4711:
4701:
1373:, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the data link layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also
2319:
1277:
In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of
Ethernet 10BASE-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the
2500:, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.
2159:
1865:. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.
1200:. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the
1998:
2088:
931:
2943:
Schlosser, S. W., Griffin, J. L., Nagle, D. F., & Ganger, G. R. (1999). Filling the memory access gap: A case for on-chip magnetic storage (No. CMU-CS-99-174). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER
1215:
denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter. Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the
1860:
is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of
2200:
2211:
837:
1411:
As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to
1084:
658:
995:
873:
2107:
591:
1322:
capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node
1853:
Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.
1957:
538:
1924:
listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard.
1832:
In digital multimedia, bit rate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:
1253:
wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.
778:
751:
696:
1260:(2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.
1697:
723:
2009:
798:
716:
892:
1404:, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved
1408:. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.
1211:(automatic adaptation of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term
1940:(CD-DA) uses 44,100 samples per second, each with a bit depth of 16, a format sometimes abbreviated like "16bit / 44.1kHz". CD-DA is also
2003:
For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows:
2713:
bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using
2314:{\displaystyle {\frac {44,100\times 16\times 2\times 4,800}{8}}=846,720,000\ {\text{bytes}}\approx 847\ {\text{MB}}\approx 807.5\ {\text{MiB}}}
1267:(four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the
1263:
The net bit rate of the
Ethernet 100BASE-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/s, due to the
506:) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.
3535:
3287:
2170:
2954:
806:
4203:
4014:
35:
3304:
1010:
633:
3903:
2869:
4409:
4232:
4026:
3195:
Video compression and communications: from basics to H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers
327:
is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.
3466:
3717:
970:
2154:{\displaystyle {\text{size in bits}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}\times {\text{time}}.}
4414:
3991:
856:
3210:
3168:
1295:
typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s
2920:
2164:
The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight:
1708:
4144:
3417:
1817:
1803:
1468:
3194:
1220:" (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. The term
546:
3253:
4521:
4259:
4198:
4009:
3959:
3782:
2440:
1529:
3642:
3627:
3528:
3265:
Page 26 of BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB: An introduction to the DAB Eureka system and how it works
3240:
3225:
3145:
3111:
3070:
3037:
2994:
2846:
2521:
quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
4634:
2982:
1242:
The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer
2493:
6.144 Mbit/s – E-AC-3 (Dolby
Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
168:
163:
4644:
4482:
4333:
4252:
4046:
953:
612:
system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in
4617:
4237:
4031:
3819:
2804:
2587:
3503:
1442:
These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:
4714:
3750:
2873:
1296:
879:
87:
4379:
4704:
4607:
4149:
3707:
3521:
3181:
2799:
1821:
1374:
3294:
Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit, 2822.4 kHz DSD audio (2Ă—1Ă—2,822,400)= 5,644,800 bits/s
1426:
If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:
3697:
3692:
2794:
1813:
1319:
4745:
4639:
4566:
4404:
4384:
4328:
3986:
3777:
3580:
2638:
2429:
1993:{\displaystyle {\text{bit rate}}={\text{sample rate}}\times {\text{bit depth}}\times {\text{channels}}}
1937:
668:
2388:
800 bit/s – minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose
1948:, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.
1311:. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.
4740:
4649:
4590:
4516:
4364:
3954:
3949:
3804:
3647:
2759:
2504:
2454:
1902:
31:
17:
3370:
247:
227:
207:
187:
155:
135:
115:
95:
4654:
4227:
4021:
3722:
3103:
2483:
1788:
1741:
1420:
1193:
1109:
3266:
516:
4750:
4595:
3966:
3853:
3809:
3622:
3605:
3595:
1906:
1679:
1282:
line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud.
1185:
4220:
3971:
3755:
3600:
2690:
2345:
1857:
945:
608:
when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a
424:
4492:
3097:
3060:
3027:
4624:
3474:
Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual
Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4
3311:
3135:
2836:
2744:
2479:
2433:
1368:
1308:
1300:
1177:
3281:
4308:
3770:
3732:
3553:
2709:
For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the
2450:
2205:
Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:
1876:
1862:
1611:
1257:
1120:
878:
A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain
756:
729:
674:
510:
3349:
2083:{\displaystyle 44,100\times 16\times 2=1,411,200\ {\text{bit/s}}=1,411.2\ {\text{kbit/s}}}
1791:
100 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with MIMO 2Ă—2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams
260:
255:
240:
235:
220:
215:
8:
4539:
4430:
4389:
4374:
4343:
4338:
4247:
4154:
4087:
4056:
4041:
3824:
2809:
2789:
2405:
1605:
1304:
926:{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{Nyquist rate}}=2\times {\text{bandwidth}}}
850:(RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:
480:
462:
408:
4612:
4582:
4561:
4467:
4399:
4293:
3981:
3797:
3787:
3682:
3662:
3657:
2926:
2697:
2094:
1941:
1355:
1323:
1307: – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor
949:
941:
783:
719:
701:
269:
4193:
1204:
and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.
4556:
4544:
4526:
4394:
4278:
4215:
4061:
3976:
3932:
3893:
3575:
3141:
3107:
3066:
3033:
2990:
2916:
2842:
2525:
2462:
2419:
2397:
2.15 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source
1755:) 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2Ă—2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams
1485:
1401:
1343:
843:
609:
2930:
1898:
is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.
1227:
The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC
4531:
4487:
4460:
4455:
4313:
4298:
4208:
4117:
4112:
3941:
3674:
3652:
3544:
2908:
2814:
2779:
2714:
2656:
2355:
96 kbit/s – generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
1891:
1846:
1617:
1599:
1478:
1416:
1339:
1335:
1315:
3392:
2404:
6 kbit/s – minimum bitrate available through the open-source
1303:. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to
4450:
4264:
4188:
4169:
4139:
4107:
4073:
3632:
3570:
3291:
2784:
2739:
2734:
2718:
2392:
1887:
1872:
divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.
1279:
1208:
1201:
961:
48:
3426:
2905:
2009 2nd
International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology
2901:"From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - over 60 years of innovation"
604:
or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal
4242:
4036:
3765:
3760:
3617:
3590:
3562:
2955:"Monitoring file transfers that are in progress from IBM WebSphere MQ Explorer"
2900:
2487:
1197:
1181:
1142:
847:
842:
An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example
468:
30:"Transmission rate" redirects here. For the rate of spread of an epidemic, see
2912:
944:
digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example
363:= 1 mbit/s (one millibit per second, i.e., one bit per thousand seconds)
4734:
4549:
4497:
4164:
4159:
4134:
4066:
3687:
3585:
2329:
1951:
The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:
1945:
1593:
1575:
1498:
1001:
433:
351:
200:
195:
179:
175:
148:
143:
108:
103:
83:
3497:
1494:
introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (144 kbit/s gross bit rate)
440:) specifies different symbols for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g., 1
4670:
3637:
3612:
3513:
2679:
1781:
1586:
1250:
1224:
in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate, in others as net bit rate.
1189:
883:
437:
4629:
4507:
4303:
4179:
4129:
2868:
2753:
2381:
700 bit/s – lowest bitrate open-source speech codec
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
937:
597:
2503:
18 Mbit/s – advanced lossless audio codec based on
323:(1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation
4686:
4477:
4472:
4359:
4318:
4124:
3491:
2769:
2721:
2620:
2598:
2518:
2469:
2423:
2195:{\displaystyle {\text{size in bytes}}={\frac {\text{size in bits}}{8}}}
1522:
1515:
1508:
1413:
1362:
1286:
1173:
1101:
624:
3025:
2987:
Digital
Transmission: A Simulation-Aided Introduction with VisSim/Comm
2364:
256 kbit/s – a commonly used high-quality bitrate
3508:
2774:
2764:
2497:
2412:
2352:
32 kbit/s – generally acceptable only for speech
1400:
refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the
1289:
1271:
1249:
For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an
1236:
1228:
1136:
620:
347:
304:
273:
128:
123:
3444:
2093:
The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file
832:{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate}}={\text{symbol rate}}\times N}
4600:
2444:
2098:
1582:
1454:
664:
445:
441:
2877:
2358:
128 or 160 kbit/s – mid-range bitrate quality
1518:
modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams
4369:
3843:
3792:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2576:
2554:
2543:
2532:
2458:
2389:
2367:
320 kbit/s – highest level supported by the
1880:
1571:
1543:
1392:
1386:
1525:
modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams
1079:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\log _{2}{M_{i}}}{T_{i}}}}
653:{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{gross bit rate}}}
3883:
3267:
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf
2670:
2569:
2382:
1774:
1766:
1748:
1701:
1557:
420:
404:
392:
380:
2524:
128–384 kbit/s – business-oriented
2428:
1836:
The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
436:
330:
In most computing and digital communication environments, one
4718:
4323:
3916:
3863:
2676:
2652:
2641:
quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
2631:
2609:
2580:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2473:
2398:
1869:
1759:
1734:
1727:
1550:
1536:
1501:
1449:
1292:
613:
513:, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time
383:(one kilobit per second, i.e., one thousand bits per second)
320:
316:
312:
308:
3500:
Calculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.
395:(one megabit per second, i.e., one million bits per second)
3873:
3727:
3712:
3702:
2749:
2683:
1752:
1723:
1491:
1463:
1460:
1268:
1264:
990:{\displaystyle {\text{symbol rate}}\leq {\text{bandwidth}}}
957:
601:
1868:
The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is its size in
27:
Information transmission rate expressed in bits per second
3848:
3814:
3241:
Mastering
Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic
2663:
2645:
2627:
2590:
quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
2565:
2368:
2341:
1694:
868:{\displaystyle {\text{gross bit rate = symbol rate/2}}}
289:
2361:
192 kbit/s – medium quality bitrate
1901:
A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for
1430:
goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate
936:
In practice this upper bound can only be approached for
3169:"What's The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?"
3096:
Harte, Lawrence; Kikta, Roman; Levine, Richard (2002).
1894:
multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the
1796:
1716:
1687:
1672:
1784:(IEEE 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up
2983:"section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate"
2214:
2173:
2110:
2012:
1960:
1342:. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called
1013:
973:
895:
859:
809:
786:
759:
732:
704:
677:
636:
549:
519:
2449:
400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s –
586:{\displaystyle R_{\text{b}}={1 \over T_{\text{b}}},}
1916:The bitrates in this section are approximately the
2436:bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal
2385:, but Codec2 sounds much better at 1.2 kbit/s
2348:. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:
2313:
2194:
2153:
2082:
1992:
1769:accelerated (With MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams
1196:(FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other
1078:
989:
925:
867:
831:
792:
772:
745:
710:
690:
652:
585:
532:
2101:) can be calculated using the following formula:
1883:that is required to avoid playback interruption.
964:modulation, resulting in the following relation:
667:transmission scheme) representing the data using
292:that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.
4732:
3193:Lajos Hanzo, Peter J. Cherriman, JĂĽrgen Streit,
3182:Wireless communications: principles and practice
3095:
1849:by different algorithms or to different degrees.
780:amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer
3412:
3410:
3026:Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy (2009).
1380:
3277:Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001.
2724:(pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s.
1839:The samples may use different numbers of bits.
3529:
3504:Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?
2662:25 Mbit/s approximate –
2644:19 Mbit/s approximate –
1842:The data may be encoded by different schemes.
3543:
3494:Calculate bitrate for video and live streams
3407:
3227:Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet
3133:
1419:, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and
1334:The channel capacity is proportional to the
444:/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1
319:(1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or
2976:
2974:
2972:
2482:, which is a trademarked implementation of
346:When quantifying large or small bit rates,
36:Hard disk drive performance characteristics
3536:
3522:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2637:8 to 15 Mbit/s typ –
1744:14.4 Mbit/s down, 5.76 Mbit/s up
1711:296 kbit/s down, 118.4 kbit/s up
1100:is the number of symbols or levels of the
600:or modulation rate, which is expressed in
315:(1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s),
3174:
2980:
2870:International Electrotechnical Commission
2838:Data Communications and Computer Networks
2696:1.4 Gbit/s – 10-bit
1338:in hertz. This proportionality is called
1246:in accordance with the above definition.
451:
311:(1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s),
3205:
3203:
2969:
3492:Live Video Streaming Bitrate Calculator
3329:
3010:
2669:29.4 Mbit/s max –
2564:1.15 Mbit/s max –
2439:292 kbit/s – Sony
1504:: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s
698:different voltage levels, can transfer
14:
4733:
2898:
2689:250 Mbit/s max –
2626:9.8 Mbit/s max –
2586:3.5 Mbit/s typ –
2478:5,644.8 kbit/s –
2468:1,411.2 kbit/s –
467:In digital communication systems, the
295:The bit rate is expressed in the unit
3517:
3200:
2834:
2675:40 Mbit/s max –
2651:24 Mbit/s max –
2418:32–500 kbit/s –
1349:
596:The gross bit rate is related to the
354:or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:
3091:
3089:
1818:spectral efficiency comparison table
1804:comparison of mobile phone standards
1093:is the number of parallel channels,
371:= 1 bit/s (one bit per second)
3476:(white paper), May 2010, p. 17
3137:Principles of Digital Communication
1762:Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams
1567:1975: Experimental 2.94 Mbit/s
1560:(ITU G.9701) up to 1000 Mbit/s
1553:(ITU G.993.2) up to 200 Mbit/s
1130:
663:More specifically, a line code (or
423:(one terabit per second, i.e., one
407:(one gigabit per second, i.e., one
24:
2496:9.6 Mbit/s –
2441:Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding
1546:(ITU G.992.5) up to 26 Mbit/s
1539:(ITU G.992.3) up to 12 Mbit/s
1532:(ITU G.992.1) up to 10 Mbit/s
1437:
1434:for a certain communication path.
800:bits per symbol. This results in:
25:
4762:
3485:
3425:, HDV Information, archived from
3310:. Sonic Solutions. Archived from
3086:
2981:GuimarĂŁes, Dayan Adionel (2009).
2700:uncompressed 1080p at 24 FPS
2517:16 kbit/s –
1845:The information may be digitally
1176:(informal language) of a digital
1004:, the gross bit rate is given by
492:(sometimes written as a variable
456:
4710:
4709:
4700:
4699:
3283:The High-End: SACD and DVD-Audio
2411:8 kbit/s –
1366:, essentially the same thing as
1235:net bit rate ≤ gross bit rate ×
1207:In modems and wireless systems,
1123:, expressed in seconds, for the
862:gross bit rate = symbol rate/2
303:), often in conjunction with an
3459:
3437:
3385:
3363:
3297:
3271:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3218:
3215:, Technical Publications, 2009.
3187:
3161:
3127:
2874:"Prefixes for binary multiples"
2666:1080i (using MPEG2 compression)
2528:quality using video compression
1879:, the encoding bit rate is the
1330:net bit rate ≤ channel capacity
1184:protocol overhead, for example
753:different symbols, for example
338:) corresponds to 8 bit/s.
3053:
2947:
2937:
2892:
2862:
2828:
2805:Orders of magnitude (bit rate)
2648:720p (using MPEG2 compression)
2588:Standard-definition television
2375:
1180:is the capacity excluding the
13:
1:
3254:Lossless compression handbook
3065:. Javvin Technologies. 2007.
2821:
2693:(using JPEG 2000 compression)
1827:
3224:Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad
3167:Lou Frenzel. 27 April 2012,
2800:Measuring network throughput
1822:OFDM system comparison table
1511:modems with 28.8 kbit/s
1381:Goodput (data transfer rate)
1375:measuring network throughput
1285:The "connection speed" of a
1231:according to the following.
533:{\displaystyle T_{\text{b}}}
416:1,000,000,000,000 bit/s
7:
3509:Valid8 Data Rate Calculator
3243:, John Wiley and Sons, 2007
2795:List of interface bit rates
2727:
2682:(using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or
2453:as used in formats such as
2415:quality using speech codecs
2332:Mi, meaning 2 = 1,048,576.
1814:list of interface bit rates
415:
399:
387:
375:
367:
359:
341:
10:
4767:
4591:Compressed data structures
3913:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
3581:Asymmetric numeral systems
3498:DVD-HQ bit rate calculator
3212:Data Communication Systems
3171:. Electronic Design. 2012.
1938:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1811:
1801:
1384:
1353:
1256:The net bit rate of ISDN2
1134:
960:, can be characterized as
940:schemes and for so-called
669:pulse-amplitude modulation
460:
29:
4695:
4679:
4663:
4581:
4506:
4438:
4429:
4352:
4286:
4277:
4178:
4095:
4086:
4002:
3950:Discrete cosine transform
3940:
3931:
3880:LZ77 + Huffman + context
3833:
3743:
3673:
3561:
3552:
3305:"Understanding DVD-Audio"
3209:V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre,
3184:, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
3140:. Technical Publication.
3032:. John Wiley & Sons.
2913:10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093
2835:Gupta, Prakash C (2006).
2760:Bit-synchronous operation
2505:Meridian Lossless Packing
2455:Free Lossless Audio Codec
1944:, using a left and right
1903:lossless data compression
882:in hertz is given by the
490:uncoded transmission rate
174:
82:
61:
32:Basic reproduction number
4655:Smallest grammar problem
3290:30 December 2009 at the
3104:McGraw-Hill Professional
2704:
2511:
1932:
1927:
1618:200/400 Gigabit Ethernet
1421:automatic repeat request
1194:forward error correction
486:gross data transfer rate
400:1,000,000,000 bit/s
4596:Compressed suffix array
4145:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
3256:, Academic Press, 2003.
3180:Theodory S. Rappaport,
3099:3G wireless demystified
3029:Networking Fundamentals
2443:(ATRAC) for use on the
1907:source information rate
1812:For more examples, see
1186:time division multiplex
1166:coded transmission rate
452:In data communications
34:. For disk drives, see
3393:"DVD-MPEG differences"
3371:"MPEG1 Specifications"
2899:Jindal, R. P. (2009).
2623:) videos (using H.264)
2601:) videos (using H.264)
2346:lossy data compression
2344:audio format provides
2335:
2315:
2196:
2155:
2084:
1994:
1858:lossy data compression
1592:1995: 100 Mbit/s
1299:and 48,000 bit/s
1162:net data transfer rate
1080:
1034:
1002:parallel communication
991:
927:
869:
833:
794:
774:
747:
712:
692:
654:
587:
534:
4625:Kolmogorov complexity
4493:Video characteristics
3870:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
3134:J.S. Chitode (2008).
2745:Bandwidth (computing)
2486:sound format used on
2316:
2197:
2156:
2085:
1995:
1863:compression artifacts
1581:1990: 10 Mbit/s
1570:1981: 10 Mbit/s
1484:1977: 1200 baud
1309:signal-to-noise ratio
1178:communication channel
1081:
1014:
992:
928:
870:
834:
795:
775:
773:{\displaystyle 2^{N}}
748:
746:{\displaystyle 2^{N}}
724:passband transmission
713:
693:
691:{\displaystyle 2^{N}}
655:
588:
535:
511:serial communications
4715:Compression software
4309:Compression artifact
4265:Psychoacoustic model
2880:on 25 September 2016
2608:1080p videos (using
2465:to compress CD audio
2212:
2171:
2108:
2010:
1958:
1909:, also known as the
1877:streaming multimedia
1612:100 Gigabit Ethernet
1318:, also known as the
1258:Basic Rate Interface
1121:symbol duration time
1011:
971:
893:
857:
807:
784:
757:
730:
702:
675:
634:
547:
517:
388:1,000,000 bit/s
4705:Compression formats
4344:Texture compression
4339:Standard test image
4155:Silence compression
3467:"3.3 Video Streams"
3445:"Avchd Information"
3350:"YouTube bit rates"
3197:, Wiley-IEEE, 2007.
2810:Spectral efficiency
2790:Data signaling rate
2579:720p videos (using
2557:480p videos (using
2546:360p videos (using
2535:240p videos (using
1890:is used in case of
1606:10 Gigabit Ethernet
1486:Vadic and Bell 212A
1346:capacity in bit/s.
1305:adaptive modulation
1170:effective data rate
616:and LAN equipment.
481:data signaling rate
463:Data signaling rate
288:) is the number of
52:
4613:Information theory
4468:Display resolution
4294:Chroma subsampling
3683:Byte pair encoding
3628:Shannon–Fano–Elias
3419:HDV Specifications
3062:Network Dictionary
2328:is mebibytes with
2311:
2192:
2151:
2080:
1990:
1406:file transfer rate
1398:data transfer rate
1356:Network throughput
1350:Network throughput
1324:communication link
1076:
987:
942:vestigial sideband
923:
880:spectral bandwidth
865:
829:
790:
770:
743:
720:digital modulation
718:bits per pulse. A
708:
688:
650:
583:
530:
448:/s = 1024 KiB/s).
270:telecommunications
248:tebibit per second
228:gibibit per second
208:mebibit per second
188:kibibit per second
156:terabit per second
136:gigabit per second
116:megabit per second
96:kilobit per second
43:
4746:Data transmission
4728:
4727:
4577:
4576:
4527:Deblocking filter
4425:
4424:
4273:
4272:
4082:
4081:
3927:
3926:
3432:on 8 January 2007
2922:978-1-4244-3831-0
2526:videoconferencing
2309:
2305:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2255:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2078:
2074:
2058:
2054:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1810:
1809:
1730:) 384 kbit/s
1665:~1000 Mbit/s
1423:retransmissions.
1402:application layer
1369:digital bandwidth
1344:digital bandwidth
1074:
985:
977:
921:
907:
899:
863:
844:Manchester coding
821:
813:
793:{\displaystyle N}
711:{\displaystyle N}
648:
640:
610:data transmission
578:
575:
557:
527:
431:
430:
427:bits per second)
411:bits per second)
284:or as a variable
266:
265:
16:(Redirected from
4758:
4741:Data compression
4713:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4532:Lapped transform
4436:
4435:
4314:Image resolution
4299:Coding tree unit
4284:
4283:
4093:
4092:
3938:
3937:
3559:
3558:
3545:Data compression
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3424:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3023:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2978:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2907:. pp. 1–6.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2876:. Archived from
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2841:. PHI Learning.
2832:
2815:Variable bitrate
2780:Constant bitrate
2615:6.8 Mbit/s
2604:4.5 Mbit/s
2593:3.8 Mbit/s
2575:2.5 Mbit/s
2542:750 kbit/s
2531:400 kbit/s
2472:sound format of
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2256:
2251:
2216:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2056:
2052:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1892:variable bitrate
1737:14.4 Mbit/s
1704:14.4 kbit/s
1600:Gigabit Ethernet
1479:Acoustic coupler
1445:
1444:
1417:data compression
1336:analog bandwidth
1316:channel capacity
1218:connection speed
1150:information rate
1131:Information rate
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1028:
996:
994:
993:
988:
986:
983:
978:
975:
932:
930:
929:
924:
922:
919:
908:
905:
900:
897:
874:
872:
871:
866:
864:
861:
838:
836:
835:
830:
822:
819:
814:
811:
799:
797:
796:
791:
779:
777:
776:
771:
769:
768:
752:
750:
749:
744:
742:
741:
717:
715:
714:
709:
697:
695:
694:
689:
687:
686:
659:
657:
656:
651:
649:
646:
641:
638:
592:
590:
589:
584:
579:
577:
576:
573:
564:
559:
558:
555:
539:
537:
536:
531:
529:
528:
525:
376:1,000 bit/s
360:0.001 bit/s
357:
356:
53:
42:
21:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4691:
4675:
4659:
4640:Rate–distortion
4573:
4502:
4421:
4348:
4269:
4174:
4170:Sub-band coding
4078:
4003:Predictive type
3998:
3923:
3890:LZSS + Huffman
3840:LZ77 + Huffman
3829:
3739:
3675:Dictionary type
3669:
3571:Adaptive coding
3548:
3542:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3317:on 4 March 2012
3314:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3292:Wayback Machine
3279:Surround Sound:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:Khalid Sayood,
3251:
3247:
3239:Guy Hart-Davis,
3238:
3234:
3223:
3219:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3094:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2979:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2957:. 11 March 2014
2953:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2923:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2785:Data-rate units
2740:Average bitrate
2735:Audio bit depth
2730:
2707:
2568:quality (using
2514:
2445:MiniDisc Format
2378:
2338:
2306:
2292:
2278:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2075:
2055:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1935:
1930:
1888:average bitrate
1830:
1825:
1806:
1758:2010: CDMA2000
1682:1200 bit/s
1658:600 Mbit/s
1440:
1438:Progress trends
1389:
1383:
1358:
1352:
1209:link adaptation
1202:data link layer
1154:useful bit rate
1139:
1133:
1117:
1098:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
982:
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:double sideband
918:
904:
896:
894:
891:
890:
860:
858:
855:
854:
818:
810:
808:
805:
804:
785:
782:
781:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
703:
700:
699:
682:
678:
676:
673:
672:
645:
637:
635:
632:
631:
572:
568:
563:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
505:
498:
465:
459:
457:Gross bit rate
454:
434:Binary prefixes
352:metric prefixes
350:(also known as
344:
332:byte per second
176:Binary prefixes
84:Metric prefixes
49:data-rate units
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4751:Temporal rates
4748:
4743:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4707:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4442:
4440:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
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4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4074:Psychoacoustic
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3946:
3944:
3942:Transform type
3935:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3877:
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3868:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3857:
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3851:
3846:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3486:External links
3484:
3481:
3480:
3458:
3436:
3406:
3384:
3362:
3328:
3296:
3270:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3230:, Artech House
3217:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3146:
3126:
3112:
3085:
3071:
3052:
3038:
3009:
2995:
2968:
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2936:
2921:
2891:
2861:
2847:
2826:
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2820:
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2812:
2807:
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2797:
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2703:
2702:
2701:
2694:
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2673:
2667:
2660:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2624:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2553:1 Mbit/s
2551:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2488:Super Audio CD
2476:
2466:
2463:Monkey's Audio
2451:lossless audio
2447:
2437:
2426:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2365:
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2359:
2356:
2353:
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2334:
2322:
2321:
2302:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2181:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2091:
2090:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1875:For real-time
1851:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1651:54 Mbit/s
1645:
1644:54 Mbit/s
1638:
1637:11 Mbit/s
1631:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1354:Main article:
1351:
1348:
1332:
1331:
1240:
1239:
1198:channel coding
1182:physical layer
1143:physical layer
1132:
1129:
1115:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
998:
997:
981:
934:
933:
917:
914:
911:
903:
876:
875:
848:return-to-zero
840:
839:
828:
825:
817:
812:gross bit rate
789:
767:
763:
740:
736:
726:scheme) using
707:
685:
681:
661:
660:
647:gross bit rate
644:
594:
593:
582:
571:
567:
562:
553:
523:
503:
496:
469:physical layer
458:
455:
453:
450:
429:
428:
417:
413:
412:
401:
397:
396:
389:
385:
384:
377:
373:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
343:
340:
297:bit per second
264:
263:
258:
253:
250:
244:
243:
238:
233:
230:
224:
223:
218:
213:
210:
204:
203:
198:
193:
190:
184:
183:
172:
171:
166:
161:
158:
152:
151:
146:
141:
138:
132:
131:
126:
121:
118:
112:
111:
106:
101:
98:
92:
91:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
68:bit per second
64:
63:
60:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4763:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4498:Video quality
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Speech coding
4163:
4161:
4160:Sound quality
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Dynamic range
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:LZ77 + Range
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
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3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
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3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
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3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
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3742:
3734:
3731:
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3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
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3691:
3690:
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3649:
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3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
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3611:
3607:
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3599:
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3592:
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3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
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3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3446:
3440:
3428:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3395:. Sourceforge
3394:
3388:
3372:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3147:9788184314519
3143:
3139:
3138:
3130:
3115:
3113:9780071382823
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3074:
3072:9781602670006
3068:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3041:
3039:9780470779439
3035:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2998:
2996:9783642013591
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2956:
2950:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2850:
2848:9788120328464
2844:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
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2783:
2781:
2778:
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2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
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2748:
2746:
2743:
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2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:speech codecs
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2330:binary prefix
2327:
2300:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2187:
2179:
2176:size in bytes
2167:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1896:peak bit rate
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1630:2 Mbit/s
1629:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:Fast Ethernet
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:coaxial cable
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1481:300 baud
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:Hartley's law
1337:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
979:
967:
966:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
915:
912:
909:
901:
889:
888:
887:
885:
881:
853:
852:
851:
849:
845:
826:
823:
815:
803:
802:
801:
787:
765:
761:
738:
734:
725:
721:
705:
683:
679:
670:
666:
642:
630:
629:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
580:
569:
565:
560:
551:
543:
542:
541:
521:
512:
507:
502:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:gross bitrate
470:
464:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
259:
257:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
167:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4671:Hutter Prize
4635:Quantization
4540:Compensation
4445:
4334:Quantization
4102:
4057:Compensation
3623:Shannon–Fano
3563:Entropy type
3473:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3447:. AVCHD Info
3439:
3427:the original
3418:
3397:. Retrieved
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3319:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3299:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3136:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3098:
3076:. Retrieved
3061:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3028:
3000:. Retrieved
2989:. Springer.
2986:
2959:. Retrieved
2949:
2939:
2904:
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:the original
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2837:
2830:
2710:
2708:
2686:compression)
2680:Blu-ray Disc
2659:compression)
2634:compression)
2619:1080p60 (60
2572:compression)
2339:
2325:
2323:
2204:
2185:size in bits
2163:
2113:size in bits
2092:
2002:
1950:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:entropy rate
1910:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1874:
1867:
1855:
1852:
1831:
1782:Mobile WiMAX
1587:twisted pair
1441:
1433:
1425:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1333:
1313:
1284:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1251:IEEE 802.11a
1248:
1244:net bit rate
1243:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:peak bitrate
1212:
1206:
1192:, redundant
1190:framing bits
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:payload rate
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1127:th channel.
1124:
1113:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1088:
999:
935:
906:Nyquist rate
877:
841:
662:
618:
605:
595:
508:
500:
493:
489:
485:
479:
475:
471:
466:
438:IEC 80000-13
432:
368:1 bit/s
345:
335:
331:
329:
324:
300:
296:
294:
285:
281:
277:
267:
180:IEC 80000-13
67:
44:
40:
4630:Prefix code
4483:Frame types
4304:Color space
4130:Convolution
3860:LZ77 + ANS
3771:Incremental
3744:Other types
3663:Levenshtein
3373:. UK: ICDia
2754:symbol rate
2597:720p60 (60
2422:as used in
2420:lossy audio
2376:Other audio
2121:sample rate
1971:sample rate
1828:Multimedia
1740:2008: UMTS
1733:2007: UMTS
1469:Mobile data
1371:consumption
1146:net bitrate
1000:In case of
976:symbol rate
938:line coding
898:symbol rate
884:Nyquist law
820:symbol rate
722:method (or
639:symbol rate
598:symbol rate
509:In case of
476:raw bitrate
348:SI prefixes
4735:Categories
4687:Mark Adler
4645:Redundancy
4562:Daubechies
4545:Estimation
4478:Frame rate
4400:Daubechies
4360:Chain code
4319:Macroblock
4125:Companding
4062:Estimation
3982:Daubechies
3688:Lempel–Ziv
3648:Exp-Golomb
3576:Arithmetic
3355:10 October
2961:10 October
2884:4 February
2822:References
2770:Clock rate
2722:companding
2519:videophone
2470:Linear PCM
2424:Ogg Vorbis
1847:compressed
1802:See also:
1363:throughput
1297:downstream
1280:Manchester
1174:wire speed
1135:See also:
1102:modulation
625:modulation
621:line codes
461:See also:
4664:Community
4488:Interlace
3874:Zstandard
3653:Fibonacci
3643:Universal
3601:Canonical
2775:Code rate
2765:Chip rate
2657:MPEG4 AVC
2498:DVD-Audio
2413:telephone
2298:≈
2284:≈
2240:×
2234:×
2228:×
2141:×
2133:×
2129:bit depth
2125:×
2097:or other
2029:×
2023:×
1983:×
1979:bit depth
1975:×
1920:that the
1886:The term
1751:(Without
1360:The term
1290:voiceband
1272:line code
1237:code rate
1229:code rate
1222:line rate
1137:Code rate
1049:
1016:∑
984:bandwidth
980:≤
920:bandwidth
916:×
902:≤
824:×
643:≤
627:methods:
619:For most
419:= 1
403:= 1
391:= 1
379:= 1
334:(symbol:
305:SI prefix
299:(symbol:
274:computing
62:Multiple
45:Bit rates
18:Line rate
4650:Symmetry
4618:Timeline
4601:FM-index
4446:Bit rate
4439:Concepts
4287:Concepts
4150:Sampling
4103:Bit rate
4096:Concepts
3798:Sequitur
3633:Tunstall
3606:Modified
3596:Adaptive
3554:Lossless
3321:23 April
3288:Archived
2944:SCIENCE.
2931:25112828
2872:(2007).
2728:See also
2371:standard
2137:channels
2099:metadata
1987:channels
1963:bit rate
1709:GSM EDGE
1663:802.11ac
1583:10BASE-T
1455:Ethernet
1301:upstream
665:baseband
425:trillion
342:Prefixes
307:such as
278:bit rate
4608:Entropy
4557:Wavelet
4536:Motion
4395:Wavelet
4375:Fractal
4370:Deflate
4353:Methods
4140:Latency
4053:Motion
3977:Wavelet
3894:LHA/LZH
3844:Deflate
3793:Re-Pair
3788:Grammar
3618:Shannon
3591:Huffman
3547:methods
3451:11 July
3399:11 July
3377:11 July
3153:10 July
3119:10 July
3078:10 July
3045:10 July
3002:10 July
2854:10 July
2655:(using
2630:(using
2617:YouTube
2606:YouTube
2595:YouTube
2577:YouTube
2555:YouTube
2544:YouTube
2533:YouTube
2459:WavPack
2390:FS-1015
1946:channel
1922:average
1918:minimum
1905:is the
1881:goodput
1656:802.11n
1649:802.11g
1642:802.11a
1635:802.11b
1572:10BASE5
1499:V.32bis
1393:Goodput
1387:Goodput
1320:Shannon
1119:is the
1110:channel
1104:in the
409:billion
282:bitrate
252:Tibit/s
232:Gibit/s
212:Mibit/s
192:Kibit/s
4719:codecs
4680:People
4583:Theory
4550:Vector
4067:Vector
3884:Brotli
3834:Hybrid
3733:Snappy
3586:Golomb
3144:
3110:
3069:
3036:
2993:
2929:
2919:
2845:
2711:actual
2671:HD DVD
2383:Codec2
2324:where
2304:
2290:
2276:
2095:header
2077:kbit/s
2073:
2053:
1942:stereo
1820:, and
1787:2009:
1780:2007:
1775:Pre-4G
1765:2011:
1747:2009:
1726:-FDD (
1722:2001:
1707:2003:
1702:D-AMPS
1693:1991:
1678:1981:
1661:2012:
1654:2007:
1647:2003:
1640:1999:
1633:1999:
1628:802.11
1626:1997:
1616:2017:
1610:2010:
1604:2003:
1598:1999:
1558:G.fast
1556:2014:
1549:2005:
1544:ADSL2+
1542:2005:
1535:2003:
1528:1998:
1521:1999:
1514:1995:
1507:1994:
1502:modems
1497:1990:
1490:1986:
1477:1972:
1450:modems
1188:(TDM)
1112:, and
1089:where
614:modems
421:Tbit/s
405:Gbit/s
393:Mbit/s
381:kbit/s
160:Tbit/s
140:Gbit/s
120:Mbit/s
100:kbit/s
59:Symbol
4510:parts
4508:Codec
4473:Frame
4431:Video
4415:SPIHT
4324:Pixel
4279:Image
4233:ACELP
4204:ADPCM
4194:ÎĽ-law
4189:A-law
4182:parts
4180:Codec
4088:Audio
4027:ACELP
4015:ADPCM
3992:SPIHT
3933:Lossy
3917:bzip2
3908:LZHAM
3864:LZFSE
3766:Delta
3658:Gamma
3638:Unary
3613:Range
3470:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3423:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
2927:S2CID
2719:A-law
2705:Notes
2698:4:4:4
2677:1080p
2653:AVCHD
2632:MPEG2
2610:H.264
2581:H.264
2570:MPEG1
2559:H.264
2548:H.264
2537:H.264
2512:Video
2507:(MLP)
2474:CD-DA
2461:, or
2408:codec
2401:codec
2399:Speex
2301:807.5
2280:bytes
2070:411.2
2057:bit/s
1933:CD-DA
1928:Audio
1870:bytes
1767:HSPA+
1760:EV-DO
1749:HSPA+
1735:HSDPA
1728:WCDMA
1551:VDSL2
1537:ADSL2
1293:modem
671:with
602:bauds
301:bit/s
72:bit/s
4522:DPCM
4329:PSNR
4260:MDCT
4253:WLPC
4238:CELP
4199:DPCM
4047:WLPC
4032:CELP
4010:DPCM
3960:MDCT
3904:LZMA
3805:LDCT
3783:DPCM
3728:LZWL
3718:LZSS
3713:LZRW
3703:LZJB
3453:2011
3401:2011
3379:2011
3357:2014
3323:2014
3155:2011
3142:ISBN
3121:2011
3108:ISBN
3080:2011
3067:ISBN
3047:2011
3034:ISBN
3004:2011
2991:ISBN
2963:2014
2917:ISBN
2886:2014
2856:2011
2843:ISBN
2750:Baud
2715:ÎĽlaw
2684:VC-1
2639:HDTV
2406:Opus
2340:The
2145:time
1753:MIMO
1742:HSPA
1724:UMTS
1700:and
1530:ADSL
1523:V.92
1516:V.90
1509:V.34
1492:ISDN
1464:WLAN
1461:WiFi
1457:LAN
1448:WAN
1414:V.44
1314:The
1287:V.92
1269:NRZI
1265:4B5B
1141:The
958:OFDM
956:and
846:and
623:and
606:only
540:as:
321:tera
317:giga
313:mega
309:kilo
290:bits
272:and
261:1024
241:1024
221:1024
201:1024
169:1000
149:1000
129:1000
109:1000
56:Name
4567:DWT
4517:DCT
4461:VBR
4456:CBR
4451:ABR
4410:EZW
4405:DWT
4390:RLE
4380:KLT
4365:DCT
4248:LSP
4243:LAR
4228:LPC
4221:FFT
4118:VBR
4113:CBR
4108:ABR
4042:LSP
4037:LAR
4022:LPC
3987:DWT
3972:FFT
3967:DST
3955:DCT
3854:LZS
3849:LZX
3825:RLE
3820:PPM
3815:PAQ
3810:MTF
3778:DMC
3756:CTW
3751:BWT
3723:LZW
3708:LZO
3698:LZ4
3693:842
2909:doi
2717:or
2691:DCP
2664:HDV
2646:HDV
2628:DVD
2621:FPS
2599:FPS
2566:VCD
2484:PDM
2480:DSD
2434:MP2
2430:DAB
2369:MP3
2342:MP3
2336:MP3
2326:MiB
2308:MiB
2287:847
2273:000
2267:720
2261:846
2249:800
2225:100
2050:200
2044:411
2020:100
1856:If
1789:LTE
1698:CSD
1695:GSM
1680:NMT
1396:or
1172:or
1160:,
1152:,
1108:th
1040:log
954:QAM
950:PSK
946:ASK
499:or
488:or
446:MiB
442:KiB
336:B/s
325:bps
268:In
4737::
4385:LP
4216:FT
4209:DM
3761:CM
3472:,
3409:^
3331:^
3202:^
3106:.
3102:.
3088:^
3012:^
2985:.
2971:^
2925:.
2915:.
2903:.
2457:,
2432:)
2294:MB
2231:16
2219:44
2026:16
2014:44
1913:.
1816:,
1797:5G
1777::
1719::
1717:3G
1690::
1688:2G
1675::
1673:1G
1377:.
1326:.
1274:.
1168:,
1164:,
1156:,
1148:,
952:,
948:,
886::
484:,
478:,
474:,
276:,
182:)
164:10
144:10
124:10
104:10
90:)
88:SI
78:1
51:)
4721:)
4717:(
3537:e
3530:t
3523:v
3478:.
3455:.
3434:.
3403:.
3381:.
3359:.
3325:.
3285:.
3157:.
3123:.
3082:.
3049:.
3006:.
2965:.
2933:.
2911::
2888:.
2858:.
2756:)
2752:(
2612:)
2583:)
2561:)
2550:)
2539:)
2490:.
2270:,
2264:,
2258:=
2253:8
2246:,
2243:4
2237:2
2222:,
2188:8
2180:=
2149:.
2117:=
2067:,
2064:1
2061:=
2047:,
2041:,
2038:1
2035:=
2032:2
2017:,
1967:=
1824:.
1589:)
1585:(
1578:)
1574:(
1216:"
1125:i
1116:i
1114:T
1106:i
1097:i
1095:M
1091:n
1070:i
1066:T
1058:i
1054:M
1044:2
1031:n
1026:1
1023:=
1020:i
913:2
910:=
827:N
816:=
788:N
766:N
762:2
739:N
735:2
706:N
684:N
680:2
581:,
574:b
570:T
566:1
561:=
556:b
552:R
526:b
522:T
504:b
501:f
497:b
494:R
286:R
280:(
256:2
236:2
216:2
196:2
178:(
86:(
75:1
47:(
38:.
20:)
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