2216:
40:
452:
627:
1185:), development teams include someone who handles the basic/central stages of the process which then enables all the others. Such persons typically understand foreign languages and cultures and have some technical background. Specialized technical writers are required to construct a culturally appropriate syntax for potentially complicated concepts, coupled with engineering resources to deploy and test the localization elements.
2232:
1111:
for countries that do not have states, plus the introduction of new registration flows that adhere to local laws are just some of the examples that make internationalization a complex project. A broader approach takes into account cultural factors regarding for example the adaptation of the business process logic or the inclusion of individual cultural (behavioral) aspects.
644:, the design aspects to consider when internationalizing a product are "data encoding, data and documentation, software construction, hardware device support, and user interaction"; while the key design areas to consider when making a fully internationalized product from scratch are "user interaction, algorithm design and data formats, software services, and documentation".
618:(NLV) for localized versions of software products supporting only one specific locale. The term implies the existence of other alike NLV versions of the software for different markets; this terminology is not used where no internationalization and localization was undertaken and a software product only supports one language and locale in any version.
1249:
must also facilitate their operations in the new languages, to support customers for the localized products. Particularly for relatively small language populations, it may never be economically viable to offer a localized product. Even where large language populations could justify localization for a
1142:
The current prevailing practice is for applications to place text in resource files which are loaded during program execution as needed. These strings, stored in resource files, are relatively easy to translate. Programs are often built to reference resource libraries depending on the selected locale
596:
defines internationalization as a combination of world-readiness and localization. World-readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used with multiple scripts and cultures (globalization) and separates user interface resources in a localizable format (localizability, abbreviated to
1241:
However, there are considerable costs involved, which go far beyond engineering. Further, business operations must adapt to manage the production, storage and distribution of multiple discrete localized products, which are often being sold in completely different currencies, regulatory environments
1138:
Both in re-engineering an existing software or designing a new internationalized software, the first step of internationalization is to split each potentially locale-dependent part (whether code, text or data) into a separate module. Each module can then either rely on a standard library/dependency
1158:
Thus to get an application to support multiple languages one would design the application to select the relevant language resource file at runtime. The code required to manage data entry verification and many other locale-sensitive data types also must support differing locale requirements. Modern
1110:
a product, it is important to look at a variety of markets that the product will foreseeably enter. Details such as field length for street addresses, unique format for the address, ability to make the postal code field optional to address countries that do not have postal codes or the state field
735:
can encounter differences above and beyond straightforward translation of words and phrases, because computer programs can generate content dynamically. These differences may need to be taken into account by the internationalization process in preparation for translation. Many of these differences
513:
Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses the infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once before localization, or as an integral part of ongoing development).
1146:
The storage for translatable and translated strings is sometimes called a message catalog as the strings are called messages. The catalog generally comprises a set of files in a specific localization format and a standard library to handle said format. One
1203:
When translating existing text to other languages, it is difficult to maintain the parallel versions of texts throughout the life of the product. For instance, if a message displayed to the user is modified, all of the translated versions must be changed.
509:
so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.
1940:
Reina, Laura Arjona; Robles, Gregorio; González-Barahona, Jesús M. (2013). "A Preliminary
Analysis of Localization in Free Software: How Translations Are Performed". In Petrinja, Etiel; Succi, Giancarlo; Ioini, Nabil El; Sillitti, Alberto (eds.).
1250:
given product, and a product's internal structure already permits localization, a given software developer or publisher may lack the size and sophistication to manage the ancillary functions associated with operating in multiple locales.
2105:
390:
2047:
2267:
1767:
2095:
1798:
1616:
836:
Different languages have different pluralization rules, which can complicate programs that dynamically display numerical content. Other grammar rules might also vary, e.g.
64:
1854:
1487:
In a nutshell, localization revolves around combining language and technology to produce a product that can cross cultural and language barriers. No more, no less.
1592:
instead, quoting the first and last letter of each word, and replacing the run of intermediate letters by a number merely telling how many such letters there are.
2039:
946:
vary across the world, and this must be taken into account if a product originally only interacted with people in a single time zone. For internationalization,
857:
which is being localized for. If a shortcut corresponds to a word in a particular language (e.g. Ctrl-s stands for "save" in
English), it may need to be changed.
2236:
1916:
884:
1737:
1884:
400:
1166:
Many localization issues (e.g. writing direction, text sorting) require more profound changes in the software than text translation. For example,
1571:
2252:
303:
1759:
633:
412:
1178:
A globalization method includes, after planning, three implementation steps: internationalization, localization and quality assurance.
438:
1126:) on a large scale, for all their translation activity: human translators handled pre-editing (making the input machine-readable) and
1685:
1663:
1458:
2018:
1790:
1608:
2277:
1214:
may provides reference software localization guidelines for developers. The software localization language may be different from
710:
385:
1378:
1846:
1960:
1159:
development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types, see also
1021:
1641:
1267:
889:
1945:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 404. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 153–167.
611:
created a system called "National
Language Support" or "Native Language Support" (NLS) to produce localizable software.
298:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2140:
1509:
1473:
1441:
380:
288:
1539:
2282:
2070:
933:
In particular, the United States and Europe differ in most of these cases. Other areas often follow one of these.
1318:
1094:
1986:
1042:
665:
Text translation for printed materials, and digital media (possibly including error messages and documentation)
460:
431:
354:
160:
1907:
1189:
843:
Different languages use different punctuation (e.g. quoting text using double-quotes (" ") as in
English, or
737:
548:
201:
186:
2040:"How to Translate a Game Into 20 Languages and Avoid Going to Hell: Exorcising the Four Devils of Confusion"
2272:
1262:
927:
875:
1727:
1876:
1207:
1053:
960:
may require customization for a particular jurisdiction, or a change to the product as a whole, such as:
687:
456:
324:
293:
119:
262:
947:
499:
1561:
424:
1226:
In a commercial setting, the benefit of localization is access to more markets. In the early 1980s,
2292:
937:
375:
2219:
1188:
Once properly internationalized, software can rely on more decentralized models for localization:
2257:
1707:
1192:
usually rely on self-localization by end-users and volunteers, sometimes organized in teams. The
957:
830:
257:
165:
104:
79:
2133:.NET Internationalization: The Developer's Guide to Building Global Windows and Web Applications
1821:
2262:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1038:
340:
226:
124:
94:
1584:
Many people, tired of writing these long words over and over again, took the habit of writing
668:
Potentially altering images and logos containing text to contain translations or generic icons
59:
2297:
2225:
1277:
917:
826:
691:
660:
648:
395:
252:
155:
99:
84:
802:
is left to right in most
European languages, right-to-left in Hebrew and Arabic, or both in
655:
For film, video, and audio, translation of spoken words or music lyrics, often using either
2287:
1282:
1083:
765:
506:
407:
267:
109:
23:
1479:
8:
2100:
2008:
1693:
1671:
1338:
1234:. MicroPro found that using an Austrian translator for the West German market caused its
1231:
1230:
took two years to separate program code and text and lost the market lead in Europe over
1200:
supports over 500 languages, of which 100 are mostly complete as of
September 2023.
1119:
990:
980:
950:
is often used internally and then converted into a local time zone for display purposes.
809:
334:
191:
150:
140:
114:
89:
1323:
793:
777:
676:
577:
196:
74:
69:
498:
to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of a target
2193:
2174:
2155:
2136:
2013:
1956:
1469:
1437:
1368:
1343:
1313:
1246:
1182:
1090:
850:
799:
749:
732:
718:
700:
495:
319:
170:
54:
1946:
1609:"What is Internationalization (i18n), Localization (L10n) and Globalization (g11n)"
1434:
Software without
Frontiers: A Multi-Platform, Multi-Cultural, Multi-Nation Approach
1327:
1215:
1148:
745:
714:
656:
475:
345:
866:
Different countries have different economic conventions, including variations in:
1951:
1074:
1011:
903:
854:
773:
604:
483:
350:
329:
736:
are so regular that a conversion between languages can be easily automated. The
561:, due to the length of the words. Some writers have the latter term capitalized
2171:
The Web
Testing Companion: The Insider's Guide to Efficient and Effective Tests
1167:
1028:
shown on maps (e.g., India has proposed a bill that would make failing to show
1025:
1015:
704:
672:
671:
Different translation lengths and differences in character sizes (e.g. between
16:
Process of making software accessible to people in different areas of the world
2246:
2215:
1649:
1272:
1238:
documentation to, an executive said, not "have the tone it should have had".
1193:
1058:
1001:
922:
879:
803:
582:
242:
145:
953:
Different countries have different legal requirements, meaning for example:
1629:
The capital L in L10n helps to distinguish it from the lowercase i in i18n.
1499:
1466:
Translation
Technology and Its Teaching (With Much Mention of Localization)
1127:
1093:, such as social taboos, popular local religions, or superstitions such as
679:) can cause layouts that work well in one language to work poorly in others
39:
1531:
1227:
1115:
1049:
Localization also may take into account differences in culture, such as:
963:
906:, positions of currency markers, and reasonable amounts due to different
893:
221:
216:
31:
936:
Specific third-party services, such as online maps, weather reports, or
1196:, for example, has volunteer translation teams for over 100 languages.
1068:
1037:
Government-assigned numbers have different formats (such as passports,
984:
970:
870:
451:
370:
2226:
Localization vs. Internationalization by The World Wide Web
Consortium
940:, might not be available worldwide from the same carriers, or at all.
1211:
1197:
1079:
1007:
943:
907:
844:
819:
781:
744:
provides a collection of such differences. Its data is used by major
626:
593:
523:
467:
211:
1976:
1909:
Culture Profiles: Facilitating Global Learning and Knowledge Sharing
1791:"Pakistan Expresses Concern Over India's Controversial 'Maps Bill'"
1464:. In Pym, Anthony; Perekrestenko, Alexander; Starink, Bram (eds.).
1330:
method for testing a software product's readiness for localization.
1235:
1101:
994:
911:
899:
837:
785:
812:, for languages where characters change shape depending on context
1732:
1566:
1152:
1123:
1029:
789:
741:
683:
206:
1686:"Globalization Step-by-Step: Understanding Internationalization"
1468:. Tarragona: Intercultural Studies Group – URV. pp. 21–29.
590:, for the combination of internationalization and localization.
2231:
2190:
Business Without Borders: A Strategic Guide to Global Marketing
2135:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Addison Wesley Professional.
761:
757:
365:
360:
713:, possibly including the use of different calendars (e.g. the
647:
Translation is typically the most time-consuming component of
1981:
1822:"Changing Maps Will Not Mean Kashmir Is a Part of You, India"
1764:
Human Translation Services – Language to Language Translation
1073:
Comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness of images and
1062:
792:
standard to represent many different languages with a single
753:
608:
1939:
1847:"An Overview of the Geospatial Information Regulation Bill"
2268:
Information and communication technologies for development
1712:
1504:
1373:
806:
scripts, and optionally vertical in some Asian languages.
573:
1139:
or be independently replaced as needed for each locale.
818:
Different languages and writing systems have different
815:
Capitalization exists in some scripts and not in others
1032:
and other areas as intended by the government a crime)
760:, and by major Internet companies or projects such as
2071:"Microsoft Localization Style Guides - Globalization"
1819:
535:stands for the number of letters between the first
505:Internationalization is the process of designing a
1813:
630:The internationalization and localization process
2244:
2192:. Chelmsford, Massachusetts: Globa Vista Press.
2096:"IBM Wins Dominance in European Computer Market"
1782:
1367:Ishida, Richard; Miller, Susan K. (2005-12-05).
1102:Business process for internationalizing software
1086:of people and architecture of locations pictured
1020:Sensitivity to different political issues, like
2087:
1839:
2130:
1788:
1554:
914:codes are often used for internationalization
432:
1760:"Do We Need to Localize Keyboard Shortcuts?"
1366:
1221:
522:The terms are frequently abbreviated to the
1943:Open Source Software: Quality Verification
1877:"Appendix V International Address Formats"
1431:
439:
425:
1950:
1432:Hall, P. A. V.; Hudson, R., eds. (1997).
1170:achieves this with compilation switches.
1160:
976:Different consumer labelling requirements
614:Some vendors, including IBM use the term
2149:
1456:
1114:Already in the 1990s, companies such as
1097:vs. astrological signs in other cultures
768:. Examples of such differences include:
625:
450:
2187:
2093:
2068:
1369:"Localization vs. Internationalization"
861:
727:
2245:
1728:"Plural forms (GNU gettext utilities)"
1602:
1600:
1574:from the original on 18 September 2019
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
829:, which might need to be supported if
788:, or symbols. Modern systems use the
459:software programs mostly localized to
391:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
2253:Internationalization and localization
2237:Internationalization and localization
2094:Schrage, Michael (17 February 1985).
1905:
1512:from the original on 2 September 2011
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
480:internationalisation and localisation
472:internationalization and localization
248:Internationalization and localization
2050:from the original on 7 December 2017
1857:from the original on 29 October 2020
1820:Yasser Latif Hamdani (18 May 2016).
1606:
1362:
1360:
1300:, localization into Russian language
1268:International Components for Unicode
1006:Collecting different taxes, such as
853:can only make use of buttons on the
494:respectively, are means of adapting
2168:
2108:from the original on 29 August 2018
1989:from the original on 29 August 2023
1597:
825:Different languages have different
13:
2123:
1740:from the original on 14 March 2021
1562:"Concepts (GNU gettext utilities)"
1392:
699:Formatting of numbers (especially
381:Books and magazines on translation
14:
2309:
2208:
2152:A Practical Guide to Localization
1770:from the original on 3 April 2015
1619:from the original on 2 April 2015
1542:from the original on 27 June 2014
1532:"Origin of the Abbreviation I18n"
1357:
896:, and choice of delivery services
772:Different "scripts" in different
2230:
2214:
2173:. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley.
1887:from the original on 19 May 2021
1801:from the original on 10 May 2018
682:Consideration of differences in
38:
2062:
2032:
2021:from the original on 2023-08-29
2001:
1969:
1933:
1922:from the original on 2011-07-16
1899:
1869:
1752:
1720:
1700:
1678:
1459:"The Evolution of Localization"
1381:from the original on 2016-04-03
1319:Globalization Management System
1095:blood types in Japanese culture
1043:national identification numbers
2278:Natural language and computing
2009:"Translating:Group Statistics"
1656:
1634:
1524:
1492:
1450:
1245:Finally, sales, marketing and
1133:
780:– a different set of letters,
413:Kural translations by language
386:Bible translations by language
161:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
2154:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1789:Mateen Haider (17 May 2016).
1351:
1259:Subcomponents and standards:
1190:free and open source software
1151:and format that aids this is
928:Voltage and current standards
738:Common Locale Data Repository
569:to help distinguish the two.
549:Digital Equipment Corporation
401:List of most translated works
202:Translation management system
1952:10.1007/978-3-642-38928-3_11
1664:"Globalization Step-by-Step"
1263:Bidirectional script support
1022:geographical naming disputes
876:Broadcast television systems
7:
2188:DePalma, Donald A. (2004).
2131:Smith-Ferrier, Guy (2006).
1708:"National language version"
1253:
1208:Independent software vendor
632:(based on a chart from the
551:in the 1970s or 1980s) and
10:
2314:
1690:Go Global Developer Center
1668:Go Global Developer Center
1173:
696:Writing conventions like:
642:Software without frontiers
1642:"Globalize Your Business"
1222:Commercial considerations
1181:To some degree (e.g. for
973:on a website or packaging
938:payment service providers
616:National Language Version
517:
1500:"Glossary of W3C Jargon"
885:Telephone number formats
847:(« ») as in French)
621:
376:Journalistic translation
2283:Technical communication
2150:Esselink, Bert (2000).
1457:Esselink, Bert (2006).
1039:Social Security Numbers
831:Western Arabic numerals
258:Video game localization
166:Contrastive linguistics
2069:jowilco (2023-08-24).
1607:alan (29 March 2011).
1310:Methods and examples:
1304:Separation of concerns
1298:Computer Russification
1293:Computer accessibility
890:Postal address formats
637:
463:
341:Telephone interpreting
227:Multimedia translation
1485:on 7 September 2012.
1436:. Chichester: Wiley.
1278:Language localization
958:Regulatory compliance
918:System of measurement
649:language localization
629:
572:Some companies, like
486:), often abbreviated
461:Chinese (traditional)
454:
273:Software localization
253:Language localization
156:Translation criticism
85:Linguistic validation
2239:at Wikimedia Commons
1283:Website localization
1161:Standard locale data
1084:socioeconomic status
862:National conventions
766:Wikimedia Foundation
728:Standard locale data
711:Date and time format
651:. This may involve:
547:, a usage coined at
545:internationalization
507:software application
268:Website localization
2273:International trade
2169:Ash, Lydia (2003).
2101:The Washington Post
2075:learn.microsoft.com
1826:The Express Tribune
1339:Input method editor
1232:Microsoft Multiplan
1120:machine translation
991:Internet censorship
989:Compliance with an
983:and regulations on
981:export restrictions
810:Complex text layout
335:Video relay service
192:Machine translation
151:Translation project
141:Translation studies
1906:Pawlowski, Jan M.
1766:. 21 August 2014.
1324:Pseudolocalization
1289:Related concepts:
1089:Local customs and
851:Keyboard shortcuts
794:character encoding
677:Chinese characters
638:
464:
197:Mobile translation
2235:Media related to
2220:FOSS Localization
2014:translatewiki.net
1977:"GNOME Languages"
1962:978-3-642-38927-6
1915:(Draft version).
1674:on 12 April 2015.
1652:on 31 March 2016.
1344:Language industry
1314:Game localization
1247:technical support
1242:and tax regimes.
1183:quality assurance
1000:Requirements for
800:Writing direction
750:Microsoft Windows
746:operating systems
733:Computer software
719:Japanese calendar
701:decimal separator
496:computer software
449:
448:
320:Untranslatability
171:Polysystem theory
2305:
2234:
2218:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. 4 April 2014.
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1853:. 24 July 2017.
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1692:. Archived from
1682:
1676:
1675:
1670:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:. Archived from
1638:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1581:
1579:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:. Archived from
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1364:
1328:software testing
1216:written language
1149:software library
1108:internationalize
1082:, clothing, and
1026:disputed borders
979:Compliance with
441:
434:
427:
396:Translated books
346:Language barrier
263:Dub localization
42:
19:
18:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2293:Transliteration
2243:
2242:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2143:
2126:
2124:Further reading
2121:
2111:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2044:PocketGamer.biz
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1883:. 2 June 2008.
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:on 26 May 2015.
1684:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1598:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1430:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1256:
1224:
1176:
1136:
1104:
1075:color symbolism
1012:value added tax
864:
855:keyboard layout
827:numeral systems
774:writing systems
730:
631:
624:
605:Hewlett-Packard
580:, use the term
520:
445:
351:Fan translation
330:Transliteration
120:Sense-for-sense
17:
12:
11:
5:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Business terms
2255:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2223:
2210:
2209:External links
2207:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2086:
2061:
2031:
2000:
1968:
1961:
1932:
1898:
1881:Microsoft Docs
1868:
1851:Madras Courier
1838:
1812:
1781:
1751:
1719:
1699:
1677:
1655:
1633:
1596:
1553:
1523:
1491:
1474:
1449:
1442:
1391:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1252:
1223:
1220:
1175:
1172:
1168:OpenOffice.org
1135:
1132:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1054:Local holidays
1047:
1046:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1016:customs duties
1004:
998:
987:
977:
974:
967:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
897:
887:
882:
873:
863:
860:
859:
858:
848:
841:
834:
823:
816:
813:
807:
797:
776:use different
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:
722:
708:
705:digit grouping
694:
680:
673:Latin alphabet
669:
666:
663:
623:
620:
519:
516:
455:Screenshot of
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
355:of video games
348:
343:
338:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
312:Related topics
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
181:
180:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
105:Interpretation
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Globalization
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2199:0-9765169-0-X
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2180:0-471-43021-8
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2161:1-58811-006-0
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2142:0-321-34138-4
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1475:84-611-1131-1
1471:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1443:0-471-96974-5
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Language code
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:GNOME project
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:Personal name
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:accessibility
999:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
939:
934:
929:
926:
924:
923:Battery sizes
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:histories) –
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:storage media
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:boustrophedon
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
667:
664:
662:
658:
654:
653:
652:
650:
645:
643:
640:According to
635:
628:
619:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
600:
595:
591:
589:
585:
584:
583:globalization
579:
575:
570:
568:
566:
560:
556:
555:
550:
546:
542:
539:and the last
538:
534:
530:
529:
525:
515:
511:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
458:
453:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
422:
420:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:Transcription
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
311:
310:
305:
302:
300:
299:Organizations
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:Institutional
280:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:Glocalization
241:
240:
239:
238:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
146:Skopos theory
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Word-for-word
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
65:Bhagavad-gita
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2298:Word coinage
2222:at Wikibooks
2189:
2170:
2151:
2132:
2110:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1993:16 September
1991:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1942:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1908:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1744:16 September
1742:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1711:
1702:
1694:the original
1689:
1680:
1672:the original
1667:
1658:
1650:the original
1645:
1636:
1628:
1623:16 September
1621:. Retrieved
1612:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1578:16 September
1576:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1516:16 September
1514:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1486:
1480:the original
1465:
1452:
1433:
1383:. Retrieved
1372:
1244:
1240:
1225:
1206:
1202:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1165:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1128:post-editing
1113:
1107:
1105:
1048:
952:
942:
935:
932:
894:postal codes
878:and popular
865:
833:are not used
820:text sorting
748:, including
731:
675:letters and
646:
641:
639:
615:
613:
603:
598:
592:
587:
581:
571:
564:
562:
559:localization
558:
553:
552:
544:
543:in the word
540:
536:
532:
527:
526:
521:
512:
504:
491:
487:
479:
471:
465:
289:Associations
272:
247:
235:Localization
179:Technologies
2288:Translation
2054:19 February
1891:19 February
1861:19 February
1831:19 February
1774:19 February
1546:19 February
1228:Lotus 1-2-3
1134:Engineering
1091:conventions
1065:conventions
971:disclaimers
969:Additional
964:Privacy law
871:Paper sizes
408:Translators
222:Postediting
217:Pre-editing
32:Translation
2247:Categories
2080:2024-09-15
2025:2023-09-16
1926:2009-10-01
1385:2023-09-16
1352:References
1069:Aesthetics
1041:and other
997:procedures
993:regime or
985:encryption
966:compliance
944:Time zones
845:guillemets
782:syllograms
778:characters
524:numeronyms
371:Scanlation
212:Subtitling
125:Homophonic
95:Regulatory
2112:29 August
1212:Microsoft
1198:MediaWiki
1080:Ethnicity
1008:sales tax
908:inflation
786:logograms
661:subtitles
594:Microsoft
468:computing
100:Technical
2106:Archived
2048:Archived
2019:Archived
1987:Archived
1917:Archived
1885:Archived
1855:Archived
1799:Archived
1768:Archived
1738:Archived
1617:Archived
1613:ccjk.com
1572:Archived
1540:Archived
1510:Archived
1379:Archived
1254:See also
1236:WordStar
1210:such as
995:subpoena
912:ISO 4217
900:Currency
838:genitive
764:and the
688:register
636:website)
476:American
110:Cultural
60:Literary
24:a series
22:Part of
1733:gnu.org
1567:gnu.org
1536:I18nGuy
1335:Other:
1174:Process
1163:above.
1153:gettext
1124:Systran
1030:Kashmir
904:symbols
790:Unicode
742:Unicode
717:or the
715:Islamic
692:variety
684:dialect
657:dubbing
531:(where
484:British
304:Schools
207:Dubbing
90:Medical
2196:
2177:
2158:
2139:
1959:
1472:
1440:
1143:data.
762:Google
758:Debian
578:Oracle
518:Naming
500:locale
366:Fandub
361:Fansub
294:Awards
133:Theory
1982:GNOME
1920:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1805:9 May
1483:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
1118:used
1063:title
1014:, or
822:rules
754:macOS
622:Scope
609:HP-UX
478:) or
337:(VRS)
80:Kural
75:Quran
70:Bible
55:Legal
47:Types
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2114:2018
2056:2022
1995:2023
1957:ISBN
1893:2022
1863:2022
1833:2022
1807:2018
1795:Dawn
1776:2022
1746:2023
1625:2023
1590:l10n
1588:and
1586:i18n
1580:2023
1548:2022
1518:2023
1470:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1326:, a
1116:Bull
1061:and
1024:and
756:and
703:and
634:LISA
607:and
599:L12y
588:g11n
576:and
565:L10n
557:for
554:l10n
528:i18n
492:l10n
490:and
488:i18n
1947:doi
1713:IBM
1646:IBM
1505:W3C
1374:W3C
1106:To
948:UTC
740:by
690:or
659:or
601:).
574:IBM
466:In
457:TDE
187:CAT
2249::
2104:.
2098:.
2073:.
2042:.
2017:.
2011:.
1985:.
1979:.
1955:.
1879:.
1849:.
1824:.
1797:.
1793:.
1762:.
1736:.
1730:.
1710:.
1688:.
1666:.
1644:.
1627:.
1615:.
1611:.
1599:^
1582:.
1570:.
1564:.
1538:.
1534:.
1508:.
1502:.
1394:^
1377:.
1371:.
1359:^
1218:.
1155:.
1130:.
1010:,
892:,
784:,
752:,
686:,
586:,
533:18
502:.
470:,
26:on
2202:.
2183:.
2164:.
2145:.
2116:.
2083:.
2058:.
2028:.
1997:.
1965:.
1949::
1929:.
1895:.
1865:.
1835:.
1809:.
1778:.
1748:.
1716:.
1550:.
1520:.
1446:.
1388:.
1122:(
1045:)
902:(
840:.
796:.
721:)
707:)
567:)
563:(
541:n
537:i
482:(
474:(
440:e
433:t
426:v
357:)
353:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
