Lincoln National Forest

512:, demonstrated that between 1970 and 2003 the average number of calves on forest lands was 6,233 head. During the same period, the price per calf at market averaged $ 530, implying that over the 33-year period livestock grazing rights contributed $ 3.3 million to the local economy. Another major type of resource in the forest is timber, the mighty oak, Ponderosa pine, and fir trees that cover much of the forest area. The importance of this resource has been known to generations of Natives and settlers, both Mexican and Anglo, as well as by the construction and railroad building industries that helped push Anglo society ever further west, and eventually connected the markets of the East Coast with the resources of the West. Along with grazing, logging is the oldest economic use of the forest area, and according to the NMSU study, generated an average of $ 11 million annually from 1970 to 1990 for the economies of the four counties in which the forest is contained. In terms of total economic impact, the massive diminution of consumptive activities on the Lincoln since 1990 has cost the region $ 14.7 million in potential revenues, comparable to the estimated income of 930 local residents. 327:, were combined with the Guadalupe National Forest to form the Alamo National Forest in July 1908. One of the two major elements of the new forest, the former Sacramento National Forest was divided into a number of smaller ranger districts within the larger unit. These included the La Luz, Mayhill, and Weed Ranger Districts, all of which administered lands around their respective villages. On June 6, 1917, these lands became part of the Lincoln National Forest, when their parent organization, the Alamo National Forest was disestablished. As a result of this order, some areas of the former Sacramento National Forest, like La Luz Ranger District, lost their independent status, others were renamed, such as the Fresnal district, which became the Cloudcroft Ranger District, and others, like Mayhill and Weed, retained their original names and designations. In 1961, the Cloudcroft, Mayhill and Weed Ranger Districts were consolidated and given their current designation, the Sacramento Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest. 932:. Established in 1970, GMNP protects Guadalupe Peak and El Capitan, the two tallest mountains in the state, as well as scenic McKittrick Canyon, known for its fall colors. A favorite destination for hikers and backpackers, GMNP has a number of trails for both day hikes and backpacking. Shorter trips lead to a number of historical areas, such as the Butterfield Stagecoach station near Pine Springs, while longer treks climb high into the mountains and far into the adjacent salt-flats. One of the more popular hikes is the 4.5 mile trail to the top of Guadalupe Peak, where decades of climbers have signed the register book at the summit. A number of semi-developed back-country campsites make possible a wide range of multi-day trips. For campers, GMNP has two developed campgrounds, one at Pine Springs, near the park headquarters on U.S. 62/180 and Dog Canyon, on the New Mexico side, approximately 70 miles west of Carlsbad. 409:, found in 1950. The real-life tale of Smokey Bear is one of the most enduring stories to come out of the long history of the forest. The bear cub was rescued from the devastated forest after the Capitan Gap fire of 1950. Rescued from a burnt tree by either a New Mexico Department of Game and Fish ranger or a group of soldiers from nearby Fort Bliss seconded to fight the blaze, the cub was flown to Santa Fe by New Mexico Ranger Ray Bell for treatment of burns and other injuries. The bear was eventually named Smokey Bear, after the Forest Service's symbol of fire safety on public lands, which had been created in 1944 by artist Harry Rossol. Now the living symbol of fire awareness and prevention, Smokey Bear was flown to the National Zoo in Washington D.C. The subject of hundreds of thousands of visitors and letters, the bear lived at the zoo until his death in 1976. Eulogized by the 516:

In 2004, the Forest Service's National Visitor Use Monitoring Study (NVUM) showed 735,237 visitors to the forest in that year. These visitors, multiplied by the estimated cost of an 8-hr Recreational Visitor Day (RVD), calculated as $ 5.93 in the NMSU study, implied a direct economic impact of 4.6 million, and a total impact of $ 8.33 million, including direct, indirect, and induced impacts on the region. While this is a substantial impact on the region, tourism remains the least stable and consistent of the three forest uses, and the one most vulnerable to change, both from local issues, such as fire and drought, and from larger regional or national issues, such as economic instability and high seasonal gasoline prices.

428:, a complex and bloody struggle between ranchers, bankers, politicians, and hired gunmen for control of the county. One of the major events in the war took place in the village of Lincoln itself, when forces supporting Sheriff George W. Peppin besieged the house of merchant Alexander McSween over several days while soldiers from nearby Fort Stanton stood by. McSween was killed by gunfire, but a number of his supporters, known as "regulators," escaped, led from the burning building by a young tough named William Bonney, later known as the famous gunfighter Billy the Kid. The violence continued until early 1879, when Federal troops arrived to support local law enforcement in returning the area to the rule of law. 367:

Northeastern Railway, a short-line railroad that connected El Paso, Texas and Alamogordo. A genuine engineering marvel, the Alamogordo and Sacramento Mountain Railway climbed 4,747 feet over 32 miles of track, and included numerous switchbacks, trestles, and grades as high as 6.4%. Though the track was removed in 1948, evidence of the railroad is visible throughout the district. The most visible remnant of the railroad is the 320-foot trestle over Mexican Canyon near Cloudcroft. Crossing 52 feet above the canyon floor the trestle can be seen from vista points on U.S. 82 and by a number of short trails beginning at the Trestle Recreation Area, a day-use facility on the western edge of Cloudcroft.

359: 29: 380: 694:, meaning that visitors are allowed to drive up to 300' from public roads onto forest lands for camping. This type of primitive camping is free and does not require a permit. Since these are undeveloped areas there is no water, restrooms, or other amenities. Not all forest lands are open to dispersed camping, so visitors should consult the current Motor Vehicle Use Map for the specific Ranger District to find eligible areas. Popular areas for dispersed camping are the Upper Bonito Dispersed Camping Area, NW of Ruidoso in the Smokey Bear Ranger District and Lower Karr Canyon in the Sacramento R.D. south of Cloudcroft. 46: 311: 499:. The fire season usually starts in March or April and continues through mid-July. If the fire danger becomes too high, open fires may be prohibited, and forest areas and roads may be closed. July through September is classified as the rainy season, which aids in fire prevention. The first snowfalls usually occur in late October, or early November. This season can continue for four or five months. Villages at medium elevations, such as Ruidoso and Capitan, annually receive 20-30 inches of snow, while higher elevations, such as the village of Cloudcroft, often receive 60 inches in a year. 678:, the size of the wilderness area was increased by 16,860 acres in 1980. Beginning on the northern border of the Mescalero Apache Reservation west of Sierra Blanca Peak, the wilderness follows the main ridge of the White Mountains (Sierra Blanca in Spanish) north 12.5 miles. Ranging from 4–12 miles in width the wilderness also includes numerous side canyons and a few year-round streams. Passenger vehicles can access the over 50 trails in the wilderness from the Three Rivers, Nogal Canyon, Crest and Mill's trailheads. Other trail heads can be accessed by 4-wheel, high-clearance vehicles. 479: 729:

Bear Ranger District approximately 15 miles west of Ruidoso. The Upper Karr Canyon Area near Cloudcroft is designated for snow sledding and tubing, and two trails, the 1.9 mile Fir Trail (T122) and the 2.8 mile Little Apache Trail (T124) are maintained in winter as cross-country skiing trails. These trails can be accessed from the Silver Overflow Campground in the Sacramento Ranger District, near Cloudcroft. For campers, the Three Rivers and Baca campgrounds in the Smokey Bear district and the Upper Karr Canyon site in the Sacramento district are open year-round.

71: 458: 577: 609: 487:(−26 °C) at night and rise to 50 °F (10 °C) during the day. At lower elevations (6,000 to 7,000 feet/1,800 to 2,100 meters), summer temperatures range from 50 to 90 °F (10 to 32 °C), while during the winter, temperatures rarely fall below 0 °F (−18 °C) and usually run from teens to 50s (-10 °C to +10 °C). At the lowest elevations (below 6,000 feet/1,800 meters), temperatures are generally 10 °F (−12 °C) higher throughout the year. 617:

service animals. Neither mechanized or motorized vehicles are allowed on the trails in the Guadalupe district, though OHV's are allowed on most forest roads. Scenic drives in the district include an approximately 50-mile trip west from Carlsbad on N.M. 137 to 5 Points Vista, a scenic overlook with views of the Guadalupe Mountains and the Rim, the 1500' - 2000' cliff that extends the entire north–south length of the district and which marks the western edge of the Guadalupe range.

470:(CCC) project in the Smoky Bear Ranger District, to the Sacramento Lookout, a 14x14 live-in cab on a 62-foot high steel tower located west of Cloudcroft, to the 7x7 ft. Dark Canyon Lookout, standing 48 feet over the deep canyons of the southern Guadalupe District above its CCC-constructed observer's cabin and sheds. Most of these Lookouts offer some sort of public access, and two of them, Carissa and Wofford, are under consideration for conversion to rental cabins. 393:

Baca Ranch Ranger District, renamed the Capitan District in February 1919, along the Rio Bonito north of Lincoln, and the Mesa and Ruidoso Ranger Districts further south. The Mesa and Ruidoso districts were combined in October 1929 into the White Mountain Ranger District, a designation that lasted until 1952 when both areas resumed their original names. All of these areas were combined in 1960 and given their current designation, the Smokey Bear Ranger District.

254:, created on April 24, 1907, to reserve the forested heights of the Sacramento Mountains near Alamogordo. Scattered throughout south-central New Mexico, these individual units contained lands in the Guadalupe, Sacramento, Sierra Blanca/White Mountains, Capitan and Gallinas ranges, and encompassed environments from the desert shrubs at the floor of the Chihuahuan Desert through forests of Piñon, Pine and Juniper to sub-alpine grasslands above the tree-line. 551:, group picnic and camping facilities, developed trails for hikers, equestrians, and OHV's, wilderness areas, ski areas, and designated snow play areas. Hiking, picnicking, and camping are just a few activities popular within the Lincoln National Forest. Other outdoor sports include mountain biking and dirt bike racing. Because the environment changes rapidly, hikers, campers, hunters, etc. must constantly be aware of safety concerns. 78: 53: 218:

mountains and sub-alpine grasslands. Clean air, water, and soil are necessary elements that the National Forests contribute to the environment. Established to balance conservation, resource management, and recreation, the lands of the Lincoln National Forest include important local timber resources, protected wilderness areas, and popular recreation and winter sports areas. The forest headquarters is located in

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Guadalupe and El Capitan peaks on the Texas side of the border, the Guadalupe Ranger District forms the back reef of the northernmost section of the Capitan Reef. Ranging in elevation from 7500' in the south to 3500' in the north, the district begins at the Texas-New border in a series of steeply-walled canyons before gradually changing into rolling hills and small canyons that run east into the valley of the

721: 896:, a New Mexico state park on the canyon floor west of the Sacramento Mountains. A full service park with both tent and RV camping, group camping and group picnic areas, Oliver Lee is also the trailhead for the Dog Canyon Trail, which climbs 2000' into the forested mountains of the Sacramento District. West of White Sands and approximately 70 miles west of Alamogordo is the recently created 246:. The modern Lincoln National Forest traces its origins to several different forest reserves and national forests designated in the 1902-1908 period. These included the Lincoln Forest Reserve, a 545,256 acre area established July 26, 1902 around Capitan and Lincoln, the 78,480 acre Gallinas Forest Reserve established on November 5, 1906, in the Gallinas Mountains west of Gallinas, the 397:

also includes the Forest's two designated Wilderness Areas and one of the two ski areas, Ski Apache near Ruidoso. The district can be reached via U.S. 70, which traverses much of the southern part of the district and passes through the village of Ruidoso. Another highway, U.S. 380, crosses a thin stretch of public lands east of Carrizozo and crosses through Capitan and Lincoln.

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lengths and all difficulty levels. The majority of these trails are less than three miles in length and are located within the two designated wilderness areas. Longer backpacking trails include the 20-mile long Crest Trail (T25) in the White Mountain Wilderness and the 11.1 mile long South Base Trail (T57 ) in the Capitan Wilderness.

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floor. While the majority of these trails are shorter than 3 miles in length, the Sacramento district has several long multi-day backpacking trails, including the 29-mile long Rim Trail (T105). The district also includes the 5-mile long Dog Canyon National Recreation Trail, which begins immediately west of the forest in

350:, which goes through the villages of Cloudcroft and Mayhill. Other roads include New Mexico State Road 6563, also known as the Sunspot Scenic Byway, which runs between Cloudcroft and the village of Sunspot, and NM 244, which exits the district north of Cloudcroft and enters the Mescalero Apache Reservation. 584:

There are more than 50 trails within the district to challenge hikers of all skill levels. Many of these trails explore small canyons, lead to natural features, such as waterfalls and springs, and follow the abandoned beds of the railroads that once hauled timber from the high forests down the desert

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The third use of forest resources is tourism, or "dispersed recreation" as it is referred to by the Forest Service. Since the extension of rail lines, and later highways, into southern New Mexico in the late 19th/early 20th centuries tourism has been a consistent part of the economics of the Lincoln.

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The high mountains of the Sacramentos are also home to the National Solar Observatory's Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope, considered the world's premier high resolution optical solar telescope at the time of its inauguration in 1969. Located in the southern end of the district, the observatory is open

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counties. The Lincoln National Forest is home to three major mountain ranges: Sacramento, Guadalupe and Capitan. The three Ranger Districts within the forest contain all or part of a total of four mountain ranges, and include a variety of different environmental areas, from desert to heavily forested

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Given the importance of fire prevention and fire fighting in the heavily forested areas of the Lincoln National Forest it is not surprising that there have been a number of fire lookout towers constructed on forest lands. Of the sixteen fire lookout structures once in the forest, 9 are still extant,

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423,416 acres in size, and ranging in elevation from 5,400 to 11,580 feet in the Capitan Mountains, the Smoky Bear district embraces a number of different environments, and includes desert shrubs, forests of pinyon pine, juniper, and spruce, and high-elevation grasslands above the treeline. The area

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Part of the original Forest Reserve established in 1902, the modern Smokey Bear Ranger District administers lands north of Capitan and Lincoln, in the Capitan Mountains, and south of Capitan to Ruidoso, immediately east of the Sierra Blanca or White Mountains. The area was initially divided into the

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As with all designated wilderness areas mechanized and motorized vehicles are prohibited in the White Mountains and Capitan Mountains Wildernesses. Access can only be by foot or horse. Totally undeveloped, these areas have no amenities and require hikers and backpackers to practice "Leave No Trace"

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The roads and developed trails of the Lincoln National Forest are popular areas for Off-Highway Vehicles (OHVs), such as motorcycles and ATVs. All three districts allow OHVs less than 50" wide on designated forest service roads. Riders should consult the current Motor Vehicle User Map to see which

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Along with preservation and recreation, resource management and use is one of the main principles of the National Forest system. Initially created, in part, to help regulate the free grazing of livestock, which by the 1880s was leading to a significant loss of resources, one of the oldest uses for

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Nearly nine years later, on June 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson signed an Executive order that transferred the lands of the Alamo National Forest to the control of the Lincoln National Forest. As a result of this order, the main elements of the Alamo National Forest, the public lands around the

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The process of integrating these individual units into a single, unified National Forest began in July 1908, when President Theodore Roosevelt signed Executive Order 908, which combined a number of national forests in the Southwestern states into larger units. One of the first foresters was Arthur

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Winter in southern New Mexico brings new recreational opportunities to all parts of the Lincoln National Forest from the dry, desert lowlands to the snowy, high mountain areas. Snow skiing and snowboarding is available at Ski Apache, a Mescalero Apache-owned resort on Sierra Blanca, in the Smokey

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While there are no designated equestrian campgrounds, pack and saddle animals are allowed on the vast majority of trails within the forest. Mountain bikes are permitted on most of the trails in the Sacramento district, as well as 10+ trails in the Smokey Bear district. Mechanized vehicles are not

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The district has 23 developed trails, most of which are 3 miles in length or less. These trails can be found in all parts of the district, from the deep canyons in the south to the rolling hills further north and range from easy to difficult. The majority of these trails are also open to pack and

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The Smokey Bear district has 6 developed family campgrounds and 2 group-camping areas. Three of these areas, Montjeau, Baca, and Skyline are free, the others are fee areas. Two areas located at lower elevation, Three Rivers and Baca, are open year-around. The others, located at higher elevations,

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While the debates on forest planning and operations are often defined by the tension between these various uses—grazing, logging, and dispersed recreation—studies, such as the NMSU paper quoted above, have shown that no one industry can produce enough economic benefit for the region to offset the

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Picnic areas include Schoolhouse Canyon on the Rio Bonito, and Cedar Creek Picnic Area, which has picnic tables, grills, water, and restrooms. Cedar Creek also offers a covered group picnic pavilion that can be reserved by groups of less than 40. The district has over 50 hiking trails of varying

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into the National Wilderness Preservation System. Protecting a rare (for New Mexico) east–west mountain range, the Capitan Mountains Wilderness measures 12 miles long and from two to six miles wide. Elevations range from about 5,500 feet to 10,083 feet at the top of Capitan Peak. Because of the

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Part of a rugged and remote landscape of mountains and ridges, the 288,540 acre Guadalupe Ranger District begins at the Texas and New Mexico border and follows the spine of the Guadalupe Mountains northwest for nearly 50 miles. Originally established on April 19, 1907, as the Guadalupe National

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The most heavily developed of the three ranger districts, the Sacramento district has 10 developed campgrounds and 5 group-camping sites. Three areas, James Canyon, Upper Karr Canyon, and Lower Karr Canyon are free. Upper Karr is open year-round, while the others are generally open from May to

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While organized commercial logging has been drastically reduced in the forest area since 1990, the public use of the timber and forest resources by the public has continued, mainly in the collection of firewood. Forest visitors can purchase permits entitling them to collect up to four cords of

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Since the forest encompasses a wide range of environments temperatures vary with elevation. At higher elevations (7,000 feet/2,100 meters and up), summer temperatures range from 40 °F (4 °C) (night) to 78 °F (26 °C) (day), while winter temperatures can drop to a −15 °F

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The district is part of the Guadalupe Mountain range, an exposed area of the Capitan Reef, a Permian-era (251 to 299 million years ago) barrier that partially encircled the Delaware Sea, a 150 mile long and 75 mile wide sea to the south and east. Running north-northwest from the more famous

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A heavily forested area in an otherwise arid environment, the Sacramento Mountains have long been used for timber harvesting. To expedite the transport of timber to processing facilities and markets, the Alamogordo and Sacramento Mountain Railway was constructed in 1898 by the El Paso and

441:, the area became part of the newly created Alamo National Forest in July 1908, as the Carson Seep Ranger District. When the Alamo was disestablished in June 1917, the Guadalupe area became part of the Lincoln National Forest, where it was re-designated the Guadalupe Ranger District. 927:

is a world-famous site for exploring both developed and undeveloped caves. Primarily a day-use area, the park does have limited opportunities for backpacking on the high ridges west of the cavern's entrance. Immediately west of Carlsbad Caverns, on the Texas side of the border, is

201:. The Lincoln National Forest covers an extensive 1.1 million acres in southeastern New Mexico. Established by Presidential Proclamation in 1902 as the Lincoln Forest Reserve, the 1,103,897 acres (4,467.31 km) forest begins near the Texas border and contains lands in parts of 537:

Along with collecting firewood, another long-standing tradition in the Lincoln National Forest is the cutting of Christmas trees during the holiday season. Permits to harvest Christmas trees can be purchased at the Forest Headquarters or any of the three District Ranger Offices.

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Sacramento and Guadalupe Mountains, were transferred to the Lincoln, greatly expanding its size. The last major change in the Forest's boundaries came in 1945, when administrative control of the former Gallinas National Forest was transferred from the Lincoln to the sprawling

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forest roads are open to OHVs. There are also a large number of trails open to OHVs in both the Sacramento and Smokey Bear Ranger Districts, including the last 28 miles of the Rim Trail (T105). All trails in the Guadalupe Ranger District are closed to motorized vehicles.

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to the existing Lincoln National Forest. Another element of Roosevelt's Executive Order that would have a great impact on the development of the Lincoln National Forest was the decision to combine the existing Guadalupe and Sacramento National Forests into the

892:, known to millions for its shifting ocean of fine, white gypsum sand. A small section of the enormous dune field, located west of Alamogordo on U.S. 70, White Sands offers dune field access, picnic sites, and primitive camping. South of Alamogordo is 605:, Sitting Bull Falls has covered picnic tables, fire grills, water, restrooms, and access to a number of trails, including a .5 mile trail (T68A) to the 150-ft. Sitting Bull Falls. This is a day-use facility only, with no camping allowed. 508:

the forest area has been grazing. Over the last one hundred years the use of public lands for grazing has proved to be a stable and consistent addition to the local economy. As an example, a study by the Cooperative Extension Service at

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to the public on a seasonal basis and can be accessed by the scenic New Mexico State Road 6563, also known as the Sunspot Scenic Byway, a two-lane paved road that travels the 15.5 miles between Cloudcroft and the village of Sunspot.

338:, which covers the northern half of the mountains, the district is primarily composed of Douglas Fir, Ponderosa pine, aspen, and oak, as well as numerous creeks and waterfalls. The district is traversed east–west by that section of 546:

Ranging from the floor of the Chihuahuan Desert to the forested peaks of the Sacramento and White Mountains, the Lincoln National Forest is a popular destination for year-around recreation, offering developed and

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timber, both "dead and down" and "green standing" from designated firewood collection areas throughout the forest. These permits are available at the Forest Headquarters and the three Ranger District offices.

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Spring is the windy season. These high winds dry the forest to the point of extreme fire danger. Fire is a constant threat in the Lincoln National Forest; notable wildfires in the forest include the 1950

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The most remote of the three ranger districts, the Guadalupe district only has one developed facility, Sitting Bull Falls Picnic Area. An oasis in the desert located approximately 20 miles west of

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September, weather permitting. Popular day-use picnic sites include the Trestle Recreation Area near Cloudcroft, and Bluff Springs, a partially developed area near a scenic waterfall.

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and six of those are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The structures range from the unique stone structure of the Montjeau Lookout, a 1930s

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as a transplanted New Mexico native with many years of government service, Smokey Bear was returned to his native land and buried near Capitan in November 1976.

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The Lincoln National Forest is only one of many public lands in the south-central region of New Mexico. Immediately west of the Sacramento Ranger District is

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and the city of Alamogordo, the Sacramento district encompasses much of the southern half of the Sacramento Mountains. Located immediately south of the

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rugged nature of the area there are few trail heads into the wilderness and those require the use of a 4-wheel drive, high-clearance vehicle.

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Originally established April 24, 1907 as the Sacramento National Forest, the heavily forested southern Sacramento Mountains, east of

1922:"Programs: National Conservation Lands: New Mexico: Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument | Bureau of Land Management" 1908:"Programs: National Conservation Lands: New Mexico: Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument | Bureau of Land Management" 3305: 2900: 2855: 2671: 3553: 2905: 2399: 2348: 671: 3245: 3190: 2835: 2542: 2353: 2196: 2117: 2059: 1993: 1790: 1497: 1602: 1581: 1539: 3270: 2315: 2297: 3100: 2262: 2016: 295:

The modern Lincoln National Forest is composed of three separate units, the Smokey Bear Ranger District, headquartered in

283:. Officially transferred in 1958. the Gallinas area was renamed the Mountainair Ranger District, with its headquarters in 3505: 3470: 3105: 2890: 2716: 2287: 941: 649:(Public law 96-550), passed in December 1980, which placed 34,000 acres of public lands in the rugged mountains north of 3365: 3330: 3320: 3035: 2292: 2277: 1921: 1331: 1241: 1182: 3475: 2885: 2097: 2079: 1055: 929: 646: 1811: 3548: 3180: 3145: 3110: 2950: 2681: 2570: 2282: 2236: 2028: 1161: 3155: 3050: 2808: 2272: 2188: 2173: 258:

Ringland who later founded the international relief organization, CARE. One element of this order was to add the

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South of the Guadalupe District and west of Carlsbad lies two renowned national parks,

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The following towns and villages lie within the bounds of the Lincoln National Forest:

425: 263: 1455: 1314:"Geologic Formations - Guadalupe Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 2381: 786: 691: 548: 1391: 1373: 1352: 576: 2696: 2492: 2487: 1154:"The Early Days: A Sourcebook of Southwestern Region History — Book 3 (Appendix E)" 912: 492: 271:. A wholly new administrative unit, the Alamo National Forest was headquartered in 243: 1754: 1183:"Logging Railroads of the Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico (Historic Overview)" 608: 2472: 2467: 988: 410: 1985: 1872:"Eating & Sleeping - White Sands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 2389: 2178: 867: 821: 1971: 250:, established April 19, 1907 in the mountains along the Texas border, and the 242:

The land was inhabited in pre-Columbian times by the Niit'a-héõde band of the

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was created in 1964 as part of the bill (Public Law 88-577) that created the

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created to protect the jagged Organ Mountains on the eastern outskirts of

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loss of revenues implied by the removal of one or both of the other two.

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generally operate on a May to September schedule, subject to weather.

2565: 1953: 1935: 1853: 1812:"Lincoln National Forest - OHV Riding & Camping:OHV Trail Riding" 1772: 1713:"Wilderness.net - Capitan Mountains Wilderness - General Information" 1003: 978: 853:

The following major highways traverse the Lincoln National Forest:

182: 1791:"Lincoln National Forest - Camping & Cabins:Dispersed Camping" 1755:"Wilderness.net - White Mountain Wilderness - General Information" 1085: 625:

The Lincoln is home to a pair of designated wilderness areas, the

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New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources

1954:"Guadalupe Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 919:

National Parks. Located on U.S. 62/180 approx. 30 miles west of

1416: 1624:"Lincoln National Forest - Sitting Bull Falls Recreation Area" 303:, and the Guadalupe Ranger District, with its headquarters in 1936:"Carlsbad Caverns National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 1694: 720: 1223: 2807: 1224:"Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope - NSO - Sacramento Peak" 593:

and climbs over 3000 ft to the heart of the forest.

482:

Mexican Canyon Trestle outside of Cloudcroft in the snow.

1854:"White Sands National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 697: 262:, a tract of land around the Gallinas Mountains west of 1296:"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains - LINCOLN COUNTY WAR" 275:

and led by inaugural Forest Supervisor Arthur M. Neal.

690:

Many areas of the Lincoln National Forest are open to

1519:"Lincoln National Forest - Cedar Creek Picnic Area" 1148: 1146: 299:, the Sacramento Ranger District, headquartered in 841:, located about 15 miles (24 km)northwest of 703:permitted on any trail in the Guadalupe district. 633:, both located in the Smoky Bear Ranger District. 2015: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1498:"Lincoln National Forest - Picnicking:Picnicking" 1332:"Lincoln National Forest - History & Culture" 3540: 2372:List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico 1456:"Lincoln National Forest - Passes & Permits" 1435:"Lincoln National Forest - Passes & Permits" 1143: 1119:"Lincoln National Forest - Nature & Science" 724:Ski Apache ski area, Smokey Bear Ranger District 1773:"Wilderness.net - Principals of Leave No Trace" 636: 580:Train depot replica at Trestle Recreation Area. 567: 77: 52: 33:Lincoln National Forest - view from Crest Trail 1682: 898:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument 596: 554: 383:Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope, Sunspot, N.M. 3579:Tourist attractions in Alamogordo, New Mexico 3569:Protected areas of Lincoln County, New Mexico 2793: 2001: 318: 3559:Protected areas of Chaves County, New Mexico 1728: 1726: 1353:"Lincoln National Forest - About the Forest" 661: 431: 16:National forest in New Mexico, United States 3589:1902 establishments in New Mexico Territory 3574:Protected areas of Otero County, New Mexico 1890:"Oliver Lee Memorial State Park New Mexico" 1642: 1640: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1049:"The National Forests of the United States" 674:. Originally protecting 28,118 acres NW of 362:Wood railroad trestle across Mexican Canyon 3564:Protected areas of Eddy County, New Mexico 2800: 2786: 2008: 1994: 1734:"Lincoln National Forest - Special Places" 1669:"Lincoln National Forest - 5 Points Vista" 1540:"Lincoln National Forest - Smokey Bear RD" 1477:"Lincoln National Forest - Smokey Bear RD" 1392:"CLOUDCROFT, NEW MEXICO - Climate Summary" 1374:"CLOUDCROFT, NEW MEXICO - Climate Summary" 1105:"Lincoln National Forest - About the Area" 1024:"Land Areas of the National Forest System" 1833:"Lincoln National Forest - Winter Sports" 1723: 1603:"Lincoln National Forest - Sacramento RD" 1582:"Lincoln National Forest - Bluff Springs" 1561:"Lincoln National Forest - Sacramento RD" 1648:"Lincoln National Forest - Guadalupe RD" 1637: 1402: 719: 607: 575: 477: 456: 378: 357: 309: 1099: 1097: 1095: 802:Larger cities near the Forest include: 672:National Wilderness Preservation System 405:The Lincoln National Forest is home to 387: 3541: 1080: 1078: 1076: 732: 523: 370: 330:Rising high above the gypsum sands of 2781: 1989: 883: 698:Equestrian and mountain-biking trails 416: 314:Forest Headquarters, Alamogordo, N.M. 1092: 715: 685: 3584:Protected areas established in 1902 1073: 1054:. ForestHistory.org. Archived from 1029:. U.S. Forest Service. January 2012 942:Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation 737: 620: 502: 13: 532: 156:1,103,897 acres (4,467.31 km) 14: 3605: 994:Village of Ruidoso Tourism Office 972: 930:Guadalupe Mountains National Park 848: 827: 647:New Mexico Wilderness Act of 1980 452: 437:Forest, with its headquarters in 1086:"Lincoln National Forest - Home" 76: 69: 51: 44: 27: 3046:George Washington and Jefferson 1964: 1946: 1928: 1914: 1900: 1882: 1864: 1846: 1825: 1804: 1783: 1765: 1747: 1705: 1661: 1616: 1595: 1574: 1553: 1532: 1511: 1490: 1469: 1448: 1427: 1384: 1366: 1345: 1324: 1306: 1288: 1278:"Story of Smokey - Smokey Bear" 1270: 1252: 1234: 1216: 3554:National Forests of New Mexico 1193: 1175: 1132: 1111: 1041: 1016: 925:Carlsbad Caverns National Park 894:Oliver Lee Memorial State Park 839:Sierra Blanca Regional Airport 612:Sitting Bull Falls Picnic Area 587:Oliver Lee Memorial State Park 400: 1: 2672:Living Desert Zoo and Gardens 2321:Fort Stanton–Snowy River Cave 2169:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 1009: 541: 290: 222:, N.M. with local offices in 85:Show map of the United States 2344:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks 1209:United States Forest Service 989:Capitan Mountains Wilderness 643:Capitan Mountains Wilderness 637:Capitan Mountains Wilderness 627:Capitan Mountains Wilderness 336:Mescalero Apache Reservation 7: 2308:National Conservation Areas 935: 832: 645:was created as part of the 555:Smokey Bear Ranger District 510:New Mexico State University 468:Civilian Conservation Corps 10: 3610: 2364:National Natural Landmarks 984:White Mountains Wilderness 952:Sacramento National Forest 568:Sacramento Ranger District 473: 353: 319:Sacramento Ranger District 252:Sacramento National Forest 237: 3514: 2816: 2760: 2579: 2541: 2398: 2380: 2362: 2329: 2306: 2255:National Wildlife Refuges 2253: 2235: 2187: 2159: 2138:National Recreation Areas 2136: 2078: 2052:National Historical Parks 2050: 2027: 1260:"EMNRD Forestry Division" 957:Guadalupe National Forest 902:Bureau of Land Management 890:White Sands National Park 767:Ruidoso Downs, New Mexico 668:White Mountain Wilderness 662:White Mountain Wilderness 631:White Mountain Wilderness 597:Guadalupe Ranger District 432:Guadalupe Ranger District 332:White Sands National Park 248:Guadalupe National Forest 178: 168: 160: 152: 115: 105: 94: 38: 26: 21: 2717:Rio Grande Nature Center 1300:plainshumanities.unl.edu 260:Gallinas National Forest 3549:Lincoln National Forest 2339:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks 2128:Salinas Pueblo Missions 979:Lincoln National Forest 706: 191:Lincoln National Forest 183:Lincoln National Forest 22:Lincoln National Forest 3211:Mount Baker–Snoqualmie 2543:Wild and Scenic Rivers 2331:BLM National Monuments 1242:"Sunspot Scenic Byway" 1139:Arthur Cuming Ringland 817:Las Cruces, New Mexico 807:Alamogordo, New Mexico 772:Sacramento, New Mexico 752:High Rolls, New Mexico 747:Cloudcroft, New Mexico 725: 613: 581: 483: 462: 384: 363: 315: 281:Cibola National Forest 60:Show map of New Mexico 2682:Mesilla Valley Bosque 2551:East Fork Jemez River 2349:Prehistoric Trackways 1894:www.emnrd.state.nm.us 1187:www.foresthistory.org 1158:www.foresthistory.org 947:Alamo National Forest 723: 611: 579: 481: 461:Monjeau Lookout tower 460: 382: 361: 313: 269:Alamo National Forest 3306:Rogue River–Siskiyou 2901:Chattahoochee–Oconee 2856:Beaverhead–Deerlodge 2811:of the United States 2354:Rio Grande del Norte 2118:Gila Cliff Dwellings 812:Carlsbad, New Mexico 782:Timberon, New Mexico 682:camping techniques. 388:Smokey Bear District 197:located in southern 3506:William B. Bankhead 2906:Chequamegon–Nicolet 2702:Oliver Lee Memorial 2647:Elephant Butte Lake 2237:National Grasslands 1061:on October 28, 2012 917:Guadalupe Mountains 797:Lincoln, New Mexico 792:Capitan, New Mexico 777:Sunspot, New Mexico 762:Ruidoso, New Mexico 757:Mayhill, New Mexico 733:Location and access 524:Firewood collection 371:Sunspot Observatory 195:U.S. Forest Service 173:U.S. Forest Service 169:Governing body 133: / 3520:Full Detailed List 3331:Samuel R. McKelvie 3246:Okanogan–Wenatchee 3191:Medicine Bow–Routt 2453:Chama River Canyon 2382:National Preserves 2080:National monuments 967:Lincoln County War 884:Nearby attractions 726: 653:and north-east of 614: 582: 484: 463: 426:Lincoln County War 417:Lincoln County War 385: 364: 316: 264:Corona, New Mexico 137:32.834°N 105.697°W 3536: 3535: 3271:Ozark–St. Francis 2836:Apache–Sitgreaves 2775: 2774: 2677:Manzano Mountains 2438:Capitan Mountains 2433:Bosque del Apache 2268:Bosque del Apache 2197:Apache–Sitgreaves 2174:Old Spanish Trail 2065:Manhattan Project 999:Cloudcroft Online 787:Queen, New Mexico 716:Winter activities 692:dispersed camping 686:Dispersed camping 549:dispersed camping 193:is a unit of the 188: 187: 106:Nearest city 3601: 3146:Lake Tahoe Basin 3101:Humboldt–Toiyabe 2809:National Forests 2802: 2795: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2592:Bottomless Lakes 2483:Manzano Mountain 2443:Carlsbad Caverns 2189:National Forests 2037:Carlsbad Caverns 2010: 2003: 1996: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1819: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1695:"Wilderness.net" 1691: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1400: 1399: 1396:www.wrcc.dri.edu 1388: 1382: 1381: 1378:www.wrcc.dri.edu 1370: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1201:"Forest Service" 1197: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1160:. Archived from 1150: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1028: 1020: 913:Carlsbad Caverns 900:, a unit of the 738:Towns and cities 621:Wilderness areas 503:Forest economics 493:Capitan Gap Fire 244:Mescalero Apache 148: 147: 145: 144: 143: 142:32.834; -105.697 138: 134: 131: 130: 129: 126: 86: 80: 79: 73: 61: 55: 54: 48: 31: 19: 18: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3510: 3471:Wallowa–Whitman 3156:Lewis and Clark 3111:Idaho Panhandle 3051:Gifford Pinchot 2891:Caribou–Targhee 2812: 2806: 2776: 2771: 2756: 2737:Sugarite Canyon 2727:Santa Rosa Lake 2637:Eagle Nest Lake 2612:Cimarron Canyon 2607:Cerrillos Hills 2575: 2537: 2513:Sandia Mountain 2508:San Pedro Parks 2458:Columbine–Hondo 2423:Bisti/De-Na-Zin 2394: 2376: 2358: 2325: 2302: 2249: 2231: 2183: 2161:National Trails 2155: 2132: 2098:Capulin Volcano 2074: 2046: 2023: 2017:Protected areas 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