1064:, was passed in 1986 and came into force from 1 January 1987. Section 6 of the new Constitution Act specified that members of the Executive Council had to be members of Parliament, but only after a period of 40 days. At the same time, an amendment to the Letters Patent 1983 was signed off. Clause VIII of the Letters Patent, on the composition of the Executive Council, amended the Letters Patent 1983 from 1 January 1987 to align with the provisions of the new Constitution Act. The 1987 amendment was recommended to the Queen by then Prime Minister
1958:
35:
648:
848:, all supported the Queen signing during the Royal Tour). It was not until 26 September 1983 that an Order-in-Council was issued requesting the Queen's signature. The Queen signed the Letters Patent on 28 October 1983, and soon after they were counter-signed by Muldoon, and sealed by the Seal of New Zealand. This was the first time a New Zealand prime minister had signed the document, symbolising that it had been "
1092:). There was also a second amendment: Clause XV, requiring the governor-general to have the permission of the monarch to leave New Zealand, was revoked entirely. This recognised the increasing number of times the governor-general was travelling overseas to represent New Zealand. The 2006 amendments were recommended to the Queen by then Prime Minister
985:
Clauses VII-X of the
Letters Patent establishes the Executive Council to advise the governor-general on the execution of his or her prerogative powers. Implicit in the Letters Patent is the requirement for the governor-general to act only on the advice of the Executive Council. The governor-general
936:
of the New
Zealand prime minister, and that governors-general usually serve a term of five to six years in office. The commission appointing the governor-general, known as the Terms of Appointment, defines this term (which can be extended, as was the case in 2006 with
812:
The review of the 1917 Letters Patent was completed in 1980. The
Cabinet Office published the review, recommending new letters patent be issued. Following the report, draft Letters Patent were circulated with the governments of
997:
to appoint a party leader as a member of the
Executive Council and prime minister. Then, on the prime minister's advice, the governor-general appoints the remaining members of the Executive Council (whether inside or outside
905:. (The governor-general of New Zealand is also separately titled the Governor of the Ross Dependency). This definition of the Realm of New Zealand recognised the new constitutions of the Cook Islands and Niue granted
1016:
Clause XI of the
Letters Patent defines the exercise of prerogative of mercy in New Zealand. The governor-general acts on the advice of the responsible ministerâin the case of the prerogative of mercy that is the
1048:
arose where the outgoing Prime
Minister, Robert Muldoon, apparently refused to implement the advice of the incoming Prime Minister, David Lange. One resolution to the crisis, canvassed by Deputy Prime Minister
778:
in 1947 and letters patent then became the responsibility of the New
Zealand Government, not the United Kingdom. It was not until the 1960s, with the appointment of the first New Zealand-born governor-general,
963:"Our Governor-General shall do and execute all the powers and authorities of the office according to ...such laws as are now or shall hereafter be in force in Our Realm of New Zealand or any part thereof."
917:
Clause I of the
Letters Patent constitutes the office of "Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of New Zealand". The full title is rarely used, and usually "Governor-General" is used because the
1844:
1262:
1057:
by caucus. This would have left the governor-general with no advisers, as there were no sworn-in members of
Parliament to be members of the Executive Council.
1891:
829:
469:
196:
685:
832:. This did not eventuate as Labour Party backbenchers refused to support the idea, believing that the royal tour had been timed to be close to the
869:
The
Letters Patent are written as though they are an open letter from the Queen, although they are in fact a legal instrument (specifically, a
1919:
1947:
1088:
then the position falls to the "next most senior Judge of the New Zealand judiciary" (before the clause referred to the president of the
1868:
1673:
801:
and her husband Professor Robert Quentin-Baxter to review the Letters Patent 1917. In anticipation of new letters patent being issued,
510:
492:
488:
160:
941:) and is counter-signed by the New Zealand prime minister, signifying the reality that appointment is on the prime minister's advice.
1994:
794:(where a governor-general dismissed a serving prime minister), greater urgency was given to reviewing the governor-general's powers.
474:
1021:. The governor-general has the power to grant a pardon, reduce a sentence, or refer a case back to the courts for reconsideration.
775:
746:
to advise the governor-general, and makes provision for the exercise of the governor-general's powers should the office be vacant.
227:
120:
83:
1717:
1148:
131:
1045:
444:
142:
1076:
In 2006 a further set of amendments to the Letters Patent were made. The first amendment reflected the recent creation of the
658:
1854:
791:
678:
557:
2149:
552:
191:
2101:
1984:
1446:"The strange death of the Realm of New Zealand: The implications of a New Zealand republic for the Cook Islands and Niue"
759:
2128:
1989:
572:
523:
249:
1629:
877:, and are treated as statute law. The 1980 review of the 1917 Letters Patent drew on the experience from the Canadian
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1785:
1320:
1061:
1041:
1018:
833:
547:
276:
271:
266:
261:
207:
2075:
1912:
1053:, was the replacement of Muldoon as party leader and therefore prime minister by the governor-general, following a
980:
763:
743:
671:
611:
606:
462:
388:
318:
303:
298:
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288:
155:
1957:
2123:
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1085:
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242:
237:
116:
79:
2039:
1864:
1742:
1604:
1312:
1089:
354:
2049:
784:
634:
372:
138:
2034:
1892:
Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand 1983, as amended in 1987 and 2006
1669:
1081:
1077:
929:
845:
582:
343:
338:
1743:"Letters Patent (2006) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand"
986:
can act on the advice of a specific minister responsible, should this be specifically defined in statute.
2154:
2080:
1966:
1905:
1105:
933:
882:
707:
500:
179:
47:
1011:
515:
313:
2044:
1999:
945:
367:
2019:
1711:"Letters Patent Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand"
990:
587:
542:
331:
220:
885:. The style was criticised as "quaint, and certainly belonging to a century other than the 21st."
790:, that the New Zealand Government decided that the 1917 Letters Patent needed updating. Following
1266:
925:
771:
767:
731:
714:, the instrument has been amended twice (in 1987 and 2006) since its original issue in 1983. The
577:
567:
232:
64:
25:
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562:
439:
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126:
109:
1143:
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1840:
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2009:
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96:
1445:
8:
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956:
806:
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360:
2085:
404:
1928:
1634:
918:
652:
419:
186:
2065:
1850:
1826:
1781:
938:
932:." Clause II does not spell out that the sovereign makes the appointment on the sole
924:
Clause II of the Letters Patent states that the governor-general is appointed by the
874:
409:
148:
629:
949:
723:
347:
2115:
906:
902:
1060:
Following a review of constitutional law, a new Constitution Act, replacing the
825:
787:
780:
715:
478:
200:
1806:
Brookfield, FM (Jock) (1985). "The Reconstituted office of Governor-General".
774:
in 1907, renaming the office of "governor" to "governor-general". New Zealand
34:
2143:
994:
849:
1865:"Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand"
1139:
1113:â Canadian equivalent that was the basis for the New Zealand letters patent
870:
837:
818:
719:
703:
1778:
Last Great Queen?: Elizabeth II, Mother of leadership, Seen from the crowd
1080:: Clause XII specifies that, in the absence of the governor-general, if a
2004:
1942:
1846:
This Realm of New Zealand: The Sovereign, the Governor-General, the Crown
1093:
1065:
912:
841:
700:
Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand
71:
1288:"Making Constitutions, from the perspective of a constitutional adviser"
770:. The 1917 Letters Patent were issued following the proclamation of the
89:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1531:
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1495:
1369:
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57:
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1364:
755:
1422:
1242:
1200:
1188:
1163:
968:
948:, but the Letters Patent does not further elaborate on this. The
898:
797:
In 1976, the Prime Minister's Department asked lawyer (now Dame)
1822:
The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General
967:
This is a requirement that the governor-general act within
855:
The new Letters Patent came into force on 1 November 1983.
814:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1220:
1218:
828:
wanted the Queen to sign the Letters Patent during her
1605:"Royal prerogative of mercy - miscarriages of justice"
913:
Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of New Zealand
897:
as consisting of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue,
1650:
1347:
1335:
1839:
1579:
1552:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1474:
1397:
1373:
1290:. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. 2002
1248:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1194:
1182:
944:The governor-general is commander-in-chief of the
2141:
1737:
1735:
1705:
1703:
952:further defines the role of commander-in-chief.
852:"âthat is, made a New Zealand legal instrument.
1670:"Constitution Act 1986, Part 2 - The Executive"
1894:, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1863:
1763:
1694:
1591:
1564:
1537:
1486:
1431:
1385:
836:(Labour's front bench, including party leader
1913:
1732:
1700:
1313:"History of the Governor-General â Patriated"
1005:
955:The Letters Patent delegates the sovereign's
679:
1450:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review
1307:
1305:
1138:
993:, the governor-general exercises his or her
1409:
893:Clause I of the Letters Patent defines the
754:The 1917 Letters Patent was issued by King
1920:
1906:
1805:
1410:Tony Angelo (2007). "The Letters Patent".
1260:
686:
672:
1995:New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel
1302:
742:in the governor-general, establishes the
1718:New Zealand Legal Information Institute
1443:
1437:
1263:"Dame Alison Quentin-Baxter looks back"
1149:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1134:
1132:
888:
718:âessentially an open letter from Queen
319:Political funding and election expenses
2142:
1927:
1818:
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1358:
1341:
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1901:
792:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
470:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
1775:
1745:. Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2006
1280:
1129:
974:
821:, who gave their informal approval.
1985:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
1825:. Dunedin: Otago University Press.
1630:"McLay: My plan to replace Muldoon"
959:in the governor-general, and adds:
760:Secretary of State for the Colonies
13:
1990:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988
776:adopted the Statute of Westminster
758:and counter-signed by the British
524:New Zealand and the United Nations
14:
2166:
1885:
1610:. Government House. December 2009
1321:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
921:role is largely ceremonial also.
881:created after Canada adopted the
1956:
1580:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1553:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1526:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1514:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1502:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1475:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1398:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1374:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1249:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1210:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1195:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
1183:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017
981:Executive Council of New Zealand
768:Great Seal of the United Kingdom
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612:History of voting in New Zealand
607:Political history of New Zealand
33:
1798:
1769:
1662:
1622:
1597:
1403:
1086:administrator of the Government
1084:is not available to become the
865:Letters patent (United Kingdom)
1254:
1090:Court of Appeal of New Zealand
830:1981 Royal Tour of New Zealand
1:
1849:. Auckland University Press.
1261:Chris Ryan (20 August 2015).
1117:
1024:
749:
706:and a part of the uncodified
1869:Parliamentary Counsel Office
1780:. AuthorHouse. p. 189.
1674:Parliamentary Counsel Office
1122:
1082:chief justice of New Zealand
1078:Supreme Court of New Zealand
807:Seal of New Zealand Act 1977
7:
2150:Constitution of New Zealand
1967:Constitution of New Zealand
1106:Constitution of New Zealand
1099:
883:Statute of Westminster 1931
726:âconstitutes the office of
180:54th New Zealand Parliament
16:Royal decree in New Zealand
10:
2171:
1776:Yang, Unity Elias (2014).
1033:
1012:Royal prerogative of mercy
1009:
1006:Royal prerogative of mercy
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862:
161:State services departments
2124:Admission to practice law
2114:
2094:
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2018:
2000:Parliamentary sovereignty
1965:
1954:
1935:
946:New Zealand Defence Force
734:'s representative in the
710:. Sometimes known as the
1843:; McLean, Janet (2017).
1444:Townend, Andrew (2003).
858:
708:New Zealand constitution
192:House of Representatives
2059:Specialist jurisdiction
1808:New Zealand Law Journal
1412:New Zealand Law Journal
1267:New Zealand Law Society
1071:
1046:a constitutional crisis
1029:
772:Dominion of New Zealand
445:Territorial authorities
26:Politics of New Zealand
1841:Quentin-Baxter, Alison
1819:McLean, Gavin (2006).
1144:"Letters patent, 1983"
965:
939:Dame Silvia Cartwright
653:New Zealand portal
489:Diplomatic missions of
2020:Courts of New Zealand
1980:Constitution Act 1986
1062:1852 Imperial statute
1055:vote of no-confidence
1036:Constitution Act 1986
961:
834:1981 general election
799:Alison Quentin-Baxter
397:Courts Martial Appeal
2102:Court of Arbitration
2095:Defunct jurisdiction
2028:General jurisdiction
2010:Separation of powers
1111:Letters Patent, 1947
895:Realm of New Zealand
889:Realm of New Zealand
879:Letters Patent, 1947
766:, and sealed by the
736:Realm of New Zealand
250:Electoral Commission
110:Executive Government
97:Realm of New Zealand
2129:List of law schools
1975:Letters Patent 1983
1764:Letters Patent 1983
1695:Letters Patent 1983
1592:Letters Patent 1983
1565:Letters Patent 1983
1538:Letters Patent 1983
1487:Letters Patent 1983
1432:Letters Patent 1983
1386:Letters Patent 1983
1019:minister of justice
957:executive authority
930:during Our pleasure
783:, on the advice of
740:executive authority
712:Letters Patent 1983
208:Official Opposition
117:List of governments
2155:Law of New Zealand
1948:Acts of Parliament
1929:Law of New Zealand
1720:. 15 December 1986
1635:New Zealand Herald
1044:general election,
919:commander-in-chief
764:Sir George Shuster
420:Law of New Zealand
254:Recent elections:
187:King-in-Parliament
2137:
2136:
2110:
2109:
2076:Environment Court
2066:Disputes Tribunal
1856:978-1-869-40875-6
975:Executive Council
928:, and serves "...
875:Royal Prerogative
873:) made under the
744:Executive Council
696:
695:
635:Nuclear-free zone
511:Visa requirements
463:Foreign relations
410:Waitangi Tribunal
228:Political parties
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149:Christopher Luxon
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2071:Employment Court
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1638:. 28 August 2012
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1142:(20 June 2012).
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724:legal instrument
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903:Ross Dependency
891:
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659:Other countries
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1334:
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995:reserve powers
979:Main article:
976:
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971:law in force.
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27:
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2081:Family Court
1974:
1873:. Retrieved
1845:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1799:Bibliography
1777:
1771:
1766:, Clause XV.
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1722:. Retrieved
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1633:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1599:
1594:, Clause XI.
1587:
1560:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1489:, Clause II.
1482:
1470:
1460:12 September
1458:. Retrieved
1456:(3): 571â608
1453:
1449:
1439:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1292:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1256:
1244:
1232:
1190:
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1140:Gavin McLean
1075:
1059:
1039:
1015:
989:Following a
988:
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892:
871:royal decree
868:
854:
838:Bill Rowling
823:
819:Cook Islands
811:
796:
753:
720:Elizabeth II
711:
704:royal decree
699:
697:
553:Conservatism
48:Constitution
18:
2005:Rule of law
1943:English law
1657:McLean 2006
1434:, Clause I.
1359:McLean 2006
1342:McLean 2006
1237:McLean 2006
1225:McLean 2006
1094:Helen Clark
1066:David Lange
842:David Lange
805:passed the
516:Visa policy
389:Environment
361:Mark Cooper
359:President:
314:Referendums
233:Electorates
174:Legislature
72:Charles III
2144:Categories
2045:High Court
1614:12 October
1118:References
1025:Amendments
863:See also:
803:Parliament
750:Background
722:that is a
573:Liberalism
405:MÄori Land
384:Employment
368:High Court
90:Cindy Kiro
69:King
2116:Education
1875:1 October
1749:4 October
1724:4 October
1680:4 October
1642:4 October
1327:4 October
1317:NZHistory
1294:4 October
1272:4 October
1155:4 October
1123:Citations
1051:Jim McLay
926:sovereign
850:patriated
588:Socialism
548:Christian
543:Anarchism
332:Judiciary
260:General:
221:Elections
132:Ministers
58:The Crown
1100:See also
901:and the
817:and the
756:George V
738:, vests
578:Populism
568:Feminism
536:Ideology
506:Passport
475:Minister
1936:Sources
1000:Cabinet
969:statute
899:Tokelau
732:monarch
730:as the
601:History
563:Fascism
440:Regions
287:Local:
197:Speaker
127:Cabinet
121:current
65:Monarch
1871:. 2006
1853:
1829:
1814:: 260.
1784:
1676:. 1986
934:advice
1714:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
859:Style
702:is a
1877:2019
1851:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1751:2019
1726:2019
1682:2019
1644:2019
1616:2019
1462:2023
1418:: 6.
1329:2019
1296:2019
1274:2019
1157:2019
1072:2006
1042:1984
1030:1987
844:and
815:Niue
698:The
304:2022
299:2019
294:2016
289:2013
277:2023
272:2020
267:2017
262:2014
143:list
84:list
1812:256
1002:).
2146::
1867:.
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