interface and ion source between the liquid-based LC and the vacuum-base MS. The following interfaces were stepping-stones on the way to the modern atmospheric-pressure ionization interfaces, and are
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steps occurring when the liquid interacts with the stationary bed. The liquid solvent (mobile phase) is delivered under high pressure (up to 400 bar or 5800 psi) into a packed column containing the stationary phase. The high pressure is necessary to achieve a constant flow rate for reproducible
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and was limited to rather volatile analytes and non-polar compounds with low molecular mass (below 400 Da). In the capillary inlet interface, the evaporation of the mobile phase inside the capillary was one of the main issues. Within the first years of development of LC–MS, on-line and off-line
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studies of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacokinetic studies are needed to determine how quickly a drug will be cleared from the body organs and the hepatic blood flow. MS analyzers are useful in these studies because of their shorter analysis time, and higher sensitivity and specificity compared to UV
284:
The direct liquid-introduction (DLI) interface was developed in 1980. This interface was intended to solve the problem of evaporation of liquid inside the capillary inlet interface. In DLI, a small portion of the LC flow was forced through a small aperture or diaphragm (typically 10 μm in
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because of its good coverage of a wide range of chemicals. This tandem technique can be used to analyze biochemical, organic, and inorganic compounds commonly found in complex samples of environmental and biological origin. Therefore, LC–MS may be applied in a wide range of sectors including
681:) is also used in plant metabolomics, but this technique can only detect and quantify the most abundant metabolites. LC–MS has been useful to advance the field of plant metabolomics, which aims to study the plant system at molecular level providing a non-biased characterization of the plant
574:
The APPI interface for LC–MS was developed simultaneously by Bruins and Syage in 2000. APPI is another LC–MS ion source/ interface for the analysis of neutral compounds that cannot be ionized using ESI. This interface is similar to the APCI ion source, but instead of a corona discharge, the
225:(GC)–MS was originally introduced in 1952, when A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin were trying to develop tandem separation – mass analysis techniques. In GC, the analytes are eluted from the separation column as a gas and the connection with electron ionization (
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inert). As a requirement, the interface should not interfere with the ionizing efficiency and vacuum conditions of the MS system. Nowadays, most extensively applied LC–MS interfaces are based on atmospheric pressure ionization (API) strategies like
340:. The introduction of TSP marked a significant improvement for LC–MS systems and was the most widely applied interface until the beginning of the 1990s, when it began to be replaced by interfaces involving atmospheric pressure ionization (API).
379:
Liquid chromatography is a method of physical separation in which the components of a liquid mixture are distributed between two immiscible phases, i.e., stationary and mobile. The practice of LC can be divided into five categories, i.e.,
426:(UHPLC) can be used instead of HPLC. This LC variant uses columns packed with smaller silica particles (~1.7 μm diameter) and requires higher operating pressures in the range of 310000 to 775000 torr (6000 to 15000 psi, 400 to 1034 bar).
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of charged particles (ions). Although there are many different kinds of mass spectrometers, all of them make use of electric or magnetic fields to manipulate the motion of ions produced from an analyte of interest and determine their
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Karlsson, Roger; Thorsell, Annika; Gomila, Margarita; Salvà-Serra, Francisco; Jakobsson, Hedvig E.; Gonzales-Siles, Lucia; Jaén-Luchoro, Daniel; Skovbjerg, Susann; Fuchs, Johannes; Karlsson, Anders; Boulund, Fredrik (2020-03-01).
304:, and later by VG and Extrel, it enjoyed moderate success, but has been largely supplanted by the atmospheric pressure interfaces such as electrospray and APCI which provide a broader range of compound coverage and applications.
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LC–MS has emerged as one of the most commonly used techniques in global metabolite profiling of biological tissue (e.g., blood plasma, serum, urine). LC–MS is also used for the analysis of natural products and the profiling of
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Horning, E. C.; Horning, M. G.; Carroll, D. I.; Dzidic, I.; Stillwell, R. N. (1973-05-01). "New picogram detection system based on a mass spectrometer with an external ionization source at atmospheric pressure".
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Tal'roze, V.L.; Gorodetskii, I.G.; Zolotoy, N.B; Karpov, G.V.; Skurat, V.E.; Maslennikova, V.Ya. (1978). "Capillary system for continuous introducing of volatile liquids into analytical MS and its application".
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Chaimbault, Patrick (2014-01-01). "The Modern Art of
Identification of Natural Substances in Whole Plants". In Jacob, Claus; Kirsch, Gilbert; Slusarenko, Alan; Winyard, Paul G.; Burkholz, Torsten (eds.).
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Cappiello, Achille; Famiglini, Giorgio; Palma, Pierangela; Pierini, Elisabetta; Termopoli, Veronica; Trufelli, Helga (2008-12-01). "Overcoming Matrix
Effects in Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry".
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Tolstikov, Vladimir V.; Fiehn, Oliver (2002). "Analysis of Highly Polar
Compounds of Plant Origin: Combination of Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry".
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Stobiecki, M.; Skirycz, A.; Kerhoas, L.; Kachlicki, P.; Muth, D.; Einhorn, J.; Mueller-Roeber, B. (2006). "Profiling of phenolic glycosidic conjugates in leaves of
Arabidopsis thaliana using LC/MS".
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smaller internal diameters, allow for a more efficient separation, and handle liquid flows under 1 ml/min (the conventional flow-rate). In order to improve separation efficiency and peak resolution,
320:(RT-LC). With time, the mechanical complexity of TSP was simplified, and this interface became popular as the first ideal LC–MS interface for pharmaceutical applications comprising the analysis of
276:. This interface is no longer used because of its mechanical complexity and the difficulties associated with belt renewal (or cleaning) as well as its inability to handle very labile biomolecules.
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in plants. In this regard, MS-based systems are useful to acquire more detailed information about the wide spectrum of compounds from a complex biological samples. LC–nuclear magnetic resonance (
617:, where the detector may be programmed to select certain ions to fragment. The measured quantity is the sum of molecule fragments chosen by the operator. As long as there are no interferences or
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Gika, Helen G.; Theodoridis, Georgios A.; Plumb, Robert S.; Wilson, Ian D. (January 2014). "Current practice of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in metabolomics and metabonomics".
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The interface between a liquid phase technique (HPLC) with a continuously flowing eluate, and a gas phase technique carried out in a vacuum was difficult for a long time. The advent of
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was the first and most obvious way of coupling LC with MS, and was known as the capillary inlet interface. This pioneer interface for LC–MS had the same analysis capabilities of
1833:"Where have all the ions gone, long time passing? Tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers with atmospheric pressure ionization sensitivity gains since the mid-1970s. A perspective"
523:
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Tal'roze, V. L; Karpov, G. V.; Gordetskii, I. G.; Skurat, V. E. (1968). "Capillary
Systems for the Introduction of Liquid Mixtures into an Analytical Mass Spectrometer".
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de Koster, Chris G.; Schoenmakers, Peter J. (2020). "Chapter 3.1 - History of Liquid
Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry". In Tranchida, Peter Q.; Mondello, Luigi (eds.).
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2391:(2008). "Hydrophilic interaction chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of carbohydrate-related metabolites from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue".
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1963:
Widmer, Leo; Watson, Stuart; Schlatter, Konrad; Crowson, Andrew (2002). "Development of an LC/MS method for the trace analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP)".
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Robb, null; Covey, null; Bruins, null (2000-08-01). "Atmospheric pressure photoionization: an ionization method for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry".
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the mobile phase in a LC system is a pressurized liquid, the MS analyzers commonly operate under high vacuum. Thus, it is not possible to directly pump the
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Fenn, J. B.; Mann, M.; Meng, C. K.; Wong, S. F.; Whitehouse, C. M. (1989-10-06). "Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules".
465:, the detector, and the data and vacuum systems. The ion source is where the components of a sample introduced in a MS system are ionized by means of
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in response to its environment. The first application of LC–MS in plant metabolomics was the detection of a wide range of highly polar metabolites,
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1332:"Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interface-I: The direct introduction of liquid solutions into a chemical ionization mass spectrometer"
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as a protease, urea to denature the tertiary structure, and iodoacetamide to modify the cysteine residues. After digestion, LC–MS is used for
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Sharp, Thomas R. (2009-01-01). "Mass Spectrometry". In Nassar, Ala F.; Collegiateessor, Paul F. Hollenberg; VP, JoAnn Scatina (eds.).
1204:"Gas-liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro-estimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid"
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instruments. MBI interfaces for LC–MS allowed MS to be widely applied in the analysis of drugs, pesticides, steroids, alkaloids, and
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Arpino, Patrick (1989). "Combined liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Part I. Coupling by means of a moving belt interface".
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Blakley, C. R.; Carmody, J. J.; Vestal, M. L. (1980). "A New Soft Ionization Technique for Mass Spectrometry of Complex Samples".
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Liquid chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry: Principles, Tools and Applications for Accurate Mass Analysis
2285:; António, Carla (2016-09-01). "Mass spectrometry-based plant metabolomics: Metabolite responses to abiotic stress".
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that a human eye can easily recognize, the data system records, processes, stores, and displays data in a computer.
404:) to the external and internal surfaces of irregularly or spherically shaped 5 μm diameter porous silica particles.
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Arpino, Patrick (1992). "Combined liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Part III. Applications of thermospray".
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The coupling of chromatography with MS is a well developed chemical analysis strategy dating back from the 1950s.
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213:(APPI). These interfaces became available in the 1990s after a two decade long research and development process.
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drug screening, metabolic stability screening, metabolite identification, impurity identification, quantitative
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2156:"Cov-MS: A Community-Based Template Assay for Mass-Spectrometry-Based Protein Detection in SARS-CoV-2 Patients"
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Murray, Kermit K. (1997). "Coupling matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization to liquid separations".
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LC–MS is used in proteomics as a method to detect and identify the components of a complex mixture. The
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Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, MS/MS and time of flight MS: analysis of emerging contaminants
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and pharmaceutical laboratories. Other important applications of LC–MS include the analysis of food,
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1087:"Principles and Applications of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Biochemistry"
831:"Principles and Applications of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Biochemistry"
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1723:"A simple approach for coupling liquid chromatography and electron ionization mass spectrometry"
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interface, which removed the flow rate limitations and the issues with the clogging diaphragms.
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Wysocki VH, Resing KA, Zhang Q, Cheng G (2005). "Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins".
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chemical affinity with the mobile and stationary phases. The separation occurs after repeated
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264:(FAB) ion sources. The most common MS systems connected by MBI interfaces to LC columns were
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Jorge, Tiago F.; Rodrigues, João A.; Caldana, Camila; Schmidt, Romy; van Dongen, Joost T.;
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Cappiello, Achille; Famiglini, Giorgio; Mangani, Filippo; Palma, Pierangela (2002-03-01).
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Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio (
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1503:
1443:
1430:. Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp.
1393:
1351:
1290:
1241:
1223:
1184:
1174:
1116:
1098:
1052:
1040:
1032:
989:
933:
901:
852:
809:
443:
160:
73:
2267:
1517:
526:, couples a nano HPLC system and an electron ionization equipped mass spectrometer.
3024:
3004:
2969:
2451:
2408:
2373:
2353:
2302:
2255:
2212:
2175:
2167:
2125:
2107:
2053:
1980:
1929:
1894:
1840:
1797:
1734:
1687:
1659:
1624:
1589:
1544:
1495:
1472:
1435:
1343:
1231:
1215:
1106:
1022:
981:
925:
891:
883:
842:
749:
703:
478:
83:
2434:
Lee, Mike S.; Kerns, Edward H. (1999). "LC/MS applications in drug development".
686:
609:
333:
301:
173:
2057:
929:
2974:
2593:
2216:
613:
detectors commonly attached to HPLC systems. One major advantage is the use of
466:
234:
69:
2259:
1548:
1499:
985:
3299:
3121:
2881:
2314:
2224:
2121:
2112:
2095:
1992:
1941:
1906:
1854:
1809:
1748:
1699:
1371:"The fascinating history of the development of LC–MS; a personal perspective"
1355:
1227:
1188:
1102:
1036:
593:
482:
462:
169:
2152:
1801:
1331:
1017:. Advancement and Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Laboratory Medicine.
757:
mapping, lipodomics, natural products dereplication, bioaffinity screening,
633:
LC–MS approach generally involves protease digestion and denaturation using
3085:
2463:
2420:
2365:
2357:
2322:
2232:
2189:
2171:
2139:
2065:
2000:
1949:
1862:
1756:
1707:
1628:
1593:
1439:
1347:
1245:
1120:
1044:
905:
856:
754:
731:
711:
181:
164:
2387:
Antonio, Carla; Larson, Tony; Gilday, Alison; Graham, Ian; Bergström, Ed;
1817:
3126:
3065:
3044:
762:
694:
605:
313:
290:
105:
87:
2456:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1999)18:3/4<187::AID-MAS2>3.0.CO;2-K
1898:
1476:
1285:
Arpino, Patrick (2006). "History of LC–MS Development and Interfacing".
2901:
2043:
1011:"After another decade: LC–MS/MS became routine in clinical diagnostics"
887:
870:
Zhou, Bin; Xiao, Jun Feng; Tuli, Leepika; Ressom, Habtom W (Feb 2012).
698:
690:
682:
585:
458:
413:
325:
2306:
1933:
1691:
1664:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1997)16:5<283::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-D
1219:
2412:
1984:
1845:
1832:
727:
723:
589:
337:
185:
2823:
2545:
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: techniques and applications
1309:
3095:
498:
470:
409:
1258:
548:
188:
industries. Since the early 2000s, LC–MS (or more specifically LC–
2562:
2092:
719:
715:
634:
329:
197:
97:
2245:
2020:
Phenotyping Crop Plants for Physiological and Biochemical Traits
976:
Dass, Chhabil (2007-01-01). "Hyphenated Separation Techniques".
1390:
Hyphenations of Capillary Chromatography With Mass Spectrometry
707:
238:
101:
1720:
1676:
563:
474:
109:
2280:
1962:
922:
Recent Advances in Redox Active Plant and Microbial Products
1883:
321:
2500:
2481:
2202:
1426:
Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry: An Introduction
522:
deposition. A new approach still under development called
2870:
2386:
279:
1165:
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, Third Edition
192:) has also begun to be used in clinical applications.
1727:
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
1387:
2017:
Sudhakar, P.; Latha, P.; Reddy, P. V. (2016-04-05).
1490:
Roberts, Gordon (2013). Roberts, Gordon C. K (ed.).
1462:
803:
457:
The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the
2521:
2016:
869:
714:is the efficient separation and identification of
2542:
2205:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
1329:
1169:. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. pp.
540:ESI interface for LC–MS systems was developed by
3297:
1769:
1422:Ardrey, Robert E. (2003-01-01). "Introduction".
1009:Seger, Christoph; Salzmann, Linda (2020-08-01).
980:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 151–194.
804:de Hoffmann, Edmond; Stroobant, Vincent (2002).
529:
1919:
806:Mass Spectrometry (Principles and Applications)
549:Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)
2727:Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
2343:
978:Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry
289:. However, this interface was replaced by the
2839:
2578:
1202:James, A. T.; Martin, A. J. P. (1952-03-01).
1008:
2078:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
30:"LC–MS" redirects here. For other uses, see
2486:. Columbus, OH: American Chemical Society.
1201:
785:Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry
780:Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry
710:tissues. Another example of LC–MS in plant
564:Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)
2846:
2832:
2585:
2571:
1330:Baldwin, M. A.; McLafferty, F. W. (1973).
918:
624:
2393:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2179:
2129:
2111:
1844:
1837:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
1791:
1738:
1235:
1110:
1026:
895:
846:
808:(2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 157–158.
159:) with the mass analysis capabilities of
2433:
924:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–94.
621:, the LC separation can be quite quick.
555:Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
433:
363:
359:
307:
254:
207:atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization
2722:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
1539:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.
1489:
1160:
424:ultra performance liquid chromatography
343:
145:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
52:Ion trap LCMS system with ESI interface
38:Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
18:Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
14:
3298:
2671:Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
2656:High-performance liquid chromatography
1641:
1606:
1571:
1421:
1368:
1284:
374:High-performance liquid chromatography
2853:
2827:
2566:
2501:Ferrer, Imma; Thurman, E. M. (2009).
2482:Thurman, E. M.; Ferrer, Imma (2003).
2012:
2010:
1830:
1530:
1492:Encyclopedia of Biophysics - Springer
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
971:
969:
604:LC–MS is widely used in the field of
3266:
2717:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
975:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
828:
775:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
570:Atmospheric pressure photoionization
438:LC–MS spectrum of each resolved peak
429:
318:reversed phase liquid chromatography
280:Direct liquid-introduction interface
211:atmospheric pressure photoionization
137:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
3278:
2100:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
743:
599:
251:described for historical interest.
24:
2592:
2474:
2007:
1406:
1271:
753:methods used for peptide mapping,
43:
25:
3322:
1287:Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry
1127:
1059:
1028:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.004
946:
348:The first fast atom bombardment (
3277:
3265:
3254:
3253:
2808:
2807:
274:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2661:Capillary electrochromatography
2524:LC/MS: a practical user's guide
2427:
2380:
2337:
2274:
2239:
2196:
2146:
2086:
2037:
1956:
1913:
1877:
1824:
1763:
1714:
1670:
1635:
1600:
1565:
1524:
1483:
1456:
1381:
1362:
1323:
1303:
1252:
1161:Niessen, Wilfried M. A (2006).
1091:The Clinical Biochemist Reviews
829:Pitt, James J (February 2009).
578:
2701:Two-dimensional chromatography
1392:. Elsevier. pp. 279–295.
1195:
1002:
912:
863:
822:
797:
27:Analytical chemistry technique
13:
1:
2691:Size-exclusion chromatography
2686:Reversed-phase chromatography
1740:10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00363-4
790:
608:and is specially involved in
530:Electrospray ionization (ESI)
508:
394:size-exclusion chromatography
2522:McMaster, Marvin C. (2005).
1085:Pitt, James J (2017-03-12).
748:LC–MS is frequently used in
669:) and the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
7:
3117:Microchannel plate detector
2794:Journal of Chromatography B
2787:Journal of Chromatography A
2676:Normal-phase chromatography
2641:Displacement chromatography
2058:10.1016/j.ymeth.2004.08.013
930:10.1007/978-94-017-8953-0_3
768:
639:peptide mass fingerprinting
390:ion-exchange chromatography
324:, metabolites, conjugates,
10:
3327:
2631:Argentation chromatography
2547:. New York: Plenum Press.
2543:Yergey, Alfred L. (1990).
2217:10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.032
872:"LC–MS–based metabolomics"
567:
552:
533:
441:
371:
368:Diagram of an LC–MS system
356:based interfaces in 1988.
229:) or chemical ionization (
216:
172:, environment monitoring,
29:
3249:
3191:
3140:
3104:
3053:
2900:
2861:
2803:
2780:Biomedical Chromatography
2771:
2735:
2709:
2696:Thin-layer chromatography
2618:
2600:
2436:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2287:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
2260:10.1007/s11306-006-0031-5
1831:Covey, Tom (2022-08-30).
1644:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1609:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1574:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
1549:10.1002/9780470439265.ch8
1500:10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6
1336:Organic Mass Spectrometry
1289:. Vol. 8. Elsevier.
986:10.1002/9780470118498.ch5
524:direct-EI LC–MS interface
382:adsorption chromatography
296:A related device was the
237:and his collaborators in
132:
127:
93:
79:
65:
57:
42:
3132:Langmuir–Taylor detector
2526:. New York: John Wiley.
2113:10.1074/mcp.RA119.001667
1535:Drug Metabolism Handbook
666:Streptococcus pneumoniae
619:ion suppression in LC–MS
386:partition chromatography
118:Thermo Fisher Scientific
2626:Affinity chromatography
2505:. New York, NJ: Wiley.
2346:Analytical Biochemistry
1802:10.1126/science.2675315
765:, and quality control.
625:Proteomics/metabolomics
536:Electrospray ionization
515:electrospray ionization
398:affinity chromatography
298:particle beam interface
203:electrospray ionization
48:Bruker Amazon Speed ETD
3076:Quadrupole mass filter
2772:Prominent publications
2753:Kovats retention index
2358:10.1006/abio.2001.5513
2172:10.1021/jacsau.1c00048
1629:10.1002/mas.1280080103
1594:10.1002/mas.1280110103
1440:10.1002/0470867299.ch1
1377:(February/March): 4–6.
1369:Pullen, Franl (2010).
1348:10.1002/oms.1210070913
734:from leaf extracts of
660:Haemophilus influenzae
439:
369:
49:
2743:Distribution constant
2646:Electrochromatography
2636:Column chromatography
1015:Clinical Biochemistry
675:secondary metabolites
654:Moraxella catarrhalis
648:Staphylococcus aureus
503:quadrupole-TOF (QTOF)
437:
367:
360:Liquid chromatography
308:Thermospray interface
262:fast-atom bombardment
255:Moving-belt interface
153:liquid chromatography
47:
32:LCMS (disambiguation)
2763:Van Deemter equation
2681:Paper chromatography
1922:Analytical Chemistry
1887:Analytical Chemistry
1680:Analytical Chemistry
1375:Chromatography Today
737:Arabidopsis thaliana
631:bottom-up proteomics
495:time-of-flight (TOF)
344:FAB based interfaces
3112:Electron multiplier
3081:Quadrupole ion trap
2748:Freundlich equation
2448:1999MSRv...18..187L
2405:2008RCMS...22.1399A
2299:2016MSRv...35..620J
1977:2002Ana...127.1627W
1899:10.1021/ac60328a035
1784:1989Sci...246...64F
1656:1997MSRv...16..283M
1621:1989MSRv....8...35A
1586:1992MSRv...11....3A
1477:10.1021/ja00538a050
1261:Russ. J. Phys. Chem
1208:Biochemical Journal
114:Shimadzu Scientific
39:
2710:Hyphenated methods
2666:Ion chromatography
2651:Gas chromatography
2389:Thomas-Oates, Jane
2283:Thomas-Oates, Jane
2023:. Academic Press.
1313:Adv. Mass Spectrom
888:10.1039/c1mb05350g
440:
370:
223:Gas chromatography
122:Waters Corporation
50:
37:
3311:Mass spectrometry
3293:
3292:
2855:Mass spectrometry
2821:
2820:
2554:978-0-306-43186-9
2533:978-0-471-65531-2
2512:978-0-470-13797-0
2493:978-0-8412-3825-1
2307:10.1002/mas.21449
1971:(12): 1627–1632.
1934:10.1021/ac0001636
1928:(15): 3653–3659.
1692:10.1021/ac8018312
1686:(23): 9343–9348.
1509:978-3-642-16711-9
1399:978-0-12-809638-3
1220:10.1042/bj0500679
699:sugar nucleotides
444:Mass spectrometry
430:Mass spectrometry
161:mass spectrometry
142:
141:
84:organic molecules
74:Mass spectrometry
16:(Redirected from
3318:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3268:
3257:
3256:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2758:Retention factor
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2497:
2468:
2467:
2442:(3–4): 187–279.
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:10.1002/rcm.3519
2399:(9): 1399–1407.
2384:
2378:
2377:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2115:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1985:10.1039/b208350g
1960:
1954:
1953:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1848:
1846:10.1002/rcm.9354
1828:
1822:
1821:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1674:
1668:
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1639:
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1604:
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1597:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1465:J. Am. Chem. Soc
1460:
1454:
1453:
1429:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1342:(9): 1111–1112.
1327:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1168:
1158:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1082:
1057:
1056:
1030:
1006:
1000:
999:
973:
944:
943:
916:
910:
909:
899:
867:
861:
860:
850:
835:Clin Biochem Rev
826:
820:
819:
801:
750:drug development
744:Drug development
704:Cucurbita maxima
687:oligosaccharides
600:Pharmacokinetics
479:corona discharge
469:, photon beams (
334:natural products
128:Other techniques
40:
36:
21:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3245:
3187:
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3049:
2896:
2857:
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2817:
2799:
2767:
2731:
2705:
2614:
2596:
2591:
2561:
2555:
2534:
2513:
2494:
2477:
2475:Further reading
2472:
2471:
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2381:
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2240:
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2031:
2015:
2008:
1961:
1957:
1918:
1914:
1882:
1878:
1829:
1825:
1793:10.1.1.522.9458
1778:(4926): 64–71.
1768:
1764:
1719:
1715:
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1671:
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1636:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1566:
1559:
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1272:
1257:
1253:
1200:
1196:
1181:
1159:
1128:
1083:
1060:
1007:
1003:
996:
974:
947:
940:
917:
913:
868:
864:
827:
823:
816:
802:
798:
793:
771:
746:
641:, or LC–MS/MS (
627:
610:pharmacokinetic
602:
581:
572:
566:
557:
551:
538:
532:
511:
446:
432:
403:
378:
376:
362:
346:
310:
302:Hewlett Packard
288:
282:
266:magnetic sector
257:
219:
174:food processing
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
86:
72:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:Chromatography
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3141:MS combination
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:Time-of-flight
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
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2987:
2982:
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2947:
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2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:Chromatography
2590:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2426:
2379:
2352:(2): 298–307.
2336:
2293:(5): 620–649.
2273:
2254:(4): 197–219.
2238:
2195:
2166:(6): 750–765.
2145:
2106:(3): 518–528.
2085:
2036:
2029:
2006:
1955:
1912:
1893:(6): 936–943.
1876:
1823:
1762:
1733:(3): 265–273.
1713:
1669:
1650:(5): 283–299.
1634:
1599:
1564:
1557:
1523:
1508:
1482:
1455:
1448:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1361:
1322:
1302:
1296:978-0080438474
1295:
1270:
1251:
1214:(5): 679–690.
1194:
1179:
1126:
1058:
1001:
994:
945:
938:
911:
882:(2): 470–481.
862:
821:
814:
795:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
770:
767:
745:
742:
626:
623:
601:
598:
580:
577:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
553:Main article:
550:
547:
534:Main article:
531:
528:
510:
507:
467:electron beams
442:Main article:
431:
428:
401:
372:Main article:
361:
358:
345:
342:
309:
306:
286:
281:
278:
256:
253:
235:Victor Talrose
218:
215:
178:pharmaceutical
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
95:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
70:Chromatography
67:
66:Classification
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:Fragmentation
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Daly detector
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:Mass analyzer
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Mass spectrum
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:(3): 211–22.
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2030:9780128041109
2026:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1558:9780470439265
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1471:: 5931–5933.
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1449:9780470867297
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:9780824740825
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
995:9780470118498
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
941:
939:9789401789523
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
817:
815:0-471-48566-7
811:
807:
800:
796:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
741:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
667:
662:
661:
656:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
597:
595:
594:plant phenols
591:
587:
576:
571:
561:
556:
546:
543:
537:
527:
525:
521:
516:
506:
504:
501:, and hybrid
500:
496:
492:
486:
484:
483:mass spectrum
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:mass analyzer
460:
456:
451:
445:
436:
427:
425:
420:
415:
411:
405:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
366:
357:
355:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
294:
292:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
252:
248:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:biotechnology
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
135:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:Manufacturers
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3172:
3086:Penning trap
2875:
2871:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2721:
2544:
2523:
2502:
2483:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2251:
2248:Metabolomics
2247:
2241:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2163:
2159:
2148:
2103:
2099:
2088:
2074:cite journal
2049:
2045:
2039:
2019:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1836:
1826:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1615:(1): 35–55.
1612:
1608:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1534:
1526:
1491:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1425:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1364:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1286:
1267:: 1658–1664.
1264:
1260:
1254:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1164:
1097:(1): 19–34.
1094:
1090:
1018:
1014:
1004:
977:
921:
914:
879:
876:Mol. Biosyst
875:
865:
841:(1): 19–34.
838:
834:
824:
805:
799:
758:
755:glycoprotein
747:
735:
712:metabolomics
702:
695:amino sugars
671:
664:
658:
652:
646:
628:
615:tandem MS–MS
603:
582:
579:Applications
573:
558:
539:
512:
487:
454:
449:
447:
418:
406:
377:
354:electrospray
347:
311:
295:
283:
258:
249:
220:
209:(APCI), and
194:
182:agrochemical
165:metabolomics
148:
144:
143:
88:biomolecules
3284:WikiProject
3127:Faraday cup
3066:Wien filter
2887:MS software
1965:The Analyst
1580:(1): 3–40.
763:bioanalysis
691:amino acids
606:bioanalysis
505:analyzers.
326:nucleosides
314:thermospray
291:thermospray
106:PerkinElmer
3300:Categories
2902:Ion source
2619:Techniques
791:References
732:verbascose
683:metabolome
590:pesticides
586:proteomics
509:Interfaces
491:quadrupole
459:ion source
414:desorption
338:pesticides
270:quadrupole
3163:Hybrid MS
2331:206232111
2315:1098-2787
2225:0731-7085
2211:: 12–25.
2122:1535-9476
1993:0003-2654
1942:1520-6882
1907:0003-2700
1871:250491726
1855:0951-4198
1839:: e9354.
1810:0036-8075
1788:CiteSeerX
1749:1044-0305
1700:0003-2700
1356:0030-493X
1228:0264-6021
1189:232370223
1103:0159-8090
1053:213186669
1037:0009-9120
728:stachyose
724:raffinose
643:tandem MS
499:ion traps
477:beams or
471:UV lights
3260:Category
3105:Detector
3096:Orbitrap
2892:Acronyms
2813:Category
2605:software
2464:10568041
2421:18384194
2366:11814300
2323:25589422
2268:39140266
2233:23916607
2190:34254058
2140:31941798
2066:15722218
2001:12537371
1950:10952556
1863:35830299
1757:11908806
1708:19551950
1518:44856071
1246:14934673
1121:19224008
1045:32188572
1021:: 2–11.
906:22041788
857:19224008
769:See also
410:sorption
330:peptides
186:cosmetic
80:Analytes
3272:Commons
3000:MALDESI
2610:history
2444:Bibcode
2401:Bibcode
2374:3156968
2295:Bibcode
2181:8230961
2160:JACS Au
2131:7050107
2046:Methods
1973:Bibcode
1818:2675315
1780:Bibcode
1772:Science
1652:Bibcode
1617:Bibcode
1582:Bibcode
1237:1197726
1112:2643089
897:3699692
848:2643089
759:in vivo
720:sucrose
716:glucose
635:trypsin
217:History
205:(ESI),
133:Related
98:Agilent
58:Acronym
3178:IMS/MS
3091:FT-ICR
3061:Sector
2736:Theory
2551:
2530:
2509:
2490:
2462:
2419:
2372:
2364:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2266:
2231:
2223:
2188:
2178:
2138:
2128:
2120:
2064:
2027:
1999:
1991:
1948:
1940:
1905:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1816:
1808:
1790:
1755:
1747:
1706:
1698:
1555:
1543:–227.
1516:
1506:
1446:
1396:
1354:
1319:: 858.
1293:
1244:
1234:
1226:
1187:
1177:
1119:
1109:
1101:
1051:
1043:
1035:
992:
936:
904:
894:
855:
845:
812:
730:, and
708:phloem
697:, and
592:, and
461:, the
396:, and
336:, and
239:Russia
198:eluate
184:, and
176:, and
102:Bruker
3231:IRMPD
3183:CE-MS
3173:LC/MS
3168:GC/MS
3148:MS/MS
3035:SELDI
2995:MALDI
2990:LAESI
2930:DAPPI
2370:S2CID
2327:S2CID
2264:S2CID
1867:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1173:–90.
1049:S2CID
701:from
520:MALDI
475:laser
322:drugs
244:GC-MS
190:MS–MS
149:LC–MS
110:SCIEX
3236:NETD
3201:BIRD
3020:SIMS
3015:SESI
2950:EESI
2945:DIOS
2940:DESI
2935:DART
2920:APPI
2915:APLI
2910:APCI
2866:Mass
2549:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2460:PMID
2417:PMID
2362:PMID
2319:PMID
2311:ISSN
2229:PMID
2221:ISSN
2186:PMID
2136:PMID
2118:ISSN
2080:link
2062:PMID
2025:ISBN
1997:PMID
1989:ISSN
1946:PMID
1938:ISSN
1903:ISSN
1859:PMID
1851:ISSN
1814:PMID
1806:ISSN
1753:PMID
1745:ISSN
1704:PMID
1696:ISSN
1553:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1434:–5.
1394:ISBN
1352:ISSN
1291:ISBN
1242:PMID
1224:ISSN
1185:OCLC
1175:ISBN
1117:PMID
1099:ISSN
1041:PMID
1033:ISSN
990:ISBN
934:ISBN
902:PMID
853:PMID
810:ISBN
663:and
542:Fenn
455:m/z.
450:m/z)
412:and
312:The
268:and
157:HPLC
155:(or
61:LCMS
3241:SID
3226:HCD
3221:ETD
3216:EDD
3211:ECD
3206:CID
3158:AMS
3153:QqQ
3030:SSI
3010:PTR
3005:MIP
2985:ICP
2965:FAB
2960:ESI
2452:doi
2409:doi
2354:doi
2350:301
2303:doi
2256:doi
2213:doi
2176:PMC
2168:doi
2126:PMC
2108:doi
2054:doi
1981:doi
1969:127
1930:doi
1895:doi
1841:doi
1798:doi
1776:246
1735:doi
1688:doi
1660:doi
1625:doi
1590:doi
1545:doi
1541:167
1496:doi
1473:doi
1469:102
1436:doi
1344:doi
1232:PMC
1216:doi
1107:PMC
1023:doi
982:doi
926:doi
892:PMC
884:doi
843:PMC
679:NMR
473:),
350:FAB
3302::
3045:TS
3040:TI
3025:SS
2980:IA
2975:GD
2970:FD
2955:EI
2925:CI
2458:.
2450:.
2440:18
2438:.
2415:.
2407:.
2397:22
2395:.
2368:.
2360:.
2348:.
2325:.
2317:.
2309:.
2301:.
2291:35
2289:.
2262:.
2250:.
2227:.
2219:.
2209:87
2207:.
2184:.
2174:.
2162:.
2158:.
2134:.
2124:.
2116:.
2104:19
2102:.
2098:.
2076:}}
2072:{{
2060:.
2050:35
2048:.
2009:^
1995:.
1987:.
1979:.
1967:.
1944:.
1936:.
1926:72
1924:.
1901:.
1891:45
1889:.
1865:.
1857:.
1849:.
1835:.
1812:.
1804:.
1796:.
1786:.
1774:.
1751:.
1743:.
1731:13
1729:.
1725:.
1702:.
1694:.
1684:80
1682:.
1658:.
1648:16
1646:.
1623:.
1611:.
1588:.
1578:11
1576:.
1551:.
1512:.
1502:.
1494:.
1467:.
1442:.
1408:^
1373:.
1350:.
1338:.
1334:.
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