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reaction formation, compensation, and isolation, are associated with glucose metabolization in the right hemisphere. It has also been found that grey matter volume of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex correlates with scores on measures of
Machiavellian intelligence, while volume of the right medial orbitofrontal cortex correlates with scores on measures of social comprehension and declarative episodic memory. These studies illustrate the role of the left prefrontal cortex in exerting control over one's environment in contrast to the role of the right prefrontal cortex in inhibition and self-evaluation.
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The typical fMRI experiments have a "block mode", in which specific behavioral tasks are arranged into blocks and are performed over a period of time. The fMRI responses from the blocks are then compared. In fMRI studies by
Koutstaal the level of sensitivity of the right visual cortex with respect to
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The checks and balances provided by the right brain hemisphere may thus avoid scenarios that eventually lead to delusion via the continued construction of biased explanations. In 2002 Gazzaniga stated that the three decades of research in the field had taught him that the left hemisphere is far more
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In performing the initial experiments, Gazzaniga and his colleagues observed what happened when the left and right hemispheres in the split brains of patients were unable to communicate with each other. In these experiments when patients were shown an image within the right visual field (which maps
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that rather than learning one model of an object (or concept), the brain builds many models of each object. Each model is built using different inputs, whether from slightly different parts of the sensor (such as different fingers on your hand) or from different sensors altogether (eyes vs. skin).
167:
Studies on the neurological basis of different defense mechanisms have revealed that the use of immature defense mechanisms, such as denial, projection, and fantasy, is tied to glucose metabolization in the left prefrontal cortex, while more mature defense mechanisms, such as intellectualization,
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Since the initial discovery, a number of more detailed experiments have been performed to further clarify how the left brain "interprets" new information to assimilate and justify it. These experiments have included the projection of specific images, ranging from facial expressions to carefully
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and its right-hemisphere analogue was the "bicameral" structure. This structure resulted in voices/images that represented mostly warning and survival instruction, originating from the right brain, and interpreted by the left brain as non-self communication to the self. The breakdown of this
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However, the facile explanations provided by the left-brain interpreter may also enhance the opinion of a person about themselves and produce strong biases which prevent the person from seeing themselves in the light of reality and repeating patterns of behavior which led to past failures. The
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Many of the studies and experiments build on the initial approach of
Gazzaniga in which the right hemisphere is instructed to do things that the left hemisphere is unaware of, e.g. by providing the instructions within the visual field that is only accessible to the right brain. The left-brain
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Nestor, P. G., Nakamura, M., Niznikiewicz, M., Thompson, E., Levitt, J. J., Choate, V., ... & McCarley, R. W. (2013). In search of the functional neuroanatomy of sociality: MRI subdivisions of orbital frontal cortex and social cognition. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 8(4),
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The drive to seek explanations and provide interpretations is a general human trait, and the left-brain interpreter can be seen as the glue that attempts to hold the story together, in order to provide a sense of coherence to the mind. In reconciling the past and the present, the left-brain
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Michael
Gazzaniga, while working on the model of left-brain interpreter, came to the conclusion that simple right-brain/left-brain model of the mind is a gross oversimplification and the brain is organized into hundreds, maybe even thousands, of modular-processing systems.
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to the left brain hemisphere), an explanation of what was seen could be provided. However, when the image was only presented to the left visual field (which maps to the right brain hemisphere) the patients stated that they didn't see anything.
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in order to make sense of the world by reconciling new information with what was known before. The left-brain interpreter attempts to rationalize, reason and generalize new information it receives in order to relate the past to the present.
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However, when asked to point to objects similar to the image, the patients succeeded. Gazzaniga interpreted this by postulating that although the right brain could see the image it could not generate a verbal response to describe it.
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interpreter may confer a sense of comfort to a person, by providing a feeling of consistency and continuity in the world. This may in turn produce feelings of security that the person knows how "things will turn out" in the future.
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the single exposure of an object (e.g. a table) on two occasions was measured against the display of two distinct tables at once. This contrasted with the left hemisphere's lower level of sensitivity to variations.
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leaves patients inclined to accept conclusions that are absurd but based on strictly-true logic. After electroconvulsive therapy to the left hemisphere the same absurd conclusions are indignantly rejected.
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Northoff, G. (2010). Region-based approach versus mechanism-based approach to the brain. Neuropsychoanalysis: An
Interdisciplinary Journal for Psychoanalysis and the Neurosciences, 12(2), 167-170.
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explanations generated by the left-brain interpreter may be balanced by right brain systems which follow the constraints of reality to a closer degree. The suppression of the right hemisphere by
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Although the concept of the left-brain interpreter was initially based on experiments on patients with split brains, it has since been shown to apply to the everyday behavior of people at large.
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Deglin, V. L., & Kinsbourne, M. (1996). Divergent thinking styles of the hemispheres: How syllogisms are solved during transitory hemisphere suppression. Brain and cognition, 31(3), 285-307.
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The models vote together to reach a consensus on what they are sensing, and the consensus vote is what we perceive. It’s as if your brain is actually thousands of brains working simultaneously.
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described neodissociationist theory which claims that a “hidden observer” is created in the mind while hypnosis is taking place and this “hidden observer” has his own separate consciousness.
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Similar models (which also claim that mind is formed from many little agents, i.e. the brain is made up of a constellation of independent or semi-independent agents) were also described by:
59:
that applies to "explanation generation" rather than other lateralized activities. Although the concept of the left-brain interpreter was initially based on experiments on patients with
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A hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex has been developed in which different regions are categorized according to different "levels" of explanation. The left
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machine in which huge numbers of neuroclusters process information independently from each other. The neurocluster which most of the time has the access to
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interpreter will nonetheless construct a contrived explanation for the action, unaware of the instruction the right brain had received.
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270:. George Ivanovich Gurdjieff described the model similar to Michael Gazzaniga's using the analogy in which the man is compared to a
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bicameral mentality — brought about by changes mainly from cultural forces — resulted in what we term consciousness.
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Thomas R. Blakeslee described the brain model similar to
Michael Gazzaniga's. Thomas R. Blakeslee renamed Michael Gazzaniga's
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inventive in interpreting facts than the right hemisphere's more truthful, literal approach to information management.
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edited by
Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, Kathleen Baynes, George R. Mangun, and Elizabeth A. Phelps; The MIT Press; 2010;
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edited by
Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, Kathleen Baynes, George R. Mangun, and Elizabeth A. Phelps; The MIT Press; 2010;
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theory (which relies heavily on
Gazzaniga's research on split-brain patients), where the communication between
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138:. The subjective evaluation of different internally generated explanations is then performed by the
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203:(i.e. neurocluster which most of the time acts upon an environment using actuators) is called the
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Trevarthen, C. (1994). "Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994)". Trends in
Neurosciences 17 (10): 402–404.
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Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action (expanded edition)
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generate causal inferences and explanations of events, which are then evaluated by the
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described the brain model similar to Michael Gazzaniga's using the analogy of
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man has no single, big I; man is divided into a multiplicity of small I’s
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The cognitive neuroscience of mind: a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga
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The cognitive neuroscience of mind: a tribute to Michael S. Gazzaniga
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Divided consciousness: multiple controls in human thought and action
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Neurosociology: The Nexus Between Neuroscience and Social Psychology
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Handbook of Neuropsychology: Introduction (Section 1) and Attention
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George Ivanovich Gurdjieff in year 1915 taught his students that
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Cognitive Neuroscience. The Biology of the Mind. Fourth Edition
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In Search of the Miraculous. Fragments of an Unknown Teaching
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Beyond the Conscious Mind. Unlocking the Secrets of the Self
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The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers
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Neurocluster Brain Model describes the brain as a massively
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Evolution of Consciousness: The Origins of the Way We Think
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in Medicine for his contributions to split-brain research.
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47:. It refers to the construction of explanations by the
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The Social Brain. Discovering the Networks of the Mind
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The Social Brain. Discovering the Networks of the Mind
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861:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
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55:Left-brain interpretation is a case of the
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211:is equivalent to Michael Gazzaniga's term
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539:by Jan E. Stets, Jonathan H. Turner 2007
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813:"Official Neurocluster Brain Model site"
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272:house which has a multitude of servants
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305:Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence
172:Further development and similar models
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39:concept developed by the psychologist
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537:Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions
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146:Reconciling the past with the present
79:patients during the early 1970s with
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255:the mind is a squadron of simpletons
71:The concept was first introduced by
108:constructed word combinations, and
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85:California Institute of Technology
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57:lateralization of brain function
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136:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
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652:by Michael S. Gazzaniga 2004
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225:in which Michael Gazzaniga's
110:functional magnetic resonance
128:lateral orbitofrontal cortex
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650:The cognitive neurosciences
485:by Daniel L. Schacter 2002
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628:297 (1998), pp. 51–55. 37
16:Neuropsychological concept
622:The split brain revisited
157:electroconvulsive therapy
751:. Basic Books. pp.
594:Understanding psychology
452:by David D. Franks 2010
425:. Basic Books. pp.
274:and Michael Gazzaniga's
231:CEO of large corporation
853:Minsky, Marvin (1986).
43:and the neuroscientist
839:The Future of the Mind
280:master of the servants
33:left-brain interpreter
28:
971:(1992). "Chapter 3".
787:. Springer. pp.
354:Divided consciousness
49:left brain hemisphere
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41:Michael S. Gazzaniga
947:. New York: Wiley.
919:. New York: Wiley.
857:The Society of Mind
729:. pp. 132–161.
727:The Integrated Mind
626:Scientific American
620:Michael Gazzaniga,
364:Bicameral mentality
25:cerebral hemisphere
741:Gazzaniga, Michael
719:Gazzaniga, Michael
634:2018-12-15 at the
415:Gazzaniga, Michael
389:Gazzaniga, Michael
349:Dual consciousness
276:interpreter module
251:Robert E. Ornstein
227:interpreter module
213:interpreter module
197:parallel computing
186:interpreter module
37:neuropsychological
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975:. pp. 72–83.
969:Ouspenskii, Pyotr
926:978-0-471-39602-4
798:978-0-306-45262-8
777:Blakeslee, Thomas
762:978-0-465-07850-9
436:978-0-465-07850-9
341:Psychology portal
327:Philosophy portal
278:is equivalent to
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207:. The term
190:self module
103:Experiments
89:Nobel Prize
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987:Categories
375:References
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493:page 159
201:actuators
188:into the
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943:(1986).
915:(1977).
889:(1992).
836:(2014).
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