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Linux Standard Base

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This choice of package format precluded the use of other existing package formats not compatible with RPM. To address this, the standard did not dictate which package format the system must use for its own packages, merely that RPM must be supported to allow packages from third-party distributors to
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criticized the LSB for poorly written tests which can cause incompatibility between LSB-certified distributions when some implement incorrect behavior to make buggy tests work, while others apply for and receive waivers from complying with the tests. He also denounced a lack of application testing,
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The LSB-specified RPM format had a restricted subset of RPM features—to block usage of RPM features that would be untranslatable to .deb with Alien or other package conversion programs, and vice versa, as each format has capabilities the other lacks. In practice, not all Linux binary packages were
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Debian included optional support for LSB early on, at version 1.1 in "woody" (3.0; July 19, 2002), 2.0 in "sarge" (3.1; June 6, 2005), 3.1 in "etch" (4.0; April 8, 2007), 3.2 in "lenny" (5.0; February 14, 2009) and 4.1 in "wheezy" (7; May 4, 2013). To use foreign LSB-compliant RPM packages, the
189:. To achieve backward compatibility, each subsequent version was purely additive. In other words, interfaces were only added; no interfaces were removed. The LSB adopted an interface deprecation policy to give application developers enough time in case an interface was removed from LSB. 22: 639:
Debian strived to comply with the LSB, but with many limitations. However, this effort ceased around July 2015 due to lack of interest and workforce inside the project. In September 2015, the Debian project confirmed that while support for
123:-style initialization scripts. A machine readable comment block at the top of a script provided the information necessary to determine at which point of the initialization process the script should be invoked; it was called the LSB header. 192:
This allowed the developer to rely on every interface in LSB for a known time and also to plan for changes. Interfaces were only removed after having been marked "deprecated" for at least three major versions, or roughly eleven years.
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ISO/IEC TR 24715:2006 - Information technology -- Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces -- Technical Report on the Conflicts between the ISO/IEC 9945 (POSIX) and the Linux Standard Base (ISO/IEC
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package, the presence of the package "does not imply that we believe that Debian fully complies with the Linux Standard Base, and should not be construed as a statement that Debian is LSB-compliant."
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There is also ISO/IEC TR 24715:2006 which identifies areas of conflict between ISO/IEC 23360 (the Linux Standard Base 3.1 specification) and the ISO/IEC 9945:2003 (POSIX) International Standard.
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The goal of the LSB is to develop and promote a set of open standards that will increase compatibility among Linux distributions and enable software applications to run on any compliant system
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First major release that breaks backward compatibility with earlier versions (compatible with LSB 3.0, and mostly compatible with LSB 3.1 and later, with some exceptions)
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LSB specified that software packages should either be delivered as an LSB-compliant installer, or (preferably) be delivered in a restricted form of the
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version of LSB 2.0, which included specification for all hardware architectures (except LSB-Graphics, of which only a generic version is available).
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was available in many systems to get the LSB version details, or could be made available by installing an appropriate package, for example the
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command is sometimes still available. On February 7, 2023, a former maintainer of the LSB wrote, "The LSB project is essentially abandoned."
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necessarily LSB-compliant, so while most could be converted between .rpm and .deb, this operation was restricted to a subset of packages.
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1.3: Released December 17, 2002. Added hardware-specific specifications (Itanium, Enterprise System Architecture/390, z/Architecture).
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pointing out that testing only distributions can never solve the problem of applications relying on implementation-defined behavior.
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ISO/IEC 23360-4:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 4: Specification for AMD64 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-3:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 3: Specification for IA-64 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-2:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 2: Specification for IA-32 architecture
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The standard stopped being updated in 2015 and current Linux distributions do not adhere to or offer it; however, the
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ISO/IEC 23360-3-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 3-3: Desktop specification for IA64 (Itanium TM) architecture
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Evolved module strategy; LSB is modularized to LSB Core, LSB Desktop, LSB Languages, LSB Imaging, and LSB Trial Use
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By using Alien, Debian was LSB-compatible for all intents and purposes, but according to the description of their
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ISO/IEC 23360-4-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 4-3: Desktop specification for AMD64 (X86-64) architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-3-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 3-2: Core specification for IA64 (Itanium™) architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-4-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 4-2: Core specification for AMD64 (X86-64) architecture
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Additionally, the compliance test suites were criticized for being buggy and incomplete—most notably, in 2005
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ISO/IEC 23360-6-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 6-3: Desktop specification for PowerPC 64 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-5-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 5-3: Desktop specification for PowerPC 32 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-6-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 6-2: Core specification for PowerPC 64 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-5-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 5-2: Core specification for PowerPC 32 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-2-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 2-3: Desktop specification for X86-32 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-1:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 1: Generic specification
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ISO/IEC 23360-8-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 8-3: Desktop specification for S390X architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-1:2006 - Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 -- Part 1: Generic specification
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ISO/IEC 23360-7-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 7-3: Desktop specification for S390 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-2-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 2-2: Core specification for X86-32 architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-8:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 8: Specification for
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ISO/IEC 23360-7:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 7: Specification for
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ISO/IEC 23360-6:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 6: Specification for
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ISO/IEC 23360-5:2006 Linux Standard Base (LSB) core specification 3.1 — Part 5: Specification for
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sponsored a tool that analyzed and provided guidance on symbols and libraries that go beyond the LSB.
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ISO/IEC 23360-8-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 8-2: Core specification for S390X architecture
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ISO/IEC 23360-7-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 7-2: Core specification for S390 architecture
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ISO/IEC TS 23360-1-6:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-6: Graphics and Gtk3 specification
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ISO/IEC 23360-1-3:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-3: Desktop specification generic part
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ISO/IEC 23360-1-2:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-2: Core specification generic part
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3.2: Released January 28, 2008. This version has been submitted as ISO/IEC 23360:2006.
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3.1: Released October 31, 2005. This version has been submitted as ISO/IEC 23360:2006.
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ISO/IEC 23360-1-4:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-4: Languages specification
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ISO/IEC 23360-1-5:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-5: Imaging specification
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5.0: Released June 2, 2015, This version has been submitted as ISO/IEC 23360:2021
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For the vendors considering LSB certifications in their portability efforts, the
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program to transform them into the native package format and then install them.
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While LSB was a standard and without a competitor, it was followed only by few
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ISO/IEC 23360-1-1:2021 Linux Standard Base (LSB) — Part 1-1: Common definitions
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4.0: Released November 11, 2008. This version contains the following features:
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ISO/IEC 23360 and ISO/IEC TR 24715 can be freely downloaded from ISO website.
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LSB compliance might be certified for a product by a certification procedure.
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The LSB was criticized for not taking input from projects, most notably the
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1.1: Released January 22, 2002. Added hardware-specific specifications (
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1.2: Released June 28, 2002. Added hardware-specific specifications (
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LSB is modularized to LSB-Core, LSB-CXX, LSB-Graphics, and LSB-
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LSB was designed to be binary-compatible and produced a stable
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to standardize the software system structure, including the
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An example of LSB output in a terminal (Debian version 11)
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3.0: Released July 1, 2005. Among other library changes:
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The LSB, version 5.0, is also registered as an official
369:"Trial Use" modules from LSB 4.0, covering multimedia ( 1092:"Chapter 22. Software Installation 22.1. Introduction" 119:, which were used to indicate service dependencies in 83:), a number of commands and utilities that extend the 1125: 1123: 592:
project, outside the sphere of its member companies.
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Additional Vendors Participate in Growing LSB Effort
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LSB 5.0 was the first major release that broke
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Simpler ways of creating LSB-compliant RPM packages
1120: 436:international standard. The main parts of it are: 1341:Four Linux Vendors Agree On An LSB Implementation 5985: 1227:"lsb 9.20150917ubuntu1 source package in Ubuntu" 1242: 1238: 1236: 249:New hardware-specific specifications (PowerPC 5861: 4971: 2642: 2392: 1368: 585:; even fewer were certified for version 4.1. 373:), security (NSS) and desktop miscellaneous ( 111:. It also specified boot facilities, such as 1245:"Do you still think the LSB has some value?" 1233: 905:"Java removed from Linux Standard Base 4.1" 887:"Java removed from Linux Standard Base 4.1" 377:) have been promoted as required submodules 5868: 5854: 4978: 4964: 2649: 2635: 2496: 1375: 1361: 1294:Linux Standard Base Specifications Archive 1114:Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 1096:Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 931:"LSB 5.0 Release Notes: Qt 3 Removed" 768:Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 750:Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 41:under the organizational structure of the 5835:International Electrotechnical Commission 1266:"All About the Linux Application Checker" 1207:"Debian dropping the Linux Standard Base" 298:The core specification is updated to ISO 164: 2603:Free and open-source software portal 2161:Earliest eligible virtual deadline first 611: 168: 155: 20: 1306:Open Linux VERification (OLVER) Project 146:package in Debian-based distributions. 16:Former standard for Linux distributions 5986: 1243:Drepper, Ulrich (September 17, 2005). 764:"Comment conventions for init scripts" 716:"Certifying an Application to the LSB" 5849: 4959: 2630: 1397: 1356: 698:(Portable Operating System Interface) 608:be installed on a conforming system. 5875: 1023:Certified Products Product Directory 884: 229:1.2.1: Released October 2002. Added 690:Intel Binary Compatibility Standard 423: 209:1.0: Initial release June 29, 2001. 13: 1003:"ISO Publicly Available Standards" 812:"Re: Archive of this Mailing List" 414:Qt 3 library has been removed 291:ABI is changed to the one used by 269:2.0.1: Released October 21, 2004, 203: 14: 6025: 5891:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 4985: 1287: 648:Quality of compliance test suites 408:Incorporates the changes made in 363:4.1: Released February 16, 2011: 325:Binary compatibility with LSB 3.x 226:). Certification began July 2002. 95:, the printing system, including 37:) was a joint project by several 4940: 4939: 2609: 2608: 2596: 2582: 1450:Supported computer architectures 1382: 674: 596:Choice of the RPM package format 138:-flavored distributions such as 107:, and several extensions to the 5916:Open Source Security Foundation 1480:The Linux Programming Interface 1258: 1219: 1199: 1174: 1149: 1102: 1084: 1070: 1056: 1042: 1028: 1016: 995: 971: 948: 923: 80: 5994:Interfaces of the Linux kernel 5942:Core Infrastructure Initiative 897: 878: 848: 822: 804: 774: 756: 738: 708: 583:Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) 334:Support for newer versions of 239:2.0: Released August 31, 2004 1: 1326:, launchpad.net - bug reports 1025:on linuxbase.org (2015-01-12) 702: 642:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 276:2.1: Released March 11, 2005. 47:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 856:"LSB 5.0 Release Notes" 560: 305:Technical Corrigenda 1: 2005 187:independent software vendors 183:application binary interface 87:standard, the layout of the 7: 667: 402:version 2.10 (for psiginfo) 391:Three new test suites added 10: 6030: 2322:High-performance computing 2144:Process and I/O schedulers 1302:, wiki.linuxfoundation.org 1182:"Debian LSB ML discussion" 358:library) (optional module) 5955: 5937:Open Container Initiative 5929: 5883: 5827: 5328: 4993: 4935: 4859: 4585: 3737: 2686: 2668: 2576: 2556: 2487: 2297: 2155:Completely Fair Scheduler 2013: 1906: 1816: 1807: 1740: 1645: 1638: 1629: 1606: 1568: 1527: 1520: 1468: 1420:Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate 1390: 1300:Linux Standard Base (LSB) 356:Network Security Services 262:Single UNIX Specification 55:Single UNIX Specification 5921:Overture Maps Foundation 2076:Kernel same-page merging 816:lsb-discuss mailing list 575:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 492:international standard. 2419:OS-level virtualization 1312:search for lsb packages 885:djwm (March 10, 2011). 200:with earlier versions. 75:LSB specified standard 49:. LSB was based on the 5963:Open Mainframe Project 2564:List of Linux adopters 1506:Linux User Group (LUG) 1347:Yes, the LSB Has Value 722:. 2008. Archived from 621:needs to use Debian's 198:backward compatibility 178: 165:Backward compatibility 161: 70: 26: 1296:, linuxfoundation.org 1050:"linuxfoundation.org" 612:Limitations on Debian 579:SUSE Linux Enterprise 172: 159: 89:file system hierarchy 79:(centered around the 62: 24: 2150:Brain Fuck Scheduler 1410:Linux Mark Institute 1343:, 2004, slashdot.org 1229:. November 19, 2015. 893:on December 7, 2013. 792:on September 1, 2015 782:"Package redhat-lsb" 354:Crypto API (via the 2344:Real-time computing 1616:Linux Standard Base 935:linuxfoundation.org 860:linuxfoundation.org 818:. February 7, 2023. 602:RPM Package Manager 567:Linux distributions 342:graphical libraries 66:even in binary form 53:specification, the 39:Linux distributions 31:Linux Standard Base 5947:OpenAPI Initiative 2662:by standard number 2332:Compute Node Linux 1918:C standard library 1308:, linuxtesting.org 179: 162: 60:According to LSB: 27: 5981: 5980: 5911:Presto Foundation 5901:OpenJS Foundation 5843: 5842: 4953: 4952: 2676:ISO romanizations 2624: 2623: 2572: 2571: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2117:Network scheduler 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1803: 1802: 1550:Linux kernel oops 1516: 1515: 1496:Linux conferences 1137:. August 18, 2008 1036:"bugs.debian.org" 786:fedoraproject.org 348:(optional module) 177:binaries portable 173:LSB aims to make 6021: 6014:Linux Foundation 5877:Linux Foundation 5870: 5863: 5856: 5847: 5846: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4943: 4942: 2663: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2612: 2611: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2589:Linux portal 2587: 2586: 2494: 2493: 2390: 2389: 2199:Security Modules 1814: 1813: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1525: 1524: 1405:Linux Foundation 1395: 1394: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1324:lsb in Launchpad 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1270:Linux Foundation 1262: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1009: 999: 993: 992: 990: 988: 975: 969: 968: 966: 964: 952: 946: 945: 943: 941: 927: 921: 920: 918: 916: 911:. March 10, 2011 901: 895: 894: 889:. Archived from 882: 876: 875: 873: 871: 862:. Archived from 852: 846: 845: 843: 841: 834:Linux Foundation 826: 820: 819: 808: 802: 801: 799: 797: 788:. Archived from 778: 772: 771: 760: 754: 753: 746:"Facility Names" 742: 736: 735: 733: 731: 726:on July 15, 2009 720:Linux Foundation 712: 684: 679: 678: 662:Linux Foundation 635: 424:ISO/IEC standard 260:Synchronized to 152: 145: 133: 129: 82: 43:Linux Foundation 6029: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6018: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5951: 5925: 5884:Sub-foundations 5879: 5874: 5844: 5839: 5823: 5324: 4989: 4984: 4954: 4949: 4931: 4855: 4581: 3733: 2682: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2625: 2620: 2597: 2595: 2581: 2568: 2552: 2499: 2475: 2459:User-mode Linux 2388: 2293: 2001: 1909: 1902: 1821: 1799: 1736: 1648: 1625: 1602: 1564: 1512: 1464: 1455:Version history 1386: 1381: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1241: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000: 996: 986: 984: 977: 976: 972: 962: 960: 954: 953: 949: 939: 937: 929: 928: 924: 914: 912: 903: 902: 898: 883: 879: 869: 867: 866:on July 8, 2017 854: 853: 849: 839: 837: 828: 827: 823: 810: 809: 805: 795: 793: 780: 779: 775: 762: 761: 757: 744: 743: 739: 729: 727: 714: 713: 709: 705: 680: 673: 670: 650: 633: 614: 598: 563: 426: 264:(SUS) version 3 206: 204:Version history 167: 150: 143: 131: 127: 109:X Window System 103:and tools like 17: 12: 11: 5: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5873: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 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3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2606: 2592: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2398: 2396: 2394:Virtualization 2387: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2240:Device drivers 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182:SCHED_DEADLINE 2179: 2177:O(1) scheduler 2174: 2172:O(n) scheduler 2169: 2167:Noop scheduler 2164: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2021:Kernel modules 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1925: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1775:Memory barrier 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1653: 1651: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1289: 1288:External links 1286: 1284: 1283: 1257: 1232: 1218: 1198: 1186:Debian Project 1173: 1161:Debian Project 1148: 1135:Debian Project 1119: 1101: 1083: 1069: 1055: 1041: 1027: 1015: 994: 970: 947: 922: 896: 877: 847: 821: 803: 773: 755: 737: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 693: 686: 685: 669: 666: 654:Ulrich Drepper 649: 646: 613: 610: 597: 594: 571:Red Flag Linux 562: 559: 555: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 479: 478: 471: 464: 457: 450: 447: 444: 441: 425: 422: 421: 420: 419: 418: 415: 412: 406: 403: 394: 393: 392: 389: 378: 367: 361: 360: 359: 352: 349: 343: 332: 328:Easier to use 326: 323: 314: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 296: 286: 277: 274: 267: 266: 265: 258: 247: 246:(not released) 237: 234: 227: 217: 210: 205: 202: 166: 163: 128:lsb_release -a 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6026: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:ISO standards 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Cloud Foundry 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 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5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4987:IEC standards 4981: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 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2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424:Linux-VServer 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046:Device mapper 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2012: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1222: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1191:September 12, 1187: 1183: 1177: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1079: 1073: 1065: 1064:"openacs.org" 1059: 1051: 1045: 1037: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1004: 998: 983: 982: 974: 959: 958: 951: 936: 932: 926: 910: 906: 900: 892: 888: 881: 865: 861: 857: 851: 835: 831: 830:"LSB Roadmap" 825: 817: 813: 807: 791: 787: 783: 777: 769: 765: 759: 751: 747: 741: 725: 721: 717: 711: 707: 697: 694: 691: 688: 687: 683: 677: 672: 665: 663: 658: 655: 645: 643: 637: 630: 626: 624: 620: 609: 605: 603: 593: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 573:Desktop 6.0, 572: 568: 558: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 494: 493: 491: 487: 482: 476: 472: 469: 465: 462: 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 438: 437: 435: 431: 416: 413: 411: 407: 404: 401: 400:GNU C Library 398: 397: 395: 390: 387: 383: 379: 376: 372: 368: 365: 364: 362: 357: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 324: 321: 320:GNU C Library 318: 317: 315: 312: 309: 304: 301: 297: 294: 290: 287: 285:version 2.3.4 284: 283:GNU C Library 281: 280: 278: 275: 272: 268: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 245: 241: 240: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 207: 201: 199: 194: 190: 188: 184: 176: 171: 158: 154: 147: 141: 137: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 78: 73: 69: 67: 61: 58: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 23: 19: 5771:27000-series 5735: 4798:27000 series 4732: 2613: 2594: 2580: 2310:Linux kernel 2228:Tomoyo Linux 1823:File systems 1615: 1478: 1430:SCO disputes 1391:Organization 1384:Linux kernel 1329: 1274:. Retrieved 1260: 1248:. Retrieved 1221: 1210: 1201: 1189:. Retrieved 1176: 1164:. Retrieved 1157:"Debian LSB" 1151: 1139:. Retrieved 1113: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1078:"osnews.com" 1072: 1058: 1044: 1030: 1018: 1006:. Retrieved 997: 985:. Retrieved 979: 973: 961:. Retrieved 956: 950: 938:. Retrieved 934: 925: 913:. Retrieved 909:h-online.com 908: 899: 891:the original 880: 868:. Retrieved 864:the original 859: 850: 838:. Retrieved 824: 815: 806: 794:. Retrieved 790:the original 785: 776: 767: 758: 749: 740: 728:. Retrieved 724:the original 710: 682:Linux portal 659: 651: 638: 631: 627: 615: 606: 599: 587: 564: 556: 483: 480: 477:architecture 470:architecture 463:architecture 456:architecture 427: 384:, Cairo and 366:Java removed 195: 191: 180: 148: 126:The command 125: 116: 112: 74: 71: 63: 59: 34: 30: 28: 25:The LSB logo 18: 5973:Hyperledger 5930:Initiatives 4586:20000–29999 3738:10000–19999 2315:Linux-libre 2208:Exec Shield 2087:Framebuffer 1790:Video4Linux 1647:System Call 1475:Developers 1415:Linus's law 1008:October 15, 987:October 15, 963:October 15, 322:version 2.4 151:lsb_release 144:lsb-release 134:package in 6009:Linux APIs 5988:Categories 4365:16949 (TS) 3962:11941 (TR) 2660:standards 2402:Hypervisor 2364:PREEMPT_RT 2269:KernelCare 2257:Raw device 2187:SCHED_FIFO 2097:KMS driver 2014:Components 1869:securityfs 1755:Crypto API 1697:Linux-only 1583:System.map 1486:kernel.org 1445:menuconfig 1440:GNU GPL v2 1320:, pkgs.org 1314:, pkgs.org 915:August 15, 796:August 15, 703:References 185:(ABI) for 132:redhat-lsb 113:$ local_fs 93:run levels 5906:LF Energy 4320:15926 WIP 3684:9592/9593 3609:9000/9001 3497:8805/8806 2541:LYME-LYCE 2264:initramfs 2233:Linux PAM 2102:Netfilter 1972:libcgroup 1938:libhybris 1910:libraries 1858:hugetlbfs 1809:Userspace 1742:In-kernel 1727:readahead 1649:Interface 1598:initramfs 1555:SystemTap 1528:Debugging 1521:Technical 1460:Criticism 1276:April 26, 1250:April 26, 1166:April 26, 1141:April 26, 840:April 26, 730:April 26, 561:Reception 388:libraries 375:xdg-utils 175:userspace 142:, or the 117:$ network 81:ld-lsb.so 77:libraries 5956:Projects 4945:Category 2670:List of 2615:Category 2557:Adopters 2532:Server: 2513:Embedded 2489:Adoption 2382:PSXLinux 2305:Mainline 2298:Variants 2250:graphics 2203:AppArmor 2192:SCHED_RR 2112:nftables 2056:dm-crypt 2051:dm-cache 1997:liburing 1987:libevdev 1945:dietlibc 1834:configfs 1760:io uring 668:See also 619:end-user 604:format. 581:11, and 380:Updated 121:System V 105:Foomatic 99:such as 97:spoolers 5828:Related 5541:13522-5 5329:ISO/IEC 5220:62014-4 5133:61131-9 5128:61131-3 5098:60906-1 5091:60870-6 5086:60870-5 4846:29199-2 4718:23094-2 4713:23094-1 4703:23090-3 4572:19794-5 4567:19775-1 4355:16612-2 4345:16355-1 4034:13406-2 3992:12234-2 3760:10118-3 2548:Devices 2508:Desktop 2469:coLinux 2464:MkLinux 2449:L4Linux 2377:μClinux 2359:Xenomai 2349:RTLinux 2289:Ksplice 2218:SELinux 2213:seccomp 2163:(EEVDF) 2107:Netlink 2036:Console 2031:cgroups 1982:libalsa 1908:Wrapper 1886:systemd 1849:debugfs 1818:Daemons 1780:New API 1722:inotify 1717:dnotify 1621:x32 ABI 1578:vmlinux 1570:Startup 1469:Support 1330:Media: 1212:LWN.net 1116:. 2005. 1098:. 2005. 940:June 3, 870:June 3, 770:. 2005. 752:. 2005. 410:FHS 3.0 231:Itanium 221:PowerPC 136:Red-Hat 4860:30000+ 3699:9797-1 3507:8820-5 3452:8501-1 3008:1073-2 3003:1073-1 2687:1–9999 2518:Gaming 2500:of use 2454:ELinOS 2445:Other 2439:OpenVZ 2429:Lguest 2373:-less 2284:kpatch 2279:kGraft 2245:802.11 2041:bcache 1992:libusb 1977:libdrm 1965:Newlib 1950:EGLIBC 1933:Bionic 1928:uClibc 1898:Kmscon 1872:sockfs 1865:procfs 1861:pipefs 1844:devpts 1770:kernfs 1712:splice 1667:select 1639:Kernel 1593:initrd 1588:dracut 1540:ftrace 1502:Users 1435:Linaro 1398:Kernel 1272:. 2008 981:23360) 836:. 2008 692:(iBCS) 590:Debian 302:(2003) 251:64-bit 224:32-bit 140:Fedora 6004:Linux 5968:SONiC 5819:81346 5814:80000 5809:42010 5804:39075 5799:38500 5794:33001 5789:29119 5785:29110 5781:27040 5776:27002 5766:27000 5761:26300 5756:24752 5751:24744 5746:24727 5741:24707 5736:23360 5731:23270 5726:23008 5721:23003 5716:23000 5711:22537 5706:22275 5701:21827 5696:21000 5691:20802 5686:20000 5681:19788 5676:19770 5671:19757 5666:19752 5661:18181 5656:18014 5651:18004 5646:17025 5641:17024 5636:16485 5631:16262 5626:15938 5621:15897 5616:15693 5611:15511 5606:15504 5601:15445 5596:15444 5591:15408 5586:15291 5581:15288 5576:14882 5571:14651 5566:14496 5561:14443 5556:13818 5551:13816 5546:13568 5536:13346 5531:13250 5526:12207 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4808:27001 4803:27000 4793:26324 4788:26300 4783:26262 4778:26000 4773:25964 4768:25178 4763:24728 4758:24707 4753:24617 4748:24613 4743:24517 4738:23941 4733:23360 4728:23271 4723:23270 4708:23092 4698:23009 4693:23008 4688:23003 4683:23000 4678:22537 4673:22395 4668:22301 4663:22300 4658:22275 4653:22000 4648:21827 4643:21500 4638:21122 4633:21047 4628:21001 4623:21000 4618:20830 4613:20802 4608:20400 4603:20121 4598:20022 4593:20000 4577:19831 4562:19770 4557:19757 4552:19752 4547:19600 4542:19510 4537:19509 4532:19508 4527:19507 4522:19506 4517:19505 4512:19503 4507:19502 4502:19501 4497:19500 4492:19439 4487:19407 4482:19136 4477:19125 4472:19115 4467:19114 4450:19092 4445:19011 4440:19005 4435:18916 4430:18629 4425:18245 4420:18181 4415:18014 4410:18004 4405:17799 4400:17506 4395:17442 4390:17369 4385:17203 4380:17100 4375:17025 4370:17024 4360:16750 4350:16485 4340:16262 4335:16023 4330:15938 4325:15930 4315:15926 4310:15924 4305:15919 4300:15897 4295:15707 4283:15706 4278:15693 4273:15686 4268:15511 4263:15504 4258:15438 4253:15445 4236:15444 4231:15408 4226:15398 4221:15291 4216:15288 4211:15189 4206:15022 4201:14971 4196:14882 4191:14764 4186:14698 4181:14651 4176:14649 4171:14644 4166:14617 4114:14496 4109:14443 4104:14396 4099:14289 4094:14224 4089:14031 4084:14000 4079:13818 4074:13816 4069:13616 4064:13584 4059:13568 4054:13567 4049:13490 4044:13485 4039:13450 4029:13399 4024:13250 4019:13216 4002:13211 3997:12620 3987:12207 3982:12182 3977:12052 3972:12006 3967:11992 3957:11941 3947:11940 3942:11898 3937:11889 3932:11801 3927:11785 3922:11784 3917:11783 3912:11544 3907:11404 3902:11179 3897:11172 3892:11170 3887:11073 3882:10967 3877:10962 3872:10957 3867:10861 3862:10746 3857:10664 3852:10646 3847:10628 3842:10589 3837:10585 3832:10383 3800:10303 3795:10279 3790:10218 3785:10206 3780:10179 3775:10165 3770:10161 3765:10160 3755:10116 3750:10007 3745:10006 2498:Range 2337:SLURM 2274:kexec 2223:Smack 2157:(CFS) 2137:zswap 2078:(KSM) 2071:evdev 2026:BlueZ 1955:klibc 1923:glibc 1881:tmpfs 1876:sysfs 1839:devfs 1830:bpffs 1707:epoll 1702:futex 1682:close 1662:ioctl 1657:POSIX 1545:kdump 696:POSIX 623:Alien 577:6.0, 475:S390X 461:PPC64 454:PPC32 340:Cairo 300:POSIX 255:AMD64 214:IA-32 85:POSIX 51:POSIX 5461:9995 5456:9945 5451:9899 5446:9593 5441:9592 5436:9529 5431:9496 5426:9293 5421:9126 5416:8859 5411:8652 5406:8632 5401:8613 5396:7942 5391:7816 5386:7813 5381:7812 5376:7811 5371:7810 5366:6523 5361:6429 5356:5218 5351:4909 5346:2022 5341:1989 3825:-238 3729:9995 3724:9985 3719:9984 3714:9945 3709:9899 3704:9897 3694:9660 3689:9594 3679:9564 3674:9529 3669:9506 3664:9496 3659:9407 3654:9362 3649:9314 3644:9293 3639:9241 3634:9227 3629:9141 3624:9126 3619:9075 3614:9036 3604:8879 3557:-8-I 3512:8859 3502:8807 3492:8691 3487:8652 3482:8651 3477:8632 3472:8613 3467:8601 3462:8583 3457:8571 3447:8373 3442:8217 3437:8178 3432:8093 3427:8000 3422:7942 3417:7816 3412:7813 3407:7812 3402:7811 3397:7810 3392:7736 3387:7637 3375:7498 3370:7200 3365:7185 3360:7098 3355:7064 3350:7027 3345:7010 3340:7002 3335:7001 3330:6943 3325:6709 3320:6523 3315:6438 3310:6429 3305:6425 3300:6385 3295:6373 3290:6346 3285:6344 3280:6166 3275:5964 3270:5807 3265:5800 3260:5776 3255:5775 3250:5725 3245:5428 3240:5427 3235:5426 3230:5218 3225:4909 3220:4217 3215:4165 3210:4157 3205:4031 3200:3977 3195:3950 3190:3901 3185:3864 3180:3602 3175:3601 3170:3307 3165:3297 3143:3166 3138:3103 3133:3029 3128:2921 3123:2852 3118:2848 3113:2788 3108:2720 3103:2711 3098:2709 3093:2533 3088:2281 3083:2240 3078:2146 3073:2145 3068:2108 3063:2047 3058:2033 3053:2022 3048:2015 3043:2014 3038:1989 3033:1745 3028:1629 3023:1538 3018:1413 3013:1155 2998:1007 2993:1004 2988:1000 2811:68-1 2536:LAMP 2526:LTSP 2354:RTAI 2132:zram 2127:SLUB 2122:perf 2066:EDAC 1960:musl 1891:udev 1854:FUSE 1750:ALSA 1687:sync 1677:read 1672:open 1631:APIs 1608:ABIs 1535:CRIU 1491:LKML 1278:2010 1252:2010 1193:2015 1168:2010 1143:2010 1010:2011 989:2011 965:2011 942:2015 917:2015 872:2015 842:2010 798:2015 732:2010 468:S390 386:CUPS 382:GTK+ 371:ALSA 346:Java 338:and 244:I18n 101:CUPS 29:The 5336:646 4994:IEC 4159:-20 4154:-17 4149:-14 4144:-12 4139:-11 4134:-10 3820:-28 3815:-22 3810:-21 3805:-11 3597:-16 3592:-15 3587:-14 3582:-13 3577:-12 3572:-11 3567:-10 2983:999 2978:965 2973:898 2968:860 2963:843 2958:838 2953:764 2948:732 2943:704 2938:690 2933:668 2928:657 2923:646 2891:639 2886:519 2881:518 2876:500 2871:361 2866:306 2861:302 2856:262 2851:261 2846:259 2841:233 2836:228 2831:226 2826:217 2821:216 2816:128 2804:-13 2799:-12 2794:-11 2789:-10 2658:ISO 2434:LXC 2412:Xen 2407:KVM 2371:MMU 2327:INK 2092:LVM 2082:LIO 2061:DRM 1795:IIO 1785:RCU 1765:DRM 1560:BPF 1425:Tux 1318:lsb 634:lsb 490:IEC 486:ISO 434:IEC 430:ISO 336:GTK 330:SDK 295:3.4 293:gcc 289:C++ 271:ISO 35:LSB 5990:: 4460:-2 4455:-1 4288:-2 4246:-9 4241:-3 4129:-6 4124:-3 4119:-2 4012:-2 4007:-1 3951:-2 3562:-9 3552:-8 3547:-7 3542:-6 3537:-5 3532:-4 3527:-3 3522:-2 3517:-1 3380:-1 3158:-3 3153:-2 3148:-1 2916:-6 2911:-5 2906:-3 2901:-2 2896:-1 2784:-9 2779:-8 2774:-7 2769:-6 2764:-5 2759:-4 2754:-3 2749:-1 2744:-0 2739:31 2734:17 2729:16 2678:– 2674:– 2201:: 1268:. 1235:^ 1209:. 1184:. 1159:. 1133:. 1122:^ 1112:. 1094:. 933:. 907:. 858:. 832:. 814:. 784:. 766:. 748:. 718:. 253:, 216:). 115:, 91:, 5869:e 5862:t 5855:v 4979:e 4972:t 4965:v 3953:) 3949:( 2724:9 2719:7 2714:6 2709:4 2704:3 2699:2 2694:1 2650:e 2643:t 2636:v 2146:: 1820:, 1731:… 1691:… 1376:e 1369:t 1362:v 1280:. 1254:. 1215:. 1195:. 1170:. 1145:. 1080:. 1066:. 1052:. 1038:. 1012:. 991:. 967:. 944:. 919:. 874:. 844:. 800:. 734:. 488:/ 432:/ 257:) 233:. 33:(

Index


Linux distributions
Linux Foundation
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
POSIX
Single UNIX Specification
even in binary form
libraries
POSIX
file system hierarchy
run levels
spoolers
CUPS
Foomatic
X Window System
System V
Red-Hat
Fedora


userspace
application binary interface
independent software vendors
backward compatibility
IA-32
PowerPC
32-bit
Itanium
I18n
64-bit

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