283:
the
Lenmichí Micro-Phylum. According to Constenla-Umaña's study (2005), the Lenmichi Micro-Phylum first split into Proto-Chibchan and Proto-Misulencan, the common intermediate ancestor of the Lencan and the Misumalpan languages. This would have happened around 9,726 years before the present or 7,720 B.C. (the average of the time depths between the Chibchan languages and the Misulencan languages)...The respective subancestors of the Lencan and the Misumalpan languages would have separated around 7,705 before the present (5,069 B.C.), and Paya and the other intermediate ancestors of all the other Chibchan languages would have separated around 6,682 (4,676 B.C.)."
158:
358:(where he also used the Potón Piau primer as a reference), points out that (translating in english: "Today no one knows how to speak Lenca, although certain individuals have memories of—or have learned—some fragments of that now lost language. This type of partial knowledge is not even remotely close, in any case that we have been able to verify, to a real mastery of the historical language, whose disappearance dates back to the mid-twentieth century...".
4559:
282:
Campbell (2012) acknowledges that these claims of connection between Lencan, Misumalpan, and
Chibchan have not yet been proved systematically, but he notes that Constenla-Umaña (2005) "presented evidence to support a relationship with two neighboring families : Misumalpan and Lencan, which constitute
322:
of
Honduran Lenca were found. It was assumed that the languages were most likely extinct, and it was believed that it was very unlikely that there were any elders with any knowledge or memory of both languages, and it was also believed that it was very unlikely that fluent speakers could be found.
1876:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
309:
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the use of
Honduran Lenca and Salvadoran Lenca began to decline. In the 1950s, Honduran Lenca was already in a critical state of extinction, since the only place where there were speakers was
350:(a semi-speaker who is considered the last native speaker by the salvadoran newspapers, and specifically of the variant of that population, and who learned the language from his grandmother) and both would write a learning primer titled in spanish:
146:, which were described and studied academically; Of them, only Salvadoran Lenca still has current speakers, despite the fact that indigenous people belonging to the Lenca ethnic group exceed between 37,000 and 100,000 people.
387:), which is a compilation of words in Lenca among the communities still existing that opens the possibility of recovering a significant part of the language. Currently in El Salvador there are rehabilitation projects for
275:
has often been proposed; Campbell (1987) reported that he found no solid evidence for such a connection, but
Constenla-Umaña (2005) proposed regular correspondence between Lencan,
1723:
5578:
259:
The languages are not closely related; Swadesh (1967) estimated 3,000 years since separation. Arguedas Cortés (1987) reconstructs Proto-Lencan with 12 consonants (including
343:
376:
4604:
1921:
2165:
2094:
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1981). Comparative
Chibchan Phonology. (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).
1748:
4595:
2104:
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1995). Sobre el estudio diacrónico de las lenguas chibchenses y su contribución al conocimiento del pasado de sus hablantes.
2045:"Beatriz Cortez ¿Dónde están los indígenas? La identidad nacional y la crisis de la modernidad en La guerra mortal de los sentidos de Roberto Castillo"
5639:
331:
290:
language family, though
Campbell (1997:167) rejects most of Lehmann's twelve lexical comparisons as invalid. An automated computational analysis (
5588:
4438:
2193:
298:. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
5484:
4303:
1762:
5654:
2405:
2161:
2157:
5583:
1989:
4588:
4608:
291:
3818:
3399:
3928:
5457:
4431:
2186:
2900:
2019:
5644:
5629:
5537:
4581:
4085:
1843:
1795:
5593:
4061:
3300:
1893:
1811:
Costenla Umaña, Adolfo (2002). "Acerca de la relación genealógica de las lenguas lencas y las lenguas misumalpas".
5614:
4987:
4956:
3219:
3155:
2398:
162:
5649:
4424:
3832:
3074:
2179:
1858:
Constenla-Umaña, Adolfo (2005). "Existe relacion genealogica entre las lenguas misumalpas y las chibchenses?".
3583:
2111:
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (2005). "Existe relacion genealogica entre las lenguas misumalpas y las chibchenses?"
4573:
4298:
3945:
3080:
2905:
2691:
2685:
2609:
4308:
4293:
3992:
3293:
3280:
3051:
3012:
5305:
4288:
4282:
4067:
3340:
3258:
3231:
2935:
2925:
395:
5634:
5542:
4923:
3854:
3515:
3312:
3110:
2970:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2626:
2391:
2372:
2063:
Arguedas Cortés, Gilda Rosa. 1988. Los
Fonemas Segmentales del Protolenca: Reconstrucción Comparativa.
157:
5619:
4544:
4266:
4073:
4049:
4024:
3997:
3980:
2990:
2945:
2915:
2888:
2459:
2414:
339:
5552:
5403:
5385:
5048:
4631:
4313:
4120:
3757:
3745:
3577:
2639:
2632:
2448:
2341:
2263:
2250:
1922:"Researcher Atanasio Herranz presents his conference "The Nahuatl language in Honduras" at Unah-vs"
4477:
3318:
3243:
2646:
2596:
5379:
5337:
5146:
5112:
4830:
4539:
4332:
4180:
3975:
3751:
3704:
3334:
3251:
2910:
2894:
2702:
2603:
2466:
2442:
2257:
2202:
3970:
2124:
Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: LENCA
5547:
5493:
5412:
5390:
5031:
4913:
4447:
4378:
4276:
3965:
3768:
3558:
3547:
3509:
3116:
3090:
2995:
2985:
2668:
2584:
2435:
2356:
2336:
2276:
315:
210:
185:
5445:
5438:
4079:
3804:
2314:
2308:
248:
5372:
5220:
4786:
4752:
4353:
4110:
3918:
3891:
3874:
3842:
3740:
3454:
3379:
3306:
3085:
3062:
3034:
2965:
2876:
2657:
2244:
4238:
2127:
1949:
8:
5557:
5396:
5354:
5294:
5273:
5067:
5003:
4946:
4894:
4879:
4852:
4820:
4636:
4523:
4130:
4034:
3934:
3923:
3885:
3864:
3762:
3721:
3496:
3478:
3472:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3346:
3329:
3068:
2734:
2721:
2615:
2565:
2422:
2351:
2269:
2227:
1879:
252:
5468:
5424:
5348:
5248:
5234:
5164:
5054:
4870:
4814:
4807:
4718:
4702:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3986:
3955:
3950:
3903:
3897:
3848:
3793:
3716:
3600:
3564:
3525:
3467:
3274:
3269:
2980:
2739:
2708:
2674:
2662:
2621:
2496:
2346:
2298:
2221:
1742:
138:. But by the beginning of the 20th century, only two languages of the family survived,
4691:
4141:
4104:
1826:
Campbell, Lyle (2012), "Classification of the
Indigenous Languages of South America",
113:
5532:
5474:
5227:
5210:
5185:
5171:
5026:
4889:
4884:
4846:
4729:
4482:
4055:
3960:
3940:
3879:
3859:
3570:
3531:
3502:
3490:
3427:
3373:
3351:
3324:
3264:
3237:
3056:
3017:
3007:
2975:
2848:
2774:
2756:
2750:
2652:
2570:
2484:
2044:
1839:
1791:
318:, Anselmo Hernández, the last competent Salvadoran Lenca speaker. In the 1990s, some
205:
84:
4146:
4135:
4115:
2453:
217:. Lencans had arrived in El Salvador about 2,295 years B.P. and founded the site of
5562:
5507:
5500:
5418:
5287:
5280:
5199:
5157:
5122:
5080:
5061:
5036:
4997:
4976:
4970:
4933:
4840:
4738:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4649:
4492:
4461:
4363:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4162:
4156:
4125:
4018:
3913:
3837:
3775:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3623:
3607:
3542:
3537:
3520:
3461:
3355:
3287:
3198:
3165:
3133:
3029:
3001:
2950:
2871:
2855:
2841:
2823:
2816:
2802:
2762:
2744:
2728:
2714:
2536:
2519:
2282:
2171:
1831:
708:
388:
327:
306:
The Proto-Lencan homeland was most likely in central Honduras (Campbell 1997:167).
295:
287:
174:
139:
4203:
4151:
3143:
314:. In 1982 a Honduran Lenca speaker was found in Guajiquiro. In the 1970s, died in
271:
The external relationships of the Lencan languages are disputed. Inclusion within
5365:
5322:
5315:
5192:
5178:
5128:
5042:
5017:
4940:
4906:
4900:
4797:
4763:
4663:
4625:
4563:
4358:
4233:
4218:
4187:
3908:
3869:
3734:
3680:
3552:
3414:
3180:
3175:
3040:
2955:
2836:
2829:
2809:
2791:
2696:
2679:
2478:
2331:
2238:
227:
196:
127:
78:
53:
2152:
2142:. see pp. 700–719 (Salvadoran Lenca) and pp. 668–692 (Honduran Lenca).
5624:
5431:
5263:
5241:
5094:
5073:
4965:
4859:
4779:
4772:
4711:
4656:
4502:
4487:
4368:
4228:
4197:
4168:
3799:
3685:
3668:
3618:
3613:
3484:
3421:
3191:
3185:
3105:
3100:
3046:
3023:
2768:
2590:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2502:
2490:
2303:
1411:
362:
272:
192:
143:
58:
4603:
294:
4) by Müller et al. (2013) also found lexical similarities between Lencan and
5608:
5135:
5101:
5087:
4745:
4642:
4497:
4252:
4192:
4174:
3690:
3674:
3628:
3385:
3205:
3170:
3160:
3138:
3095:
2960:
2541:
2473:
1835:
369:
255:. Some phrases survive; it is not known if the entire language still exists.
2383:
1964:
4507:
3149:
372:
319:
189:
182:
178:
170:
166:
30:
1767:
Latin American Pamphlet Digital Collection - CURIOSity Digital Collections
244:
2206:
2020:"The Lenca heritage resists in the east of El Salvador | Photo report 📸"
1965:"Cultural surveys of Panama, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras"
1880:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
366:
347:
335:
214:
131:
42:
4416:
1763:"Pequeño vocabulario de la lengua lenca ; (dialecto de Guajiquiro)"
232:
2796:
2082:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
311:
276:
240:
2091:
De Gruyter Mouton: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston.
402:, chronicles the adventures of the "Searcher for the Lenca Language."
107:
93:
99:
354:
However, linguist Alan R. King, in his 2016 book titled in spanish
260:
135:
46:
2089:
The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide.
1678:
236:
218:
2099:
Las lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su estudio areal
1894:"HALLAN EN NICARAGUA RUINAS PRECOLOMBINAS QUE SUPONEN DE LENCAS"
4392:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4373:
4271:
1047:
130:, whose speakers before the Spanish conquest spread throughout
1898:
HALLAN EN NICARAGUA RUINAS PRECOLOMBINAS QUE SUPONEN DE LENCAS
752:
286:
Another proposal by Lehmann (1920:727) links Lencan with the
161:
Map of El Salvador's Indigenous Peoples at the time of the
383:(which from Honduran Lenca translated into Spanish means
323:
The Honduran Lenca is currently believed to be extinct.
2158:
Audio Recording of an Elicitation and Wordlist in Lenca
2101:. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José.
1804:
1721:
2201:
2166:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
16:
Moribund language family of Honduras and El Salvador
1996:
2162:MesoAmerican Languages Collection of Lyle Campbell
1877:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
5606:
1747:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
427:Proto-Lenca reconstructions by Arguedas (1988):
1857:
5304:
2153:OLAC resources in and about the Lenca language
2131:Hemp, Eric. 1976. "On Earlier Lenca Vowels".
2005:Conozcamos el Lenca. Una lengua de El Salvador
1987:
1810:
356:Conozcamos el Lenca, una lengua de El Salvador
4589:
4432:
2413:
2399:
2187:
2133:International Journal of American Linguistics
231:was spoken with minor dialect differences in
4402:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5483:
1919:
4596:
4582:
4439:
4425:
2406:
2392:
2194:
2180:
1730:. Archived from the original on 2016-09-24
4605:Indigenous language families and isolates
4446:
1828:The Indigenous Languages of South America
266:
154:There are two attested Lencan languages:
5209:
1825:
156:
5640:Indigenous languages of Central America
2018:Aburto, Wilfredo Miranda (2023-12-13).
5607:
2017:
1717:
1715:
1713:
4577:
4420:
2387:
2175:
1962:
1944:
1942:
1870:
2002:
1915:
1913:
1710:
126:are a small linguistic family from
13:
5655:Extinct languages of North America
2084:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1939:
1920:Dalma Mejía (September 30, 2023).
1813:Revista de Filología y Lingüística
1785:
1779:
379:, in 2017 they published the book
375:, in the company of his colleague
14:
5666:
2146:
2097:Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. (1991).
1988:Frederick Meza (August 9, 2019).
1910:
1886:
405:
352:Poton piau, nuestra lengua Potón.
4557:
400:La guerra mortal de los sentidos
2113:Estudios de Linguistica Chibcha
2074:
2057:
2037:
2011:
1990:"The last lenca of Guatajiagua"
1981:
1956:
1860:Estudios de Linguistica Chibcha
1830:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 59–166,
1722:Liliana Fuentes Monroy (2012).
1851:
1819:
1755:
1724:"Buscan rescatar lengua potón"
1:
1950:"Lenca Languages of Honduras"
1703:
330:, in the end of the nineties
1815:. Universidad de Costa Rica.
149:
7:
1567:tiger (jaguar), lion (puma)
1564:tigre (jaguar), león (puma)
391:to prevent its extinction.
10:
5671:
2373:Mesoamerican language area
1969:Scientific Publication; 33
1963:Adams, Richard N. (1957).
385:Let's learn to speak Lenca
301:
5571:
5525:
5456:
5336:
5262:
5145:
5111:
5016:
4986:
4955:
4922:
4869:
4829:
4796:
4762:
4728:
4701:
4615:
4553:
4545:Bay Islands Sign Language
4532:
4516:
4470:
4454:
4387:
4346:
4323:
4262:
4251:
4095:
3828:
3817:
3785:
3712:
3703:
3592:
3409:
3398:
3365:
3227:
3218:
3126:
2884:
2870:
2784:
2579:
2561:
2512:
2430:
2421:
2415:Primary language families
2365:
2324:
2291:
2213:
2106:Boletín del Museo del Oro
417:
412:
340:University of El Salvador
106:
92:
72:
54:Linguistic classification
52:
36:
26:
21:
5645:Languages of El Salvador
5630:Macro-Chibchan languages
3232:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1836:10.1515/9783110258035.59
1788:El costo de la conquista
344:Mario Salvador Hernández
4399:have no living members.
2065:Filología y lingüística
1790:. Editorial Guaymuras.
221:. One speaker remains.
5615:Mesoamerican languages
5589:Unclassified languages
4540:Honduran Sign Language
4379:Unclassified languages
4333:list of sign languages
3301:Northeastern Tasmanian
2325:Proposed macrofamilies
2138:Lehman, Walter. 1920.
2087:Campbell, Lyle. 2012.
2080:Campbell, Lyle. 1997.
2003:King, Alan R. (2016).
418:Reconstruction of
267:External relationships
200:
5650:Languages of Honduras
4448:Languages of Honduras
4354:Constructed languages
2214:Demonstrated families
361:While in the case of
160:
4471:Indigenous languages
2901:Binanderean–Goilalan
2122:Fabre, Alain. 2005.
175:Kakawira o Cacaopera
5538:Algonquian–Wakashan
4564:Honduras portal
4524:Bay Islands English
4183:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4086:Tequiraca–Canichana
3929:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2692:Northwest Caucasian
2686:Northeast Caucasian
2610:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
381:Kotik molka niwamal
5526:Proposed groupings
4616:Language families
3805:Tarascan/Purépecha
3294:Northern Tasmanian
3052:South Bougainville
3013:North Bougainville
201:
197:Mangue o Chorotega
5635:Language families
5602:
5601:
5584:Extinct languages
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5332:
5331:
5258:
5257:
5012:
5011:
4988:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4571:
4570:
4455:Official language
4414:
4413:
4364:Language isolates
4342:
4341:
4247:
4246:
3813:
3812:
3699:
3698:
3394:
3393:
3341:Western Tasmanian
3259:Eastern Tasmanian
3214:
3213:
2936:East Geelvink Bay
2866:
2865:
2557:
2556:
2381:
2380:
2203:Language families
1701:
1700:
1386:*map’it, *nap’it
425:
424:
206:Salvadoran Lencan
120:
119:
85:Salvadoran Lencan
5662:
5620:Lencan languages
5594:Linguistic areas
5481:
5480:
5302:
5301:
5207:
5206:
4920:
4919:
4699:
4698:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4260:
4259:
4214:Huaorani/Waorani
4098:(extant in 2000)
4062:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3833:Andoque–Urequena
3826:
3825:
3710:
3709:
3516:Plateau Penutian
3407:
3406:
3382:(Northern Daly?)
3225:
3224:
3111:Northwest Papuan
3075:Trans–New Guinea
2941:East New Britain
2916:Central Solomons
2882:
2881:
2627:Great Andamanese
2577:
2576:
2428:
2427:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2366:Linguistic areas
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1719:
430:
429:
421:Lencan languages
410:
409:
396:Roberto Castillo
394:A 2002 novel by
389:Salvadoran Lenca
328:Salvadoran Lenca
279:, and Chibchan.
263:) and 5 vowels.
163:Spanish conquest
140:Salvadoran Lenca
124:Lencan languages
116:
102:
19:
18:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5567:
5513:
5479:
5461:linguistic area
5460:
5452:
5341:linguistic area
5340:
5328:
5300:
5254:
5205:
5150:linguistic area
5149:
5141:
5115:linguistic area
5114:
5107:
5008:
4982:
4951:
4918:
4865:
4825:
4792:
4758:
4724:
4697:
4617:
4611:
4602:
4572:
4567:
4558:
4556:
4549:
4528:
4517:Other languages
4512:
4466:
4450:
4445:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4383:
4369:Mixed languages
4338:
4319:
4254:
4243:
4097:
4091:
3946:Katembri–Taruma
3820:
3809:
3781:
3695:
3588:
3401:
3390:
3361:
3210:
3122:
3081:Turama–Kikorian
2991:Lower Mamberamo
2946:East Strickland
2874:
2862:
2780:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2508:
2417:
2412:
2382:
2377:
2361:
2320:
2287:
2209:
2200:
2149:
2140:Zentral-Amerika
2077:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1926:www.laprensa.hn
1918:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1786:Newson, Linda.
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1380:puerco de monte
442:
437:
408:
326:In the case of
304:
269:
228:Honduran Lencan
186:Ch'orti' people
152:
128:Central America
112:
98:
79:Honduran Lencan
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:Classification
5575:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5553:Macro-Chibchan
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5487:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5462:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5388:
5386:Tequistlatecan
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5267:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5049:Tequistlatecan
5046:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4836:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4801:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4533:Sign languages
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Indo-Pakistani
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Piaroa–Saliban
3990:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3758:Tequistlatecan
3755:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3281:Marrku–Wurrugu
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2640:Hurro-Urartian
2636:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Macro-Chibchan
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2264:Tequistlatecan
2261:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2155:
2148:
2147:External links
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2036:
2010:
1995:
1980:
1955:
1938:
1909:
1885:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1818:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1754:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:bed frame, bed
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:quebracho tree
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
862:enfermo, estar
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
758:
755:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:English gloss
439:
436:Spanish gloss
434:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
407:
406:Proto-language
404:
363:Honduran Lenca
332:Consuelo Roque
303:
300:
273:Macro-Chibchan
268:
265:
257:
256:
223:
222:
209:was spoken in
193:Poqomam people
151:
148:
144:Honduran Lenca
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
96:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
74:
70:
69:
68:
67:
59:Macro-Chibchan
56:
50:
49:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:Calusa–Tunica
5303:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4609:North America
4606:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Original Thai
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:Hibito–Cholón
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:Yuman–Cochimí
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:Southern Daly
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:Darwin Region
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Demta–Sentani
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:Indo-European
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:Austroasiatic
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2135:42(1): 78-79.
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:38-39: 13-56.
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1845:9783110258035
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:9789992615577
1793:
1789:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:tapesco, cama
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:hair, feather
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
453:
450:
449:
445:
440:
435:
432:
431:
428:
420:
416:
411:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:(UES), found
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
321:
320:semi-speakers
317:
313:
307:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
278:
274:
264:
262:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
203:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
147:
145:
142:or Potón and
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
75:
71:
66:
63:
62:
60:
57:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
5543:Aztec–Tanoan
5506:
5499:
5494:Guanahatabey
5492:
5485:Pre-Arawakan
5467:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5411:
5402:
5395:
5380:Oto-Manguean
5378:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5347:
5338:Mesoamerican
5321:
5314:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5147:Coahuiltecan
5134:
5127:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5060:
5053:
5041:
4996:
4975:
4957:Coast Oregon
4939:
4932:
4899:
4858:
4851:
4839:
4831:Macro-Siouan
4813:
4806:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4717:
4710:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4624:
4618:and isolates
4555:
4403:
4396:
4395:Families in
4330:
4281:
4179:
4167:
4017:
3985:
3976:Pano-Tacanan
3933:
3896:
3884:
3855:Arutani–Sape
3847:
3792:
3774:
3767:
3752:Oto-Manguean
3750:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3673:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3606:
3599:
3576:
3569:
3557:
3530:
3508:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3420:
3413:
3372:
3339:
3335:Western Daly
3313:Pama–Nyungan
3311:
3299:
3292:
3279:
3257:
3252:Eastern Daly
3250:
3242:
3197:
3073:
3061:
3039:
3022:
3000:
2971:Kaure–Kosare
2931:Doso–Turumsa
2921:Chimbu–Wahgi
2911:Bulaka River
2895:Austronesian
2893:
2854:
2847:
2828:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2703:Sino-Tibetan
2701:
2684:
2667:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2614:
2604:Austronesian
2602:
2595:
2583:
2529:
2467:Nilo-Saharan
2465:
2458:
2443:Austronesian
2441:
2434:
2275:
2268:
2258:Oto-Manguean
2256:
2249:
2237:
2232:
2220:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2081:
2075:Bibliography
2067:XIV. 89-109.
2064:
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2026:(in Spanish)
2023:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:
1958:
1930:. Retrieved
1928:(in Spanish)
1925:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1787:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
680:close (verb)
446:Proto-Lenca
443:(translated)
426:
413:Proto-Lencan
399:
393:
384:
380:
377:James Morrow
373:Alan R. King
360:
355:
351:
325:
308:
305:
285:
281:
270:
258:
226:
204:
171:Lenca people
167:Pipil people
153:
123:
121:
73:Subdivisions
64:
39:distribution
31:Lenca people
5548:Macro-Mayan
5413:Uto-Aztecan
5391:Totozoquean
5221:Coahuilteco
5032:Palaihnihan
4914:Tsimshianic
4289:Germanosign
4193:Mura-Pirahã
4074:Lule–Vilela
4050:Bora-Witoto
4025:Uru–Chipaya
3998:Ticuna–Yuri
3981:Peba–Yaguan
3966:Nambikwaran
3769:Uto-Aztecan
3705:Mesoamerica
3559:Uto-Aztecan
3548:Tsimshianic
3510:Palaihnihan
3380:Malak-Malak
3117:Papuan Gulf
3091:West Papuan
2996:Lower Sepik
2986:Lakes Plain
2889:Arai–Samaia
2877:the Pacific
2585:Afroasiatic
2460:Niger–Congo
2436:Afroasiatic
2357:Totozoquean
2337:Macro-Mayan
2277:Uto-Aztecan
2207:Mesoamerica
2024:Divergentes
1297:pelo, pluma
1289:*tenmaskin
1008:*its’its’i
457:open (verb)
348:Guatajiagua
253:Santa Elena
132:El Salvador
43:El Salvador
5609:Categories
5404:Mixe–Zoque
5373:Misumalpan
5295:Chitimacha
4787:Algonquian
4753:Athabaskan
4632:Yuki–Wappo
4283:Francosign
4131:Chiquitano
4111:Alacalufan
3919:Guaicuruan
3892:Chapacuran
3875:Cahuapanan
3843:Araucanian
3746:Mixe–Zoque
3741:Misumalpan
3455:Comecrudan
3307:Nyulnyulan
3086:Upper Yuat
3063:Torricelli
3035:Senu River
2966:Foja Range
2872:New Guinea
2797:Burushaski
2658:Kartvelian
2633:Hmong–Mien
2449:Khoe–Kwadi
2251:Mixe–Zoque
2245:Misumalpan
2050:2012-09-30
2030:2024-04-18
1974:2024-04-18
1932:2024-04-18
1903:2024-02-04
1772:2024-04-20
1734:2016-07-29
1704:References
1636:fingernail
1358:*mats’ati
438:(original)
312:Guajiquiro
277:Misumalpan
241:Guajiquiro
215:Guatajigua
37:Geographic
5558:Tolatecan
5458:Caribbean
5446:Alagüilac
5439:Purépecha
5425:Cuitlatec
5397:Totonacan
5355:Jicaquean
5274:Muskogean
5249:Mamulique
5235:Comecrudo
5165:Karankawa
5068:Jicaquean
5055:Chimariko
5004:Kalapuyan
4947:Sahaptian
4895:Yok-Utian
4880:Chinookan
4853:Iroquoian
4821:Chimakuan
4637:Chumashan
4314:Tanzanian
4255:languages
4152:Hodï/Joti
4096:Isolates
4035:Yanomaman
3971:Otomákoan
3935:Jirajaran
3924:Guajiboan
3886:Catacaoan
3865:Barbacoan
3794:Cuitlatec
3763:Totonacan
3722:Jicaquean
3601:Chimariko
3497:Muskogean
3479:Kalapuyan
3473:Iroquoian
3448:Chumashan
3441:Chinookan
3434:Chimakuan
3352:Yangmanic
3347:Worrorran
3330:Wagaydyic
3220:Australia
3069:Trans-Fly
2735:Yeniseian
2722:Tyrsenian
2616:Dravidian
2352:Tolatecan
2315:Alagüilac
2309:Purépecha
2299:Cuitlatec
2270:Totonacan
2228:Jicaquean
2160:from the
1743:cite news
1728:La Prensa
1675:zarigüeya
1625:*amanani
1622:you (sg.)
1408:quebracho
1355:pineapple
1330:*ints’ek
1220:*apinani
1147:cornfield
1066:*ts’ajk-
713:*k’elkin
485:old woman
460:*inkolo-
338:from the
261:ejectives
245:Similatón
150:Languages
108:Glottolog
94:ISO 639-3
27:Ethnicity
5469:Arawakan
5349:Chibchan
5228:Cotoname
5186:Quinigua
5172:Maratino
4871:Penutian
4815:Wakashan
4808:Salishan
4719:Eskimoan
4703:Eskaleut
4483:Garifuna
4347:See also
4324:Isolates
4299:Japanese
4239:Yuracaré
4121:Candoshi
4080:Macro-Jê
4045:Zaparoan
4040:Zamucoan
4030:Witotoan
4013:Tucanoan
4008:Tiniguan
4003:Timotean
3987:Quechuan
3956:Matacoan
3951:Mascoian
3941:Jivaroan
3904:Chibchan
3898:Charruan
3849:Arawakan
3786:Isolates
3717:Chibchan
3593:Isolates
3565:Wakashan
3526:Salishan
3468:Eskaleut
3374:Giimbiyu
3366:Isolates
3275:Jarrakan
3270:Iwaidjan
3127:Isolates
2981:Kutubuan
2849:Sumerian
2785:Isolates
2740:Yukaghir
2709:Tungusic
2675:Mongolic
2663:Koreanic
2622:Eskaleut
2513:Isolates
2497:Ubangian
2347:Penutian
2292:Isolates
2222:Chibchan
1691:zopilote
1683:*ts’ewe
1592:trabajar
1430:*k’ulan
1400:*t’ut’u
1383:wild pig
1261:*wajsa-
1214:nosotros
1161:mountain
1130:mapachín
1077:firewood
1052:*muraka
994:*muts’u
966:*k’akma
904:estrella
683:*inkap-
641:*siksik
627:*waktik
512:squirrel
370:American
367:linguist
336:linguist
316:Chilanga
247:(modern
233:Intibucá
211:Chilanga
136:Honduras
114:lenc1239
47:Honduras
5533:Amerind
5508:Ciguayo
5501:Macorix
5475:Cariban
5449: ?
5308: ?
5288:Atakapa
5281:Natchez
5266: ?
5213: ?
5211:Pakawan
5200:Tonkawa
5158:Aranama
5113:Pueblo
5081:Salinan
5062:Esselen
5027:Shastan
5020: ?
4998:Takelma
4990: ?
4977:Siuslaw
4959: ?
4934:Klamath
4926: ?
4924:Plateau
4890:Maiduan
4885:Wintuan
4873: ?
4847:Caddoan
4833: ?
4800: ?
4739:Tlingit
4730:Na-Dene
4685:Waikuri
4678:Timucua
4671:Kutenai
4650:Beothuk
4508:Tolupan
4493:Miskito
4478:Ch'orti
4462:Spanish
4397:italics
4374:Pidgins
4359:Creoles
4309:Swedish
4277:Chinese
4224:Urarina
4209:Puinave
4163:Itonama
4157:Irantxe
4126:Chimane
4056:Chimuan
3961:Nadahup
3880:Cariban
3860:Aymaran
3821:America
3663:Waikuri
3656:Tonkawa
3649:Timucua
3642:Takelma
3635:Siuslaw
3624:Kutenai
3608:Esselen
3571:Wintuan
3532:Shastan
3503:Na-Dene
3491:Maiduan
3428:Caddoan
3402:America
3356:Wagiman
3354:(incl.
3325:Tangkic
3265:Garawan
3238:Bunuban
3199:Tambora
3166:Maybrat
3134:Abinomn
3057:Teberan
3018:Pauwasi
3008:Mairasi
2976:Kiwaian
2856:Tambora
2842:Shompen
2824:Kusunda
2817:Kenaboi
2803:Elamite
2775:Siangic
2757:Kho-Bwa
2751:Hrusish
2669:Kra–Dai
2653:Japonic
2562:Eurasia
2537:Sandawe
2520:Bangime
2485:Songhay
2164:at the
2119:: 9–59.
1866:: 9–59.
1694:vulture
1679:opossum
1667:*unani
1639:*kumam
1584:*jete-
1536:sembrar
1483:clothes
1444:*jolo-
1258:urinate
1164:*kotan
1158:montaña
1133:raccoon
1022:*ts’ek
1002:hormiga
980:*pelek
977:brother
974:hermano
938:*juk’a
910:*sirik
854:*inani
741:*tajk-
727:*liwa-
721:comprar
697:*ts’aj
635:camarón
624:sandals
607:cabello
557:*tali-
509:ardilla
482:anciana
302:History
251:), and
249:Cabañas
237:Opatoro
219:Quelepa
61: ?
5563:Waroid
5419:Xincan
5360:Lencan
5323:Calusa
5316:Tunica
5193:Solano
5179:Naolan
5123:Tanoan
5037:Pomoan
4971:Coosan
4966:Alsean
4941:Molala
4901:Yokuts
4841:Siouan
4692:Pericú
4664:Cayuse
4272:BANZSL
4234:Yamana
4219:Trumai
4188:Movima
4142:Fulniô
4105:Aikanã
4019:Tupian
3914:Chonan
3838:Arauan
3776:Xincan
3728:Lencan
3681:Yokuts
3578:Yukian
3543:Tanoan
3538:Siouan
3521:Pomoan
3462:Coosan
3288:Mirndi
3181:Porome
3176:Pawaia
3030:Senagi
3002:Madang
2951:Eleman
2906:Border
2837:Nihali
2830:Minoan
2810:Hattic
2792:Basque
2763:Mijiic
2745:Digaro
2729:Uralic
2715:Turkic
2566:Europe
2423:Africa
2283:Xincan
2233:Lencan
1842:
1794:
1611:*lawa
1570:*lepa
1542:*isa-
1494:rostro
1486:*lam-
1458:*wara
1416:*sili
1338:piedra
1272:turkey
1255:orinar
1247:*eni-
1178:*lum-
1136:*wala
1122:*ajma
1088:lluvia
1048:jocote
1044:jocote
988:hígado
960:guacal
952:*pukV
946:grande
924:*sula
921:flower
876:espina
868:*ona-
820:diente
806:desear
779:chupar
768:coyote
765:coyote
757:*juku
735:cortar
677:cerrar
669:*t’aw
655:*k’in
649:camino
638:shrimp
621:caites
613:*asak
571:*soko
565:blanco
543:*twa-
529:*uli-
523:bailar
515:*suri
501:*katu
498:spider
365:, the
296:Xincan
288:Xincan
65:Lencan
22:Lencan
5625:Lenca
5572:Lists
5432:Huave
5366:Mayan
5242:Garza
5129:Keres
5095:Washo
5074:Karuk
5043:Yuman
5018:Hokan
4907:Utian
4860:Yuchi
4798:Mosan
4780:Yurok
4773:Wiyot
4764:Algic
4712:Aleut
4657:Bidai
4626:Haida
4488:Lenca
4229:Warao
4198:Nukak
4169:Kunza
4147:Guató
4136:Cofán
4116:Camsá
3909:Choco
3870:Boran
3819:South
3800:Huave
3735:Mayan
3686:Yuchi
3669:Washo
3619:Karuk
3614:Haida
3553:Utian
3485:Keres
3422:Alsea
3415:Algic
3400:North
3192:Taiap
3186:Sulka
3041:Sepik
2956:Engan
2697:Ongan
2680:Nivkh
2548:Shabo
2531:Jalaa
2525:Hadza
2479:Mande
2332:Hokan
2304:Huave
2239:Mayan
1697:*kus
1653:*po-
1647:venir
1608:three
1581:touch
1578:tocar
1556:*le-
1514:*ti-
1508:saber
1500:*tik
1472:*mal
1466:roble
1455:river
1441:laugh
1424:quién
1394:pulga
1372:*tem
1369:louse
1366:piojo
1341:stone
1310:perro
1283:peine
1275:*lok
1231:cloud
1192:*nep
1186:nariz
1172:mover
1144:milpa
1108:*kew
1102:macho
1080:*sak
1060:lavar
1016:hueso
991:liver
932:fuego
879:thorn
826:*nek
823:tooth
812:*saj
798:*aj-
792:decir
771:*sua
753:coyol
749:coyol
709:comal
705:comal
691:cinco
666:house
599:*sam
593:bueno
582:mouth
568:white
554:drink
551:beber
540:bathe
537:bañar
526:dance
495:araña
474:*was
471:water
454:abrir
346:from
195:, 7.
188:, 6.
181:, 5.
179:Xinca
177:, 4.
173:, 3.
169:, 2.
165:: 1.
5264:Gulf
5136:Zuni
5102:Yana
5088:Seri
4746:Eyak
4643:Adai
4503:Sumo
4498:Pech
4404:bold
4331:See
4267:Arab
4253:Sign
4204:Páez
4181:Maku
4175:Leco
3691:Zuni
3675:Yana
3629:Seri
3386:Tiwi
3206:Wiru
3171:Mpur
3161:Kuot
3144:Anêm
3139:Abun
3106:Yuat
3101:Yawa
3047:Skou
3024:Ramu
2875:and
2769:Miju
2591:Ainu
2571:Asia
2569:and
2542:Laal
2503:Kadu
2491:Ijaw
2454:Kx'a
1840:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1749:link
1650:come
1605:tres
1595:work
1528:*wi
1522:seis
1511:know
1497:face
1480:ropa
1438:reír
1397:flea
1352:piña
1344:*ke
1327:peak
1324:pico
1316:*su
1286:comb
1269:pavo
1244:hear
1228:nube
1206:*we
1200:niño
1189:nose
1175:move
1150:*ta
1119:corn
1116:maíz
1105:male
1094:*so
1091:rain
1074:leña
1063:wash
1036:*o-
1019:bone
935:fire
918:flor
907:star
896:*na
893:this
890:este
882:*ma
865:sick
840:*pe
809:want
782:suck
694:five
663:casa
652:path
610:hair
596:good
585:*in
579:boca
468:agua
292:ASJP
213:and
190:Maya
183:Maya
134:and
122:The
45:and
4607:of
3156:Kol
3150:Ata
3096:Yam
2961:Fas
2474:Tuu
2205:of
1832:doi
1688:89.
1672:88.
1658:87.
1644:86.
1633:uña
1630:85.
1616:84.
1602:83.
1589:82.
1575:81.
1561:80.
1547:79.
1539:sow
1533:78.
1525:six
1519:77.
1505:76.
1491:75.
1477:74.
1469:oak
1463:73.
1452:río
1449:72.
1435:71.
1427:who
1421:70.
1405:69.
1391:68.
1377:67.
1363:66.
1349:65.
1335:64.
1321:63.
1313:dog
1307:62.
1294:61.
1280:60.
1266:59.
1252:58.
1241:oír
1238:57.
1225:56.
1211:55.
1203:boy
1197:54.
1183:53.
1169:52.
1155:51.
1141:50.
1127:49.
1113:48.
1099:47.
1085:46.
1071:45.
1057:44.
1041:43.
1027:42.
1013:41.
1005:ant
999:40.
985:39.
971:38.
963:tub
957:37.
949:big
943:36.
929:35.
915:34.
901:33.
887:32.
873:31.
859:30.
845:29.
837:two
834:dos
831:28.
817:27.
803:26.
795:say
789:25.
776:24.
762:23.
746:22.
738:cut
732:21.
724:buy
718:20.
702:19.
688:18.
674:17.
660:16.
646:15.
632:14.
618:13.
604:12.
590:11.
576:10.
433:No.
100:len
5611::
3358:)?
2317:?)
2126:.
2117:23
2115:.
2022:.
1967:.
1941:^
1924:.
1912:^
1896:.
1864:23
1862:.
1838:,
1765:.
1745:}}
1741:{{
1726:.
1712:^
1661:yo
1619:tú
1217:we
1033:go
1030:ir
851:he
848:él
562:9.
548:8.
534:7.
520:6.
506:5.
492:4.
479:3.
465:2.
451:1.
398:,
334:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
4597:e
4590:t
4583:v
4440:e
4433:t
4426:v
4406:.
4316:?
4200:?
4159:?
4138:?
4107:?
4088:?
4082:?
4076:?
4070:?
4064:?
4058:?
4052:?
3321:?
3284:?
3247:?
3234:?
3201:?
3194:?
3188:?
3152:?
3146:?
3119:?
3113:?
2858:?
2844:?
2832:?
2819:?
2777:?
2771:?
2765:?
2759:?
2753:?
2747:?
2573:)
2564:(
2550:?
2544:?
2505:?
2499:?
2493:?
2487:?
2481:?
2470:?
2407:e
2400:t
2393:v
2313:(
2195:e
2188:t
2181:v
2168:.
2053:.
2033:.
2007:.
1992:.
1977:.
1952:.
1935:.
1906:.
1883:.
1834::
1800:.
1775:.
1751:)
1737:.
1664:I
199:.
81:†
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
