957:-based oils are often used. Here, a cylindrical chamber of fluid filled with a stack of perforated discs rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts. The inside surface of the chamber is coupled to one of the driveshafts, and the outside coupled to the differential carrier. Half of the discs are connected to the inner, the other half to the outer, alternating inner/outer in the stack. Differential motion forces the interleaved discs to move through the fluid against each other. In some viscous couplings when speed is maintained the fluid will accumulate heat due to friction. This heat will cause the fluid to expand, and expand the coupler causing the discs to be pulled together resulting in a non-viscous plate to plate friction and a dramatic drop in speed difference. This is known as the hump phenomenon and it allows the side of the coupler to gently lock. In contrast to the mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, and so is easier to cope with for the average driver.
1185:, and microcomputers to electronically monitor wheel slip and vehicle motion. When the chassis control system determines a wheel is slipping, the computer applies the brakes to that wheel. A significant difference between the limited-slip differential systems listed above and this brake-based system, is that brake-based systems do not inherently send the greater torque to the slower wheel, plus the added brake friction material wear that results from the use of such a system if the vehicle is driven in an environment where the brake-based system will activate on a regular basis.
692:
703:
777:
131:
2337:
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1209:
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620:
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32:
331:). With a live axle, when high torque is applied through the differential, the traction on the right rear tire is lower as the axle naturally wants to turn with the torsion of the drive shaft (but is held stationary by being mounted to the vehicle frame). This coined the terms "one wheel peel" or "one tire fire". As such, "Muscle-Cars" with LSD or "posi" (positraction) had a distinct advantage to their wheel-spinning counterparts.
314:
placed on it, since it is on an icy surface. Since the same amount of torque is always felt at both wheels, regardless of the speed at which they are turning, this means that the wheel with traction cannot receive more than 70 Nâ‹…m (50 lbâ‹…ft) of torque either, which is far less than is required to move the vehicle. Meanwhile, the tire on the slippery surface will simply spin, absorbing all of the actual
838:), who started marketing it in 1982. The original T-1 model is incompatible with c-clip drive axles, which limited its use with many cars and pick-up trucks of the time. However, the original Torsen differential was used in racing by Mario Andretti and Paul Newman with great success. All later worm gear LSD designs were derived from the original Gleasman differential. The T-1 is original equipment in the
935:
1060:
fluid causing the clutch to compress, thereby causing the torque to be transferred to the wheel that is rotating slower. These pump-based systems have lower and upper limits on applied pressure which allows the differential to work like a conventional or open differential until there is a significant speed difference between the right and left wheel, and internal damping to avoid
351:
resisting torque between either the two outputs, or the outputs and the differential housing. There are many mechanisms used to create this resisting torque. Types of limited-slip differential typically are named from the type of the resisting mechanism. Examples include viscous and clutch-based LSDs. The amount of limiting torque provided by these mechanisms varies by design.
977:
behavior. Typically a visco-differential that has covered 60,000 miles (97,000 km) or more will be functioning largely as an open differential. The silicone oil is factory sealed in a separate chamber from the gear oil surrounding the rest of the differential. This is not serviceable; when the differential's behavior deteriorates, the VLSD center must be replaced.
872:-Gleason U.S.A. increased Torsen availability for OEM and aftermarket applications. Variants include the T-2R, which includes a Positraction style clutch pack that gives preload for racing purposes; and the T-3, a dual differential intended for AWD applications. The T-2 is original equipment in many high performance cars and pick-up trucks.
926:, based on the difference in speed between the two output shafts. Thus for small output speed differences the differential’s behavior may be very close to an open differential. As the speed difference increases, the limiting torque increases. This results in different dynamic behavior as compared to a torque sensitive differential.
753:
in both the forward and reverse directions. This means the differential will provide some level of limiting action under engine braking. The early
Packard Twin Traction unit is designed to function in this manner, which was promoted to provide a different benefit: if one rear drive wheel momentarily
726:
One method for creating the clamping force is the use of a cam-ramp assembly such as used in a
Salisbury/ramp style LSD. The spider gears mount on the pinion cross shaft which rests in angled cutouts forming cammed ramps. The cammed ramps are not necessarily symmetrical. If the ramps are symmetrical,
713:
Torque sensing LSDs respond to driveshaft torque, so that the more driveshaft input torque present, the harder the clutches, cones or gears are pressed together, and thus the more closely the drive wheels are coupled to each other. Some include spring loading to provide some small torque so that with
308:
or snow situations where one wheel begins to slip. In such a case with a standard differential, the slipping or non-contacting wheel will receive the majority of the power (in the form of low-torque, high-rpm rotation), while the contacting wheel will remain stationary with respect to the ground. The
878:
differential, sold under the name
Automatic Torque Biasing Differential (ATB Differential®️), covered by European Patent No. 130806A2. The Quaife version is most established in Europe and other markets other than the US, providing extensive aftermarket support for European and Japanese brand cars,
742:
Broadly speaking, there are three input torque states: load, no load, and over run. During load conditions, as previously stated, the coupling is proportional to the input torque. With no load, the coupling is reduced to the static coupling. The behavior on over run (particularly sudden throttle
909:
pick-up trucks. The
Truetrac is most often used in the front axle of 4x4 pick-up trucks intended for off-road use, in combination with locking center and rear differentials. As is the case with all geared LSD designs, the Truetrac does not have any negative impact on steering that most other LSD
733:
As the input torque of the driveshaft tries to turn the differential center, internal pressure rings (adjoining the clutch stack) are forced sideways by the pinion cross shaft trying to climb the ramp, which compresses the clutch stack. The more the clutch stack is compressed, the more coupled the
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to transfer torque to the wheel that is rotating slower. The gerotor pump uses the differential carrier or cage to drive the outer rotor of the pump and one axle shaft to drive the inner rotor. When there is a difference between the left and right wheels' speed, the pump pressurizes the hydraulic
816:
Unlike other friction-based LSD designs that combine a common spider gear "open" differential in combination with friction materials that inhibit differentiation, the torque sensing design is a unique type of differential, with torque bias inherent in its design, not as an add-on. Torque bias is
757:
A 1-way differential will provide its limiting action in only one direction. When torque is applied in the opposite direction it behaves like an open differential. In the case of a FWD car it is argued to be safer than a 2-way differential. The argument is if there is no additional coupling on
722:
The clutch type has a stack of thin clutch-discs, half of which are coupled to one of the drive shafts, the other half of which are coupled to the spider gear carrier. The clutch stacks may be present on both drive shafts, or on only one. If on only one, the remaining drive shaft is linked to the
318:
output (which is a function of torque provided over the course of revolutions), even though both wheels are provided the same (very low) amount of torque. In this situation, a limited-slip differential prevents excessive power from being allocated to one wheel, and so keeps both wheels in powered
313:
transmitted by an open differential will always be equal at both wheels; if one tire is on a slippery surface, the supplied torque will easily overcome the available traction at a very low number. For example, the right tire might begin to spin as soon as 70 Nâ‹…m (50 lbâ‹…ft) of torque is
976:
Viscous LSDs are less efficient than mechanical types, that is, they "lose" some power. In particular, any sustained load which overheats the silicone results in sudden permanent loss of the differential effect. They do have the virtue of failing gracefully, reverting to semi-open differential
350:
Automotive limited-slip differentials have some type of mechanism that applies a torque (internal to the differential) that resists the relative motion of the output shafts. In simple terms, this means they have some mechanism which resists a speed difference between the outputs, by creating a
805:
to distribute and differentiate input power between two drive wheels or front and back axles. This is a completely separate design from the most common beveled spider gear designs seen in most automotive applications. As torque is applied to the gears, they are pushed against the walls of the
1072:
An electronic limited-slip differential will typically have a planetary or bevel gear set similar to that of an open differential and a clutch pack similar to that in a torque sensitive or gerotor pump based differential. In the electronic unit the clamping force on the clutch is controlled
680:
These limited-slip differentials use helical gears, clutches or cones (an alternative type of clutch) where the engagement force of the gears or clutch is a function of the input torque applied to the differential (as the engine applies more torque the gears or clutches grip harder and
714:
little or no input torque (trailing throttle/gearbox in neutral/main clutch depressed) the drive wheels are minimally coupled. The amount of preload (hence static coupling) on the clutches or cones is affected by the general condition (wear) and by how tightly they are loaded.
758:
over run, i.e. a 1-way LSD as soon as the driver lifts the throttle, the LSD unlocks and behaves somewhat like a conventional open differential. This is also the best for FWD cars, as it allows the car to turn in on throttle release, instead of ploughing forward.
443:
In the case when the vehicle is turning and neither wheel is slipping, the inside wheel will be turning slower than the outside wheel. In this case the inside wheel will receive more torque than the outside wheel, which can result in understeer.
322:
The advantages of LSD in high-power, rear-wheel drive automobiles were demonstrated during the United States "Muscle-Car" era from the mid 1960s through the early 1970s. Cars of this era normally were rear-wheel drive and did not feature
354:
A limited-slip differential has a more complex torque-split and should be considered in the case when the outputs are spinning the same speed and when spinning at different speeds. The torque difference between the two axles is called
383:
comes from the slip-limiting mechanism in the differential and may be a function of input torque (as in the case of a gear differential), or the difference in the output speeds (as in the case of a viscous differential).
817:
only applied when needed, and does not inhibit differentiation. The result is a true differential that does not bind up like LSD and locking types, but still gives increased power delivery under many road conditions.
346:
Both limited-slip differentials and open differentials have a gear train that allows the output shafts to spin at different speeds while holding the sum of their speeds proportional to that of the input shaft.
1554:
1191:'s electronic limited-slip differential used on the F10 5 Series is an example of such a system. Another example began on the first year (1992) production of the re-styled, and new 4.6L V-8 overhead cam
184:
company. The high power of the design caused one of the rear wheels to experience excessive wheel spin at any speed up to 160 km/h (100 mph). In 1935, Porsche commissioned the engineering firm
1612:...being able to run the driven wheels almost fully open under deceleration. In a powerful front-wheel drive scenario where torque steer is a constant enemy, this approach has some definite advantages.
754:
leaves the ground when it hits a bump with the differential under load, the airborne wheel will not spin freely and cause the vehicle to break traction when the spinning wheel touches the ground again.
189:
to design a limited-slip differential to improve performance. The ZF "sliding pins and cams" became available, and one example was the Type B-70 used during the Second World War in the military VWs (
768:, are different but neither is zero as in the case of the 1-way LSD. This type of differential is common in racing cars where a strong limiting torque can aid stability under engine braking.
606:, is a fixed value at all times regardless of torque input to the differential or speed difference between the two outputs. Typically this differential used spring-loaded clutch assemblies.
168:
In an automobile, such limited-slip differentials are sometimes used in place of a standard differential, where they convey certain dynamic advantages, at the expense of greater complexity.
1103:
to control both the longitudinal and transversal torque transfer of the XWD system. The same Haldex system is used on several other GM Epsilon based vehicles such as the
Cadillac SRX etc.
734:
wheels are. The mating of the vertical ramp (80–85° in practice to avoid chipping) surfaces in a one-way LSD on overrun produces no cam effect or corresponding clutch stack compression.
1764:
901:
differential, which has been in production for many years. Its design is similar to the Torsen T-2 (slightly less torque bias), and is an aftermarket part for many popular US-made
1558:
150:
that allows its two output shafts to rotate at different speeds but limits the maximum difference between the two shafts. Limited-slip differentials are often known by the
727:
the LSD is 2 way. If they are saw toothed (i.e. one side of the ramp is vertical), the LSD is 1 way. If both sides are sloped, but are asymmetric, the LSD is 1.5 way.
204:
Limited-slip differentials were widely introduced by U.S. automakers in the late 1950s and were marketed under a wide variety of trademarked names. In early 1956,
292:
era in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite the myriad marketing names used by competing brands, the popularity of
Chevrolet vehicles resulted in Positraction becoming a
730:
An alternative is to use the natural separation force of the gear teeth to load the clutch. An example is the center differential of the 2011 Audi
Quattro RS 5.
723:
clutched drive shaft through the spider gears. In a cone type the clutches are replaced by a pair of cones which are pressed together achieving the same effect.
1100:
1685:
426:
When traveling in a straight line, where one wheel starts to slip (and spin faster than the wheel with traction), torque is reduced to the slipping wheel (
1080:, to be controlled as part of a total chassis management system. An example of this type of differential is Subaru’s DCCD used in the Subaru WRX STi. The
1195:
model with its optional anti-lock brakes. This option was available on the 1992 Crown
Victoria, onward; on those cars equipped with anti-lock brakes.
1454:
828:
1834:
1480:
1756:
1177:
These systems are alternatives to a traditional limited-slip differential. The systems harness various chassis sensors such as speed sensors,
1087:
four-wheel-drive system produced beginning in 2005 utilizes this type of differential. Another example is the
Porsche PSD system used on the
2361:
1417:
1803:
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96:
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898:
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560:
49:
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1294:", the lyrics mention the presence of a limited-slip differential: "...My four-speed, dual-quad, Positraction 4-0-9 (4-0-9, 4-0-9)."
68:
1661:
1507:
It might surprise some people to see this listed first, but a proper mechanical limited-slip diff is absolutely essential for drift.
304:
The main advantage of a limited-slip differential is demonstrated by considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in
834:
1949 (US Patent 2,559,916 applied in 1949, granted 1951). The original
Gleasman design was sold to The Gleason Works (later named
806:
differential housing, creating friction. The friction resists the relative movement of the outputs and creates the limiting torque
1359:
868:
1984 (US Patent application WO1984003745 A1) that is compatible with c-clip axles. The new design, along with a merger creating
75:
1864:
1717:
1084:
1940:
82:
224:
name. Within a few years, other American automotive brands introduced similar systems under a variety of names, including
1710:"Patent WO1984003745A1 – Differential assembly having means for locking and positioning axle shafts ... – Google Patents"
2056:
1307:
of murder relies heavily on a photograph of tire marks made by a car which has a limited-slip differential, which (as
64:
1632:
1256:
1164:
1038:
783:
667:
586:
115:
1791:...the gel used can quite suddenly alter with massive temperature, and lose its ability to generate torque transfer.
1238:
1146:
1020:
649:
568:
2066:
147:
1692:
2013:
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1413:
1234:
1142:
1064:. The newest gerotor pump based system has computer regulated output for more versatility and no oscillation.
1016:
645:
564:
53:
2091:
1073:
externally by a computer or other controller. This allows the control of the differential’s limiting torque,
1442:
1327:, which did offer an optional Safe-T-Track (Pontiac's version of Positraction) limited-slip differential.
1099:
Generation 4) with eLSD, which uses a common (electronically controlled via the vehicle computer network)
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1826:
2003:
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89:
2302:
2191:
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1933:
1219:
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1001:
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549:
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1223:
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1005:
634:
553:
194:
42:
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1811:
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324:
197:), although technically this was not a limited-slip differential, but a system composed of two
1572:
706:
695:
335:
285:
253:
186:
1886:
2136:
2071:
1527:
1319:," the car driven by the defendants. She argues that the evidence proves, rather, that the
1275:
447:
When both wheels are spinning at the same speed, the torque distribution to each wheel is:
229:
20:
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8:
2161:
2141:
1926:
1450:
1320:
1192:
847:
835:
2307:
2212:
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is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high
2326:
2101:
2036:
1988:
1970:
1856:
894:
880:
761:
A 1.5-way differential refers to one where the forward and reverse limiting torques,
702:
293:
288:
vehicles. Limited-slip differentials became very popular and sought after during the
265:
177:
151:
376:
is the difference in torque delivered to the left and right wheel. The magnitude of
201:, which sent the whole of the engine power to the slower-turning of the two wheels.
2176:
1983:
1304:
334:
Mechanical limited-slip differentials are considered essential to perform a proper
2196:
2126:
1324:
1299:
1096:
1092:
884:
212:
trademark, promoting it as an aid for driving in severe winter weather. In 1957,
16:
Differential gearbox that limits the rotational speed difference of output shafts
2297:
2111:
2106:
1997:
1993:
1312:
1287:
1182:
919:
Speed-sensitive differentials limit the torque difference between the outputs,
843:
213:
158:
1624:
2355:
2340:
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2171:
2008:
1978:
1316:
966:
599:
In this differential the maximum torque difference between the two outputs,
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2186:
2156:
2151:
1521:"The development of a differential for the improvement of traction control"
1308:
938:
839:
776:
2330:
2254:
2227:
2222:
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2076:
1088:
958:
305:
273:
130:
827:
T-1 is the brand name of the original Gleasman differential invented by
2312:
2274:
2116:
1949:
1379:
The Motor Vehicle K.Newton W.Steeds T.K.Garrett Ninth Edition pp549-550
1291:
1061:
902:
888:
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237:
181:
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162:
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1208:
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31:
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954:
257:
1857:"Development and Vehicle Integration of XWD Driveline Technology"
1392:(in German), Germany: Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen AG, July 1941
1390:
ZF-Axial-Selbstsperrdifferential Typ B70 Beschreibung und Wartung
1052:
743:
release) determines whether the LSD is 1 way, 1.5 way, or 2 way.
205:
2232:
2046:
1913:
1056:
875:
861:
855:
824:
786:
310:
1573:"Center Differential of the New Audi Quattro with Cylkro Face"
2217:
2121:
1918:
1757:"Ford Focus RS gets a limited-slip diff with new Option Pack"
869:
281:
208:
introduced a clutch-type limited-slip differential under the
891:
RS used the Quaife ATB Differential®️ as original equipment.
2239:
1081:
934:
780:
511:
Several types of LSD are commonly used in passenger cars.
1960:
1188:
906:
887:
applications. The Mk1 & Mk2 (optional on later Mk3)
746:
A 2-way differential will have the same limiting torque
1884:
1051:
This style limited-slip differential works by using a
296:
in the U.S. for limited-slip differentials generally.
1315:-winning performance) "was not available on the '64
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1625:"Patent US2559916 – Differential – Google Patents"
1106:
717:
1789:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 45–48.
1610:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 77–80.
1505:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 53–56.
487:This means the maximum torque to either wheel is
2353:
1518:
341:
1804:"DCCD – Driver Controlled Center Differential"
1934:
1680:
1678:
1198:
1601:
1599:
1477:"How does a limited slip differential work?"
1349:
609:
1440:
1401:
1399:
1237:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1019:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
648:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
567:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1941:
1927:
1741:. Quaife Engineering. 2012. Archived from
1691:. JTETK Torsen. 2011-12-02. Archived from
1675:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1303:, the proof of innocence of two young men
797:mechanical limited-slip differentials use
1596:
1257:Learn how and when to remove this message
1165:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:Learn how and when to remove this message
668:Learn how and when to remove this message
587:Learn how and when to remove this message
180:designed a Grand Prix racing car for the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1494:
1396:
933:
775:
737:
701:
690:
387:The torque delivered to the outputs is:
129:
1854:
1824:
1336:
709:LSD – spider pinion shaft ramps visible
327:for the rear tires (but instead used a
216:(GM) introduced a competing system for
2354:
1784:
1605:
1549:
1547:
1922:
1885:Markowski, Christopher (2014-04-29).
1827:"Road Test: 2005 Jeep Grand Cherokee"
1778:
1686:"Torsen OEM Applications – Worldwide"
1500:
1311:'s character famously declares in an
1281:
2362:Automotive transmission technologies
1914:Limited-slip differentials explained
1785:Donnon, Martin; et al. (2003).
1606:Donnon, Martin; et al. (2004).
1474:
1235:adding citations to reliable sources
1202:
1143:adding citations to reliable sources
1110:
1017:adding citations to reliable sources
984:
961:Gear used a viscous coupling of the
914:
646:adding citations to reliable sources
613:
565:adding citations to reliable sources
532:
433:) and provided to the slower wheel (
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1654:"Gleason's Impossible Differential"
1544:
13:
2057:Continuously variable transmission
1578:. Gear Technology. November 2010.
910:and "locker" designs are prone to.
698:LSD – clutch stack visible on left
299:
14:
2373:
1907:
1855:Wolrath, Christian (2020-02-06).
1808:Subaru Drive Performance Magazine
1055:pump to hydraulically compress a
929:
2336:
2335:
2325:
1501:Ellis, Ben; et al. (2004).
1443:"Chrysler 8-3/4 inches rearends"
1350:O'Connor, Michael (2022-05-04).
1207:
1115:
989:
618:
537:
171:
30:
1893:from the original on 2016-08-10
1878:
1867:from the original on 2021-10-20
1848:
1837:from the original on 2022-08-05
1825:Harwood, Allyson (2005-02-16).
1818:
1796:
1767:from the original on 2021-07-15
1749:
1731:
1720:from the original on 2016-12-22
1702:
1664:from the original on 2016-12-27
1646:
1635:from the original on 2016-10-20
1617:
1585:from the original on 2017-01-13
1565:
1483:from the original on 2023-01-24
1457:from the original on 2023-08-20
1423:from the original on 2023-12-27
1362:from the original on 2023-08-20
1107:Electronic systems: brake-based
1091:. An additional example is the
980:
718:Clutch, cone-type, or plate LSD
41:needs additional citations for
19:For other meanings of LSD, see
1948:
1512:
1468:
1434:
1414:Studebaker-Packard Corporation
1382:
1373:
864:T-2 was a new Gleasman design
528:
1:
2092:Automated manual transmission
1330:
1067:
771:
362:. (In this work it is called
969:including those used in the
342:Basic principle of operation
161:and originally used for its
7:
2167:Semi-automatic transmission
1889:. Watchdog on Wall Street.
1608:High Performance Imports 48
1479:. UK: CAT Driver Training.
1441:O'Clair, Jim (2019-09-23).
897:is the latest owner of the
276:, marketing both under the
220:branded vehicles under the
65:"Limited-slip differential"
10:
2378:
2004:Internal combustion engine
1592:– via Quattro World.
1475:Hoad, Colin (2022-05-12).
1199:Other related final drives
965:style in several of their
18:
2321:
2303:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2290:
2205:
2192:Transmission control unit
2132:Limited-slip differential
2097:Electrorheological clutch
2022:
1969:
1956:
905:for rear-wheel drive and
610:Torque sensitivity (HLSD)
524:Electronically controlled
140:limited-slip differential
2082:Dual-clutch transmission
1526:. IMechE. Archived from
1519:Chocholek, S E. (1988).
1179:anti-lock braking system
506:
489:statically indeterminate
157:, a brand name owned by
2052:Constant-velocity joint
1352:"What is Positraction?"
491:but is in the range of
148:differential gear train
2032:Automatic transmission
942:
790:
710:
699:
369:for torque friction).
325:independent suspension
248:for Ford vehicles and
135:
937:
779:
738:2-Way, 1-Way, 1.5-Way
705:
694:
422:for the faster output
405:for the slower output
133:
2137:Locking differential
2072:Direct-shift gearbox
1658:Members.rennlist.com
1276:Locking differential
1231:improve this section
1139:improve this section
1101:hydraulic power pack
1013:improve this section
642:improve this section
561:improve this section
50:improve this article
21:LSD (disambiguation)
2162:Preselector gearbox
2142:Manual transmission
1451:Hemmings Motor News
1407:"Service Counselor"
1193:Ford Crown Victoria
848:Toyota Mega Cruiser
836:Gleason Corporation
2308:Electric generator
2213:Wheel hub assembly
1887:"Stuck in the Mud"
1282:In popular culture
943:
820:Examples include:
791:
711:
700:
280:name on Chrysler,
242:Ford Motor Company
165:branded vehicles.
136:
2349:
2348:
2102:Epicyclic gearing
1971:Automotive engine
1412:(Press release).
1358:. CarGurus, Inc.
1297:In the 1992 film
1267:
1266:
1259:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1049:
1048:
1041:
915:Speed sensitivity
895:Eaton Corporation
881:front-wheel drive
678:
677:
670:
597:
596:
589:
294:generic trademark
266:Dana Incorporated
240:brand, while the
178:Ferdinand Porsche
152:generic trademark
126:
125:
118:
100:
2369:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2206:Wheels and tires
2177:Torque converter
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1810:. Archived from
1800:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1557:. Archived from
1551:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1211:
1203:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1119:
1111:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
993:
985:
795:torque-sensitive
673:
666:
662:
659:
653:
622:
614:
592:
585:
581:
578:
572:
541:
533:
518:Torque sensitive
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2317:
2286:
2201:
2197:Universal joint
2127:Hotchkiss drive
2018:
1965:
1952:
1947:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1739:"Differentials"
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1325:Pontiac Tempest
1305:falsely accused
1300:My Cousin Vinny
1284:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1228:
1212:
1201:
1181:(ABS) sensors,
1171:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1136:
1120:
1109:
1085:Quadra-Drive II
1078:
1070:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1010:
994:
983:
932:
924:
917:
885:all-wheel drive
829:Vernon Gleasman
811:
774:
766:
751:
740:
720:
686:
674:
663:
657:
654:
639:
623:
612:
604:
593:
582:
576:
573:
558:
542:
531:
521:Speed sensitive
509:
500:
496:
481:
477:
473:
463:
459:
455:
438:
431:
420:
416:
412:
403:
399:
395:
381:
374:
367:
360:
344:
302:
300:Characteristics
174:
146:) is a type of
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Electric motor
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Friction drive
2109:
2107:Fluid coupling
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1998:Plug-in hybrid
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1908:External links
1906:
1904:
1903:
1877:
1847:
1831:MotorTrend.com
1817:
1814:on 2013-06-25.
1795:
1777:
1748:
1745:on 2013-11-09.
1730:
1701:
1698:on 2014-02-19.
1674:
1645:
1616:
1595:
1564:
1561:on 2013-02-23.
1555:"ASMEDL Login"
1543:
1511:
1503:Drift Battle 1
1493:
1467:
1433:
1416:. April 1956.
1395:
1381:
1372:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1288:The Beach Boys
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1183:accelerometers
1173:
1172:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1047:
1046:
997:
995:
988:
982:
979:
967:transfer cases
931:
930:Viscous (VLSD)
928:
922:
916:
913:
912:
911:
892:
873:
859:
844:Subaru Impreza
809:
773:
770:
764:
749:
739:
736:
719:
716:
684:
676:
675:
626:
624:
617:
611:
608:
602:
595:
594:
545:
543:
536:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
519:
516:
508:
505:
498:
494:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
453:
436:
429:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
379:
372:
365:
358:
343:
340:
301:
298:
270:Spin-Resistant
250:Directed Power
214:General Motors
173:
170:
159:General Motors
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Shift-by-wire
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Petrol engine
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Diesel engine
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1533:on 2012-02-29
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:Buick Skylark
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1247:December 2016
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:This section
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1158:
1155:December 2016
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:This section
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1029:December 2016
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:This section
996:
992:
987:
986:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
927:
925:
908:
904:
900:
896:
893:
890:
886:
882:
877:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
814:
812:
804:
800:
796:
788:
785:
782:
778:
769:
767:
765:d_fwd, d_rev
759:
755:
752:
744:
735:
731:
728:
724:
715:
708:
704:
697:
693:
689:
687:
672:
669:
661:
658:December 2016
651:
647:
643:
637:
636:
632:
627:This section
625:
621:
616:
615:
607:
605:
591:
588:
580:
577:December 2016
570:
566:
562:
556:
555:
551:
546:This section
544:
540:
535:
534:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
512:
504:
502:
490:
482:
468:
465:
450:
449:
448:
445:
441:
439:
432:
421:
407:
404:
390:
389:
388:
385:
382:
375:
368:
361:
352:
348:
339:
337:
332:
330:
326:
320:
317:
312:
307:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Twin Traction
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
172:Early history
169:
166:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
134:Cone-type LSD
132:
128:
120:
117:
109:
106:December 2016
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2250:Racing slick
2187:Transfer box
2157:Park-by-wire
2152:Parking pawl
2131:
2067:Differential
2042:Direct-drive
2024:Transmission
2014:Steam engine
1959:Part of the
1958:
1895:. Retrieved
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1812:the original
1807:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1769:. Retrieved
1761:Auto Express
1760:
1751:
1743:the original
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1693:the original
1666:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1587:. Retrieved
1567:
1559:the original
1535:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1514:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1447:hemmings.com
1446:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1389:
1384:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1309:Marisa Tomei
1298:
1296:
1285:
1253:
1244:
1229:Please help
1217:
1187:
1176:
1161:
1152:
1137:Please help
1125:
1074:
1071:
1050:
1035:
1026:
1011:Please help
999:
981:Gerotor pump
975:
947:viscous type
946:
944:
939:Nissan 240SX
920:
918:
865:
840:Audi Quattro
831:
819:
815:
807:
794:
792:
789:Differential
762:
760:
756:
747:
745:
741:
732:
729:
725:
721:
712:
688:increases).
682:
679:
664:
655:
640:Please help
628:
600:
598:
583:
574:
559:Please help
547:
510:
492:
486:
469:
451:
446:
442:
434:
427:
425:
408:
391:
386:
377:
370:
363:
356:
353:
349:
345:
333:
321:
315:
303:
277:
269:
261:
249:
246:Traction-Lok
245:
233:
226:Safe-T-Track
225:
222:Positraction
221:
209:
203:
195:Schwimmwagen
175:
167:
155:Positraction
154:
143:
139:
137:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2228:Alloy wheel
2087:Drive wheel
2077:Drive shaft
2037:Chain drive
1323:was a 1963
1321:getaway car
1089:Porsche 928
959:New Process
941:Viscous LSD
903:solid axles
879:especially
529:Fixed value
515:Fixed value
319:rotation.
306:off-roading
274:Borg-Warner
272:units from
264:units from
244:introduced
2313:Alternator
1961:Automobile
1950:Powertrain
1897:2016-06-25
1871:2020-02-18
1863:. Sweden.
1841:2022-08-05
1771:2021-07-15
1724:2017-01-01
1714:Google.com
1668:2017-01-01
1639:2017-01-01
1629:Google.com
1589:2017-01-11
1537:2017-01-01
1487:2023-01-25
1461:2023-08-20
1427:2023-08-20
1366:2023-08-20
1331:References
1068:Electronic
1062:hysteresis
889:Ford Focus
852:AM General
803:spur gears
799:worm gears
772:Geared LSD
290:muscle car
260:purchased
238:Oldsmobile
232:brand and
199:freewheels
191:KĂĽbelwagen
182:Auto Union
76:newspapers
2182:Transaxle
2147:Manumatic
2117:Gearshift
1989:Fuel cell
1218:does not
1126:does not
1000:does not
971:AMC Eagle
951:viscosity
846:WRX STI,
629:does not
548:does not
454:(1 or 2)
329:live axle
278:Sure-Grip
262:Power-Lok
234:Anti Spin
228:for GM's
218:Chevrolet
176:In 1932,
163:Chevrolet
2356:Category
2341:Category
2280:Tubeless
2265:Run-flat
2245:Off-road
2062:Coupling
1984:Electric
1891:Archived
1865:Archived
1861:Chalmers
1835:Archived
1765:Archived
1718:Archived
1662:Archived
1633:Archived
1580:Archived
1481:Archived
1455:Archived
1418:Archived
1360:Archived
1356:Autolist
1290:' song "
963:Ferguson
955:Silicone
899:Truetrac
793:Geared,
497:±( ½ Trq
286:Plymouth
258:Chrysler
252:for its
236:for its
1787:Zoom 67
1239:removed
1224:sources
1147:removed
1132:sources
1053:gerotor
1021:removed
1006:sources
854:HMMWV "
784:Quattro
650:removed
635:sources
569:removed
554:sources
460:±(½ Trq
456:= ½ Trq
417:– ½ Trq
413:= ½ Trq
400:+ ½ Trq
396:= ½ Trq
254:Lincoln
230:Pontiac
206:Packard
90:scholar
2331:Portal
2291:Hybrid
2255:Radial
2233:Hubcap
2047:Clutch
1994:Hybrid
1963:series
1097:Haldex
1057:clutch
876:Quaife
862:Torsen
856:Humvee
825:Torsen
787:Torsen
311:torque
284:, and
256:cars.
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2275:Spare
2218:Wheel
2122:Giubo
1696:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1524:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1313:Oscar
1271:Spool
1095:XWD (
870:Zexel
866:circa
832:circa
507:Types
493:½ Trq
466:while
336:drift
316:power
282:Dodge
97:JSTOR
83:books
2270:Snow
2260:Rain
2240:Tire
1222:any
1220:cite
1130:any
1128:cite
1093:SAAB
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