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1991:
2005:
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Several states had already enacted laws on the subject of electronic legal documents and signatures before the U.S. Congress had acted, including Utah, Washington, and
California to name only a few of the earliest. They vary considerably in intent, coverage, cryptographic understanding, and effect.
602:
in 2000 (P.L. 106-229 of 2000, 15 USCS sec. 7001) specifying that no court could thereafter fail to recognize a contract simply because it was digitally signed. The law is very permissive, making essentially any electronic character in a contract sufficient. It is also quite restrictive in that it
626:
To date, the variety (and inadequacy) of the definitions used for digital signatures (or electronic signatures) have produced a legal and contractual minefield for those who may be considering relying on the legality and enforceability of digitally signed contracts in any of many jurisdictions.
594:
is used. In modern times, authentication is no longer limited to the type of paper used, the specialized seal, stamps, etc., as document authentication software helps secure the original context. The use of electronic legal documents is most prominent in the United States' courts. Most
American
589:
can now be verified digitally using various software. All documents needing authentication can be processed as digital documents with all the necessary information such as date and time stamp imbedded. To prevent tampering or unauthorized changes to the original document,
595:
courts prefer the filing of electronic legal documents over paper. However, there is not yet a public law to unify the different standards of document authentication. Therefore, one must know the court's requirement before filing court papers.
603:
does not force the recognition of some document types in electronic form, no matter what the electronic character might be. No restriction is made to signatures which are adequately cryptographically tied to both the document text (see
627:
Adequate legislation adequately informed by cryptographic engineering technology remains an elusive goal. That it has been fully, or adequately, achieved (in any jurisdiction) is a claim which must be taken with considerable caution.
443:
that can be formally attributed to its author, records and formally expresses a legally enforceable act, process, or contractual duty, obligation, or right, and therefore evidences that act, process, or agreement. Examples include a
716:
611:
whose use should be restricted to certain persons (e.g., the alleged sender). There is thus a gap between what the cryptographic engineering can provide and what the law assumes is both possible and meaningful.
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With the onset of the
Internet and electronic equipment such as the personal computers and cell-phones, legal instruments or formal legal documents have undergone a progressive change of
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law). However, today many jurisdictions have done away with the requirement of documents being under seal in order to give them legal effect.
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Several other nations and international bodies have also enacted statutes and regulations regarding the validity and binding nature of
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A framework and infrastructure for assuring legal strength in digital interactions
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691:
Collaborative
International Dictionary of English v.0.44, s.v. "instrument"
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To address part of this concern, the United States
Congress enacted the
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BusinessDictionary.com, s.v. "instrument", retrieved 15 May 2009:
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1841:
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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2321:
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836:
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Electronic
Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act
477:
433:
41:
667:"Sample living trust masters business at kevinboone.com"
498:
to the document in evidence of its legal execution and
805:
3080:
2193:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
664:, s.v. "instrument", retrieved on 19 May 2009:
439:that is used for any formally executed written
2051:
821:
531:The examples and perspective in this article
513:
410:
2058:
2044:
828:
814:
417:
403:
569:Learn how and when to remove this message
2985:World Intellectual Property Organization
1973:History of the American legal profession
3081:
2990:World Intellectual Property Indicators
2514:Fictional pornography depicting minors
719:from the original on 14 September 2020
488:. Many legal instruments were written
2039:
809:
517:
2973:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
585:. In this electronic age, document
13:
502:(which often removed the need for
14:
3100:
957:Restitution and unjust enrichment
794:
3000:International copyright treaties
2004:
2003:
1989:
522:
1968:History of the legal profession
766:from the original on 2009-04-20
673:from the original on 2009-07-13
3062:List of international rankings
3036:Separation of church and state
2092:Candidacy for political office
778:
751:
703:
684:
654:
1:
647:
2386:Legality of assisted suicide
325:Declaration against interest
193:Self-authenticating document
7:
2519:Simulated child pornography
715:. Oxford University Press.
630:
545:, discuss the issue on the
494:by affixing a wax or paper
10:
3105:
2878:Legality of cryptocurrency
2215:Legal status of Mephedrone
1635:International legal theory
1114:International slavery laws
1109:International human rights
1104:International criminal law
514:Electronic legal documents
18:
3056:
3008:
2951:
2886:
2839:
2779:
2749:
2709:
2672:Censorship of LGBT issues
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2429:
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2220:Legal status of Methylone
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1983:
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1688:Administration of justice
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1254:
975:
843:
203:Hague Evidence Convention
92:Eyewitness identification
2854:Mergers and acquisitions
2722:Children in the military
2376:Law enforcement killings
1465:Basic structure doctrine
1315:Natural and legal rights
1196:Public international law
700:retrieved on 19 May 2009
642:Legal document assistant
330:Present sense impression
140:Public policy exclusions
19:Not to be confused with
2980:Antarctic Treaty System
2694:Video gaming censorship
2643:Cartographic censorship
2102:Criminal responsibility
1645:Principle of typicality
1119:International trade law
835:
785:Barron's Law Dictionary
760:"Instrument definition"
3026:National legal systems
2593:International adoption
2371:Legality of euthanasia
607:) and to a particular
480:passed by a competent
107:Consciousness of guilt
16:Type of legal document
3048:World Justice Project
2682:Television censorship
2626:Censorship by country
2474:Size of police forces
1640:Principle of legality
1399:Delegated legislation
1099:Intellectual property
256:Recorded recollection
2963:International waters
2677:Political censorship
2526:Internet pornography
2225:Legal status of MPDV
2139:Mandatory retirement
1858:Barristers' chambers
1800:Legal representation
1738:Justice of the peace
1084:Financial regulation
787:, s.v. "instrument".
551:create a new article
543:improve this article
290:in United States law
21:Statutory instrument
2894:Corporal punishment
2871:Corporate liability
2751:Freedom of movement
2660:Internet censorship
2581:Minors and abortion
2381:Legality of suicide
2334:Psilocybin mushroom
2203:Alcohol consumption
1893:Election commission
1605:Expressive function
1134:Landlord–tenant law
1033:Consumer protection
476:or process, or any
130:Laying a foundation
2548:Child sexual abuse
2067:Lists of countries
1851:Legal institutions
1718:Lawsuit/Litigation
1708:Dispute resolution
1513:Catholic canon law
1221:State of emergency
1184:Will and testament
908:Law of obligations
861:Constitutional law
851:Administrative law
696:2016-03-17 at the
621:digital signatures
386:trusts and estates
266:Dead Man's Statute
231:Direct examination
188:Best evidence rule
3076:
3075:
2995:Foreign ownership
2739:Human trafficking
2734:Same-sex marriage
2717:Children's rights
2509:Child pornography
2447:Life imprisonment
2033:
2032:
1693:Constitutionalism
1615:Law and economics
1453:Act of parliament
1191:Product liability
1144:Legal archaeology
1069:Environmental law
1063:Entertainment law
903:International law
583:dematerialisation
579:
578:
571:
553:, as appropriate.
486:international law
427:
426:
347:Implied assertion
310:Dying declaration
305:Excited utterance
251:Proffer agreement
236:Cross-examination
49:Types of evidence
25:Hybrid instrument
3096:
3067:Lists by country
2921:Police brutality
2346:Salvia divinorum
2264:Amanita mushroom
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2008:
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1817:Question of fact
1698:Criminal justice
1028:Construction law
1023:Conflict of laws
988:Agricultural law
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660:"Law Glossary",
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482:legislative body
430:Legal instrument
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342:Learned treatise
320:Ancient document
300:Business records
198:Ancient document
178:Chain of custody
30:
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3089:Legal documents
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3021:Immigration law
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2729:Intersex rights
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2648:Film censorship
2631:Book censorship
2614:
2564:
2538:Sex trafficking
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2244:Methamphetamine
2185:
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2080:
2075:law enforcement
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2002:
1988:
1979:
1956:
1947:Political party
1920:Legal education
1908:Law enforcement
1888:Court of equity
1846:
1822:Question of law
1775:Practice of law
1755:Judicial review
1669:
1620:Legal formalism
1600:Comparative law
1595:Contract theory
1578:
1498:Legal pluralism
1469:
1458:Act of Congress
1382:Executive order
1348:
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1169:Nationality law
1094:Immigration law
1018:Competition law
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484:in domestic or
466:legislative act
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315:Party admission
183:Judicial notice
125:Burden of proof
67:Real (physical)
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1996:Law portal
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1339:Legal treatise
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1305:Letters patent
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1256:Sources of law
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2576:Abortion law
2569:Reproduction
2533:Prostitution
2303:Lifetime use
2022:
2015:
2001:
1987:
1760:Jurisdiction
1728:Legal remedy
1683:Adjudication
1583:Legal theory
1421:Ratification
1416:Promulgation
1387:Proclamation
1367:Codification
1300:Human rights
1288:Divine right
1278:Constitution
1246:Women in law
1164:Military law
1159:Marriage law
1154:Maritime law
1053:Election law
993:Aviation law
983:Abortion law
935:Property law
871:Criminal law
784:
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768:. Retrieved
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675:. Retrieved
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637:Legal coding
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500:authenticity
490:
470:notarial act
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391:Criminal law
334:
160:Similar fact
40:Part of the
2931:Alcohol law
2916:LGBT rights
2849:Competition
2786:environment
2504:Pornography
2232:Cocaine use
1932:Legislature
1863:Bureaucracy
1660:Rule of man
1655:Rule of law
1630:Libertarian
1493:Chinese law
1394:Legislation
1344:Regulations
1332:Law reports
1310:Natural law
1206:Reparations
1201:Refugee law
1124:Jurimetrics
1065:(Media law)
1003:Banking law
998:Amnesty law
976:Disciplines
913:Private law
741:|work=
446:certificate
437:term of art
295:Confessions
246:Impeachment
135:Materiality
82:Inculpatory
77:Exculpatory
62:Documentary
2764:In the air
2759:By country
2699:by country
2687:by country
2665:by country
2653:by country
2636:by country
2619:Censorship
2560:Sodomy law
2430:Punishment
2411:Households
2298:Annual use
2256:Opiate use
2210:Bath salts
2184:Drugs and
2134:Retirement
1925:Law school
1805:Prosecutor
1743:Magistrate
1530:Jewish law
1488:Common law
1409:Rulemaking
1404:Regulation
1354:Law making
1293:Divine law
1269:Legal code
1216:Sports law
1139:Law of war
1089:Health law
1074:Family law
1058:Energy law
1008:Bankruptcy
945:Punishment
940:Public law
770:2009-05-19
712:Instrument
677:2009-05-19
662:The K-Zone
648:References
592:encryption
491:under seal
357:common law
336:Res gestae
221:Competence
145:Spoliation
2955:ownership
2904:At school
2866:Corporate
2610:Surrogacy
2484:Obscenity
2421:Ownership
2276:Ayahuasca
2151:in the US
2127:in the US
1903:Judiciary
1898:Executive
1873:The bench
1810:Solicitor
1785:Barrister
1665:Sociology
1650:Pseudolaw
1590:Anarchist
1547:Roman law
1535:Parsi law
1520:Hindu law
1508:Canon law
1483:Civil law
1436:Concordat
1327:Precedent
1236:Trust law
1211:Space law
1048:Drugs law
918:Procedure
856:Civil law
743:ignored (
733:cite book
547:talk page
226:Privilege
212:Witnesses
150:Character
116:Relevance
57:Testimony
3083:Category
2909:In court
2887:Violence
2859:Monopoly
2841:Business
2819:Mortgage
2809:Minerals
2781:Property
2457:Policing
2351:Legality
2339:Legality
2327:Legality
2315:Legality
2310:Ibogaine
2293:Legality
2288:Cannabis
2281:Legality
2269:Legality
2249:Legality
2237:Legality
2163:Suffrage
2122:Marriage
2117:Majority
2107:Drinking
2078:rankings
2010:Category
1952:Tribunal
1937:Military
1780:Attorney
1750:Judgment
1610:Feminist
1525:Jain law
1322:Case law
1043:Cyberlaw
950:Corporal
928:Criminal
898:Evidence
888:Doctrine
866:Contract
764:Archived
723:26 April
717:Archived
694:Archived
671:Archived
631:See also
541:You may
508:contract
472:, court
458:contract
441:document
377:Property
367:Contract
241:Redirect
34:Evidence
2943:Slavery
2926:Smoking
2899:At home
2198:Alcohol
2186:alcohol
2175:Working
2112:Driving
2097:Consent
2024:Outline
1961:History
1868:The bar
1842:Verdict
1790:Counsel
1770:Justice
1625:History
1448:Statute
1264:Charter
1226:Tax law
1174:Probate
275:Hearsay
72:Digital
3041:Sharia
2938:Murder
2814:Mining
2799:Estate
2492:Incest
2406:Deaths
2158:Voting
2085:Age of
1942:Police
1913:Agency
1795:Lawyer
1540:Sharia
1431:Treaty
1426:Repeal
1372:Decree
1283:Custom
1179:Estate
1129:Labour
893:Equity
355:Other
44:series
3009:Other
2824:Water
2771:Abode
2364:Death
2017:Index
1883:Court
1827:Trial
1733:Judge
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1377:Edict
923:Civil
876:Crime
549:, or
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382:Wills
359:areas
155:Habit
2804:Land
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2497:Laws
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2398:Guns
2073:and
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1765:Jury
1713:Fiqh
1569:Xeer
967:Tort
883:Deed
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102:Lies
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609:key
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23:or
3085::
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735:}}
731:{{
669:.
623:.
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
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384:,
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
829:e
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775:.
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27:.
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