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Linear complex structure

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2959: 2726: 2954:{\displaystyle J_{2n}={\begin{bmatrix}0&-1\\1&0\\&&0&-1\\&&1&0\\&&&&\ddots \\&&&&&\ddots \\&&&&&&0&-1\\&&&&&&1&0\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}J_{2}\\&J_{2}\\&&\ddots \\&&&J_{2}\end{bmatrix}}.} 6198: 5997: 3481: 5755: 5861: 2591: 6025: 2527: 3166: 4816: 3259: 2046: 2713: 3858: 4893: 5579: 2281: 5443: 5309: 4963: 5228: 2466: 586: 4661: 162:
Every complex vector space can be equipped with a compatible complex structure in a canonical way; however, there is in general no canonical complex structure. Complex structures have applications in
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admits a complex structure only if it is even-dimensional. It is not hard to see that every even-dimensional vector space admits a complex structure. One can define
379: 3885: 3610: 2140: 1867: 1795: 1648: 1476: 1373: 1176: 694: 326: 1341: 3692: 3538: 1308: 612: 1242: 446: 3576: 2108: 1835: 1815: 1768: 1748: 1690: 1670: 1580: 1397: 1282: 1262: 1219: 1199: 1146: 1095: 1075: 1055: 996: 954: 717: 667: 490: 470: 423: 403: 346: 215: 153: 129: 72: 48: 3787: 6193:{\displaystyle \dim _{\mathbb {C} }\Lambda ^{r}\,V^{\mathbb {C} }={2n \choose r}\qquad \dim _{\mathbb {C} }\Lambda ^{p,q}\,V_{J}={n \choose p}{n \choose q}.} 5661: 5774: 2532: 2471: 3048: 178:. The term "complex structure" often refers to this structure on manifolds; when it refers instead to a structure on vector spaces, it may be called a 2468:
form a basis for the real space. There are two natural ways to order this basis, corresponding abstractly to whether one writes the tensor product as
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also admit decompositions. The exterior algebra is perhaps the most important application of this decomposition. In general, if a vector space
4843: 5490: 812: 2200: 5397: 5239: 4912: 5168: 2390: 2181:-dimensional space – using the same vector addition and real scalar multiplication – while multiplication by the complex number 4605: 4451: 2964: 2317: 1001: 6347: 5992:{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{p,q}\,V_{J}\;{\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\,(\Lambda ^{p}\,V^{+})\otimes (\Lambda ^{q}\,V^{-}).} 3894: 5075: 4281: 1481: 4063: 2961:
This ordering has the advantage that it respects direct sums of complex vector spaces, meaning here that the basis for
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linear transform of the space, thought of as a real vector space. Concretely, this is because scalar multiplication by
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and takes the complexification of the underlying real space, one obtains a space isomorphic to the direct sum of
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The inclusion corresponds to forgetting the complex structure (and keeping only the real), while the subgroup GL(
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though the meaning of the Lie bracket vanishing is less immediate geometrically than the meaning of commuting.
223: 4201: 24: 1695: 3476:{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (n,\mathbb {C} )=\left\{A\in \mathrm {GL} (2n,\mathbb {R} )\mid AJ=JA\right\}.} 1840: 722: 1402: 3707: 3008: 1179: 1588: 6319: 6293: 6204: 4195: 4165: 1100: 959: 917: 782: 6309: 6297: 171: 617: 4546: 1884: 1311: 773: 3615: 2051:
has square equal to the negative of the identity matrix. A complex structure may be formed in
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is nondegenerate, so is the associated bilinear form. The associated form is preserved by
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This is a complex vector space whose complex dimension is equal to the real dimension of
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if and only if the symplectic form is. Moreover, if the symplectic form is preserved by
1224: 428: 5750:{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{r}U=\bigoplus _{p+q=r}(\Lambda ^{p}S)\otimes (\Lambda ^{q}T).} 3546: 2093: 1820: 1800: 1753: 1733: 1675: 1655: 1565: 1382: 1267: 1247: 1204: 1184: 1131: 1080: 1060: 1040: 981: 939: 702: 652: 475: 455: 408: 388: 331: 200: 138: 114: 57: 33: 5856:{\displaystyle \Lambda ^{r}\,V^{\mathbb {C} }=\bigoplus _{p+q=r}\Lambda ^{p,q}\,V_{J}} 6381: 6366: 6351: 5624: 2586:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}=\mathbb {C} \otimes _{\mathbb {R} }\mathbb {R} ^{n}.} 382: 195: 75: 28: 2522:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}=\mathbb {R} ^{n}\otimes _{\mathbb {R} }\mathbb {C} } 6314: 6282: 6228: 5628: 4830: 3161:{\displaystyle \left\{e_{1},e_{2},\dots ,e_{n},ie_{1},ie_{2},\dots ,ie_{n}\right\}} 175: 167: 6388:. (complex structures and almost complex manifolds are discussed in section 5.2). 6261: 4518: 1728: 719:
then one can define a complex structure on the underlying real space by defining
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linear transform of the space, thought of as a complex vector space, but also a
6334: 5620: 4811:{\displaystyle h_{J}(u,v)=g_{J}(u,v)+ig_{J}(Ju,v)=\omega (u,Jv)+i\omega (u,v).} 4599: 4595: 3254:{\displaystyle J_{2n}={\begin{bmatrix}0&-I_{n}\\I_{n}&0\end{bmatrix}}.} 2720: 2041:{\displaystyle J={\begin{pmatrix}a&c\\b&-a\end{pmatrix}},~~a^{2}+bc=-1} 1650: 777: 449: 132: 6395: 4175: 4137: 3945: 2708:{\displaystyle \left\{e_{1},ie_{1},e_{2},ie_{2},\dots ,e_{n},ie_{n}\right\},} 2292: 4051: 3777: 3272:
matrix is exactly the same as the data of the complex vector space, as the
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for the complex space, this set, together with these vectors multiplied by
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The fundamental example of a linear complex structure is the structure on
6358:. (complex structures are discussed in Volume II, Chapter IX, section 1). 3853:{\displaystyle J={\begin{bmatrix}0&-I_{V}\\I_{V}&0\end{bmatrix}}} 3492: 3483:
The corresponding statement about Lie algebras is that the subalgebra gl(
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Going in the other direction, if one starts with a complex vector space
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is any real vector space there is a canonical complex structure on the
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Note that the defining equations for these statements are the same, as
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More formally, a linear complex structure on a real vector space is an
4888:{\displaystyle V^{\mathbb {C} }=V\otimes _{\mathbb {R} }\mathbb {C} .} 3261:
This ordering is more natural if one thinks of the complex space as a
5473: 3281: 5574:{\displaystyle (V^{*})^{\mathbb {C} }=(V^{*})^{+}\oplus (V^{*})^{-}} 3276:
matrix allows one to define complex multiplication. At the level of
2276:{\displaystyle i(\lambda v)=(i\lambda )v=(\lambda i)v=\lambda (iv)} 3891:. This corresponds to the complex structure on the tensor product 3366:) can be characterized (given in equations) as the matrices that 3301: 5612:*) consists of those complex linear functionals which vanish on 1057:, as this generates the algebra, and the operator representing 6002:
All exterior powers are taken over the complex numbers. So if
5438:{\displaystyle W^{\mathbb {C} }\cong W\oplus {\overline {W}}.} 5304:{\displaystyle V^{\pm }=\{v\otimes 1\mp Jv\otimes i:v\in V\}.} 4958:{\displaystyle {\overline {v\otimes z}}=v\otimes {\bar {z}}} 3540:
in other words, as the kernel of the map of bracketing with
3300:) (Lie algebras – matrices, not necessarily invertible) and 5327:, so these vector spaces can be considered the same, while 5223:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}^{\pm }={1 \over 2}(1\mp iJ).} 2461:{\displaystyle \left\{ie_{1},ie_{2},\dots ,ie_{n}\right\},} 581:{\displaystyle (x+iy){\vec {v}}=x{\vec {v}}+yJ({\vec {v}})} 4656:{\textstyle h_{J}\colon V_{J}\times V_{J}\to \mathbb {C} } 1623:
linear transformation of the corresponding complex space
4533:, then the associated form is symmetric. If in addition 669:
the structure of a complex vector space which we denote
5604:*) as those complex linear functionals which vanish on 2998:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{m}\oplus \mathbb {C} ^{n}} 2376:{\displaystyle \left\{e_{1},e_{2},\dots ,e_{n}\right\}} 2283:– and distributes across vector addition. As a complex 1030:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \rightarrow {\text{End}}(V)} 170:
where they play an essential role in the definition of
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Abstractly, if one starts with a complex vector space
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There is a natural complex linear isomorphism between
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commutes with scalar multiplication by real numbers
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The dimensions add up correctly as a consequence of
871:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} =\mathbb {R} /(x^{2}+1),} 4334:. If this condition is satisfied, then we say that 6192: 5991: 5855: 5749: 5573: 5437: 5303: 5222: 5120:{\displaystyle V^{\mathbb {C} }=V^{+}\oplus V^{-}} 5119: 5038: 4957: 4887: 4810: 4655: 4509: 4404: 4314: 4252: 4120: 4022: 3923: 3879: 3852: 3768: 3686: 3645: 3604: 3570: 3532: 3475: 3253: 3160: 3035: 2997: 2953: 2707: 2585: 2521: 2460: 2375: 2275: 2134: 2102: 2082: 2040: 1938: 1899: 1861: 1829: 1809: 1789: 1762: 1742: 1719: 1684: 1664: 1642: 1609: 1574: 1555:{\displaystyle (v_{1},Jv_{1},\dots ,v_{n},Jv_{n})} 1554: 1470: 1443: 1391: 1367: 1335: 1302: 1276: 1256: 1236: 1213: 1193: 1170: 1140: 1120: 1089: 1069: 1049: 1029: 990: 970: 948: 928: 906: 870: 793: 761: 711: 688: 661: 635: 606: 580: 496:. Complex scalar multiplication can be defined by 484: 464: 440: 417: 397: 373: 340: 320: 293: 244: 209: 147: 123: 103: 66: 42: 6181: 6168: 6159: 6146: 6091: 6073: 5150:, respectively. Complex conjugation interchanges 4602:(by convention antilinear in the first argument) 2149: 1946:over the real field is 4-dimensional. Any matrix 6393: 5457:be a real vector space with a complex structure 4820: 4266:an interesting compatibility condition between 2723:form (subscripts added to indicate dimension): 448:. This is reminiscent of multiplication by the 3045:On the other hand, if one orders the basis as 649:. One can check that this does, in fact, give 4431:, one may define an associated bilinear form 6235:which vanish on homogeneous elements unless 5295: 5256: 5039:{\displaystyle J(v\otimes z)=J(v)\otimes z.} 4577:is preserved (but not necessarily tamed) by 2083:{\displaystyle \mathbb {M} (2,\mathbb {R} )} 1939:{\displaystyle \mathbb {M} (2,\mathbb {R} )} 185: 5903: 5480:. The complexification of the dual space ( 3284:, this corresponds to the inclusion of gl( 3268:The data of the real vector space and the 809:. This algebra is realized concretely as 472:. A complex structure allows one to endow 6129: 6104: 6061: 6054: 6035: 5972: 5942: 5928: 5892: 5842: 5795: 5788: 5513: 5484:*) therefore has a natural decomposition 5407: 5085: 4878: 4871: 4853: 4649: 4510:{\displaystyle g_{J}(u,v)=\omega (u,Jv).} 4044:. An equivalent characterization is that 3909: 3899: 3440: 3398: 3014: 2985: 2970: 2570: 2562: 2552: 2538: 2515: 2508: 2492: 2477: 2299:on the diagonal. The corresponding real 2 2073: 2059: 1929: 1915: 1562:is a basis for the underlying real space 1037:). Concretely, this is just an action of 1006: 964: 922: 825: 817: 787: 5592:*. Under the natural identification of ( 4253:{\textstyle \omega (Ju,Jv)=\omega (u,v)} 1451:is a basis for the complex vector space 425:twice is the same as multiplication by 135:in a canonical fashion so as to regard 131:allows one to define multiplication by 6394: 3491:) of complex matrices are those whose 1244:. That is, a finite-dimensional space 2165:coming from the complex structure on 1876: 762:{\displaystyle Jw=iw~~\forall w\in W} 6348:Foundations of Differential Geometry 3265:of real spaces, as discussed below. 1444:{\displaystyle (v_{1},\dots ,v_{n})} 3934:Compatibility with other structures 3036:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{m+n}.} 13: 6251:. It is also possible to regard Λ 6172: 6150: 6114: 6077: 6045: 5963: 5933: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5877: 5827: 5779: 5768:therefore induces a decomposition 5729: 5707: 5666: 5468:* has a natural complex structure 5449:Extension to related vector spaces 5175: 5065:which satisfy λ = −1, namely λ = ± 4315:{\displaystyle \omega (u,Ju)>0} 3423: 3420: 3384: 3381: 747: 405:. That is, the effect of applying 14: 6413: 6300:for applications of these ideas. 4121:{\displaystyle B(Ju,v)=-B(u,Jv).} 1610:{\displaystyle A:V\rightarrow V} 6350:, John Wiley & Sons, 1969. 6097: 5158:. The projection maps onto the 4419:and a linear complex structure 4023:{\displaystyle B(Ju,Jv)=B(u,v)} 3262: 1121:{\displaystyle {\text{End}}(V)} 6361:Budinich, P. and Trautman, A. 6325:Complex conjugate vector space 5983: 5959: 5953: 5929: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5655:can be decomposed as follows: 5562: 5548: 5536: 5522: 5508: 5494: 5214: 5199: 5024: 5018: 5009: 4997: 4949: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4763: 4754: 4739: 4720: 4708: 4692: 4680: 4645: 4545:, then the associated form is 4501: 4486: 4477: 4465: 4399: 4387: 4303: 4288: 4247: 4235: 4226: 4208: 4112: 4097: 4085: 4070: 4017: 4005: 3996: 3978: 3769:{\displaystyle J(v,w)=(-w,v).} 3760: 3745: 3739: 3727: 3672: 3660: 3562: 3550: 3518: 3506: 3444: 3427: 3402: 3388: 2270: 2261: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2207: 2077: 2063: 1933: 1919: 1601: 1549: 1485: 1438: 1406: 1115: 1109: 1024: 1018: 1010: 862: 843: 835: 829: 627: 575: 569: 560: 545: 527: 518: 503: 294:{\displaystyle J^{2}=-Id_{V}.} 236: 1: 6340: 6227:* is the space of (complex) 4821:Relation to complexifications 3697: 1585:A real linear transformation 956:, together with an action of 6380:, Dover Publications, 1982. 6346:Kobayashi S. and Nomizu K., 6277:which are complex linear in 5651:then the exterior powers of 5427: 4929: 4825:Given any real vector space 971:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 929:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 794:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 7: 6303: 2595:If one orders the basis as 2291:matrix, this is simply the 1871: 914:. Then a representation of 10: 6418: 4972:is a complex structure on 636:{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}} 74:that squares to the minus 6365:, Springer-Verlag, 1988. 6320:Complex differential form 6294:complex differential form 5600:)* one can characterize ( 5162:eigenspaces are given by 4196:symplectic transformation 4166:orthogonal transformation 1900:{\displaystyle 2\times 2} 1770:is a complex subspace of 1221:must have real dimension 186:Definition and properties 6363:The Spinorial Chessboard 5472:* given by the dual (or 4415:Given a symplectic form 4405:{\textstyle (\omega ,J)} 4260:). For symplectic forms 3646:{\displaystyle AJ-JA=0,} 3005:is the same as that for 907:{\displaystyle i^{2}=-1} 492:with the structure of a 245:{\displaystyle J:V\to V} 180:linear complex structure 172:almost complex manifolds 6402:Structures on manifolds 6310:Almost complex manifold 6298:almost complex manifold 6260:* as the space of real 5639:admits a decomposition 5376:has complex dimension 2 5368:have complex dimension 5331:may be regarded as the 4573:If the symplectic form 4322:holds for all non-zero 3887:is the identity map on 3172:is block-antidiagonal: 2169:. That is, the complex 2090:: with identity matrix 936:is a real vector space 104:{\displaystyle -Id_{V}} 6378:Curvature and Homology 6205:Vandermonde's identity 6194: 6011:has complex dimension 5993: 5857: 5751: 5575: 5439: 5356:has complex dimension 5305: 5224: 5121: 5061:is guaranteed to have 5040: 4959: 4889: 4812: 4657: 4511: 4406: 4316: 4254: 4122: 4024: 3925: 3881: 3854: 3770: 3688: 3647: 3606: 3572: 3534: 3477: 3255: 3168:, then the matrix for 3162: 3037: 2999: 2955: 2709: 2587: 2523: 2462: 2377: 2277: 2146:form complex numbers. 2136: 2104: 2084: 2042: 1940: 1901: 1863: 1837:, i.e. if and only if 1831: 1811: 1791: 1764: 1744: 1721: 1720:{\displaystyle AJ=JA.} 1692:, i.e. if and only if 1686: 1666: 1644: 1611: 1576: 1556: 1472: 1445: 1393: 1369: 1337: 1304: 1278: 1258: 1238: 1215: 1195: 1172: 1142: 1122: 1091: 1071: 1051: 1031: 992: 972: 950: 930: 908: 872: 795: 774:algebra representation 763: 713: 690: 663: 637: 608: 582: 486: 466: 442: 419: 399: 375: 374:{\displaystyle Id_{V}} 342: 322: 295: 246: 211: 149: 125: 111:. Such a structure on 105: 68: 44: 6195: 5994: 5858: 5752: 5576: 5440: 5306: 5225: 5122: 5069:. Thus we may write 5041: 4960: 4902:. It has a canonical 4890: 4813: 4658: 4512: 4407: 4317: 4255: 4123: 4025: 3926: 3882: 3880:{\displaystyle I_{V}} 3855: 3771: 3689: 3653:which is the same as 3648: 3607: 3605:{\displaystyle AJ=JA} 3573: 3535: 3478: 3256: 3163: 3038: 3000: 2956: 2710: 2588: 2524: 2463: 2378: 2278: 2144:matrix multiplication 2137: 2135:{\displaystyle xI+yJ} 2105: 2085: 2043: 1941: 1902: 1864: 1862:{\displaystyle JU=U.} 1832: 1812: 1792: 1790:{\displaystyle V_{J}} 1765: 1745: 1722: 1687: 1667: 1645: 1643:{\displaystyle V_{J}} 1612: 1577: 1557: 1473: 1471:{\displaystyle V_{J}} 1446: 1394: 1370: 1368:{\displaystyle Jf=-e} 1338: 1305: 1279: 1259: 1239: 1216: 1196: 1173: 1171:{\displaystyle V_{J}} 1143: 1123: 1092: 1072: 1052: 1032: 993: 973: 951: 931: 909: 878:which corresponds to 873: 796: 764: 714: 691: 689:{\displaystyle V_{J}} 664: 638: 609: 588:for all real numbers 583: 487: 467: 443: 420: 400: 376: 343: 323: 321:{\displaystyle J^{2}} 296: 247: 219:linear transformation 212: 164:representation theory 150: 126: 106: 69: 45: 6026: 5873: 5775: 5760:A complex structure 5662: 5491: 5398: 5240: 5169: 5076: 5055:algebraically closed 4991: 4913: 4844: 4835:extension of scalars 4667: 4606: 4549:. Thus in this case 4452: 4384: 4348:(synonymously: that 4282: 4202: 4064: 3972: 3895: 3864: 3788: 3721: 3657: 3616: 3584: 3547: 3503: 3377: 3176: 3049: 3009: 2965: 2727: 2715:then the matrix for 2599: 2533: 2472: 2391: 2318: 2201: 2114: 2094: 2055: 1953: 1911: 1885: 1841: 1821: 1801: 1774: 1754: 1734: 1696: 1676: 1656: 1627: 1589: 1566: 1482: 1455: 1403: 1383: 1347: 1336:{\displaystyle Je=f} 1318: 1288: 1268: 1248: 1225: 1205: 1185: 1155: 1132: 1101: 1081: 1061: 1041: 1002: 982: 960: 940: 918: 882: 813: 783: 723: 703: 673: 653: 618: 592: 500: 494:complex vector space 476: 456: 429: 409: 389: 355: 332: 305: 256: 224: 201: 157:complex vector space 139: 115: 82: 58: 34: 6330:Hermitian structure 5391:and its conjugate: 4904:complex conjugation 4557:inner product space 4380:; or that the pair 3687:{\displaystyle =0,} 3533:{\displaystyle =0;} 2173:-dimensional space 2154:-dimensional space 1377:extend by linearity 1303:{\displaystyle e,f} 803:associative algebra 801:, thought of as an 607:{\displaystyle x,y} 16:Mathematics concept 6190: 5989: 5853: 5825: 5747: 5702: 5571: 5435: 5301: 5220: 5117: 5036: 4955: 4885: 4829:we may define its 4808: 4653: 4507: 4402: 4312: 4250: 4118: 4020: 3921: 3877: 3850: 3844: 3766: 3684: 3643: 3602: 3568: 3530: 3499:vanishes, meaning 3473: 3251: 3242: 3158: 3033: 2995: 2951: 2942: 2872: 2705: 2583: 2519: 2458: 2373: 2307:matrix is denoted 2273: 2132: 2100: 2080: 2038: 1995: 1936: 1897: 1881:The collection of 1877:Elementary example 1859: 1827: 1807: 1787: 1760: 1740: 1717: 1682: 1662: 1640: 1607: 1572: 1552: 1468: 1441: 1389: 1365: 1333: 1300: 1274: 1254: 1237:{\displaystyle 2n} 1234: 1211: 1191: 1168: 1138: 1118: 1087: 1067: 1047: 1027: 988: 968: 946: 926: 904: 868: 791: 759: 709: 686: 659: 633: 604: 578: 482: 462: 441:{\displaystyle -1} 438: 415: 395: 371: 338: 318: 291: 242: 207: 145: 121: 101: 64: 40: 6229:multilinear forms 6179: 6157: 6089: 6015:(real dimension 2 5925: 5804: 5681: 5629:exterior algebras 5430: 5333:complex conjugate 5197: 4952: 4932: 4547:positive definite 3954:then we say that 3571:{\displaystyle .} 2103:{\displaystyle I} 2009: 2006: 1830:{\displaystyle U} 1810:{\displaystyle J} 1763:{\displaystyle V} 1743:{\displaystyle U} 1727:Likewise, a real 1685:{\displaystyle J} 1665:{\displaystyle A} 1575:{\displaystyle V} 1392:{\displaystyle V} 1277:{\displaystyle J} 1257:{\displaystyle V} 1214:{\displaystyle V} 1194:{\displaystyle n} 1141:{\displaystyle J} 1107: 1090:{\displaystyle i} 1070:{\displaystyle i} 1050:{\displaystyle i} 1016: 991:{\displaystyle V} 949:{\displaystyle V} 746: 743: 712:{\displaystyle W} 662:{\displaystyle V} 630: 572: 548: 530: 485:{\displaystyle V} 465:{\displaystyle i} 418:{\displaystyle J} 398:{\displaystyle V} 341:{\displaystyle J} 210:{\displaystyle V} 196:real vector space 192:complex structure 176:complex manifolds 174:, by contrast to 148:{\displaystyle V} 124:{\displaystyle V} 67:{\displaystyle V} 43:{\displaystyle V} 29:real vector space 25:complex structure 6409: 6315:Complex manifold 6283:conjugate-linear 6262:multilinear maps 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6171: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6149: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6039: 6038: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5970: 5952: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5890: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5840: 5824: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5786: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5737: 5736: 5715: 5714: 5701: 5674: 5673: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5544: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5506: 5505: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5252: 5251: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5198: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5102: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 4980:by linearity to 4976:, we may extend 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4945: 4933: 4928: 4917: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4831:complexification 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4738: 4737: 4707: 4706: 4679: 4678: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4631: 4630: 4618: 4617: 4593: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4559:with respect to 4554: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4464: 4463: 4447: 4441: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4379: 4374:with respect to 4369: 4363: 4358:with respect to 4353: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4193: 4187: 4173: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4059: 4054:with respect to 4049: 4043: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3943: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3836: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3443: 3426: 3401: 3387: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3234: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3191: 3190: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3130: 3129: 3114: 3113: 3098: 3097: 3079: 3078: 3066: 3065: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3017: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2877: 2876: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2781: 2780: 2742: 2741: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2661: 2660: 2645: 2644: 2632: 2631: 2616: 2615: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2427: 2426: 2411: 2410: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2347: 2335: 2334: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2177:is also a real 2 2141: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2062: 2047: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2019: 2018: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1918: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1532: 1531: 1513: 1512: 1497: 1496: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1418: 1417: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1108: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1017: 1014: 1009: 997: 995: 994: 989: 977: 975: 974: 969: 967: 955: 953: 952: 947: 935: 933: 932: 927: 925: 913: 911: 910: 905: 894: 893: 877: 875: 874: 869: 855: 854: 842: 828: 820: 800: 798: 797: 792: 790: 768: 766: 765: 760: 744: 741: 718: 716: 715: 710: 695: 693: 692: 687: 685: 684: 668: 666: 665: 660: 648: 642: 640: 639: 634: 632: 631: 623: 614:and all vectors 613: 611: 610: 605: 587: 585: 584: 579: 574: 573: 565: 550: 549: 541: 532: 531: 523: 491: 489: 488: 483: 471: 469: 468: 463: 447: 445: 444: 439: 424: 422: 421: 416: 404: 402: 401: 396: 380: 378: 377: 372: 370: 369: 351:with itself and 347: 345: 344: 339: 327: 325: 324: 319: 317: 316: 300: 298: 297: 292: 287: 286: 268: 267: 251: 249: 248: 243: 216: 214: 213: 208: 168:complex geometry 154: 152: 151: 146: 130: 128: 127: 122: 110: 108: 107: 102: 100: 99: 73: 71: 70: 65: 49: 47: 46: 41: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6392: 6391: 6376:Goldberg S.I., 6343: 6306: 6272: 6259: 6226: 6180: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6134: 6130: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6010: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5932: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5897: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5847: 5843: 5830: 5826: 5808: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5732: 5728: 5710: 5706: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5588:eigenspaces of 5565: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5451: 5422: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5355: 5343: 5322: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5189: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4944: 4943: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4733: 4729: 4702: 4698: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4519:symplectic form 4459: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4365: 4359: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4188:if and only if 4183: 4169: 4159: 4158:if and only if 4153: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4045: 4031: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3939: 3936: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3700: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612:is the same as 3585: 3582: 3581: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3439: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3356: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3147: 3143: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2881: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2747: 2746: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2691: 2687: 2675: 2671: 2656: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2444: 2440: 2422: 2418: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2362: 2358: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2159: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2072: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2014: 2010: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1928: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797:if and only if 1781: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1543: 1539: 1527: 1523: 1508: 1504: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1432: 1428: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1013: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 983: 980: 979: 963: 961: 958: 957: 941: 938: 937: 921: 919: 916: 915: 889: 885: 883: 880: 879: 850: 846: 838: 824: 816: 814: 811: 810: 786: 784: 781: 780: 778:complex numbers 724: 721: 720: 704: 701: 700: 680: 676: 674: 671: 670: 654: 651: 650: 644: 622: 621: 619: 616: 615: 593: 590: 589: 564: 563: 540: 539: 522: 521: 501: 498: 497: 477: 474: 473: 457: 454: 453: 430: 427: 426: 410: 407: 406: 390: 387: 386: 365: 361: 356: 353: 352: 333: 330: 329: 312: 308: 306: 303: 302: 282: 278: 263: 259: 257: 254: 253: 225: 222: 221: 202: 199: 198: 188: 140: 137: 136: 133:complex scalars 116: 113: 112: 95: 91: 83: 80: 79: 59: 56: 55: 35: 32: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6415: 6405: 6404: 6390: 6389: 6374: 6359: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6335:Real structure 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6302: 6268: 6255: 6222: 6210:The space of ( 6201: 6200: 6189: 6183: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6161: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6032: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5988: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5864: 5863: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5781: 5758: 5757: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5619:The (complex) 5582: 5581: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5404: 5351: 5339: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5231: 5230: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5128: 5127: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5082: 5047: 5046: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4966: 4965: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4896: 4895: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4850: 4822: 4819: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4600:Hermitian form 4588: 4564: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4436: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4180:skew-symmetric 4117: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3935: 3932: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3874: 3870: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3699: 3696: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3322: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3032: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3016: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2950: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2721:block diagonal 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2529:or instead as 2517: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2314:Given a basis 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2185:is not only a 2158: 2148: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2099: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1907:real matrices 1896: 1893: 1890: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1826: 1806: 1784: 1780: 1759: 1739: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1681: 1672:commutes with 1661: 1651:if and only if 1637: 1633: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1571: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1465: 1461: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1388: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1273: 1253: 1233: 1230: 1210: 1190: 1165: 1161: 1137: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1086: 1077:(the image of 1066: 1046: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1008: 987: 966: 945: 924: 903: 900: 897: 892: 888: 867: 864: 861: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 789: 758: 755: 752: 749: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 708: 683: 679: 658: 629: 626: 603: 600: 597: 577: 571: 568: 562: 559: 556: 553: 547: 544: 538: 535: 529: 526: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 481: 461: 450:imaginary unit 437: 434: 414: 394: 368: 364: 360: 337: 315: 311: 290: 285: 281: 277: 274: 271: 266: 262: 241: 238: 235: 232: 229: 206: 187: 184: 166:as well as in 144: 120: 98: 94: 90: 87: 63: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6414: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6386:0-486-64314-X 6383: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371:0-387-19078-3 6368: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356:0-470-49648-7 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6187: 6176: 6173: 6154: 6151: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6110: 6099: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6067: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5908: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5790: 5783: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5744: 5738: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5711: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5566: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5502: 5498: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5347:Note that if 5345: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5298: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5080: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4882: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4848: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4520: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4413: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4198:(that is, if 4197: 4192: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4176:nondegenerate 4172: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4138:inner product 4134: 4128: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3947: 3946:bilinear form 3942: 3931: 3918: 3915: 3904: 3890: 3872: 3868: 3845: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3578: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3543: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3394: 3391: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3043: 3030: 3025: 3022: 3019: 2990: 2980: 2975: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2828: 2816: 2805: 2800: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2593: 2580: 2575: 2557: 2548: 2543: 2503: 2497: 2487: 2482: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:scalar matrix 2290: 2286: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2097: 2069: 2066: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1925: 1922: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1869: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1824: 1804: 1782: 1778: 1757: 1737: 1730: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1679: 1659: 1652: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1569: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1463: 1459: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1386: 1378: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1313: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1271: 1251: 1231: 1228: 1208: 1188: 1181: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1135: 1128:) is exactly 1112: 1084: 1064: 1044: 1021: 985: 943: 901: 898: 895: 890: 886: 865: 859: 856: 851: 847: 839: 832: 821: 808: 804: 779: 775: 770: 756: 753: 750: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 706: 697: 681: 677: 656: 647: 624: 601: 598: 595: 566: 557: 554: 551: 542: 536: 533: 524: 515: 512: 509: 506: 495: 479: 459: 451: 435: 432: 412: 392: 384: 366: 362: 358: 350: 335: 313: 309: 288: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 264: 260: 239: 233: 230: 227: 220: 204: 197: 193: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 142: 134: 118: 96: 92: 88: 85: 77: 61: 53: 37: 30: 26: 22: 6377: 6362: 6291: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6202: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 6001: 5865: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5608:. Likewise ( 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5232: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5048: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4899: 4897: 4826: 4824: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4541: 4539:is tamed by 4535: 4529: 4523: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4190: 4184: 4174:preserves a 4170: 4168:. Likewise, 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4129: 4056: 4052:skew-adjoint 4046: 4040: 4036: 4032: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3940: 3937: 3888: 3781: 3778:block matrix 3714: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3579: 3541: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278:Lie algebras 3273: 3269: 3267: 3169: 3044: 2716: 2594: 2384: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2050: 1880: 1619: 1618: 1584: 1178:has complex 1150: 807:real numbers 771: 698: 645: 383:identity map 191: 189: 179: 161: 52:automorphism 18: 5140:eigenspaces 5063:eigenvalues 4906:defined by 4663:defined by 3493:Lie bracket 3347:) < GL( 3331:) < gl( 2110:, elements 1314:vectors by 21:mathematics 6341:References 6281:terms and 6218:)-forms Λ 5584:into the ± 5463:dual space 5360:then both 4517:Because a 4412:is tame). 4152:preserves 3708:direct sum 3698:Direct sum 3282:Lie groups 3263:direct sum 2719:takes the 1817:preserves 1379:to all of 252:such that 217:is a real 6247:are from 6239:are from 6115:Λ 6111:⁡ 6046:Λ 6042:⁡ 5979:− 5964:Λ 5957:⊗ 5934:Λ 5878:Λ 5828:Λ 5806:⨁ 5780:Λ 5730:Λ 5723:⊗ 5708:Λ 5683:⨁ 5667:Λ 5625:symmetric 5596:*) with ( 5567:− 5557:∗ 5546:⊕ 5531:∗ 5503:∗ 5474:transpose 5428:¯ 5420:⊕ 5414:≅ 5290:∈ 5278:⊗ 5269:∓ 5263:⊗ 5249:± 5206:∓ 5182:± 5113:− 5105:⊕ 5028:⊗ 5004:⊗ 4950:¯ 4941:⊗ 4930:¯ 4923:⊗ 4867:⊗ 4788:ω 4761:ω 4646:→ 4633:× 4620:: 4596:real part 4484:ω 4391:ω 4286:ω 4233:ω 4206:ω 4092:− 3961:preserves 3905:⊗ 3811:− 3749:− 3717:given by 3626:− 3560:− 3448:∣ 3417:∈ 3339:) and GL( 3292:) in gl(2 3209:− 3135:… 3084:… 2981:⊕ 2921:⋱ 2847:− 2829:⋱ 2817:⋱ 2789:− 2760:− 2666:… 2558:⊗ 2504:⊗ 2432:… 2353:… 2259:λ 2244:λ 2229:λ 2211:λ 2033:− 1988:− 1892:× 1602:→ 1518:… 1423:… 1375:and then 1360:− 1284:on pairs 1180:dimension 1011:→ 899:− 805:over the 754:∈ 748:∀ 628:→ 570:→ 546:→ 528:→ 433:− 273:− 237:→ 86:− 6396:Category 6304:See also 5233:So that 5138:are the 4278:is that 4030:for all 3780:form of 2150:Complex 1872:Examples 1729:subspace 349:composed 76:identity 6289:terms. 6019:) then 4598:of the 4594:is the 4583:, then 4364:; that 3368:commute 3312:in GL(2 2387:namely 2187:complex 2142:, with 1620:complex 998:(a map 776:of the 381:is the 6384:  6369:  6354:  5866:where 5627:, and 5621:tensor 5461:. The 5372:while 5130:where 5049:Since 4555:is an 4164:is an 4136:is an 3860:where 2008:  2005:  745:  742:  328:means 50:is an 6264:from 5631:over 5476:) of 5146:and − 4341:tames 4194:is a 4182:form 4146:then 3944:is a 3495:with 3370:with 2295:with 1617:is a 1478:then 1399:. If 1312:basis 1201:then 301:Here 194:on a 155:as a 27:on a 6382:ISBN 6367:ISBN 6352:ISBN 6296:and 6292:See 6243:and 5453:Let 5364:and 5323:and 5154:and 5142:of + 5134:and 4372:tame 4356:tame 4307:> 4272:and 3776:The 3280:and 2191:real 1343:and 23:, a 6285:in 6273:to 6231:on 6100:dim 6031:dim 5764:on 5335:of 5053:is 4968:If 4833:by 4448:by 4442:on 4425:on 4370:is 4354:is 4328:in 4140:on 4130:If 4050:is 3968:if 3948:on 3938:If 3784:is 3702:If 3323:gl( 3320:): 3302:GL( 1750:of 1310:of 1151:If 1106:End 1097:in 1015:End 978:on 643:in 385:on 54:of 19:In 6398:: 6207:. 5647:⊕ 5643:= 5623:, 5616:. 5380:. 5344:. 5057:, 4984:: 4837:: 4570:. 4178:, 4060:: 4039:∈ 4035:, 3713:⊕ 3542:J, 3372:J: 3355:). 3349:2n 3333:2n 2385:i, 2311:. 2303:×2 1582:. 1148:. 769:. 696:. 452:, 190:A 182:. 159:. 78:, 6287:q 6279:p 6275:C 6270:J 6266:V 6257:J 6253:V 6249:V 6245:q 6241:V 6237:p 6233:V 6224:J 6220:V 6216:q 6214:, 6212:p 6188:. 6182:) 6177:q 6174:n 6169:( 6160:) 6155:p 6152:n 6147:( 6141:= 6136:J 6132:V 6125:q 6122:, 6119:p 6105:C 6092:) 6087:r 6083:n 6080:2 6074:( 6068:= 6062:C 6057:V 6050:r 6036:C 6017:n 6013:n 6008:J 6004:V 5987:. 5984:) 5975:V 5968:q 5960:( 5954:) 5949:+ 5945:V 5938:p 5930:( 5921:f 5918:e 5915:d 5909:= 5899:J 5895:V 5888:q 5885:, 5882:p 5849:J 5845:V 5838:q 5835:, 5832:p 5822:r 5819:= 5816:q 5813:+ 5810:p 5802:= 5796:C 5791:V 5784:r 5766:V 5762:J 5745:. 5742:) 5739:T 5734:q 5726:( 5720:) 5717:S 5712:p 5704:( 5699:r 5696:= 5693:q 5690:+ 5687:p 5679:= 5676:U 5671:r 5653:U 5649:T 5645:S 5641:U 5637:U 5633:V 5614:V 5610:V 5606:V 5602:V 5598:V 5594:V 5590:J 5586:i 5563:) 5553:V 5549:( 5541:+ 5537:) 5527:V 5523:( 5520:= 5514:C 5509:) 5499:V 5495:( 5482:V 5478:J 5470:J 5466:V 5459:J 5455:V 5433:. 5425:W 5417:W 5408:C 5403:W 5389:W 5385:W 5378:n 5374:V 5370:n 5366:V 5362:V 5358:n 5353:J 5349:V 5341:J 5337:V 5329:V 5325:V 5320:J 5316:V 5299:. 5296:} 5293:V 5287:v 5284:: 5281:i 5275:v 5272:J 5266:1 5260:v 5257:{ 5254:= 5245:V 5218:. 5215:) 5212:J 5209:i 5203:1 5200:( 5195:2 5192:1 5187:= 5176:P 5160:V 5156:V 5152:V 5148:i 5144:i 5136:V 5132:V 5109:V 5100:+ 5096:V 5092:= 5086:C 5081:V 5067:i 5059:J 5051:C 5034:. 5031:z 5025:) 5022:v 5019:( 5016:J 5013:= 5010:) 5007:z 5001:v 4998:( 4995:J 4982:V 4978:J 4974:V 4970:J 4947:z 4938:v 4935:= 4926:z 4920:v 4900:V 4883:. 4879:C 4872:R 4863:V 4860:= 4854:C 4849:V 4827:V 4806:. 4803:) 4800:v 4797:, 4794:u 4791:( 4785:i 4782:+ 4779:) 4776:v 4773:J 4770:, 4767:u 4764:( 4758:= 4755:) 4752:v 4749:, 4746:u 4743:J 4740:( 4735:J 4731:g 4727:i 4724:+ 4721:) 4718:v 4715:, 4712:u 4709:( 4704:J 4700:g 4696:= 4693:) 4690:v 4687:, 4684:u 4681:( 4676:J 4672:h 4650:C 4641:J 4637:V 4628:J 4624:V 4615:J 4611:h 4590:J 4586:g 4580:J 4575:ω 4566:J 4562:g 4552:V 4542:J 4536:ω 4530:J 4524:J 4505:. 4502:) 4499:v 4496:J 4493:, 4490:u 4487:( 4481:= 4478:) 4475:v 4472:, 4469:u 4466:( 4461:J 4457:g 4445:V 4438:J 4434:g 4428:V 4422:J 4417:ω 4400:) 4397:J 4394:, 4388:( 4377:ω 4367:J 4361:J 4351:ω 4345:ω 4337:J 4331:V 4325:u 4310:0 4304:) 4301:u 4298:J 4295:, 4292:u 4289:( 4275:ω 4269:J 4263:ω 4248:) 4245:v 4242:, 4239:u 4236:( 4230:= 4227:) 4224:v 4221:J 4218:, 4215:u 4212:J 4209:( 4191:J 4185:ω 4171:J 4161:J 4155:g 4149:J 4143:V 4133:g 4116:. 4113:) 4110:v 4107:J 4104:, 4101:u 4098:( 4095:B 4089:= 4086:) 4083:v 4080:, 4077:u 4074:J 4071:( 4068:B 4057:B 4047:J 4041:V 4037:v 4033:u 4018:) 4015:v 4012:, 4009:u 4006:( 4003:B 4000:= 3997:) 3994:v 3991:J 3988:, 3985:u 3982:J 3979:( 3976:B 3965:B 3957:J 3951:V 3941:B 3919:. 3916:V 3910:R 3900:C 3889:V 3873:V 3869:I 3846:] 3840:0 3833:V 3829:I 3819:V 3815:I 3806:0 3800:[ 3795:= 3792:J 3782:J 3764:. 3761:) 3758:v 3755:, 3752:w 3746:( 3743:= 3740:) 3737:w 3734:, 3731:v 3728:( 3725:J 3715:V 3711:V 3704:V 3682:, 3679:0 3676:= 3673:] 3670:J 3667:, 3664:A 3661:[ 3641:, 3638:0 3635:= 3632:A 3629:J 3623:J 3620:A 3600:A 3597:J 3594:= 3591:J 3588:A 3566:. 3563:] 3557:, 3554:J 3551:[ 3528:; 3525:0 3522:= 3519:] 3516:A 3513:, 3510:J 3507:[ 3497:J 3489:C 3487:, 3485:n 3471:. 3467:} 3463:A 3460:J 3457:= 3454:J 3451:A 3445:) 3441:R 3437:, 3434:n 3431:2 3428:( 3424:L 3421:G 3414:A 3410:{ 3406:= 3403:) 3399:C 3395:, 3392:n 3389:( 3385:L 3382:G 3364:C 3362:, 3360:n 3353:R 3351:, 3345:C 3343:, 3341:n 3337:R 3335:, 3329:C 3327:, 3325:n 3318:R 3316:, 3314:n 3310:) 3308:C 3306:, 3304:n 3298:R 3296:, 3294:n 3290:C 3288:, 3286:n 3274:J 3270:J 3249:. 3244:] 3238:0 3231:n 3227:I 3217:n 3213:I 3204:0 3198:[ 3193:= 3188:n 3185:2 3181:J 3170:J 3155:} 3149:n 3145:e 3141:i 3138:, 3132:, 3127:2 3123:e 3119:i 3116:, 3111:1 3107:e 3103:i 3100:, 3095:n 3091:e 3087:, 3081:, 3076:2 3072:e 3068:, 3063:1 3059:e 3054:{ 3031:. 3026:n 3023:+ 3020:m 3015:C 2991:n 2986:C 2976:m 2971:C 2949:. 2944:] 2936:2 2932:J 2910:2 2906:J 2895:2 2891:J 2884:[ 2879:= 2874:] 2868:0 2863:1 2850:1 2842:0 2806:0 2801:1 2792:1 2784:0 2775:0 2770:1 2763:1 2755:0 2749:[ 2744:= 2739:n 2736:2 2732:J 2717:J 2703:, 2699:} 2693:n 2689:e 2685:i 2682:, 2677:n 2673:e 2669:, 2663:, 2658:2 2654:e 2650:i 2647:, 2642:2 2638:e 2634:, 2629:1 2625:e 2621:i 2618:, 2613:1 2609:e 2604:{ 2581:. 2576:n 2571:R 2563:R 2553:C 2549:= 2544:n 2539:C 2516:C 2509:R 2498:n 2493:R 2488:= 2483:n 2478:C 2456:, 2452:} 2446:n 2442:e 2438:i 2435:, 2429:, 2424:2 2420:e 2416:i 2413:, 2408:1 2404:e 2400:i 2396:{ 2370:} 2364:n 2360:e 2356:, 2350:, 2345:2 2341:e 2337:, 2332:1 2328:e 2323:{ 2309:J 2305:n 2301:n 2297:i 2289:n 2287:× 2285:n 2271:) 2268:v 2265:i 2262:( 2256:= 2253:v 2250:) 2247:i 2241:( 2238:= 2235:v 2232:) 2226:i 2223:( 2220:= 2217:) 2214:v 2208:( 2205:i 2195:i 2183:i 2179:n 2175:C 2171:n 2167:C 2163:R 2156:C 2152:n 2130:J 2127:y 2124:+ 2121:I 2118:x 2098:I 2078:) 2074:R 2070:, 2067:2 2064:( 2060:M 2036:1 2030:= 2027:c 2024:b 2021:+ 2016:2 2012:a 2002:, 1997:) 1991:a 1983:b 1976:c 1971:a 1965:( 1960:= 1957:J 1934:) 1930:R 1926:, 1923:2 1920:( 1916:M 1895:2 1889:2 1857:. 1854:U 1851:= 1848:U 1845:J 1825:U 1805:J 1783:J 1779:V 1758:V 1738:U 1715:. 1712:A 1709:J 1706:= 1703:J 1700:A 1680:J 1660:A 1636:J 1632:V 1605:V 1599:V 1596:: 1593:A 1570:V 1550:) 1545:n 1541:v 1537:J 1534:, 1529:n 1525:v 1521:, 1515:, 1510:1 1506:v 1502:J 1499:, 1494:1 1490:v 1486:( 1464:J 1460:V 1439:) 1434:n 1430:v 1426:, 1420:, 1415:1 1411:v 1407:( 1387:V 1363:e 1357:= 1354:f 1351:J 1331:f 1328:= 1325:e 1322:J 1298:f 1295:, 1292:e 1272:J 1252:V 1232:n 1229:2 1209:V 1189:n 1164:J 1160:V 1136:J 1116:) 1113:V 1110:( 1085:i 1065:i 1045:i 1025:) 1022:V 1019:( 1007:C 986:V 965:C 944:V 923:C 902:1 896:= 891:2 887:i 866:, 863:) 860:1 857:+ 852:2 848:x 844:( 840:/ 836:] 833:x 830:[ 826:R 822:= 818:C 788:C 757:W 751:w 739:w 736:i 733:= 730:w 727:J 707:W 682:J 678:V 657:V 646:V 625:v 602:y 599:, 596:x 576:) 567:v 561:( 558:J 555:y 552:+ 543:v 537:x 534:= 525:v 519:) 516:y 513:i 510:+ 507:x 504:( 480:V 460:i 436:1 413:J 393:V 367:V 363:d 359:I 336:J 314:2 310:J 289:. 284:V 280:d 276:I 270:= 265:2 261:J 240:V 234:V 231:: 228:J 205:V 143:V 119:V 97:V 93:d 89:I 62:V 38:V

Index

mathematics
complex structure
real vector space
automorphism
identity
complex scalars
complex vector space
representation theory
complex geometry
almost complex manifolds
complex manifolds
real vector space
linear transformation
composed
identity map
imaginary unit
complex vector space
algebra representation
complex numbers
associative algebra
real numbers
dimension
basis
extend by linearity
if and only if
subspace
matrix multiplication
scalar matrix
block diagonal
direct sum

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