Lindy Hop - Knowledge

3008: 54: 986: 379:" in 1935. One source credits Al Minns and Pepsi Bethel as among those who refined the air step. However, early versions of air steps in the Lindy Hop were performed already from the very beginning of the 1930s. An Air Step is a dance move in which at least one of the partners' two feet leave the ground in a dramatic, acrobatic style. Most importantly, it is done in time with the music. Air steps are now widely associated with the characterization of Lindy Hop, despite being generally reserved for competition or performance dancing, and not generally being executed on any social dance floor. 670:. This specific usage of Lindy Hop emerged in the late 90s in San Francisco and Los Angeles as a way to differentiate it from the popular "Hollywood" or "LA Style" of Lindy Hop. The Hollywood or LA Style was typically performed to faster music and allowed for limited improvisation, primarily adhering to predefined patterns. The modern Lindy Hop style broke away from these constraints, providing more freedom for dancers to interpret the music and incorporate their own improvised movements, resulting in a distinct groove-oriented approach. 305:

dance marathon answered enthusiastically to the accident. As Marshall Stearns put it, Snowden rediscovered the Breakaway pattern when the accident happened. But the accident where Snowden and Purnell devised the basic principle of the Lindy Hop turned out to be much bigger than it initially suggested. Their invention started a process which led the Lindy Hop to contests, theaters and ballrooms by the end of 1928, and to Broadway plays by 1930. Thus, Snowden and Purnell are the creators of the Harlem Lindy Hop.

1059: 388: 542:" and relative freedom of the follower to improvise within the structure of the swingout in particular. Again, this technical difference varies between individual dancers, and between teachers today. Historians may also note that Hollywood style, while often characterized by a more intense connection (characterized at its extreme by counter balance), also featured extensive variations and individual improvisation within the swingout in other instances. 33: 736:'s 1954 edition of "How to Become a Good Dancer" included instructions for swing dances such as the Lindy Hop. East Coast Swing and Lindy Hop were equated in Yerrington and Outland's 1961 publication. The 1962 Ballroom Dancebook for Teachers dedicated a chapter to the Lindy Hop. By 1960, the Lindy Hop had become known as "swing," as stated in the book "Social Dance" copyrighted in 1969. 1042: 1076:

a sense of camaraderie among dancers who share a passion for the lively and energetic Lindy Hop style. Participants engage in workshops, social dances, performances, and showcases, showcasing their skills and celebrating the rich history of swing dancing. The Lindy Hop community continues to preserve and promote this dynamic and joyful dance form for future generations to enjoy.

981:: Alongside the swing revival, there was a resurgence of interest in retro styles. This led to the popularity of swing music and dance styles such as Lindy Hop being revived in its traditional form, with bands and artists embracing the swing genre and creating new music that captured the essence of classic swing from the 1920s to the 1940s. This style is still alive today. 839:, Sally Sommer, and Ernie Smith, as well as dance enthusiasts that had just formed the New York Swing Dance Society in 1985. During the 1980s, the Jiving Lindy Hoppers were instrumental in spreading Lindy Hop throughout the UK by teaching and performing at shows, festivals and on TV. In January 1984, the Jiving Lindy Hoppers started teaching Lindy Hop in London. 65: 1062: 1061: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1067: 1075:

The Lindy Hop community remains vibrant and active in the present day, with enthusiasts participating in various events worldwide. Lindy Hop camps and competitions bring together dancers of all levels, providing opportunities for learning, connection, and friendly competition. These gatherings foster

619:(the basic step of Lindy) is danced in a position often described as someone about to sit on a stool, thereby bringing their center point of balance closer to the ground. This piked position is the classic look of Hollywood with the back straight and a slight forward tilt. This style originated from 327:

The lindy-hoppers at the Savoy even began to practice acrobatic routines, and to do absurd things for the entertainment of the whites, that probably never would have entered their heads to attempt for their own effortless amusement. Some of the lindy-hoppers had cards printed with their names on them

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Later, a "Lindy Hop" dance was described by columnist Gilbert Swan. He wrote, "Obviously the first dance named for the Lindbergh flight was the 'Lindy Hop'...Like all trick dances, they will be done in a few theatres and dance halls, where experts appear, and that will be that". Later that year, on

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The International Lindy Hop Championships (ILHC) are a popular American venue. The ILHC holds qualifiers for people from several continents: North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. The ILHC hosts both virtual and in-person competitions, with multiple sub-categories for both. Dances performed

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Lindy Hop was revived in the 1980s by dancers in New York City, California, Stockholm, and the United Kingdom. West Coast Swing, ballroom swing, and Rock'n'Roll enthusiasts were on the hunt for old swing dancers, as old videos emerged, showcasing partner dances that had been lost to time. Each group

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From 1949 to 1968, Norma Miller's Jazz Men performed, showcasing their passion for the dance form. Similarly, from 1949 to 1955, Frankie Manning's Congaroo Dancers enchanted audiences with their Lindy Hop skills. After the Savoy Ballroom closed in 1958, Louise "Mama Lou" Parks Dancers took the stage

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have noted changes in his own dancing style in this respect over the years. Despite these comments, it is important to note that the "bounce" described is characteristic of many African American vernacular dance forms. One of the clearest distinctions between Hollywood and Smooth style Lindy Hop and

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reported Catherine B. Sullivan describing the "Lindy Hop" as having been placed third in the Dancing Masters of America, New Dances competition, behind the Kikajou and the Dixie Step. (The "Lindy Hop" was also described in reports as the "Lindbergh Glide"). The journalist reports that Miss Johnson

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LINDBERGH REACHES GOAL AT HAVANA; SPOKESMEN OF PAN AMERICAN NATIONS AND 100,000 CUBANS WELCOME FLIER; WILD ACCLAIM AT LANDING Troops Barely Hold Back Great Crowd as Flier Taxis In. MET BY HUGHES AT FIELD Procession to City an Ovation-- President Machado Formally Greets Aviator at Palace. CONFERENCE

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In 1983-1984, Californian dancers Erin Stevens and Steven Mitchell had taken lessons from Al Minns at SCDC and were actively searching for original Savoy dancers after learning about Frankie Manning through Bob Crease. Stevens discovered three listings for the name Manning in a New York phone book.

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The term "Savoy-style Lindy Hop" applies a generic relationship between all African American Lindy Hoppers (and aficionados of their styles) which ignores the variety and diversity of Lindy Hop in the 1930s and 40s. Lindy Hop historians see clear differences between the Lindy Hop of the early years

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Snowden's account to Stearns probably refers to the fact that he used already existing elements of the dance when he and his partner Mattie Purnell had an accident in the dance marathon where they became separated for a while until Snowden got back to Purnell. According to Snowden, the crowd in the

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and featured Parks, her Traditional Jazz Dance Company, and the Lindy Hop. The TV show sparked so much interest in the dance that Mama Lou Parks and her Traditional Jazz Dance Company toured the UK in 1983 and 1984. Terry Monaghan and Warren Heyes met each other at her workshops in London in 1983.

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who promised Charles Buchanan that she would continue holding the Lindy Hop portion of the Harvest Moon Ball dance competition after the Savoy Ballroom closed in 1958. She helped preserve the dance by teaching the performance and competition aspects to a new generation of dancers, and in doing so,

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sideways as a default. This is not the case, however, as leading a follow out backwards or forwards is just as likely. Savoy style is also said to be characterized by a pronounced downwards "bounce", which is again something of a misnomer, as different dancers employed varying degrees and types of

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A recorded source of the non-Harlem-connected Lindy Hop dances is the famed aviator Charles Lindbergh, nicknamed "Lucky Lindy", who "hopped the Atlantic" in 1927. After Lindbergh's solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 he became incredibly popular and many people named songs, recipes

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The New York Lindy Exchange (NYLX) is a popular event destination for Lindy dancers. The NYLX is a non-competitive, social gathering for Lindy dance experts and Lindy dance beginners. The NYLX usually has multiple venues during their weekend including classes, master classes, social dances, and

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After World War II, jazz clubs faced taxes and regulations, leading to smaller bands and a shift towards listening rather than dancing. The rise of rock and roll and bebop in the 1950s diminished jazz's popularity for dancing, causing Lindy Hop to fade out of the public eye and be replaced by

1064: 1002:, a gathering of Lindy Hop dancers in one city for several days to dance with visitors and locals, enables different communities to share their ideas with others. The first Lindy exchange was called "The Weekend", and occurred on December 4–6, 1998, in California, between the cities of 292:

hop across the Atlantic. It had been around a long time and some people began to call it the Lindbergh Hop after 1927, although it didn't last. Then, during the marathon at Manhattan Casino, I got tired of the same old steps and cut loose with a breakaway..." According to Snowden,

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Calling the first Frankie Manning, she asked, "Are you Frankie Manning the dancer?" Initially, he replied, "No, I'm Frankie Manning the postal worker." However, after a pause, he added, "But I used to be a dancer." Stevens had indeed found the Manning she was looking for.

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When by 1936 "Air steps" or "aerials" such as the Hip to Hip, Side Flip, and Over the Back (the names describe the motion of the follow in the air) began to appear, the old guard of dancers such as Leon James, Leroy Jones, and Shorty Snowden disapproved of the new moves.

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was rediscovered by Sandra Cameron and Larry Schulz during a Louise "Mama Lou" Parks event. They invited him to teach at Sandra's dance studio, the Sandra Cameron Dance Center (SCDC). Another instrumental figure was Paul Grecki, who also worked with Al and later with

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See Karen Hubbard and Terry Monaghan, "Negotiating Compromise on a Burnished Wood Floor: Social Dancing at the Savoy, " in Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader, ed. by Julie Malnig (2009: University of Illinois Press), page 138.

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movement acknowledged the Lindy Hop which the movement considered part of "low culture", and thus not an important cultural achievement. According to Snowden, "When he finally offered to pay us, we went up and had a ball. All we wanted to do was dance anyway."

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Erin and Steven visited Frankie Manning and convinced him to begin instructing Lindy Hop an experience he cherished as his "first real teaching experience". They played a crucial role in spreading Lindy Hop to California and other locations within the US.

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There was renewed interest in the dance in the 1980s from American, Swedish, and British dancers and the Lindy Hop is now represented by dancers and loosely affiliated grass-roots organizations in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania.

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When Al Minns died in 1985, they brought Frankie Manning and other original Savoy Ballroom dancers to Stockholm. The Swedish Swing Society and The Rhythm Hot Shots helped spread Lindy Hop throughout Sweden and the rest of the world, partly through the

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with her friends for tips. In 1935, 15,000 people danced on Bradhurst Avenue for the second of a dance series held by the Parks Department. Between 147th and 148th street, Harlem "threw itself into the Lindy Hop with abandon" as

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According to Ethel Williams, the Lindy Hop was similar to the dance known as the Texas Tommy in New York in 1913. The basic steps in the Texas Tommy were followed by a breakaway identical to that found in the Lindy. Savoy dancer

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Frankie Manning continued teaching at the SCDC in 1985, carrying on where Al Minns had left off. As the demand for his dance instruction grew, Frankie Manning started to travel and teach worldwide, sharing his joy of Lindy Hop.

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and Jonathan Bixby took private lessons from Dean Collins from 1981 to 1984, and passed on his knowledge. Erik Robison and Sylvia Skylar learned by studying under the original dancers from the 1930s and 1940s, such as

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There are numerous independent events as well. Lindy dancers commonly use directories to find events in their area, or notable foreign events. SwingPlanIt is a website that hosts dates for events all over the world.

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In March 1985, the Jiving Lindy Hoppers (Warren Heyes, Terry Monaghan, Ryan Francois, Claudia Gintersdorfer, and Lesley Owen) travelled to New York City on their first research visit. Their goal was primarily to meet

316:. Their dancing accentuated the difference in size with Big Bea towering over Shorty. These dancers specialized in so-called floor steps, but they also experimented with early versions of air steps in the Lindy Hop. 1014:, California. Many annual Lindy Hop conventions are held across the world, such as Camp Hollywood in Los Angeles, International Lindy Hop Championships on the US east coast, and Rock That Swing Festival in München. 1063: 2314:

In 1982, they had hired Al Minns...to teach at the Sandra Cameron Dance Center, which, to my knowledge, was the first time that a dance studio brought in one of the original Savoy Lindy hoppers as a teacher.

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Savoy-style Lindy Hop is characterized by a high energy, circular, rotating style. This particular style of Lindy Hop was most frequently associated with living dancers from the 1930s, such as

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are also featured prominently in contemporary histories of Lindy Hop. Some sources credit Manning, working with his partner Freida Washington, for inventing the ground-breaking "Air Step" or "

1046: 805:(competitions that ran from 1927-1984) at their international swing dance competition, she started to become more well known in Europe and caught the attention of the British TV company 935:" (1999) showcased Lindy Hoppers, Latin swing dancers, and country swing stars and continues to be performed worldwide. In film, Frankie Manning choreographed a dance sequence for " 975:, leading the way. This revival successfully reintroduced swing music to the mainstream, capturing the attention of a new generation of listeners and Retro Swing Lindy Hop dancers. 213:

made his groundbreaking flight across the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927. The most famous Lindy Hop dance, which is not connected to the other Lindy Hop dances, was born in the Harlem

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Volume III Original 1964 3XLp Vinyl Box Set Columbia Records C3L 33 Mono Jazz Archive Series Various Artist in High Fidelity Sound with 40-Page Booklet, produced by Frank Driggs

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particular "variations" or jazz steps associated with Savoy-style date back to the African communities from which African American slaves were taken (and are discussed in the

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man who danced at the Savoy Ballroom before 1936 and became a high-profile dancer of this style on the west coast of the United States, appearing in Hollywood films such as

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and trained to compete in the Harvest Moon Ball. The Black community continued to dance with new and inventive styles to emerge. Additionally, in a 1959 or 1960 episode of

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gained popularity during this period, blending swing music with electronic beats and production techniques. It combined the vintage sound of swing with modern electronic,

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but when they arrived, they learned that he was in hospital and not expected to live much longer. (Al Minns died on 24 April 1985.) Through Mama Lou Parks, they met

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and some of his friends were also dedicated dancers, never ceasing their passion for the dance at various venues, including Bobby McGee's, throughout the decades.

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and fewer steps. The steps are shortened or "cheated" to create this look. The style is geared towards performance and is heavily based on short choreographies.

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were featured. The 1970s in the UK witnessed the emergence of diverse music trends, including a revival of original rock 'n' roll pioneers. Additionally, the

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HONORS HIM Pan-American Session Adjourns for Day as Lindbergh Comes by 800-Mile Hop From Haiti. Hughes Welcomes Him at Field. HOPS OFF IN HAITIAN DAWN,

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Jazz-loving youths were enamored with the bands of the time, influenced by radio stations and the film industry showcasing clips. In Nazi Germany, the

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independently searched for original Lindy Hop dancers and, for those who lived outside of New York City, traveled to New York City to work with them.

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and businesses among several other things, after him. Te Roy Williams and His Orchestra recorded the song "Lindbergh Hop", written by Ted Nixon and

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from Sweden, namely Lennart Westerlund, Anders Lind, and Henning Sorenson, embarked on a journey to New York. Their purpose was to seek out one of

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of the late 1930s and early 1940s. Lindy is a fusion of many dances that preceded it or were popular during its development but is mainly based on

1178: 1080: 743:" (1974) showcased fifties rock and roll music, sock hops, the Twist, and even a "Harvest Moon" dance contest. In the made-for-television movie " 259:

The first of the Lindy Hop-named dances was probably the "Lindbergh Hop" which was referred to as Lindy "Hop" in the headline of an article in

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and Ann Johnson. The most useful point to be made about this variation within a single community of dancers in one historical moment, is that

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Frankie Manning's characteristically "athletic" stance – like a runner spread out in motion, parallel to the ground – echoes African dance

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An Endeavor by Harlem Dancers to Achieve Equality – The Recognition of the Harlem-Based African-American Jazz Dance Between 1921 and 1943

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An Endeavor by Harlem Dancers to Achieve Equality – The Recognition of the Harlem-Based African-American Jazz Dance Between 1921 and 1943

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and trained with him for two weeks in New York City followed by another week in London. While in NY, they also met two former members of

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Lindy Hop entered mainstream American culture in the 1930s, gaining popularity through multiple sources. Dance troupes, including the

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In its development, the Lindy Hop combined elements of both partnered and solo dancing by using the movements and improvisation of

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and documentary films). Lindy Hop historians also draw clear distinctions between the dancing styles of key women dancers such as

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Lindy dances are also popular in Houston, Texas, with both the Houston Swing Dance Society (HSDS) and Lindyfest occurring there.

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came out of retirement and toured the world teaching Lindy Hop, later to be joined by dancers such as George and Sugar Sullivan.

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As Frankie Manning put it, "Everyone at the Savoy had their style." And there was no specific "Savoy style" of Lindy Hopping.

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A contemporary variation of Lindy Hop is characterized by slower music, a greater emphasis on improvisation, and a distinctive

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capitalized on its popularity in films, promoting enlistment for the military and fostering unity and support for the troops.

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and Jean Stearns, he was asked "What are you doing with your feet," and replied, "The Lindy". The date was June 17, 1928.

312:, his partner Big Bea, and Leroy Stretch Jones and Little Bea. "Shorty" George and Big Bea regularly won contests at the 600:

in Harlem during the 1930s and 1940s. Unfortunately, we do not have footage of the other white dancers who were part of

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The Harlem Lindy Hop developed probably from four possible sources, or some combination thereof: the breakaway, the

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pattern by accident. That started a process in which their invention became bigger than it initially suggested. The

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are often considered authoritative figures in the academic discussion of Lindy Hop, in part for their work with

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Szwed, John F., and Morton Marks. "The Afro-American Transformation of European Set Dances and Dance Suites."

943:" (1993) portrayed the swing dance movement in Nazi Germany, capturing the essence of swing dancing. Notably, 2895: 2646: 1084: 460:. Although the tax was later reduced to 20 percent, "No Dancing Allowed" signs went up all over the country. 2710:

Friedland, LeeEllen. "Social Commentary in African-American Movement Performance." In Brenda Farnell (ed.),

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dance music. This revival successfully reintroduced swing music to the mainstream through venues such as

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and became dance professors teaching the tourists. Then Harlem nights became show nights for the Nordics.

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The Harvest Moon Hoppers, a New York City-based performance group, dancing a routine at Lindy Focus 2023

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African American and African dances which are present in the Lindy Hop of these dancers in this period.

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helped a generation from getting in trouble with the law. After Parks contacted Wolfgang Steuer of the

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at the studio. In 1982, Al Minns was convinced to start teaching Lindy Hop at SCDC in New York City.

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told Marshall Stearns in 1959 that "We used to call the basic step the Hop long before Lindbergh did

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began teaching Lindy Hop. By the early 1940s the dance was known as "New Yorker" on the West Coast.

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contributed to a new dance scene by opening a dance studio in 1958 to train teachers in the art of

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individuals, Black, and white youth all adored jazz music and wanted to learn the new dance steps.

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was part of a new generation of Lindy Hoppers, and is the most celebrated Lindy Hopper in history.

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to Stockholm in 1984, where he held a dance workshop for the newly created Swedish Swing Society.

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style, meaning the follower travels in a straight line instead of the more elliptical or circular

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was founded in 1974 by Italy, France, Germany, and Switzerland to promote rock 'n' roll dancing.

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Razabilly: transforming sights, sounds, and history in the Los Angeles Latina/o Rockabilly scene

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aired television commercials titled "Khakis Swing" (1999 and 2000) that featured swing dancing.

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style, or alternatively, 'Smooth Style' Lindy Hop, is a dance style named after Dean Collins, a

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In describing Savoy style Lindy Hop, observers note that the follower is led out of the basic

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Social Dancing in America: A History and Reference, Volume 2, Lindy Hop to Hip Hop, 1901–2000

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showed a very fast little step, with hops and a kick, whilst holding the arms out, like the

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Human Action Signs in Cultural Context: The Visible and the Invisible in Movement and Dance

972: 968: 963:. Bands from various genres such as rock, punk, ska, and rockabilly emerged, including the 896: 403:), Hot Chocolates and Big Apple Dancers exhibited the Lindy Hop. Hollywood films, such as 190: 1898: 1616:

Mexican American mojo: popular music, dance, and urban culture in Los Angeles, 1935 - 1968

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magazine, becoming America's National Folk Dance and a recruitment tool for the military.

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wide-legged stances for both followers and leaders, particularly in the follower's swivel

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on September 13, 1928 recorded "Lindberg Hop- Overseas stomp," written by Jab Jones and

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Al Minns' early students formed the New York Swing Dance Society, established in 1985.

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clear angles at the ankle – between leg and foot – and often at the wrist and/or elbow

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a swing dance performance choreographed by Caleb Teicher, started touring in the US.

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Afterwards, they decided to form the British dance company the Jiving Lindy Hoppers.

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There are retro swing Lindy Hop communities throughout the world. The concept of a

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Jackson, Jonathan David. "Improvisation in African-American Vernacular Dancing."

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began featuring the Lindy Hop in dance sequences. Dance studios such as those of

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Spring, Howard. "Swing and the Lindy Hop: Dance, Venue, Media, and Tradition".

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The first generation of Lindy Hop is popularly associated with dancers such as

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Dance floor democracy: the social geography of memory at the Hollywood Canteen

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a central part of social dancing and many performance and competition pieces.

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dance is the only one of the Lindy Hop dances that survived in the long run.

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Lindy Hop dancers at DuPont Circle, Washington, DC, on a Saturday afternoon

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As white people began going to Harlem to watch black dancers, according to

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is an American dance which was born in the African-American communities of

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HONDURANS HAIL LINDBERGH IN CONGRESS AND PALACE HOPS FOR NICARAGUA TODAY,

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Burks-Rentschler, Selena; Pershay, Masha; Whalen, Kelly (June 15, 2022).

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Jookin': The Rise of Social Dance Formations in African-American Culture

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Dean Collins style of Lindy Hop is a style of dancing was danced at the

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covered the marathon and took a close-up of Shorty's feet. As told to

280:. The foot work is described as "dum-de-dum, dum-de-dum, dum-de-dum". 3375: 3347: 3322: 3307: 3126: 3111: 3101: 2992: 2533:"Lindy Hop Dancers Bring Back the Roots of this Black American Dance" 2487: 1127: 960: 836: 457: 400: 96: 88: 2761:

Steppin' on the Blues: The Visible Rhythms of African American Dance

2302:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 225. 1966: 1691:"Savoy Style vs. Hollywood Style: A Fight to the Death (Hopefully?)" 623:, who was Dean Collins' dance partner and had prior experience as a 3485: 3460: 3428: 3408: 3355: 3216: 3171: 3079: 2920: 2905: 2427:. Richard Harrington. October 26, 1998. Retrieved October 31, 2013. 2059:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. p. 12. 1007: 904: 853: 824: 769: 703: 616: 529: 492: 360: 350: 127: 126: – most clearly illustrated in the Lindy's defining move, the 2647:"Swing Today: 'Our Dance Is Modern Because We're Alive Right Now'" 2609: 3445: 3264: 3221: 3191: 3074: 2950: 1019: 699: 2771: 3475: 3398: 3292: 3226: 3141: 3017: 2633: 2584: 1245:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 128–129, 315–316, 322–326, 330. 1115: 932: 453: 226: 84: 3480: 2832: 2622: 2530: 2597: 2211:

Panel: The Pivotal Role of Al Minns in Modern Day Lindy Hop

1199:, copyright Peter BetBasoo, published in the Internet, 2009 584: 263:

on May 25, 1927, just four days after Lindbergh landed at

2262:. December 1998. Potomac Swing Dance Club, Inc., pp. 5.1–5 181:

residents watched from the bluffs along Edgecombe Avenue.

134:, each dancer is generally connected hand-to-hand; in its 2766: 2763:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996. 2698:

Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance

2254: 2252: 2051: 993: 1978:

Yerrington, Beverly H.; Outland, Tressie A. (May 2012).

650:

A popular variation of Hollywood-Style Lindy Hop called

491:

described the differences in styles between Manning and

481:

of its development (the late 1920s) and dancers such as

122:

along with the formal eight-count structure of European

2776:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. 2740:

American Allegory: Lindy Hop and the Racial Imagination

2733:

Digging the Africanist Presence in American Performance

2374:. Philadelphia : Temple university press. p. 163. 2006:, David McKay Company, 1962, pp. 131–144. LCCN 62-18465 1153:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Candlewick Press. pp. 2559:"München: Das "Rock that Swing-Festival" kehrt zurück" 2249: 1323:

The Melody Man: Joe Davis and the New York Music Scene

835:, Frankie Manning and Norma Miller, dance historians 2794:. The American Dance Floor Series, Greenwood, 2011, 2034:, Happy Days, Ron Howard, Henry Winkler, Marion Ross 2260:

Swing Dancer: Version 1.10, a swing dancer's manual

1925:. Downey, California: Alterra Pub. in cooperation. 1757: 1755: 1387:, pages 135–138. Terry Monaghan, "George Snowden", 903:and specifically learn from Al Minns. They brought 812:The program aired in late 1982 on the arts program 195: 2705:Black Dance in the United States from 1619 to 1970 1522: 1488:Black Dance in the United States from 1916 to 1970 1484: 1452:. Rizzoli International Publication, Inc. p. 1445: 1325:, 1916–1978, University Press of Mississippi, 2012 1243:Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance 1150:Swingin' at the Savoy: The Memoir of a Jazz Dancer 2815:, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 183–207. 2700:. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. 2466:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 66. 1977: 1900:08: Genes Are Weird, Am I Right? (w/ SHANI BROWN) 732:. Several published works were also contributed. 3498: 2735:. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1996. 1752: 452:, the United States levied a 30 percent federal 437:In 1943, Lindy Hop was featured on the cover of 2122: 1717:NYSDS - Sonny Allen and Margaret Batiuchok - 01 1476: 1440: 676: 2749:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990. 2370:Manning, Frankie; Millman, Cynthia R. (2007). 2369: 2298:Manning, Frankie; Millman, Cynthia R. (2007). 2297: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2081: 2079: 1415:"Lindy Hop Biographies: Shorty George Snowden" 574: 391:Lindy Hop dancing in 1939, Southern California 3033: 2864: 2742:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. 2158:"A brief history of the jiving lindy hoppers" 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1663: 1643:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 51. 1520: 792:Louise "Mama Lou" Parks was a hostess at the 2172: 915:held every summer since 1982 in the town of 545: 332:Hughes's mocking statement reflects how the 2145: 2076: 1417:. Judy Pritchett with Frankie Manning. 2006 3040: 3026: 2878: 2871: 2857: 2714:. London: Scarecrow Press, 1995. 136 – 57. 1923:Dance Terminology Notebook 1995 (Rev. ed.) 1857: 349:Younger dancers fresh out of high school ( 2822:. California: National Press Books, 2006. 2707:. California: National Press Books, 1972. 1996: 1529:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1436: 1434: 1432: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 799:World Rock 'N' Roll Federation in Germany 661: 448:In 1944, due to continued involvement in 2833:"Savoystyle Archives of early Lindy Hop" 2820:Infinity Dance: The Move That Never Ends 2773:Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop 2372:Frankie Manning: ambassador of lindy hop 2300:Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop 2204: 2202: 2128: 2057:Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop 1057: 1040: 984: 570:article), including the move "the itch". 468: 386: 164:Lindy Hop is sometimes referred to as a 63: 52: 31: 2644: 2556: 2461: 2436: 2394: 2344: 2230: 1838: 1761: 1514: 1240: 1208:See: Terry Monaghan, "George Snowden", 757:European Rock'n'Roll Association (ERRA) 568:History of slavery in the United States 43:, original Lindy Hop dancers in iconic 14: 3499: 2291: 1790:. Erik Robison and Sylvia Skylar. 2008 1638: 1613: 1590:"Terminal Island Life History Project" 1429: 1223: 1146: 994:Dance camps, conventions and exchanges 209:were born around the time the aviator 3021: 2852: 2508: 2199: 2178: 1961:. David McKay Company, Inc., p. 177. 1920: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1688: 1448:The Black Tradition in American Dance 1255:LINDBERGH ARRIVES AFTER RECORD HOPS, 1054:Swing dancing at CCX 2022 in Montreal 645: 382: 2462:Centino, Nicholas Francisco (2021). 2027: 1870: 1358:See: "LIndy 'Hop' Difficult Dance", 801:about sponsoring the winners of her 2686:. Christian Batchelor Books, 1997, 2557:Czeguhn, Jutta (February 9, 2023). 2129:Monaghan, Terry (October 1, 1990). 2087:"Jiving Lindy Hoppers: Our Mentors" 1668:. Da Capo Press. pp. 109–110. 1241:Stearns, Marshall and Jean (1968). 842: 747:" (1975), onscreen dancers such as 654:has a few technical changes in the 538:Savoy style Lindy Hop is the open " 24: 2891:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater 2676: 2645:Seibert, Brian (October 4, 2021). 1827: 1788:"Erik and Sylvia Bios and Credits" 884: 787: 340: 221:and Mattie Purnell reinvented the 107:. It is frequently described as a 25: 3548: 2826: 1018:for the ILHC are posted on their 3047: 3006: 2835:, resource for Lindy Hop history 503:and Jean Stearns (in their book 196:From jazz to swing (1920s–1940s) 2844:"Lindy Hop and Retro Lifestyle" 2638: 2627: 2616: 2602: 2591: 2577: 2550: 2524: 2502: 2480: 2455: 2430: 2413: 2388: 2363: 2338: 2319: 2265: 2224: 2101: 2045: 2021: 2009: 2004:Ballroom DanceBook for Teachers 1971: 1951: 1939: 1914: 1891: 1802: 1780: 1730: 1708: 1682: 1657: 1632: 1607: 1582: 1560: 1547: 1505: 1470: 1407: 1398: 1377: 1365: 1352: 1341: 1328: 1315: 1297:"Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr" 200: 145:Lindy Hop today is danced as a 2509:Doyle, Dave (April 30, 2021). 2488:"San Francisco Lindy Exchange" 2335:, Staff, Sandra Cameron Swing. 2028:Gray, Norm (January 6, 1976), 1689:White, Bobby (June 15, 2011). 1289: 1275: 1262: 1249: 1202: 1189: 1171: 1140: 922: 745:Queen of the Stardust Ballroom 172:did the Lindy Hop outside the 13: 1: 2896:American Negro Ballet Company 2770:; Cynthia R. Millman (2007). 2055:; Cynthia R. Millman (2007). 1197:Lindy Hop and Argentine Tango 1133: 1036: 871: 2634:https://www.swingplanit.com/ 1553:"Murray in a Hurry Monday", 1185:. July 17, 1935. p. 21. 710:showcased jazz dances while 677:Post-swing era (1950s–1970s) 7: 2071:Savoy hostess Mama Lu Parks 1982:. Literary Licensing, LLC. 1946:How to Become a Good Dancer 1614:Macías, Anthony F. (2008). 1485:Lynne Fauley Emery (1972). 1303:. The Biography.com website 1121: 891:Hot Shots (dance companies) 847: 627:r before dancing with him. 575:'Hollywood Style' Lindy Hop 533:"bounce", and observers of 523: 271:September 14, the Woodland 10: 3555: 2790:Stevens, Erin and Tamara. 2756:33.2 (2001/2002): 40 – 53. 2731:Gottschild, Brenda Dixon. 2623:https://www.lindyfest.org/ 1481:. New York: Hill and Wang. 1094: 1081:So You Think You Can Dance 895:In 1984, three members of 888: 205:The first dances named as 188: 184: 3384: 3346: 3278: 3245: 3055: 3004: 2886: 2745:Hazzard-Gordon, Katrina. 2331:January 29, 2009, at the 1259:, Front Page,May 13, 1927 807:London Weekend Television 579:Sometimes referred to as 546:African American identity 463: 49:magazine photograph, 1943 3182:Lean wit It, Rock wit It 2598:https://www.nylindy.com/ 2437:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 2395:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 2345:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 2231:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 2133:. The Guardian Newspaper 2109:"Spotlight on Lindy Hop" 1839:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 1762:Stevens, Tamara (2011). 1739:George Lloyd * Lindy Hop 1639:Tucker, Sherrie (2014). 1491:. National Press Books. 1477:Langston Hughes (1940). 1360:Pittsburgh Gazette Times 1179:"15,000 Dance in Street" 950: 762: 261:Pittsburgh Gazette Times 60:and Skip Cunningham 2009 2684:This Thing Called Swing 1511:Heinilä 2016, page 330. 1079:In the film industry, " 483:"Shorty" George Snowden 310:"Shorty" George Snowden 286:"Shorty" George Snowden 248:, on May 25, 1927. The 120:African-American dances 111:and is a member of the 3537:Novelty and fad dances 3456:Novelty and fad dances 2880:African-American dance 2806:Dance Research Journal 2754:Dance Research Journal 2682:Batchelor, Christian, 2160:. Jiving Lindy Hoppers 2089:. Jiving Lindy Hoppers 1921:Blair, Skippy (1995). 1664:Albert Murray (2000). 1521:Jacqui Malone (1996). 1393:Jassdancer.blogspot.fi 1214:Jassdancer,blogspot.fi 1147:Miller, Norma (1996). 1072: 1055: 990: 965:Cherry Poppin' Daddies 901:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers 833:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers 662:Groove-style Lindy Hop 602:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers 518:African American dance 397:Whitey's Lindy Hoppers 392: 330: 76: 61: 50: 2808:20.1 (1988): 29 – 36. 2738:Hancock, Black Hawk. 2703:Emery, Lynne Fauley. 2490:. Sflindyexchange.com 2179:Batiuchok, Margaret. 1879:on September 28, 2007 1525:Steppin' on the Blues 1195:See: Peter BetBasoo, 1070: 1053: 988: 829:Alfred "Pepsi" Bethel 610:Savoy-style Lindy Hop 469:Savoy-style Lindy Hop 390: 325: 75:Lindy Hop Dance, 2013 74: 56: 35: 2258:Craig R Hutchinson. 1348:Adp.library.ucsb.edu 973:Squirrel Nut Zippers 969:Big Bad Voodoo Daddy 897:The Rhythm Hot Shots 714:discussed them with 694:, and other styles. 191:History of Lindy Hop 3117:Chicken Noodle Soup 2721:. Greenwood, 2006. 2717:Giordano, Ralph G. 2425:The Washington Post 1336:The Sound Of Harlem 815:The South Bank Show 700:Playboy's Penthouse 553:These may include: 399:(also known as the 278:Spirit of St. Louis 2696:DeFrantz, Thomas. 2651:The New York Times 1666:Stomping the Blues 1557:, October 5, 1942. 1286:, February 9, 1928 1284:The New York Times 1270:The New York Times 1257:The New York Times 1183:The New York Times 1073: 1056: 991: 913:Herräng Dance Camp 652:LA-style Lindy Hop 646:LA-style Lindy Hop 489:Lennart Westerlund 456:against "dancing" 412:A Day at the Races 393: 383:Mainstream Culture 334:Harlem Renaissance 295:Fox Movietone News 77: 62: 51: 3527:Dance terminology 3517:Competitive dance 3494: 3493: 3318:Melbourne shuffle 3313:Liquid and digits 3147:Electric boogaloo 3015: 3014: 2839:"Lindy Hop Terms" 2800:978-0-313-37517-0 2783:978-1-59213-563-9 2727:978-0-313-33352-1 2473:978-1-4773-2332-8 2448:978-0-313-37517-0 2406:978-0-313-37517-0 2381:978-1-59213-564-6 2356:978-0-313-37517-0 2309:978-1-59213-563-9 2279:on August 8, 2007 2242:978-0-313-37517-0 2066:978-1-59213-563-9 1959:Dancing Made Easy 1903:, January 7, 2021 1871:Monaghan, Terry. 1850:978-0-313-37517-0 1823:978-0-252-07565-0 1815:978-0-252-03363-6 1773:978-0-313-37517-0 1650:978-0-8223-5757-5 1625:978-0-8223-4322-6 1389:The Dancing Times 1272:, January 5, 1928 1216:. Harri Heinilä, 1210:The Dancing Times 1085:Alive and Kicking 1068: 1051: 939:" (1992), while " 803:Harvest Moon Ball 432:Japanese-heritage 428:Mexican-Americans 211:Charles Lindbergh 155:performance dance 151:competitive dance 130:. In this step's 72: 16:(Redirected from 3544: 3414:Dancehall dances 3042: 3035: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3010: 2916:Dancing for eels 2911:Chicago stepping 2873: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2787: 2768:Manning, Frankie 2759:Malone, Jacqui. 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2434: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2342: 2336: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2275:. Archived from 2269: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2187:on July 27, 2009 2183:. Archived from 2181:"About Margaret" 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2154: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2131:"Lady Lindy Hop" 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2053:Manning, Frankie 2049: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1975: 1969: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1875:. Archived from 1868: 1855: 1854: 1836: 1825: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1528: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1451: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1293: 1287: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1221: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1144: 1102:, also known as 1069: 1052: 843:American revival 730:West Coast Swing 712:Marshall Stearns 692:West Coast Swing 688:East Coast Swing 501:Marshall Stearns 401:Harlem Congaroos 250:Memphis Jug Band 73: 37:Willa Mae Ricker 21: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3380: 3342: 3274: 3241: 3152:Gangsta Walking 3051: 3046: 3016: 3011: 3002: 2882: 2877: 2829: 2784: 2679: 2677:Further reading 2674: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2435: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2343: 2339: 2333:Wayback Machine 2326:Frankie Manning 2324: 2320: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2273:"Larry Schultz" 2271: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2067: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1972: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1869: 1858: 1851: 1837: 1828: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1760: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1442:Richard A. Long 1439: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1383:Harri Heinilä, 1382: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1362:, May 25, 1927. 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1329: 1321:Bastin, Bruce, 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1239: 1224: 1220:, pages 135–138 1207: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1165: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1097: 1058: 1041: 1039: 996: 953: 925: 893: 887: 885:Swedish revival 874: 859:Frankie Manning 850: 845: 790: 788:British revival 778:Frankie Manning 765: 679: 664: 648: 577: 548: 535:Frankie Manning 526: 475:Frankie Manning 471: 466: 385: 357:Frankie Manning 343: 341:Aerial Creation 321:Langston Hughes 240:, and the hop. 203: 198: 193: 187: 136:closed position 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3552: 3551: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3373: 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