Lech Wałęsa - Knowledge

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by people who were viewed by the public as incompetent and disreputable. Mudslinging during election campaigns tarnished his reputation. Some thought Wałęsa, an ex-electrician with no higher education, was too plain-spoken and too undignified for the post of president. Others thought him too erratic in his views or complained he was too authoritarian and that he sought to strengthen his own power at the expense of the Sejm. Wałęsa's national security advisor Jacek Merkel credited the shortcomings of Wałęsa's presidency to his inability to comprehend the office of the president as an institution. He was an effective union leader capable of articulating what the workers felt but as president he had difficulty delegating power or navigating bureaucracy. Wałęsa's problems were compounded by the difficult transition to a market economy; in the long run it was seen as highly successful but it lost Wałęsa's government much popular support.

954: 626: 40: 942:—twin brothers who had been prominent in Solidarity and were now serving as the country's president and prime minister, respectively. The main point of disagreement was the Kaczyńskis' focus on rooting out those who had been involved in Communist rule and their party's attempt to make public all the files of the former Communist secret police. Until then only members of the government and parliament had to declare any connection with the former security services. Wałęsa and his supporters argued the so-called transparency legislation advocated by the government might turn into a witch hunt and the more than 500,000 Poles who had possibly collaborated with the Communist secret police could face exposure. 579: 874: 1323:

2016, Wałęsa called the files "lies, slander and forgeries", and said he "never took money and never made any spoken or written report on anyone". He said of the Polish public, which was about to believe in the allegations, "you have betrayed me, not me you", and "it was I who safely led Poland to a complete victory over communism". On 20 February 2016, Wałęsa wrote in his blog that a secret police officer had begged him to sign the financial documents in the 1970s because the officer had lost money entrusted to him to purchase a vehicle. Wałęsa appealed to the officer to step forward and clear him of the accusations.

1392: 13291: 13095: 12968: 13445: 1989: 6120: 1134:, started the process of screening people suspected of being Communist collaborators in Poland. In June that year, he helped Antoni Macierewicz prepare a list of 64 members of the government and parliament who were named as spies in the police records; these included Wałęsa, then the Polish president. Wałęsa's name was included on the list after a wrenching internal debate about the virtues of honesty versus political discretion. In response to the publication of this list, President Wałęsa immediately engineered the fall of prime minister 1652: 1231: 551: 270: 6233: 15212: 946: 1127:, testified against him in the closed vetting trial. Naimski, who said he testified with a "heavy heart", expressed his disappointment that Wałęsa "made a mistake by not going openly to the public, and he has missed an important chance". According to Naimski, the court cleared Wałęsa on "technical grounds" because it did not find certain original documents—many of which had been destroyed since 1989—that offered sufficient proof that Wałęsa was lying. 6221: 6209: 997:'s decision to rename Walesa Street as a result of those remarks, Wałęsa apologized for his comments, stressing that "being a man of old date, in his view one's sexual orientation should lie in one's intimate sphere". He said that "his intentions were distorted by the media" and "homosexuality should be respected". Over the following years, Wałęsa's views shifted, and he has voiced his support for the introduction of 1206:

agency, Wałęsa, Interior Minister Andrzej Milczanowski, and other members of Wałęsa's administration had borrowed from the archives the secret police files that had connections to Wałęsa, and returned them with key pages removed. When it was discovered at the turn of 1995/96, the following prosecutorial inquiry was discontinued for political reasons despite the case attracting much public attention.

865:(SLD). Wałęsa's fate was sealed by his poor handling of the media; in televised debates he appeared incoherent and rude; in response to Kwaśniewski's extended hand at the end of the first of the two debates, he replied that the post-Communist leader could "shake his leg". After the election, Wałęsa said he was going into "political retirement" and his role in politics became increasingly marginal. 1142:

Despite helping Wałęsa in 2005 to receive the official status of a "victim of communist regime" from the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), this court ruling did not convince many Poles. In November 2009, Wałęsa sued the president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, over his repeated collaboration allegations. Five months later, Kaczyński failed to invite Wałęsa to the commemoration service at

6197: 1193:, was a secret police informant from 1970 (after being released from jail) until 1976 (before he was fired from the shipyard). According to the authors, "he wrote reports and informed on more than 20 people and some of them were persecuted by the Communist police. He identified people and eavesdropped on his colleagues at work while they were listening to 642:

government. Jaruzelski informed Wałęsa of the coming war games of the Warsaw Pact from 16 to 25 March, hoping he could help maintain the social order and avoid anti-Soviet remarks. Jaruzelski also reminded Wałęsa that Solidarity had used foreign funds. Wałęsa joked "We don't have to take only dollars. We can take corn, fertilizer, anything is okay. I told

680:), the first overt legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law. From 1987 to 1990, he organized and led the semi-illegal Provisional Executive Committee of the Solidarity Trade Union. In mid-1988, he instigated work-stoppage strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard. He was frequently hauled in for interrogations by the Polish secret police, the 1210:

believe the official media and dismissed the allegations as a manipulation by the Communist authorities. The book's first print run sold out in Poland within hours. The book received substantial coverage in the media, provoked nationwide debate, and was noted by the international press. Wałęsa vowed to sue the authors but never did.

602:). On 14 August 1980, another rise in food prices led to a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, of which Wałęsa was one of the instigators. Wałęsa climbed over the shipyard fence and quickly became one of the strike leaders. The strike inspired other similar strikes in Gdańsk, which then spread across Poland. Wałęsa headed the 1621:) is involved in the anti-Communist labor movement. Tomczyk is clearly portrayed as a parallel to Wałęsa, who appears as himself in the movie. The film was made during the brief relaxation of censorship in Poland between the formation of Solidarity in August 1980 and its suppression in December 1981. Waida was awarded both the 1024:, said: "watching the refugees on television, I noticed that ... they are well fed, well dressed and maybe even are richer than we are ... If Europe opens its gates, soon millions will come through and while living among us will start exercising their own customs, including beheading". In August 2017, ten 719:. Wałęsa was one of Solidarity's most public figures; he was an active campaigner, appearing on many campaign posters, but did not run for parliament himself. Solidarity winners in the Sejm elections were referred to as "Wałęsa's team" or "Lech's team" because they had all appeared on their election posters with Wałęsa. 5119: 1303:

removed the papers, now casting suspicion on me." Wałęsa's interior minister Andrzej Milczanowski denied the cover-up and said he "had full legal rights to make those documents available to President Wałęsa" and that "no original documents were removed from the file", which contained only photocopies.

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unions, strikes, and a campaign to commemorate the victims of the 1970 protests. Afterwards, he worked as an electrician for several other companies but his activism led to him continually being laid off and he was jobless for long periods. Wałęsa and his family were under constant surveillance by the

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intended to produce a "major" movie about Wałęsa, to be made in 1990 and released in 1991. The company paid Wałęsa a $ 1 million fee for the rights to produce a biopic. Although the movie was never made, this payment sparked controversy in Poland when five years later it emerged that Wałęsa concealed

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On 16 February 2016, about three months after Kiszczak's death, his widow Maria approached the Institute of National Remembrance and offered to sell the documents to the archives for 90,000 zlotys ($ 23,000). However, according to Polish law, all documents of the political police must be handed in to

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A 1997 Polish law made vetting a requirement for those seeking high public office. According to the law, it is not a crime to have collaborated, but those who deny it and are found to have lied are banned from political life for ten years. The 2000 presidential election was the first use of this law.

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Wałęsa has been criticized for a confrontational style and for instigating "war at the top", whereby former Solidarity allies clashed with one another, causing annual changes of government. This increasingly isolated Wałęsa on the political scene. As he lost political allies, he came to be surrounded

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for three hours. During the meeting, Jaruzelski and Wałęsa agreed that mutual trust was necessary if the problems of Poland were to be solved. Wałęsa said "It's not the case that the name of socialism is bad. Only some people spoiled the name of socialism". He also complained about and criticized the

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and dismissed the incriminating files as forgeries created by the Security Service to compromise him. Wałęsa also denies that during his presidency he removed documents incriminating him from the archives. Until 2008, he denied having ever seen his Security Service file. After the publication of the

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by Pawel Zyzak), Wałęsa threatened to leave Poland if historians continue to question his past. He said that before revealing such information "a historian must decide whether this serves Poland". After the accusations against him resurfaced with the discovery of the Kiszczak dossier on 16 February

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and he was considered for the position of chairman of the strike committee. The strikes' outcome, which involved the deaths of over 30 workers, galvanized Wałęsa's views on the need for change. In June 1976, Wałęsa lost his job at the Gdańsk Shipyard because of his continued involvement in illegal

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The authors also claim that during his 1990–1995 presidency, Wałęsa used his office to destroy the evidence of his collaboration with the secret police by removing incriminating documents from the archives. According to the book, historians discovered that with the help of the state intelligence

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that lasted from February to April 1989. Wałęsa was an informal leader of the non-governmental side in the negotiations. During the talks, he traveled throughout Poland giving speeches in support of the negotiations. At the end of the talks, the government signed an agreement to re-establish the

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Free Trade Union, and Wałęsa was chosen as chairman of the committee. The Solidarity trade union quickly grew, ultimately claiming over 10 million members—more than a quarter of Poland's population. Wałęsa's role in the strike, in the negotiations, and in the newly formed independent trade union

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Sławomir Cenckiewicz also said that in 1983, when Wałęsa was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, the secret police tried to embarrass him and leaked information about Wałęsa's previous collaboration with the government. By this time though, Wałęsa was already so popular that most Poles did not

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in 2008, he said that while he was president "I did borrow the file, but didn't remove anything from it. I saw there were some documents there about me and that they were clearly forgeries. I told my secretaries to tape up and seal the file. I wrote 'don't open' on it. But someone didn't obey,

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as remuneration for his services from the Security Service, while the monthly salary at the time was about 3,500 zlotys. The authors said oppositionist activity in Poland in the first half of 1970s was minimal and Wałęsa's role in it was quite marginal. However, according to the book, despite

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After Bolesław's death, Feliksa remarried her brother-in-law, Stanisław Wałęsa (1917–1981), a farmer. Lech had three elder full siblings; Izabela (1935–2012), Edward (born 1937) and Stanisław (born 1940); and three younger half-brothers; Tadeusz (born 1945), Zygmunt (born 1948) and Wojciech

1009:: he told CNN, "When he was elected there was great hope in the world. We were hoping that Obama would reclaim moral leadership for America, but that failed ... in terms of politics and morality America no longer leads the world". Wałęsa also accused Obama of not deserving his 1335:, who worked at a flower shop near the Lenin Shipyard where Wałęsa worked. Soon after they married, she began using her middle name more often than her first name, as per Lech's request. The couple had eight children; Bogdan (born 1970), Sławomir (born 1972), Przemysław (1974–2017), 1267:

eagerly provided information on the opinions and actions of his co-workers and took money for the information, but his enthusiasm diminished and the quality of his information decreased until he was deemed no longer valuable and collaboration with him was terminated in 1976.

1311:, Wałęsa said, "It is also the truth that I had not left that clash completely pure. They gave me a condition: sign! And then I signed." He denied he acted upon the collaboration agreement. However, in his later years Wałęsa said all the documents are forgeries and told the 722:

While ostensibly only chairman of Solidarity, Wałęsa played a key role in practical politics. In August 1989, he persuaded leaders of parties formerly allied with the Communist party to form a non-Communist coalition government—the first non-Communist government in the

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Wałęsa has offered conflicting statements regarding the authenticity of the documents. Initially he appeared to come close to an admission, saying in 1992, "in December 1970, I signed three or four documents" to escape from the secret police. In his 1987 autobiography

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the state. The administration of the institute notified the prosecutor's office, which conducted a police search of the Kiszczaks' house and seized all the historic documents. Maria Kiszczak later said she had not read her husband's letter and had "made a mistake".

1277:) about the accompanying files documenting the collaboration of Wałęsa with the Polish Security Service and asks him not to publish this information until five years after Wałęsa's death. In his letter, Kiszczak said he kept the documents out of reach: before the 614:) with the Strike Coordinating Committee. The agreement granted the Lenin Shipyard workers the right to strike and permitted them to form an independent trade union. The Strike Coordinating Committee legalized itself as the National Coordinating Committee of the 1222:

informant. The documents dated from the period 1970–1976; they were seized from the home of a recently deceased former interior minister, General Czesław Kiszczak. The documents' authenticity was confirmed by an archival expert, but the prosecutors demanded a

993:, he argued that, considering that as they represent less than one percent of the Polish society, proportionally speaking, homosexual MPs should sit "in the last row of the parliament, or even behind its walls". After sharp international criticism, including 1257:

with a pledge he would never admit his collaboration with secret police "not even to family"; the file also contains the confirmations of having received funds. The second is a "work file" which contains 279 pages of documents, including numerous reports by

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on his co-workers at Gdańsk Shipyard, and notes by Security Service officers from meetings with him. According to one note, Wałęsa agreed to collaborate out of fear of persecution after the workers' protest in 1970. The documents also show that at first

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Solidarity Trade Union and to organize semi-free elections to the Polish parliament; in accordance with the Round Table Agreement, only members of the Communist party and its allies could stand for 65 percent of the seats in the lower house, the

1589:) from 1970 to 1989. It shows Wałęsa's change from a shipyard worker into a charismatic labor leader. The film was shot in the historical locations of the depicted events, including the former Lenin Shipyard. It won three awards, including 16113: 893:. Wałęsa developed a portfolio of three lectures ("The Impact of an Expanded NATO on Global Security", "Democracy: The Never-Ending Battle" and "Solidarity: The New Millennium"), and reads them at universities and public events with an 488:

before Lech was born. Bolesław returned home after the war but died two months later from exhaustion and illness. Lech's mother, Feliksa Wałęsa (née Kamieńska; 1915–1976), has been credited with shaping her son's beliefs and tenacity.

4728: 1227:. Eventually, the requested examination concluded that the documents were authentic, which suggest he was a paid informant. Wałęsa previously said that he had signed a commitment to inform document, but that he had never acted on it. 768:, defeating Prime Minister Mazowiecki and other candidates to become Poland's first freely elected head of state in 63 years, and the first non-Communist head of state in 45 years. In 1993, he founded his own political party, the 5208: 3784: 1545: 755:

Following the June 1989 parliamentary elections, Wałęsa was disappointed that some of his former fellow campaigners were satisfied to govern alongside former Communists. He decided to run for the newly re-established office of

5246: 1990: 291: 1186:, and included documents from the archives of the secret police that were inherited by the institute. Among the documents were registration cards, memos, notes from the secret police, and reports from the informant. 1099:(INR), stated that signatures on several documents from the 1970s belonged to Wałęsa. The exact nature of Wałęsa's relationship with Security Service continues to be a source of scholarly debate among historians. 4612: 1163: 16093: 13245: 13049: 12927: 1004:

In 2013, Wałęsa suggested the creation of a political union between Poland and Germany. In 2014, in a widely publicized interview, Wałęsa expressed his disappointment in another Nobel laureate, US president

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with a mission "to popularize the achievements of Polish Solidarity, educate young generations, promote democracy, and build civil society in Poland and around the world". In 1997, he founded a new party,

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writes that Wałęsa, while vehemently denying being a regular Security Service informer, admitted that he had "signed something" under interrogation in the 1970s. In 2008, a book written by historians

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After losing the 1995 election, Wałęsa announced he would return to work as an electrician at the Gdańsk Shipyard. Soon afterwards, he changed his mind and chose to travel around the world on a

665:; eastern towns near the Soviet border. On 8 October 1982, Solidarity was outlawed. In 1983, Wałęsa applied to return to the Gdańsk Shipyard as an electrician. The same year, he was awarded the 16208: 1150:, killing all on board. In August 2010, Wałęsa lost a libel case against Krzysztof Wyszkowski, his former fellow activist, who also publicly accused Wałęsa of being a Communist agent in 1970s. 1281:, trying to protect Wałęsa's reputation; and afterwards to make sure they did not disappear or were used for political reasons. This letter and the accompanying documents had never been sent. 289: 5295: 4736: 1197:

for example". The book describes the fate of seven of his alleged victims; information regarding others was destroyed or stolen from the files. According to them, Wałęsa received over 13,000

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Court of charges that he collaborated with the Communist-era secret services and reported on the activities of his fellow shipyard workers, due to the lack of evidence. Anti-Communists

13181: 4246: 3917: 13238: 13042: 12920: 8808: 5235: 4786: 1339:(born 1976), Magdalena (born 1979), Anna (born 1980), Maria-Wiktoria (born 1982), and Brygida (born 1985). As of 2016, Anna is running her father's office in Gdańsk and Jarosław is a 684:, during the 1980s. On many of these occasions, Danuta—who was even more anti-Communist than her husband—was known to openly taunt Security Service agents when they picked Lech up. 11960: 7014: 290: 676:

bore his motto, "Solidarity will not be divided or destroyed". Following a 1986 amnesty for Solidarity activists, Wałęsa co-founded the Provisional Council of NSZZ Solidarity (

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The sealed dossier also contained a letter, hand-written by Kiszczak in April 1996, in which he informs the Director of the Polish Central Archives of Modern Records (

368:, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980, he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking 13705: 6419: 4118: 16098: 1432: 1403:

In 1983, Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Since then, he has received more than 30 state decorations and more than 50 awards from 30 countries, including

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was imposed and Solidarity was outlawed, Wałęsa was again arrested. Released from custody, he continued his activism and was prominent in the establishment of the

594:), a group that emerged to lend aid to people arrested after the 1976 labor strikes and to their families. In June 1978, he became an activist of the underground 512:

as a qualified electrician. He worked as a car mechanic from 1962 to 1964, and then embarked on his two-year, obligatory military service, attaining the rank of

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On 18 February 2016, the government-affiliated INR in Warsaw announced it had seized a package of original documents that allegedly proved Wałęsa was a paid

669:. He was unable to accept it himself, fearing Poland's government would not let him back into the country. His wife Danuta accepted the prize on his behalf. 14476: 13345: 13212: 4274: 4184: 3698: 12515: 8425: 4475: 1718:

on 1 January 1983, the same day this single was released. Wałęsa also became a hero of a number of Polish pop songs, including a satirical 1991 hit titled

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The dossier consists of two folders. The first is a "personal file" containing 90 pages of documents, including a handwritten commitment to cooperate with

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From early in his career, Wałęsa was interested in workers' concerns; in 1968 he encouraged shipyard colleagues to boycott official rallies that condemned

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this income to avoid paying taxes on it. The Gdańsk tax office initiated a tax fraud case against Wałęsa but it was later dismissed because the five-year

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and the dismissal of Interior Minister Macierewicz. A parliamentary committee later concluded Wałęsa had not signed an agreement with the secret police.

986:. In 2013, he said on Polish television that "he doesn't wish for this minority, which he tolerates and understands, to impose itself on the majority". 13146: 5269: 4916: 3635: 16228: 16193: 15257: 13404: 13202: 12690: 11225: 10295: 8473: 421: 14506: 16198: 13355: 12563: 7238: 1408: 1168: 6994: 4759: 16233: 14481: 12281: 11486: 10128: 9655: 8405: 912: 204: 4343: 2080:

In a book published in 2011, Wałęsa's wife Danuta said she believed the source of her husband's extra money during the 1970s was lottery winnings.

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Wałęsa has been portrayed, as himself or a character based on him, in a number of feature and television films. The two most notable of them are:

14920: 7972: 6457: 6265: 1420: 1095:, that were said to document Wałęsa's role as a spy for the security services. In 2017, a handwriting study ordered by the government-controlled 5708: 16183: 16073: 14501: 13131: 10214: 7723: 7532: 5626: 4498: 4406: 2841: 575:; his home and workplace were always bugged. Over the next few years, he was arrested several times for participating in dissident activities. 5533: 5470: 5436: 4144: 2282: 13698: 12153: 11886: 3925: 2527: 672:

Through the mid-1980s, Wałęsa continued underground Solidarity-related activities. Every issue of the leading underground weekly publication

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of the Polish People's Republic (Służba Bezpieczeństwa or SB), the Communist security services, in his twenties. In his 2002 book titled

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between striking workers and the government. He co-founded the Solidarity trade-union, whose membership rose to over ten million.

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was located on the site of the former villages Młyniec and Zaspa (now neighborhoods of Gdańsk) and was serviced by prisoners of

13397: 12683: 10288: 10138: 8410: 6545: 6482: 5812: 5773: 5132: 4729:"Official statement on the inspection of the first batch of materials secured by the prosecutor of the IPN on 16 February 2016" 820: 4998: 625: 16063: 16058: 15524: 13223: 13027: 12796: 10133: 8068: 7755: 7733: 7258: 7090: 7070: 7045: 6947: 6892: 5365: 4434: 4202: 3729: 2729: 572: 9156: 4557: 1540:. In 2004, he represented ten newly acceded EU countries during the official accession ceremony in Strasbourg. In 1993, the 16128: 14981: 13612: 13566: 11356: 8975: 8900: 8560: 8160: 7110: 7100: 3530: 1294: 1250: 1239: 1219: 1049: 681: 473: 14930: 14638: 13444: 4083: 2809: 16158: 16068: 11379: 10173: 8580: 7713: 7146: 6477: 6258: 1594: 282: 15073: 14102: 7822: 7750: 3255: 3055: 2944: 2479: 2455: 606:, coordinating the workers at Gdańsk and at 20 other plants in the region. On 31 August, the government, represented by 12541: 12407: 11820: 10262: 9615: 8710: 7688: 7573: 7527: 7522: 7468: 7115: 6942: 1617:(1981) is another Andrzej Wajda film about the Solidarity movement. The main character, a young worker Maciej Tomczyk ( 1147: 1033: 994: 847: 800: 15187: 6109: 1445: 1202:

formally renouncing his ties with Security Service in 1976, Wałęsa went on to have contacts with Communist officials.

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video game lists Lech Wałęsa amongst its world leader rankings. Wałęsa is ranked 11th on a scale of 1 to 21, with

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The most comprehensive analysis of Wałęsa's possible collaboration with secret police was provided in a 2008 book

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The issue of Wałęsa's alleged collaboration with the communist regime resurfaced again in February 2016, when the

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before that I would take everything from the enemy. The more the better, until the enemy was weakened no more".

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court affirming his innocence, for many years there have been allegations that Wałęsa was an informant of the

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Mothers of Influence: The Inspiring Stories of Women Who Made a Difference in Their Children and Their World.

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in Poland and has repeatedly met with Biedroń, whom he called "a talent" and "a future president of Poland".

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ended with a crushing defeat when he polled 1.01 percent of the vote. His humiliation was increased because

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On 12 August 2000, Wałęsa, who was running a presidential campaign at the time, was cleared by the special

696: 578: 559: 493:(1950–1988). In 1973, Lech's mother and stepfather emigrated to the US for economic reasons. They lived in 380: 20: 15226: 14643: 14603: 5794: 4942: 3863: 14249: 13545: 12213: 11108: 10153: 9625: 9620: 9337: 9015: 8743: 8488: 8447: 8391: 8294: 8175: 8133: 8038: 7563: 7517: 7243: 7156: 7009: 6882: 4637: 4586: 3465: 2212:

Pages 129–131. Walesa, Lech. "The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography". Arcade Publishing (1991).

1711: 1549: 1424: 1416: 1396: 971: 804: 318: 199: 15043: 13525: 16163: 15083: 15038: 13888: 13510: 13500: 12779: 12293: 11494: 9990: 9211: 9196: 9186: 9040: 8640: 8128: 7931: 7698: 7308: 6962: 6957: 6320: 6187: 5882: 5872: 5327: 4631: 2292: 1521: 1358: 1131: 902: 406: 122: 39: 15078: 14028: 13479: 13006: 3411: 823:, respectively. In the early 1990s, he proposed the creation of a sub-regional security system called 16048: 14998: 14946: 14332: 14276: 12728: 10840: 10219: 10095: 10040: 9860: 8848: 8555: 8116: 7728: 7645: 7323: 5716: 4312: 1536:. Wałęsa symbolically represented Europe by carrying the Olympic flag at the opening ceremony of the 1494: 654: 14307: 13683: 13632: 13280: 13084: 6163: 6051: 5409: 920: 855: 461: 166: 135: 15897: 14845: 14727: 13434: 12709: 11285: 9845: 9412: 8675: 8565: 8319: 7863: 7338: 7288: 6927: 6917: 6686: 6447: 5965: 5769: 5547: 5444: 5296:"Lech Wałęsa znów zmienia wersję ws. podpisu w dokumentach SB. "Obiecał, że papiery wrócą do mnie"" 4791: 4154: 3504: 2344:

Page 95. Walesa, Lech. "The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography". Arcade Publishing (1991).

931: 873: 808: 732: 350: 12165: 12145: 9585: 6784: 3636:"Wałęsa już nie wygania homoseksualistów 'za mur'? 'Od teraz siedzimy zawsze w pierwszym rzędzie'" 2535: 14337: 14281: 13829: 13136: 12985: 12838: 12060: 10304: 9075: 9020: 9005: 8945: 8753: 8733: 8493: 8170: 7775: 7389: 7328: 7268: 7171: 7095: 7055: 6922: 6912: 6691: 6608: 6540: 6452: 6213: 5538: 4881: 4503: 4247:"'Positive Proof' Lech Wałęsa was a Communist Spy: Interview with Historian Slawomir Cenckiewicz" 1720: 1456: 1021: 939: 494: 476:). His father, Bolesław Wałęsa (1909–1945), was a carpenter who was rounded up and interned in a 417: 365: 15197: 14961: 14835: 14825: 14428: 14095: 13660: 13642: 13560: 7978: 4176: 2426: 1336: 1278: 1179: 1061: 927:. Wałęsa polled in seventh place, after which he announced his withdrawal from Polish politics. 915:, hoping it would help him to successfully run in future elections. Wałęsa's contention for the 854:, winning 33.11 percent of the vote in the first round and 48.28 percent in the run-off against 831:

movements in Poland but garnered little support abroad; Poland's neighbors, some of which (e.g.

607: 248: 16123: 15331: 15126: 14261: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14150: 13743: 13453: 12771: 12652: 12641: 12622: 12607: 12596: 12585: 12570: 12559: 12548: 12537: 12522: 12511: 12500: 12481: 12470: 12459: 12448: 12433: 12418: 12403: 12392: 12381: 12370: 12355: 12040: 12029: 12018: 12007: 11999: 11990: 11978: 11971: 11967: 11690: 11462: 11458: 11398: 10790: 10684: 9865: 9369: 8763: 8437: 7913: 7673: 7668: 7461: 7293: 7105: 6676: 6523: 6104: 5654: 5032: 1811: 1671: 1533: 1529: 1272: 395: 81: 14766: 14565: 13520: 13315: 13253: 13057: 10075: 3036:

From Solidarity to Division: An Analysis of Lech Wałęsa's Transition to Constituted Leadership

2644: 2177: 1618: 15373: 15088: 14991: 14551: 14192: 13714: 13597: 12785: 12485: 12117: 11729: 11470: 10659: 10438: 10378: 10362: 10100: 9384: 9379: 9146: 9035: 8990: 8950: 8885: 8829: 8748: 8530: 8344: 8222: 8140: 8048: 8013: 7923: 7868: 7765: 7606: 7394: 7348: 7333: 7298: 7085: 7029: 6618: 6384: 6095: 6056: 1602: 1391: 983: 650: 615: 376: 14391: 14129: 13592: 6014: 3196: 2601: 1578: 16053: 15710: 14413: 14266: 13853: 13463: 12600: 11586: 11506: 11418: 11151: 10824: 10700: 10631: 10611: 10607: 10593: 10462: 9640: 9407: 9262: 9216: 9131: 9126: 8925: 8824: 8773: 8768: 8660: 8615: 8570: 8508: 8339: 8314: 8264: 8192: 8106: 7956: 7558: 7537: 7303: 6804: 6799: 6759: 6628: 6613: 1747: 1634: 1606: 1586: 1537: 1502: 1318:

In 2009, after the publication of another biography connecting him with the secret police (

1108: 930:

In 2006, Wałęsa quit Solidarity in protest of the union's support of the ruling right-wing

923:, who was re-elected in the first round with 54 percent of the vote, is a former Communist 777: 563: 388: 14536: 14120: 14034: 6573: 6100: 3556: 2855: 633:

On 10 March 1981, through the introduction of his former superior in the army, Wałęsa met

8: 15858: 15805: 15577: 15161: 15118: 14593: 14521: 14217: 13981: 13733: 13622: 13602: 13577: 13535: 13320: 13141: 11406: 11323: 10085: 10000: 9995: 9895: 9758: 9555: 9439: 9354: 9242: 9095: 9090: 9070: 9055: 8965: 8960: 8865: 8798: 8788: 8700: 8695: 8685: 8585: 8525: 8498: 8324: 8309: 8279: 8257: 8043: 8033: 7760: 7683: 7653: 7637: 7248: 7223: 7019: 7004: 6603: 6343: 6152: 6145: 5241: 5203: 4833: 4470: 4349: 3557:"Lech Walesa: "If we don't give people solutions, it will awaken the demons of the past"" 3322: 3152: 1657: 1565: 1487: 1340: 757: 634: 429: 330: 118: 113: 54: 14887: 14531: 14516: 14291: 12297: 12245: 11940: 11678: 8940: 8853: 6734: 2039:. The airfield was heavily bombed by the Allies in 1945, but remained in use until 1974 1746:, starring Kristen Brown as Wałęsa, was premiered by the San Francisco Cabaret Opera in 1088: 611: 369: 15978: 15661: 15380: 15147: 15105: 15023: 14897: 14588: 14443: 14347: 13825: 13796: 13755: 13468: 13340: 13325: 13011: 12804: 12630: 12552: 11878: 11804: 11721: 11616: 11450: 11442: 10553: 10529: 10486: 10454: 10239: 10035: 10020: 9945: 9925: 9920: 9905: 9752: 9500: 9252: 9136: 8890: 8793: 8778: 8690: 8680: 8655: 8650: 8415: 8369: 8284: 8269: 8212: 8028: 7951: 7827: 7718: 7708: 7191: 7080: 7075: 7065: 7060: 6291: 6110:

Polish Solidarity union leader Lech Walesa addresses joint meeting of the U.S. Congress

5747: 4947: 4764: 4666: 4149: 4060: 4001: 3973: 3734: 3130: 2835: 2770: 2323: 2287: 1886: 1582: 1541: 1483: 1428: 1120: 1057: 979: 811:

and won a substantial reduction in foreign debts. Wałęsa supported Poland's entry into

728: 425: 217: 77: 15215: 14907: 14705: 14685: 14680: 14608: 14546: 14357: 14088: 13572: 13555: 13490: 9935: 9764: 6550: 5932: 3611:"Wałęsa za związkami partnerskimi, ale jak nie "będą łazić nago po ulicach"" 1369:. He underwent a heart operation in 2021. In January 2022, Wałęsa tested positive for 1178:). The book was written by two historians from the Institute of National Remembrance, 711:; this was ostensibly an advisory body but in practice a political party that won the 643: 15957: 15784: 15770: 15394: 15366: 15324: 15317: 15296: 15282: 14761: 14668: 14511: 14423: 14327: 14286: 13951: 13935: 13918: 13654: 13648: 13587: 13305: 12752: 12526: 12411: 12229: 11924: 11908: 11870: 11651: 11643: 11522: 11482: 11383: 11348: 11027: 10980: 10972: 10956: 10912: 10888: 10800: 10716: 10692: 10651: 10635: 10585: 10577: 10502: 10430: 10322: 10252: 10105: 10050: 10025: 9980: 9910: 9885: 9850: 9840: 9809: 9696: 9580: 9550: 9287: 9277: 9191: 9085: 8930: 8645: 8442: 8299: 8252: 8150: 8101: 8075: 8053: 7893: 7873: 7817: 7805: 7619: 7454: 7369: 6999: 6887: 6844: 6839: 6789: 6583: 6578: 6359: 6119: 5969: 5877: 5860: 5843: 5574: 5361: 5351: 5172: 5138: 5128: 5091: 5081: 5046: 5036: 4975: 4696: 4658: 4385: 4208: 4198: 4028: 3838: 3828: 3821: 3762: 3442: 3406: 3376: 3015: 2725: 2715: 2655: 2610: 2554: 2485: 2345: 2260: 2213: 1946: 1936: 1907: 1897: 1893: 1864: 1854: 1825: 1815: 1775: 1651: 1510: 1404: 1315:

in 2008, "you will not find any signature of mine agreeing to collaborate anywhere".

1312: 1124: 1025: 1010: 998: 748: 666: 501: 398: 338: 326: 16114:

Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

15140: 14966: 14749: 14695: 14663: 14526: 13637: 13197: 11574: 10229: 9900: 6296: 5816: 5198:"Lech Wałęsa threatens to leave Poland and return Nobel peace prize over spy claims" 4670: 990: 935: 15833: 15756: 15545: 15275: 15154: 14182: 14137: 13847: 13835: 13808: 13530: 13207: 13104: 13016: 13001: 12977: 12935: 12645: 12530: 12452: 12237: 11713: 11670: 11620: 11582: 10964: 10832: 10643: 10619: 10615: 10015: 9940: 9870: 9855: 9835: 9782: 9565: 9560: 9540: 9490: 9480: 9307: 9272: 9257: 9206: 8935: 8875: 8715: 8374: 8354: 8063: 8005: 7999: 7966: 7946: 7936: 7785: 7586: 7578: 7318: 7186: 6819: 6671: 6593: 6528: 6409: 6201: 5989: 5937: 5909: 5631: 5543: 5509: 5273: 4912: 4838: 4796: 4650: 4180: 3801: 1448:

and Wałęsa's signature was incorporated into the airport's logo. A college hall in

1412: 1374: 1183: 1065: 878: 796: 687:

After months of strikes and political deliberations, at the conclusion of the 10th

441: 14971: 14956: 14783: 14712: 12823: 12074: 11414: 3689:"Nobel Peace Prize winner: Obama failed to reclaim America's role as world leader" 2034: 649:

Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Jaruzelski declared

16006: 15999: 15865: 15749: 15735: 15619: 15552: 15489: 15461: 15426: 15387: 14951: 14541: 14377: 14342: 14207: 14187: 14046: 14022: 13900: 13882: 13841: 13749: 13737: 13310: 13166: 12741: 12626: 12493: 12396: 12221: 12109: 12086: 12066: 11639: 11594: 11268: 11192: 11116: 10932: 10812: 10804: 10770: 10676: 10668: 10655: 10545: 10494: 10478: 10470: 10402: 10370: 10330: 10234: 10090: 10080: 10065: 10045: 10030: 10005: 9950: 9715: 9683: 9575: 9535: 9297: 9292: 9232: 9173: 8905: 8783: 8610: 8575: 8483: 8478: 8202: 8096: 7770: 7703: 7693: 7658: 7614: 7601: 7553: 7384: 7374: 7233: 7141: 6462: 6437: 6414: 6237: 5659: 5480: 5146: 5099: 5077: 5054: 5004: 4970: 4691: 4562: 4439: 4279: 4216: 4051: 3964: 3286: 3174: 3098: 3059: 2948: 2651: 2068: 1983: 1954: 1915: 1872: 1833: 1789: 1784: 1763: 1479: 1468: 1460: 1347: 890: 836: 716: 688: 566:

at the Gdańsk Shipyard when workers protested at the government's decree raising

391: 342: 97: 89: 15033: 14865: 11862: 10639: 8197: 6729: 5236:"Nobel Peace Prize winner accused of being informant for Poland's secret police" 5167: 4380: 3437: 1198: 101: 15971: 15943: 15929: 15925: 15675: 15654: 15640: 15591: 15345: 15338: 15289: 14840: 14788: 14737: 14453: 14448: 14418: 14408: 14069: 13947: 13515: 13330: 13156: 12615: 12504: 12426: 12359: 12285: 12257: 12253: 12129: 12105: 12033: 11932: 11916: 11566: 11295: 11258: 11168: 11133: 11079: 11014: 11010: 10948: 10844: 10828: 10729: 10561: 10406: 10394: 10386: 10346: 10060: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9830: 9570: 9359: 9282: 9010: 8915: 8665: 8605: 8237: 8155: 8058: 8018: 7988: 7888: 7843: 7409: 7313: 6829: 6809: 6588: 6369: 5569: 5357: 4654: 4530: 3371: 3035: 2721: 2101: 1758: 1639: 1570: 1143: 975: 859: 850:; at times his popular support dwindled to 10 percent and he narrowly lost the 835:), had recently regained independence and tended to see the proposal as Polish 816: 517: 401:, but his active role in Polish politics diminished after he narrowly lost the 361: 93: 14892: 13151: 12205: 12078: 12011: 1230: 16042: 16013: 15847: 15812: 15777: 15742: 15728: 15689: 15647: 15559: 15538: 15517: 15496: 15447: 15359: 14653: 14433: 14317: 13975: 13963: 13802: 13790: 13371: 13161: 12668: 12574: 12489: 12321: 12309: 12273: 12269: 12137: 11948: 11835: 11705: 11655: 11474: 11426: 11307: 11242: 11233: 11112: 11098: 11035: 11018: 11006: 10940: 10924: 10920: 10896: 10880: 10774: 10762: 10647: 10627: 10623: 10603: 10446: 10422: 10338: 10224: 10070: 9965: 9930: 9915: 9875: 9417: 9247: 8985: 8895: 8758: 8738: 8625: 8386: 8364: 8329: 7908: 7903: 7858: 7780: 7740: 7489: 7414: 7404: 7399: 7283: 7151: 6834: 6814: 6794: 6774: 6749: 6706: 6648: 6638: 6467: 6225: 6019: 4662: 3349: 3259: 3221: 3052: 2941: 2463: 1771: 1740: 1623: 1574: 1474: 1224: 1135: 1115:, one of the first members of the Workers' Defense Committee that led to the 1112: 788: 509: 85: 15791: 14830: 14232: 5150: 5103: 4220: 3842: 1958: 550: 15936: 15911: 15883: 15851: 15798: 15763: 15682: 15531: 15468: 15433: 15303: 15256: 15112: 14986: 14352: 14052: 14040: 13969: 13957: 13894: 13859: 13767: 13761: 13665: 13582: 13484: 13473: 13382: 13171: 12463: 12422: 12385: 12374: 12337: 12265: 12181: 12044: 11843: 11796: 11502: 11402: 11335: 11250: 11229: 11216: 11208: 11184: 11176: 11059: 11051: 10996: 10864: 10808: 10754: 10733: 10708: 10537: 10414: 10354: 10273: 10010: 9960: 9890: 9880: 9734: 9722: 9709: 9515: 9342: 8843: 8091: 7941: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7496: 7278: 6897: 6824: 6779: 6513: 6404: 6379: 5738: 5058: 4088: 3725: 1919: 1876: 1837: 1666: 1029: 1006: 894: 662: 485: 469: 387:

and a Solidarity-led government. He presided over Poland's transition from

337:, Wałęsa became the first democratically elected president of Poland since 174: 14870: 14658: 14362: 6114: 5770:"History: Art & Archives: U.S. House of Representatives: "Fast Facts"" 3864:"Institute says Poland's Walesa collaborated with Polish Security Service" 3479:"Wałęsa ostro o homoseksualistach: Oni muszą wiedzieć, że są mniejszością" 1478:(1989) and 12 other newspapers and magazines. He was awarded with over 45 15964: 15918: 15840: 15819: 15696: 15668: 15598: 15584: 15510: 15482: 15454: 15440: 15310: 15058: 14820: 14742: 14438: 14016: 13912: 13865: 13784: 12717: 12700: 12611: 12578: 12197: 12161: 12125: 11686: 11280: 11272: 10872: 10836: 10820: 10782: 10055: 9660: 9630: 9485: 9475: 9374: 9237: 9030: 8519: 8349: 8334: 8145: 7993: 7961: 7848: 7663: 7568: 7507: 6877: 6764: 6739: 6681: 6643: 6633: 6503: 4307: 4251: 3587: 3121: 3039: 2553:(in Chinese) (1 ed.). Beijing, China: Shijiezhishi. pp. 54–57. 2029: 1715: 1613: 1528:

and became the first non-head-of-state to address a joint meeting of the

1153: 1014: 924: 792: 724: 567: 481: 444:. In 1989, Wałęsa was the first foreign non-head of state to address the 14732: 14618: 6243: 6232: 6040:

Big Cyc (1991). Nie Wierzcie Elektrykom. Poland: Polskie Nagrania Muza.

5854: 5837: 4084:"Lech Wałęsa: the man who 'never made a mistake' sees errors all around" 2757:

Lewis Pauk, "Non-Competitive Elections and Regime Change: Poland 1989,"

1013:; during the 2012 US presidential campaign he endorsed Obama's opponent 695:(PZPR, the Polish Communist party), the government agreed to enter into 15985: 15904: 15826: 15703: 15612: 15605: 15503: 15352: 15028: 14850: 14322: 14312: 14244: 13906: 12589: 12474: 12363: 11514: 11327: 11147: 11071: 10988: 10816: 10737: 10510: 9814: 9525: 9495: 9449: 9364: 9332: 9324: 9267: 8955: 8670: 8359: 8247: 7853: 7379: 7253: 6867: 6653: 6598: 6568: 6498: 6172: 6125: 5410:"8th parliamentary term | Jarosław WAŁĘSA | MEPs | European Parliament" 4613:"Row over Lech Wałęsa's Alleged Collaboration with Communists Escalates 3730:"'If Europe opens its gates to Muslims, there will be beheadings here'" 2898:"Walesa, Once atop a High Pedestal, Seems to Stand on a Slippery Slope" 1793: 1767: 1733: 1690: 1045: 945: 907: 477: 16094:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)

14855: 14717: 14583: 14578: 14573: 8468: 6312: 6091: 4499:"Poland State Archives Says Former President Walesa Was Communist Spy" 416:

from multiple countries and organizations worldwide. He was named the

15950: 15475: 14812: 14776: 14722: 14700: 14673: 14623: 13998: 13713: 12317: 11808: 11315: 11303: 11063: 10110: 9955: 9804: 9777: 9590: 9545: 9454: 9422: 9402: 9394: 8723: 8513: 7419: 7213: 6932: 6872: 6754: 6364: 5534:"Walesa rejects Lithuanian honor, cites treatment of Polish minority" 4646: 4318: 3640: 1779: 1753: 1354: 1080:, had been an operative for the security services from 1970 to 1976. 967: 832: 322: 14111: 3687:

Chmurak, Elizabeth; Marrapodi, Eric; Tapper, Jake (1 January 2014).

3350:"Wybory Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2000: Wyniki Oficjalne" 2828:

Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition

2603:

Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland

2071:. Wałęsa's father's name also was Bolesław (or Bolek in diminutive). 2025: 533: 424:(1999). He has received over forty honorary degrees, including from 15626: 15401: 14754: 14633: 14613: 14598: 14222: 14010: 11125: 11043: 10725: 9689: 9530: 9427: 9302: 9121: 9025: 8165: 8023: 7477: 6769: 6744: 6701: 6535: 6518: 6442: 5469:

Koper, Anna; Charlish, Alan (21 January 2022). Written at Warsaw.

5386: 4585:

Staszewska, Joanna; Jones, Gareth; Lawrence, Janet (17 June 2008).

2925: 2021: 1370: 1032:

to stop the executions of 14 young people for participating in the

828: 513: 354: 345:. A shipyard electrician by trade, Wałęsa became the leader of the 14080: 8809:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5142: 5095: 4212: 2425:. Retrieved 11 January 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 2401: 1189:

The book's authors argue that Wałęsa, working under the code name

784:," of 1928–35, likewise an ostensibly non-political organization. 16020: 12437: 11276: 11200: 9635: 9520: 9510: 9459: 9000: 7745: 6696: 5475: 4591: 3868: 1729: 1362: 16219:

Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class

15992: 5933:"Walesa Didn't Pay Polish Taxes on $ 1 Million From Warner Bros" 5050: 3610: 3478: 2481:

From Autarchy to Market: Polish Economics and Politics 1945–1995

1950: 1911: 1868: 1829: 349:

and led a successful pro-democratic effort, which in 1989 ended

11982: 9703: 9505: 9444: 8379: 6623: 6129: 4275:"Lech Wałęsa fights claims that he was secret police informant" 3802:"Lech Walesa | Biography, Solidarity, Nobel Prize, & Facts" 2791:("Historic Elections of 4 June 1989: Victory of Lech's Team"), 1665:

Both of these films were produced in Poland. In December 1989,

1506: 1491: 882: 658: 562:. He was a charismatic leader, who helped organize the illegal 432:, as well as dozens of the highest state orders, including the 16209:

Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 2nd class

6208: 5815:. Warsaw: Lech Wałęsa Institute. 24 March 2014. Archived from 5795:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 5683:"Lech Wałęsa receives honorary ITKF black belt: Media release" 4760:"Lech Wałęsa Faces New Accusations of Communist Collaboration" 3258:. Warsaw: Lech Wałęsa Institute. 24 March 2014. Archived from 2942:"Here He Comes Again: The Predicted Re-election of Kwaśniewski 2234: 2067:

was a main character of the popular children's cartoon series

14793: 14648: 14628: 10188: 10144:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

9650: 9433: 7512: 5471:"Former Polish president, Solidarity leader Walesa has COVID" 3126:"Out of a Job, Walesa Decides to Take to the Lecture Circuit" 2427:

https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/634519/Lech-Walesa

2283:"Stanislaw Walesa, stepfather of Polish unionist, dies at 64" 1514: 1444:

In 2004, Gdańsk International Airport was officially renamed

1366: 1350: 6083: 5627:"NEIU faculty, students ask for renaming of Walesa building" 5598:"Polish MP wants referendum over airport named after Wałęsa" 5437:"Walesa leaves Texas hospital after heart treatment Reuters" 5382:"Lech Walesa buries son, 43, who had struggled with alcohol" 4466:"Lech Wałęsa denies allegations that he was a communist spy" 3758:"Romney wins backing of former Polish President Lech Wałęsa" 1520:

In the United States, Wałęsa was the first recipient of the

16259:

Recipients of the Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay

15890: 11143: 9728: 9610: 7502: 7446: 5270:"Ex-Polish president Walesa denies he was a paid informant" 3053:"Here He Comes Again: Poland: Heating Up for the Presidency 2859: 2788:

Historyczne wybory 4 czerwca 1989: Zwycięstwo drużyny Lecha

2773:. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Last accessed 28 January 2010. 2771:

POLAND. Parliamentary Chamber: Sejm. Elections held in 1989

1703: 1427:, citing his displeasure at Lithuania's policy towards the 1293:

For years, Wałęsa vehemently denied collaborating with the

819:, both of which occurred after his presidency, in 1999 and 812: 701: 582:

Wałęsa during the strike at the Lenin Shipyard, August 1980

516:

before beginning work on 12 July 1967 as an electrician at

12190:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

4971:"Informant claims unlikely to alter Polish view of Walesa" 4829:"Polish state archive releases secret file on Lech Wałęsa" 2534:. The Most Important People of the Century. Archived from 10183: 10163: 10158: 6420:

Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe

6399: 4909:"Old documents revive Poland's debate over Walesa's past" 4787:"Polish Prosecutors to Probe Secret Files on Lech Wałęsa" 4433:

Kublik, Agnieszka; Czuchnowski, Wojciech (18 June 2008).

3693: 1532:. In 2000, Wałęsa received the Golden Plate Award of the 1146:, which almost certainly saved Wałęsa's life because the 776:); the grouping's Polish-language acronym echoed that of 629:

Wałęsa signs autographs during the strike in August 1980.

4876:"Poland's State Archives Releases Lech Wałęsa Documents" 5743:"Solidarity's Envoy: Bush Give Walesa Medal of Freedom" 4584: 4525: 1707: 982:. Wałęsa was well known for his conservative stance on 11378: 4943:"Lech Wałęsa Files Made Public Despite Forgery Claims" 4526:"New Book Claims Polish Icon Walesa Was Communist Spy" 3686: 949:

Wałęsa speaks at a tourism trade fair in Berlin, 2011.

760:, using the slogan, "I don't want to, but I have to" ( 16119:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

6185: 4175: 4119:"Justification for the Judgement from 31 August 2010" 3785:

Nobel laureates urge Saudi king to halt 14 executions

2856:"Security Cooperation in Central Europe: Polish Views 1935:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Kancelaria Prezydenta RP. 1728:) from the second studio album by the punk rock band 978:

on the part of the Lithuanian government towards its

12516:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5228: 5226: 4587:"Polish book revives informer claims against Walesa" 3818: 3583:"'Jest talentem'. Tak Wałęsa powiedział o Biedroniu" 1544:

of the Kingdom of Sweden assigned Wałęsa a personal

957:

Wałęsa speaks on VIII European Economic Forum, 2015.

782:

Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government

422:

Time's 100 most important people of the 20th century

297:

Wałęsa following the signing of the Gdańsk Agreement

16264:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

16254:

Candidates in the 2000 Polish presidential election

16249:

Candidates in the 1995 Polish presidential election

16244:

Candidates in the 1990 Polish presidential election

16214:

Recipients of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

4191:

The SB and Lech Wałęsa: A Biographical Contribution

3665:"Poland and Germany should unite, says Lech Wałęsa" 3222:"About foundation • Fundacja Instytut Lecha Wałęsy" 16089:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christopher Columbus 15261:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 5464: 5462: 5374: 5234: 5196: 4997: 4874: 4630: 4342: 4311: 3827:(3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 3820: 3663: 3315: 2744:"Half-free and far from easy: Poland's election", 1885: 16104:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) 15097: 12564:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 5223: 5008:(in Polish). No. 134. 8 June 1992. p. 3 4558:"Walesa vows to sue authors over informer claims" 4432: 3531:"Wałęsa: Drodzy Geje! Nie patrzę nikomu do łóżka" 3309: 3307: 3305: 2477: 1770:as the worst. Wałęsa is immediately outranked by 1714:". Coincidentally, the Polish authorities lifted 1387:List of awards and honors received by Lech Wałęsa 787:During his presidency, Wałęsa saw Poland through 16040: 10129:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4313:"Lech Wałęsa was a Communist spy, says new book" 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 1766:ranked as the best world leader of all time and 913:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic 205:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic 16099:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta 14921:Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970 8566:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 7973:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6458:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union 5459: 2319:"Stepfather of Lech Wałęsa Dies in Jersey City" 1853:] (in Polish). Warsaw: Editions Spotkania. 1155:SB and Lech Wałęsa. A contribution to biography 1102: 807:. He successfully negotiated the withdrawal of 341:and the first-ever Polish president elected by 12698: 7239:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 5353:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 4936: 4934: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4551: 4549: 3302: 2717:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 1888:The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography 1647:and gained seven other awards and nominations. 827:. The concept was supported by right-wing and 16269:Recipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 15242: 14096: 13699: 13398: 13239: 13043: 12921: 12684: 12154:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 11887:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 11364: 10289: 7462: 6328: 6259: 5468: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4104: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2312: 2310: 1373:. He said he had received three doses of the 1176:SB and Lech Wałęsa. Contribution to biography 1074:SB and Lech Wałęsa. Contribution to biography 19:"Wałęsa" redirects here. For other uses, see 16109:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion 13412: 10303: 10205:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 7756:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5162: 5160: 5074:Solidarity: The Great Workers Strike of 1980 4692:"Lech Wałęsa 'was paid Communist informant'" 4459: 4457: 4344:"Lech Wałęsa was Communist spy, claims book" 3756:Reston, Maeve; Mehta, Seema (30 July 2012). 3720: 3718: 3716: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 2931:, vol. 49, no. 1 (January 1997), pp. 107–24. 2576:"Unerbittlicher General und Figur der Wende" 2471: 1892:. Translated by Philip, Franklin. New York: 1637:for the film. In 1982, it was nominated for 1482:by universities around the world, including 1353:placement and the implantation of a cardiac 1020:In September 2015, Wałęsa, referring to the 622:gained him fame on the international stage. 527: 521: 412:Since 1980, Wałęsa has received hundreds of 67:22 December 1990 – 22 December 1995 14272:Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig 9066:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5990:"Pope John Paul II (TV Mini-Series 2005– )" 5962:Capital, Coercion, and Postcommunist States 5687:International Traditional Karate Federation 5531: 5320: 4931: 4857: 4546: 4463: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4374: 4372: 4340: 4193:] (in Polish). Gdańsk–Warszawa–Kraków: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3755: 3432: 3430: 2963: 2961: 2926:"The Eclipse of Walesa's Political Career," 2690:"Negotiations and the big debate (1984–88)" 2277: 2275: 2273: 1548:on the occasion of his admittance into the 1524:, in 1989. That year, he also received the 1499:International Traditional Karate Federation 1076:) purported to show that Wałęsa, codenamed 1039: 751:meets privately with Wałęsa, November 1989. 639:office building of the Council of Ministers 438:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 16079:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry 15249: 15235: 14103: 14089: 13706: 13692: 13405: 13391: 13246: 13232: 13050: 13036: 12928: 12914: 12691: 12677: 11371: 11357: 10296: 10282: 10169:United States involvement in regime change 7724:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 7469: 7455: 6335: 6321: 6266: 6252: 6118: 5532:Maslikowski, Dominika (9 September 2011). 5293: 5267: 4896: 4826: 4712: 4677: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 3890: 3392: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2870: 2868: 2840:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2825: 2431: 2408: 2355: 2307: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2102:"BBC NEWS - Europe - Profile: Lech Walesa" 1423:1989). In 2011, he declined to accept the 38: 16229:Solidarity (Polish trade union) activists 16194:Politicians of Catholic political parties 12442:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6273: 6052:"SF Cabaret Opera Premieres 'Solidarity'" 5873:"Warners Plans Major Film on Lech Wałęsa" 5624: 5499: 5497: 5349: 5321:Stankiewicz, Andrzej (20 February 2016). 5157: 4454: 4186:SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii 4024:"Walesa Cleared of Collaboration Charges" 3994: 3713: 3239: 2848: 2713: 2682: 2220:. "He was not yet thirty-four years old." 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 1609:, and was nominated for five more awards. 1164:SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii 1070:SB a Lech Wałęsa. Przyczynek do biografii 500:In 1961, Lech graduated from primary and 333:between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 16199:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 11957:International Committee of the Red Cross 11789:International Committee of the Red Cross 11746:Nansen International Office for Refugees 11552:International Committee of the Red Cross 11232:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 6177: 4413: 4369: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4272: 3969:"Polish Watchdog Nips at Walesa's Heels" 3963: 3940: 3427: 2958: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2551:Jaruzelski, the Shaker of Polish History 2478:Hunter, Richard J.; Leo V. Ryan (1998). 2270: 1650: 1390: 1229: 952: 944: 872: 742: 707:In December 1988, Wałęsa co-founded the 624: 577: 549: 16234:Solidarity Electoral Action politicians 12306:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 8295:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 6863:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation 6342: 6049: 5434: 5294:Skłodowski, Tomasz (20 February 2016). 5268:Scislowska, Monika (19 February 2016). 5071: 4940: 4873:Sobczyk, Martin M. (22 February 2016). 4872: 4827:Scislowska, Monika (22 February 2016). 4757: 4628: 4497:Sobczyk, Martin M. (18 February 2016). 4496: 4231: 3891:Karatnycky, Adrian (29 February 2016). 3823:The Polish revolution : Solidarity 3317:"Poles spurn Walesa with 0.8pc of vote" 3009: 2883: 2865: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2521: 2233:. Instytut Lecha Wałęsy. Archived from 858:, who represented the resurgent Polish 799:), Poland's 1991 first completely free 770:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms 233: 195:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms 16041: 14772:Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia 10139:Russian espionage in the United States 8411:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6546:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 6483:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6012: 5959: 5774:United States House of Representatives 5494: 5026: 4968: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4555: 4464:Quetteville, Harry de (19 June 2008). 4378: 4341:Quetteville, Harry de (14 June 2008). 4081: 4056:"Poland: Former Leader Sues President" 4050: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3724: 3502: 3120: 3091: 3076:"Europe: Poland: Walesa In Polystyrene 2972:A Guide to the 20th century: Who's Who 2667: 2665: 2663: 2599: 2593: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2119: 2007:in English-language sources and media. 1926: 1883: 1844: 1805: 1555: 846:Wałęsa's BBWR performed poorly in the 764:). On 9 December 1990, Wałęsa won the 539: 16184:Polish Round Table Talks participants 16074:Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty 15525:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 15230: 14084: 13687: 13386: 13227: 13031: 12909: 12672: 11352: 10277: 10134:Soviet espionage in the United States 8290:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 8069:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 7734:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7450: 6893:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights 6316: 6247: 6176: 5116: 4306: 4295: 3676:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3216: 3214: 2907: 2526:Ash, Timothy Garton (13 April 1998). 2484:. Westport, CN: Praeger. p. 51. 2316: 2249: 1982: 1778:. Lech Wałęsa ranks 9th out of 21 in 1689:played Walesa in the 2005 television 1044:Despite the 2000 ruling of a special 554:Wojciech Harasiewicz with Lech Wałęsa 16:President of Poland from 1990 to 1995 14982:Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge 10709:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 10210:Soviet Union–United States relations 8561:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 5737: 5249:from the original on 12 January 2022 5211:from the original on 12 January 2022 4941:Berendt, Joanna (22 February 2016). 4758:Berendt, Joanna (18 February 2016). 4357:from the original on 12 January 2022 4244: 3330:from the original on 12 January 2022 2826:East, Roger; Pontin, Jolyon (2016). 2630: 2573: 2003:Surname sometimes transliterated as 1929:Wszystko, co robię, robię dla Polski 1288: 1238:on the collaboration agreement with 1213: 713:parliamentary elections in June 1989 16084:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 14110: 10174:Soviet involvement in regime change 6101:Lech Wałęsa Biography and Interview 5390:. Associated Press. 13 January 2017 5232: 5194: 5127:] (in Polish). Krakow: Arcana. 4815: 4381:"Walesa scorns collaboration claim" 3997:"Charge of Spying Denied by Walesa" 3995:Engelberg, Stephen (12 June 1992). 3849: 3680: 3438:"Walesa leaves Solidarity movement" 3313: 2764: 2660: 2542: 2525: 2498: 2317:Ennis, Thomas W. (19 August 1981). 1595:Chicago International Film Festival 1331:On 8 November 1969, Wałęsa married 1253:dated 21 December 1970, and signed 1130:In 1992, Naimski, as a head of the 1087:seized materials from the widow of 1028:laureates, including Wałęsa, urged 13: 15064:Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art 12542:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 12408:International Atomic Energy Agency 11821:American Friends Service Committee 10215:Soviet Union–United States summits 7689:1947 Polish parliamentary election 7574:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 6050:Bullock, Ken (24 September 2009). 5168:"Walesa threatens to leave Poland" 4915:. 17 February 2016. Archived from 4799:. 25 February 2016. Archived from 4735:. 18 February 2016. Archived from 4153:. 6 September 2010. Archived from 3468:". Radio Poland. 7 September 2011. 3211: 2955:, vol. 2, no. 35, 16 October 2000. 2600:Perdue, William D (October 1995). 2255:David C. Cook (22 February 2005), 2223: 1569:(2013) is a biographical drama by 1505:of more than 30 cities, including 961: 868: 803:, and a period of redefinition of 446:Joint Meeting of the U.S. Congress 14: 16280: 13261:2000 Polish presidential election 13065:1995 Polish presidential election 12938:1990 Polish presidential election 12023:International Labour Organization 8976:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8911:United States invasion of Grenada 8181:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 8122:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6390:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 6375:Criticism of communist party rule 6075: 5625:Simonette, Matt (14 April 2014). 4969:Easton, Adam (18 February 2016). 4733:Institute of National Remembrance 3466:Walesa declines Lithuanian honour 2812:" ("Lech Wałęsa's Warsaw Team"), 2679:, vol. 38, no. 11 (13 June 1991). 1750:, California, in September 2009. 1097:Institute of National Remembrance 1085:Institute of National Remembrance 1054:The Polish Revolution: Solidarity 995:City authorities of San Francisco 604:Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee 403:1995 Polish presidential election 15211: 15210: 14203:Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic) 13443: 13289: 13093: 12966: 9051:United States invasion of Panama 8901:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 8541:1971 Turkish military memorandum 8504:Communist insurgency in Thailand 8474:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 8406:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 8233:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8161:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 7679:Restatement of Policy on Germany 7436:Human rights in the Soviet Union 6395:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6043: 6034: 6006: 5982: 5953: 5925: 5897: 5865: 5848: 5831: 5805: 5787: 5762: 5731: 5701: 5675: 5647: 5618: 5590: 5562: 5525: 5428: 5402: 5343: 5323:"Lech Wałęsa, niewolnik "Bolka"" 5314: 5287: 5261: 5188: 5110: 5065: 5020: 4990: 4962: 4779: 4751: 4629:Szporer, Michael (Spring 2009). 3314:Day, Matthew (10 October 2000). 3066:, vol. 2, no. 10, 13 March 2000. 3012:The Great Workers Strike of 1980 2609:. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 9. 1706:was inspired by Wałęsa to write 1450:Northeastern Illinois University 1326: 678:Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność 440:, and the French Grand Cross of 385:1989 Polish legislative election 287: 268: 15188:Gdańsk University of Technology 12222:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 11435:Institut de Droit International 9771:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 9152:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 9081:Fall of the inner German border 8981:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 8631:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 8621:Spanish transition to democracy 8581:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 8208:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 7714:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 7595:Occupation of the Baltic states 7344:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7274:Fall of the inner German border 6105:American Academy of Achievement 5435:Nichols, Bruce (4 March 2008). 4622: 4606: 4578: 4518: 4490: 4435:"IPN Launching Hunt for Wałęsa" 4400: 4334: 4273:Paterson, Tony (25 June 2008). 4266: 4169: 4137: 4082:Borger, Julian (4 April 2011). 4075: 4044: 4016: 3988: 3910: 3884: 3812: 3794: 3777: 3749: 3656: 3628: 3603: 3575: 3549: 3523: 3496: 3471: 3458: 3372:"Walesa leaves Polish politics" 3364: 3342: 3274: 3189: 3167: 3145: 3114: 3092:Bridge, Adrian (3 April 1996). 3085: 3069: 3045: 3028: 3003: 2977: 2934: 2830:. London/ New York. p. 37. 2819: 2810:Warszawska drużyna Lecha Wałęsy 2798: 2776: 2751: 2738: 2707: 2567: 2338: 2074: 2058: 2046: 1799: 1534:American Academy of Achievement 805:the country's foreign relations 600:Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża 586:Wałęsa worked closely with the 546:Solidarity (Polish trade union) 526:), now called Gdańsk Shipyard ( 452:has borne his name since 2004. 229: 16149:Polish anti-abortion activists 15402:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 15183:Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk 15069:Museum of the Second World War 8551:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 8186:Mozambican War of Independence 7625:Indonesian National Revolution 7334:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact 6473:Terrorism and the Soviet Union 6013:Fields, Gaylord (7 May 2012). 5655:"Lech Wałęsa, Man of the Year" 5233:Day, Matt (17 February 2008). 5195:Day, Matthew (30 March 2009). 4556:Scally, Derek (24 June 2008). 4145:"Lech Wałęsa loses court case" 3644:(in Polish). 29 September 2015 3503:Wałęsa, Lech (26 March 2013). 3094:"Walesa cruises into shipyard" 2877:Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2206: 2192: 2094: 2010: 1997: 1973: 1933:All That I Do, I Do for Poland 1431:. In 2008, he established the 1034:2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests 897:of around £50,000 ($ 70,000). 877:Wałęsa giving a speech at the 709:Solidarity Citizens' Committee 596:Free Trade Unions of the Coast 405:. In 1995, he established the 353:and ushered in the end of the 317:(born 29 September 1943) is a 190:Solidarity Citizens' Committee 1: 15268:Leaders & revolutionaries 15019:Baltic Days of Jewish Culture 14213:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 14198:History of the Jews in Gdańsk 14005:Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri 13422:Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) 11961:League of Red Cross Societies 11487:Paul Estournelles de Constant 10149:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 9164:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9117:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 8839:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 8804:Seven Days to the River Rhine 8536:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 7823:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 7751:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7354:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6953:Inter-regional Deputies Group 6938:National League for Democracy 5715:. 4 July 1989. Archived from 5125:Lech Wałęsa: Idea and History 4379:Easton, Adam (23 June 2008). 3819:Garton Ash, Timothy. (2002). 2087: 2037:KL Stutthof – Danzig-Langfuhr 1526:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1320:Lech Wałęsa: Idea and History 738: 466:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 455: 434:Presidential Medal of Freedom 171:Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia 16064:21st-century Roman Catholics 16059:20th-century Roman Catholics 15193:Medical University of Gdańsk 15054:Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium 14639:Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe 9142:Fall of communism in Albania 9112:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 9061:Polish Round Table Agreement 8401:1968 Polish political crisis 8218:Eritrean War of Independence 7984:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7879:East German uprising of 1953 7811:Chinese Communist Revolution 7476: 7264:Alexanderplatz demonstration 7229:Polish Round Table Agreement 6903:People's Movement of Ukraine 5713:National Constitution Center 5505:"Lech Wałęsa – Biographical" 5120:Lech Wałęsa. Idea i historia 3177:. APB Speakers International 2677:The New York Review of Books 2549:Liu, Yanshun (1 July 2016). 2295:. 19 August 1981. p. 8A 1726:Don't Trust the Electricians 1630:Prize of the Ecumenical Jury 1346:In 2008, Wałęsa underwent a 1103:2000 Lustration Court ruling 848:1993 parliamentary elections 693:Polish United Workers' Party 329:laureate, who served as the 7: 16129:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 9016:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 8744:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 8489:Corrective Movement (Syria) 8453:New People's Army rebellion 8448:Sino-Soviet border conflict 8176:Angolan War of Independence 8039:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 7919:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 7564:Jamaican political conflict 7309:January Events in Lithuania 7244:Hungarian Round Table Talks 6883:Democratic Party of Albania 5813:"Founder: Current Activity" 5117:Zyzak, Paweł (March 2009). 4638:Journal of Cold War Studies 3924:(in Polish). Archived from 3591:(in Polish). 31 August 2017 2202:. Lexikon-der-Wehrmacht.de. 1788:, immediately outranked by 1577:about the lives of Wałęsa ( 1550:Royal Order of the Seraphim 1490:. He was named an honorary 1417:European Human Rights Prize 1397:Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 972:Order of Vytautas the Great 731:as the first non-Communist 523:Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina 200:Solidarity Electoral Action 10: 16285: 16159:Polish democracy activists 16069:Civic Platform politicians 15419:Artists & entertainers 15176:Universities and academies 15084:Polish Baltic Philharmonic 15049:Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre 15039:European Solidarity Centre 14916:John III Sobieski Monument 14472:Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski 13501:Polish government-in-exile 12780:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 12635:Center for Civil Liberties 11495:International Peace Bureau 10570:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 9212:Sino-Indian border dispute 9041:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 8971:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 8729:1976 Argentine coup d'état 8641:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8591:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 8275:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 8243:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 7932:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 7699:Asian Relations Conference 6963:Hungarian Democratic Forum 6958:Alliance of Free Democrats 6948:Union of Democratic Forces 5960:Easter, Gerald M. (2012). 5883:United Press International 5839:Walesa. Czlowiek z nadziei 5350:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 4655:10.1162/jcws.2009.11.2.119 4245:Puhl, Jan (23 June 2008). 3893:"Don't Panic About Poland" 3282:"Walesa sets up new party" 2714:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 2293:United Press International 1645:Best Foreign Language Film 1593:for Robert Więckiewicz at 1446:Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport 1384: 1359:Houston Methodist Hospital 1148:presidential plane crashed 917:2000 presidential election 852:1995 presidential election 637:for the first time in the 588:Workers' Defence Committee 543: 450:Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport 383:that led to the semi-free 18: 15875: 15721:Scientists & thinkers 15720: 15569: 15418: 15267: 15206: 15175: 15011: 14939: 14906: 14811: 14804: 14644:Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce 14604:Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie 14564: 14462: 14399: 14390: 14333:Academic Gymnasium Danzig 14300: 14277:East Pomeranian offensive 14128: 14119: 14061: 13990: 13927: 13874: 13817: 13776: 13725: 13674: 13611: 13544: 13499: 13452: 13441: 13420: 13364: 13298: 13287: 13273: 13190: 13124: 13102: 13091: 13077: 12994: 12975: 12964: 12950: 12833: 12814: 12795: 12770: 12751: 12727: 12708: 12347: 12096: 11853: 11630: 11390: 11090: 10856: 10521: 10511:The American Fighting-Man 10314: 10248: 10197: 10119: 10096:William Appleman Williams 10041:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 9823: 9795: 9744: 9676: 9669: 9603: 9468: 9393: 9323: 9316: 9225: 9172: 9104: 8817: 8556:Bangladesh Liberation War 8546:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 8461: 8433:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8421:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 8084: 7859:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 7836: 7546: 7484: 7428: 7362: 7324:1991 protests in Belgrade 7204: 7129: 7038: 6980: 6971: 6853: 6715: 6662: 6559: 6491: 6428: 6350: 6282: 6183: 6159: 6150: 6142: 6137: 5072:Szporer, Michael (2012). 4195:Instytut Pamieci Nardowej 3290:. London. 3 December 1997 3155:. Speakers Associates Ltd 3010:Szporer, Michael (2012). 1774:and is ranked just above 1380: 1091:, former minister of the 966:In 2011, Wałęsa rejected 809:Soviet troops from Poland 727:. The parliament elected 414:prizes, honors and awards 308: 276: 264: 254: 243: 211: 180: 150: 145: 141: 129: 107: 71: 60: 53: 49: 37: 30: 16224:Roman Catholic activists 16139:People from Lipno County 15074:National Maritime Museum 13919:Jim and Shelley Douglass 13546:Polish People's Republic 13414:Heads of state of Poland 12330:Médecins Sans Frontières 11228:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 8871:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8706:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8676:1978 Somali coup attempt 8636:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 8601:1973 Chilean coup d'état 8426:Revolutionary Government 8320:South African Border War 8112:1960 Turkish coup d'état 8029:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 7884:1953 Iranian coup d'état 7864:1952 Egyptian revolution 7314:January Events in Latvia 7304:Reunification of Germany 7289:1990s post-Soviet aliyah 7219:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 6943:National Salvation Front 6928:Belarusian Popular Front 6918:Popular Front of Estonia 6687:Polish underground press 6448:List of socialist states 6088:of Lech Wałęsa Institute 5966:Cornell University Press 4474:. London. Archived from 2854:Monika Wohlefeld, 1996, 2673:"Poland After Solidarity 2548: 1966: 1736:of Wałęsa on its cover. 1425:Lithuanian highest order 1040:Wałęsa and secret police 1022:migrant crisis in Europe 974:as a result of constant 900:In 1995, he founded the 863:Democratic Left Alliance 733:Prime Minister of Poland 697:Round Table Negotiations 610:, signed an accord (the 351:Communist rule in Poland 16239:Time Person of the Year 14338:Danzig Research Society 14282:Polish protests of 1970 13830:Ernest Leo Unterkoefler 13718:Peace and Freedom Award 13480:Stanisław Wojciechowski 13137:Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz 13007:Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz 11817:Friends Service Council 10726:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 9076:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9021:People Power Revolution 9006:Central American crisis 8946:1986 Black Sea incident 8596:1973 Afghan coup d'état 8494:Western Sahara conflict 8305:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8228:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8171:Portuguese Colonial War 8134:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 7899:1954 Syrian coup d'état 7776:Annexation of Hyderabad 7719:1947–1949 Palestine war 7390:Economic liberalization 7329:1991 Belarusian strikes 7269:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6923:Public Against Violence 6913:Popular Front of Latvia 6692:Political demonstration 6541:Chinese economic reform 6453:People Power Revolution 5539:Charleston Gazette-Mail 4882:The Wall Street Journal 4619:, Friday, 20 June 2008. 4504:The Wall Street Journal 4408:The Wall Street Journal 3806:Encyclopedia Britannica 3412:Encyclopædia Britannica 3199:. London Speaker Bureau 2423:Encyclopædia Britannica 1984:[ˈlɛɣ‿vaˈwɛ̃sa] 1721:Nie wierzcie elektrykom 1295:Polish Security Service 1251:Polish Security Service 1225:handwriting examination 1132:State Protection Office 801:parliamentary elections 495:Jersey City, New Jersey 486:German occupying forces 480:at Młyniec (outpost of 418:Time Person of the Year 299:Recorded 31 August 1980 21:Wałęsa (disambiguation) 16189:Polish trade unionists 16179:Polish Roman Catholics 16174:Polish Nobel laureates 16154:Polish anti-communists 16144:People of the Cold War 15332:Martin Luther King Jr. 15127:Tajemnica Westerplatte 14931:St. Catherine's Church 14262:Battle of Westerplatte 13744:Martin Luther King Jr. 13633:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 13281:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 13259:← Candidates in the 13085:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 13063:← Candidates in the 12839:Nobel Prize recipients 12797:Physiology or Medicine 12214:UN Peacekeeping Forces 12063: (declined award) 11972:Martin Luther King Jr. 10685:Martin Luther King Jr. 9370:Neoclassical economics 8881:Gulf of Sidra incident 8438:1969 Libyan revolution 8129:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7914:1954 Geneva Conference 7674:Turkish straits crisis 7669:Corfu Channel incident 6524:New political thinking 6164:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 5905:"Million Dollar Story" 5570:"Profile: Lech Wałęsa" 5513:. Oslo. 5 October 1983 5033:Henry Holt and Company 3505:"Wałęsa: Drodzy geje!" 2650:1 October 2010 at the 2170:"Profile: Lech Wałęsa" 1812:Henry Holt and Company 1792:and ranked just above 1710:'s first hit single, " 1672:statute of limitations 1662: 1530:United States Congress 1400: 1333:Mirosława Danuta Gołoś 1246: 958: 950: 921:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 886: 856:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 762:"Nie chcę, ale muszę." 752: 630: 583: 560:recent student strikes 555: 528: 522: 474:German-occupied Poland 396:free-market capitalist 218:Mirosława Danuta Gołoś 136:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 82:Jan Krzysztof Bielecki 16134:Nonviolence advocates 15570:Builders & titans 15374:Franklin D. Roosevelt 14552:Aleksandra Dulkiewicz 14193:Sevenfold Sun miracle 13889:María Julia Hernández 13511:Władysław Raczkiewicz 12786:William Alfred Fowler 12486:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 12166:Alfonso García Robles 12146:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 12118:Amnesty International 11730:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 11142:The Good Samaritans: 10439:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10379:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10363:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10220:Russia–NATO relations 10101:Jonathan Reed Winkler 9385:Democratic capitalism 9380:Supply-side economics 9348:American conservatism 9147:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9036:Bougainville conflict 8951:South Yemen civil war 8886:Martial law in Poland 8749:Nicaraguan Revolution 8724:Dirty War (Argentina) 8531:1971 JVP insurrection 8345:Years of Lead (Italy) 8223:North Yemen civil war 8141:Berlin Crisis of 1961 8117:Albanian–Soviet split 8049:1959 Tibetan uprising 8014:Syrian Crisis of 1957 7869:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 7729:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7395:Post-Soviet conflicts 7349:Tajikistani Civil War 7299:Revolution on Granite 7259:Monday Demonstrations 6785:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 6619:Mengistu Haile Mariam 6385:Eastern Bloc politics 6057:Berkeley Daily Planet 5027:Wałęsa, Lech (1987). 4999:"Trzy podpisy Wałęsy" 4177:Cenckiewicz, Sławomir 3728:(20 September 2015). 3672:. 24 September 2013. 3064:Central Europe Review 2968:"Lech Wałęsa (1943– ) 2953:Central Europe Review 2875:From "Walesa, Lech," 2759:Parliamentary Affairs 2460:Lech Wałęsa Institute 2398:Lech Wałęsa Institute 2394:"A Biographical Note" 2288:Eugene Register-Guard 1980:Polish pronunciation: 1927:Wałęsa, Lech (1995). 1884:Wałęsa, Lech (1992). 1845:Wałęsa, Lech (1991). 1806:Wałęsa, Lech (1987). 1674:had already run out. 1654: 1603:Maria Rosaria Omaggio 1395:Wałęsa receiving the 1394: 1233: 956: 948: 903:Lech Wałęsa Institute 876: 766:presidential election 746: 735:in over forty years. 651:martial law in Poland 628: 581: 553: 407:Lech Wałęsa Institute 381:Round Table Agreement 377:martial law in Poland 360:While working at the 16204:Presidents of Poland 15711:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 15198:University of Gdańsk 14999:Wisłoujście Fortress 14429:Clemens von Delbrück 14414:Adrian von der Linde 14267:Battle of Danzig Bay 13854:Maurice John Dingman 13661:Bronisław Komorowski 13643:Bronisław Komorowski 13561:Franciszek Trąbalski 13177:Kazimierz Piotrowicz 12601:World Food Programme 11259:The Silence Breakers 11126:The American Soldier 11107:The Whistleblowers: 10965:The Endangered Earth 10747:The Middle Americans 10701:William Westmoreland 10594:Dwight D. Eisenhower 10463:Dwight D. Eisenhower 9641:Non-Aligned Movement 9263:Peaceful coexistence 9217:North Borneo dispute 9132:German reunification 9127:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 8825:Salvadoran Civil War 8774:Grand Mosque seizure 8769:Yemenite War of 1979 8661:Mozambican Civil War 8616:Carnation Revolution 8571:Yemenite War of 1972 8509:1970 Polish protests 8340:1967 Hong Kong riots 8315:Argentine Revolution 8265:Guatemalan Civil War 8193:Cuban Missile Crisis 8107:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7979:1956 Poznań protests 7957:Geneva Summit (1955) 7559:Hukbalahap Rebellion 7538:Non-Aligned Movement 6805:Vytautas Landsbergis 6800:Viacheslav Chornovil 6629:Denis Sassou Nguesso 6178:Lech Wałęsa navboxes 5741:(14 November 1989). 4123:Krzysztof Wyszkowski 4054:(25 November 2009). 3928:on 21 September 2019 3256:"Founder: Biography" 3124:(29 February 1996). 3058:5 March 2012 at the 2947:5 March 2012 at the 2671:Timothy Garton Ash, 2016:The German airfield 1635:Cannes Film Festival 1607:Venice Film Festival 1587:Agnieszka Grochowska 1538:2002 Winter Olympics 1501:. Wałęsa is also an 1180:Sławomir Cenckiewicz 1093:Minister of Interior 1062:Sławomir Cenckiewicz 1056:, British historian 791:and transition to a 608:Mieczysław Jagielski 573:Polish secret police 16169:Polish electricians 15859:Ludwig Wittgenstein 15806:John Maynard Keynes 15578:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 15162:Walesa: Man of Hope 15044:Gdańsk City Stadium 14767:Wzgórze Mickiewicza 14728:Ujeścisko-Łostowice 14522:Kazimierz Rynkowski 14238:government in exile 14218:Free City of Danzig 13982:Hildegard Goss-Mayr 13734:John Howard Griffin 13623:Wojciech Jaruzelski 13603:Wojciech Jaruzelski 13578:Aleksander Zawadzki 13536:Ryszard Kaczorowski 13521:Stanisław Ostrowski 13430:Provisional Council 13321:Janusz Korwin-Mikke 13316:Jarosław Kalinowski 13142:Janusz Korwin-Mikke 12282:Pugwash Conferences 11324:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 10308:Persons of the Year 10086:Alex von Tunzelmann 10076:Vladimir Tismăneanu 10001:Thomas J. McCormick 9996:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 9896:Robert Hugh Ferrell 9759:Crusade for Freedom 9556:Illiberal democracy 9440:Ho Chi Minh Thought 9243:Eisenhower Doctrine 9096:Peaceful Revolution 9091:Romanian Revolution 9071:Revolutions of 1989 9056:1988 Polish strikes 8966:Operation INFEKTION 8961:1987 Lieyu massacre 8866:Eritrean Civil Wars 8849:Peruvian Revolution 8799:1979 Herat uprising 8789:Sino-Vietnamese War 8754:Uganda–Tanzania War 8734:Egyptian–Libyan War 8701:Third Indochina War 8696:Sino-Albanian split 8686:Ethiopian Civil War 8586:Eritrean Civil Wars 8526:Ping-pong diplomacy 8499:Cambodian Civil War 8325:Korean DMZ Conflict 8310:Cultural Revolution 8280:Dominican Civil War 8258:Tlatelolco massacre 8044:1959 Mosul uprising 8034:1958 Lebanon crisis 7761:Al-Wathbah uprising 7684:First Indochina War 7654:Iran crisis of 1946 7249:Pan-European Picnic 7224:1988 Polish strikes 6604:Wojciech Jaruzelski 6344:Revolutions of 1989 6153:President of Poland 6146:Wojciech Jaruzelski 5799:www.achievement.org 5719:on 29 February 2016 5416:. 13 September 1976 4919:on 18 February 2016 4834:The Washington Post 4803:on 26 February 2016 4739:on 24 February 2016 3789:The Washington Post 3082:, 17 December 2003. 3034:Danielle Lussier, " 3014:. Lexington Books. 2991:. 22 September 1990 2985:"Economist article" 2929:Europe-Asia Studies 2782:Grażyna Zwolińska, 2761:, 1990, 43: 90–107. 2466:on 3 February 2008. 1658:Walesa. Man of Hope 1619:Jerzy Radziwiłowicz 1573:-winning filmmaker 1566:Walesa: Man of Hope 1556:Cultural references 1480:honorary doctorates 1274:Archiwum Akt Nowych 1255:Lech Wałęsa – Bolek 793:free-market economy 635:Wojciech Jaruzelski 540:Solidarity movement 460:Wałęsa was born in 430:Columbia University 347:Solidarity movement 331:president of Poland 283:Lech Wałęsa's voice 119:Ryszard Kaczorowski 114:Wojciech Jaruzelski 55:President of Poland 15979:Emmeline Pankhurst 15898:Lady Diana Spencer 15876:Heroes & icons 15662:Charles E. Merrill 15381:Theodore Roosevelt 15098:In popular culture 15089:St. Dominic's Fair 15024:Baltic State Opera 15012:Culture and events 14977:Ronald Reagan Park 14861:Neptune's Fountain 14762:Wyspa Sobieszewska 14444:Hermann Rauschning 14348:SS Heimwehr Danzig 14250:Polish Post Office 13826:Crystal Lee Sutton 13756:A. Philip Randolph 13750:R. Sargent Shriver 13613:Republic of Poland 13593:Józef Cyrankiewicz 13567:Władysław Kowalski 13469:Gabriel Narutowicz 13454:Republic of Poland 13341:Andrzej Olechowski 13326:Marian Krzaklewski 13012:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 12986:Stanisław Tymiński 12936:Candidates in the 12805:Barbara McClintock 12553:Juan Manuel Santos 11879:George C. Marshall 11722:Carl von Ossietzky 11617:Austen Chamberlain 11483:A. M. F. Beernaert 11451:Theodore Roosevelt 11443:Bertha von Suttner 10889:Ayatollah Khomeini 10554:John Foster Dulles 10240:Russian Revolution 10036:Mary Elise Sarotte 10021:William B. Pickett 9946:Patrick J. Hearden 9926:Gabriel Gorodetsky 9921:Timothy Garton Ash 9906:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 9501:Ethnic nationalism 9253:Hallstein Doctrine 9137:Yemeni unification 8926:1985 Geneva Summit 8891:Casamance conflict 8794:New Jewel Movement 8779:Iranian Revolution 8764:Chadian–Libyan War 8711:Cambodian conflict 8691:Lebanese Civil War 8681:Western Sahara War 8656:June 1976 protests 8651:Cambodian genocide 8416:17 July Revolution 8370:Nigerian Civil War 8285:Rhodesian Bush War 8270:Colombian conflict 8213:Ramadan Revolution 7952:Bandung Conference 7828:Operation Valuable 7709:Partition of India 6609:Slobodan Milošević 6478:Vatican Opposition 6292:Marian Krzaklewski 6138:Political offices 6117:on Nobelprize.org 5941:. 16 November 1995 5748:The New York Times 5606:. 23 February 2016 5578:. 25 November 2004 5447:on 11 January 2009 5414:europarl.europa.eu 5134:978-83-609-40-72-3 4948:The New York Times 4765:The New York Times 4700:. 18 February 2016 4150:The Budapest Times 4061:The New York Times 4032:. 17 November 2005 4002:The New York Times 3974:The New York Times 3967:(21 August 2000). 3735:The Jerusalem Post 3415:. 18 February 2016 3131:The New York Times 3038:", working paper, 2804:Jarosław Osowski, 2324:The New York Times 2231:"Rys biograficzny" 1663: 1579:Robert Więckiewicz 1542:heraldic authority 1484:Harvard University 1433:Lech Wałęsa Award. 1401: 1247: 1123:, Wałęsa's former 1121:Antoni Macierewicz 1058:Timothy Garton Ash 959: 951: 940:Jarosław Kaczyński 887: 753: 729:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 631: 584: 556: 478:forced labour camp 426:Harvard University 420:(1981) and one of 78:Tadeusz Mazowiecki 16164:Polish dissidents 16036: 16035: 16030: 16029: 15958:Charles Lindbergh 15891:The American G.I. 15785:Robert H. Goddard 15771:Alexander Fleming 15395:Margaret Thatcher 15367:Eleanor Roosevelt 15325:Ruhollah Khomeini 15318:Pope John Paul II 15297:Mikhail Gorbachev 15283:Winston Churchill 15224: 15223: 15171: 15170: 15007: 15006: 14876:St. Mary's Church 14669:Przymorze Wielkie 14560: 14559: 14537:Franciszek Jamroż 14512:Andrzej Kaznowski 14497:Stanisław Schmidt 14487:Stanisław Schmidt 14424:Gottlieb Hufeland 14386: 14385: 14328:Marienbrunn Abbey 14287:21 demands of MKS 14121:History of Gdańsk 14078: 14077: 14035:Gustavo Gutiérrez 13952:Dorothy Hennessey 13936:George G. Higgins 13681: 13680: 13655:Grzegorz Schetyna 13649:Bogdan Borusewicz 13588:Marian Spychalski 13380: 13379: 13306:Dariusz Grabowski 13268: 13258: 13221: 13220: 13182:Tadeusz Zieliński 13117: 13072: 13062: 13025: 13024: 12945: 12903: 12902: 12816:Economic Sciences 12666: 12665: 12527:Kailash Satyarthi 12412:Mohamed ElBaradei 12230:Mikhail Gorbachev 11925:Philip Noel-Baker 11909:Lester B. Pearson 11871:Albert Schweitzer 11652:Ferdinand Buisson 11644:Gustav Stresemann 11523:Henri La Fontaine 11384:Nobel Peace Prize 11346: 11345: 11328:Spirit of Ukraine 11028:Pope John Paul II 11005:The Peacemakers: 10981:George H. W. Bush 10973:Mikhail Gorbachev 10957:Mikhail Gorbachev 10801:Susan Brownmiller 10717:Lyndon B. Johnson 10693:Lyndon B. Johnson 10602:U.S. Scientists: 10586:Charles de Gaulle 10578:Nikita Khrushchev 10530:Mohammed Mosaddeq 10503:Winston Churchill 10431:Winston Churchill 10323:Charles Lindbergh 10271: 10270: 10258:List of conflicts 10106:Rudolph Winnacker 10051:Giles Scott-Smith 10026:Ronald E. Powaski 9981:Melvyn P. Leffler 9911:John Lewis Gaddis 9886:Robert D. English 9851:Warren H. Carroll 9841:Michael Beschloss 9810:Nuclear arms race 9791: 9790: 9697:Neues Deutschland 9599: 9598: 9581:White nationalism 9551:Liberal democracy 9288:Ulbricht Doctrine 9278:Brezhnev Doctrine 9086:Velvet Revolution 8830:Soviet–Afghan War 8646:Angolan Civil War 8443:Goulash Communism 8300:ASEAN Declaration 8253:Mexican Dirty War 8151:Annexation of Goa 8102:1960 U-2 incident 8076:Sino-Soviet split 8054:Laotian Civil War 7894:Bricker Amendment 7874:Mau Mau rebellion 7818:Malayan Emergency 7806:Chinese Civil War 7766:Tito–Stalin split 7620:Division of Korea 7444: 7443: 7370:Colour revolution 7200: 7199: 7167:Congo-Brazzaville 6888:Democratic Russia 6845:Pope John Paul II 6840:George H. W. Bush 6790:Vladimir Bukovsky 6579:Mikhail Gorbachev 6574:Nicolae Ceaușescu 6360:Era of Stagnation 6310: 6309: 6171: 6170: 6160:Succeeded by 5913:. 12 January 1990 5885:. 4 December 1989 5878:Los Angeles Times 5856:Czlowiek z zelaza 5689:. 10 October 2009 5575:BBC World Service 5367:978-0-375-42532-5 5356:. New York City: 5173:BBC World Service 4976:BBC World Service 4697:BBC World Service 4386:BBC World Service 4204:978-83-60464-74-8 4181:Gontarczyk, Piotr 4029:Los Angeles Times 3872:. 31 January 2017 3791:. 11 August 2017. 3763:Los Angeles Times 3443:BBC World Service 3380:. 15 October 2000 3377:BBC World Service 2731:978-0-375-42532-5 2720:. New York City: 2656:Encyklopedia WIEM 2200:"Standort Danzig" 1894:Arcade Publishing 1847:Droga do wolności 1776:Ivan the Terrible 1739:Patrick Dailly's 1732:which featured a 1695:Pope John Paul II 1680:Jacek Lenartowicz 1455:Wałęsa was named 1405:Order of the Bath 1289:Wałęsa's response 1244:Kiszczak archives 1236:Lech Wałęsa-Bolek 1214:Kiszczak archives 1195:Radio Free Europe 1125:Interior Minister 1119:trade union, and 1026:Nobel Peace Prize 1011:Nobel Peace Prize 999:same-sex marriage 778:Józef Piłsudski's 674:Tygodnik Mazowsze 667:Nobel Peace Prize 502:vocational school 399:liberal democracy 327:Nobel Peace Prize 312: 311: 292: 161:29 September 1943 16276: 16023: 16016: 16009: 16002: 15995: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15868: 15861: 15854: 15843: 15836: 15834:William Shockley 15829: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15787: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15759: 15757:Philo Farnsworth 15752: 15745: 15738: 15731: 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15643: 15636: 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15587: 15580: 15562: 15555: 15548: 15546:Steven Spielberg 15541: 15534: 15527: 15520: 15513: 15506: 15499: 15492: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15464: 15457: 15450: 15443: 15436: 15429: 15411: 15404: 15397: 15390: 15383: 15376: 15369: 15362: 15355: 15348: 15341: 15334: 15327: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15299: 15292: 15285: 15278: 15276:David Ben-Gurion 15251: 15244: 15237: 15228: 15227: 15214: 15213: 15155:Zero Dark Thirty 15134:Live from Gdańsk 15095: 15094: 14926:Preachers' House 14809: 14808: 14532:Jacek Starościak 14517:Jerzy Młynarczyk 14477:Bolesław Nowicki 14464:Mayors of Gdańsk 14401:Mayors of Danzig 14397: 14396: 14292:Gdańsk Agreement 14208:Region of Danzig 14183:Danzig rebellion 14138:Hanseatic League 14126: 14125: 14105: 14098: 14091: 14082: 14081: 13848:Joseph Bernardin 13836:George F. Kennan 13809:Thomas Gumbleton 13708: 13701: 13694: 13685: 13684: 13598:Henryk Jabłoński 13531:Kazimierz Sabbat 13526:Edward Raczyński 13447: 13407: 13400: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13346:Bogdan Pawłowski 13299:Other candidates 13293: 13264: 13254: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13225: 13224: 13213:Bogdan Pawłowski 13208:Leszek Moczulski 13203:Marek Markiewicz 13125:Other candidates 13115: 13097: 13068: 13058: 13052: 13045: 13038: 13029: 13028: 13017:Leszek Moczulski 13002:Roman Bartoszcze 12995:Other candidates 12970: 12941: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12907: 12906: 12841: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12670: 12669: 12659: 12648: 12646:Narges Mohammadi 12637: 12618: 12603: 12592: 12581: 12566: 12555: 12544: 12533: 12531:Malala Yousafzai 12518: 12507: 12496: 12477: 12466: 12455: 12453:Martti Ahtisaari 12444: 12429: 12414: 12399: 12388: 12377: 12366: 12340: 12332: 12324: 12312: 12300: 12298:José Ramos-Horta 12288: 12276: 12260: 12248: 12246:Rigoberta Menchú 12240: 12238:Aung San Suu Kyi 12232: 12224: 12216: 12208: 12200: 12192: 12184: 12176: 12168: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12132: 12120: 12112: 12110:Mairead Corrigan 12089: 12081: 12069: 12054: 12053: 12047: 12036: 12025: 12014: 12003: 12002: 11994: 11993: 11985: 11974: 11963: 11951: 11943: 11941:Dag Hammarskjöld 11935: 11927: 11919: 11911: 11903: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11889: 11881: 11873: 11865: 11846: 11838: 11830: 11829: 11823: 11811: 11799: 11791: 11783: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11762: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11748: 11740: 11732: 11724: 11716: 11714:Arthur Henderson 11708: 11700: 11699: 11693: 11681: 11679:Nathan Söderblom 11673: 11671:Frank B. Kellogg 11665: 11664: 11658: 11646: 11623: 11611: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11583:Hjalmar Branting 11577: 11569: 11561: 11560: 11554: 11546: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11525: 11517: 11509: 11497: 11489: 11477: 11465: 11453: 11445: 11437: 11429: 11421: 11409: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11350: 11349: 11339: 11331: 11319: 11311: 11299: 11291: 11289: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11238: 11236: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11196: 11188: 11180: 11172: 11164: 11156: 11154: 11137: 11129: 11121: 11119: 11102: 11099:Rudolph Giuliani 11083: 11075: 11067: 11055: 11047: 11039: 11031: 11023: 11021: 11000: 10992: 10984: 10976: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10944: 10936: 10928: 10916: 10908: 10900: 10892: 10884: 10876: 10868: 10849: 10847: 10833:Billie Jean King 10799:American Women: 10794: 10786: 10778: 10766: 10758: 10750: 10742: 10740: 10720: 10712: 10704: 10696: 10688: 10680: 10672: 10664: 10662: 10644:William Shockley 10620:Joshua Lederberg 10616:Donald A. Glaser 10597: 10589: 10581: 10573: 10565: 10557: 10549: 10541: 10533: 10514: 10506: 10498: 10490: 10482: 10474: 10466: 10458: 10450: 10442: 10434: 10426: 10418: 10410: 10398: 10390: 10382: 10374: 10366: 10358: 10350: 10342: 10334: 10326: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10275: 10274: 10016:David S. Painter 9941:John Earl Haynes 9871:Nicholas J. Cull 9856:Adrian Cioroianu 9836:Thomas A. Bailey 9783:Voice of America 9674: 9673: 9586:White separatism 9566:Social democracy 9561:Guided democracy 9541:Authoritarianism 9491:Ultranationalism 9481:Anti-imperialism 9408:Marxism–Leninism 9321: 9320: 9308:Kinmen Agreement 9273:Johnson Doctrine 9258:Kennedy Doctrine 9174:Frozen conflicts 9157:1991 August Coup 9046:Afghan Civil War 8941:Reykjavík Summit 8936:Somali Rebellion 8876:Ugandan Bush War 8854:Gdańsk Agreement 8375:Protests of 1968 8355:War of Attrition 8064:Cuban Revolution 8000:We will bury you 7967:Cyprus Emergency 7947:Kashmir Princess 7937:Jebel Akhdar War 7786:Western betrayal 7471: 7464: 7457: 7448: 7447: 7319:Transnistria War 6978: 6977: 6820:Aung San Suu Kyi 6735:Alexander Dubček 6672:Civil resistance 6529:Sinatra Doctrine 6509:Demokratizatsiya 6410:Shortage economy 6337: 6330: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6214:Organized labour 6212: 6211: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6143:Preceded by 6135: 6134: 6122: 6092:Official profile 6087: 6086: 6084:Official website 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6015:"New Year's Day" 6010: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5938:Associated Press 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5910:Orlando Sentinel 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5869: 5863: 5852: 5846: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5819:on 26 March 2016 5809: 5803: 5802: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5663:. 4 January 1982 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5632:Windy City Times 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5546:. Archived from 5544:Associated Press 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5510:Nobel Foundation 5501: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5443:. Archived from 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5274:Associated Press 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5238: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4913:Associated Press 4905: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4878: 4870: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4841:. Archived from 4839:Associated Press 4824: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4797:Associated Press 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4725: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4634: 4626: 4620: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4430: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4315: 4310:(25 June 2008). 4304: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4227:on 7 March 2016. 4223:. 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Archived from 3684: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3446:. 22 August 2006 3434: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3319: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3252: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3218: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3089: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3049: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2965: 2956: 2938: 2932: 2922: 2905: 2894: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2686: 2680: 2669: 2658: 2643: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2574:Springer, Axel. 2571: 2565: 2564: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2538:on 6 March 2008. 2523: 2496: 2495: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2462:. Archived from 2456:"ON THE FOUNDER" 2452: 2429: 2419: 2406: 2405: 2404:on 14 June 2009. 2400:. Archived from 2390: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2279: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2180:on 15 April 2008 2176:. Archived from 2166: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2098: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2062: 2056: 2055:, after marriage 2050: 2044: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1962: 1923: 1891: 1880: 1841: 1688: 1503:honorary citizen 1441: 1413:Legion of Honour 1375:COVID-19 vaccine 1300:SB a Lech Wałęsa 1240:Security Service 1220:Security Service 1184:Piotr Gontarczyk 1172: 1089:Czesław Kiszczak 1066:Piotr Gontarczyk 1050:Security Service 879:Legislative Yuan 797:Balcerowicz Plan 682:Security Service 612:Gdańsk Agreement 531: 529:Stocznia Gdańska 525: 442:Legion of Honour 389:Marxist–Leninist 370:Gdańsk Agreement 294: 293: 272: 237: 235: 231: 164: 160: 158: 146:Personal details 132: 110: 74: 65: 42: 28: 27: 16284: 16283: 16279: 16278: 16277: 16275: 16274: 16273: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16031: 16026: 16019: 16012: 16007:Andrei Sakharov 16005: 16000:Jackie Robinson 15998: 15991: 15984: 15977: 15970: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15935: 15924: 15917: 15910: 15903: 15896: 15889: 15882: 15871: 15866:Wright brothers 15864: 15857: 15846: 15839: 15832: 15825: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15750:Albert Einstein 15748: 15741: 15736:Tim Berners-Lee 15734: 15727: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15620:Amadeo Giannini 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15565: 15558: 15553:Igor Stravinsky 15551: 15544: 15537: 15530: 15523: 15516: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15490:Aretha Franklin 15488: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15462:Charlie Chaplin 15460: 15453: 15446: 15439: 15432: 15427:Louis Armstrong 15425: 15414: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15388:Margaret Sanger 15386: 15379: 15372: 15365: 15358: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15302: 15295: 15288: 15281: 15274: 15263: 15255: 15225: 15220: 15202: 15167: 15093: 15079:National Museum 15003: 14952:Oliwa Cathedral 14935: 14902: 14898:Uphagen's House 14846:Great Synagogue 14800: 14556: 14547:Paweł Adamowicz 14542:Tomasz Posadzki 14492:Julian Cybulski 14458: 14382: 14358:Gdańsk Shipyard 14343:Polish Corridor 14296: 14188:Battle of Oliwa 14115: 14109: 14079: 14074: 14057: 14029:Thích Nhất Hạnh 14023:Simone Campbell 13986: 13923: 13901:Daniel Berrigan 13883:Mairead Maguire 13870: 13842:Helen Caldicott 13813: 13772: 13738:John F. Kennedy 13721: 13716:Pacem in Terris 13712: 13682: 13677: 13670: 13615: 13607: 13573:Bolesław Bierut 13556:Bolesław Bierut 13548: 13540: 13503: 13495: 13491:Ignacy Mościcki 13464:Józef Piłsudski 13456: 13448: 13439: 13435:Regency Council 13416: 13411: 13381: 13376: 13360: 13356:Tadeusz Wilecki 13336:Jan Łopuszański 13311:Piotr Ikonowicz 13294: 13285: 13269: 13252: 13222: 13217: 13186: 13167:Waldemar Pawlak 13120: 13098: 13089: 13073: 13056: 13026: 13021: 12990: 12971: 12962: 12946: 12934: 12904: 12899: 12837: 12829: 12826:(United States) 12810: 12807:(United States) 12791: 12788:(United States) 12766: 12747: 12744:(Great Britain) 12742:William Golding 12723: 12720:(United States) 12704: 12697: 12667: 12662: 12657:to be announced 12651: 12640: 12627:Ales Bialiatski 12621: 12606: 12595: 12584: 12569: 12558: 12547: 12536: 12521: 12510: 12499: 12494:Tawakkol Karman 12480: 12469: 12458: 12447: 12432: 12417: 12402: 12397:Wangari Maathai 12391: 12380: 12369: 12354: 12343: 12335: 12327: 12315: 12303: 12291: 12279: 12263: 12251: 12243: 12235: 12227: 12219: 12211: 12203: 12195: 12187: 12179: 12171: 12159: 12151: 12143: 12135: 12123: 12115: 12103: 12092: 12087:Andrei Sakharov 12084: 12072: 12067:Henry Kissinger 12057: 12051: 12050: 12039: 12028: 12017: 12006: 11998: 11997: 11989: 11988: 11977: 11966: 11954: 11946: 11938: 11930: 11922: 11914: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11884: 11876: 11868: 11860: 11849: 11841: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11814: 11802: 11794: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11743: 11735: 11727: 11719: 11711: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11691:Nicholas Butler 11684: 11676: 11668: 11662: 11661: 11649: 11640:Aristide Briand 11637: 11626: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11595:Fridtjof Nansen 11592: 11587:Christian Lange 11580: 11572: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11520: 11512: 11500: 11492: 11480: 11468: 11456: 11448: 11440: 11432: 11424: 11412: 11397: 11386: 11377: 11347: 11342: 11334: 11322: 11314: 11302: 11294: 11269:Jamal Khashoggi 11267:The Guardians: 11266: 11265: 11257: 11249: 11241: 11224: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11199: 11193:Mark Zuckerberg 11191: 11183: 11175: 11167: 11159: 11141: 11140: 11132: 11124: 11117:Sherron Watkins 11106: 11105: 11097: 11086: 11078: 11070: 11058: 11050: 11042: 11034: 11026: 11004: 11003: 10995: 10987: 10979: 10971: 10963: 10955: 10947: 10939: 10933:Peter Ueberroth 10931: 10919: 10911: 10903: 10895: 10887: 10879: 10871: 10863: 10852: 10805:Kathleen Byerly 10798: 10797: 10789: 10781: 10771:Henry Kissinger 10769: 10761: 10753: 10745: 10724: 10723: 10715: 10707: 10699: 10691: 10683: 10677:Pope John XXIII 10675: 10669:John F. Kennedy 10667: 10660:Robert Woodward 10656:James Van Allen 10601: 10600: 10592: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10560: 10552: 10546:Konrad Adenauer 10544: 10536: 10528: 10517: 10509: 10501: 10495:Harry S. Truman 10493: 10487:George Marshall 10485: 10479:James F. Byrnes 10477: 10471:Harry S. Truman 10469: 10461: 10455:George Marshall 10453: 10445: 10437: 10429: 10421: 10413: 10403:Chiang Kai-shek 10401: 10393: 10385: 10377: 10371:Hugh S. Johnson 10369: 10361: 10353: 10347:Mohandas Gandhi 10345: 10337: 10331:Walter Chrysler 10329: 10321: 10310: 10302: 10272: 10267: 10244: 10235:Second Cold War 10193: 10121: 10115: 10091:Odd Arne Westad 10081:Patrick Vaughan 10066:Athan Theoharis 10046:Ellen Schrecker 10031:Yakov M. Rabkin 10006:Timothy Naftali 9951:Tvrtko Jakovina 9936:Jussi Hanhimäki 9819: 9797: 9787: 9765:Paix et Liberté 9740: 9684:Active measures 9665: 9595: 9576:White supremacy 9536:Totalitarianism 9464: 9389: 9312: 9298:Reagan Doctrine 9293:Carter Doctrine 9233:Truman Doctrine 9221: 9168: 9100: 8995:Soviet reaction 8906:Ndogboyosoi War 8813: 8784:Saur Revolution 8611:1973 oil crisis 8576:Munich massacre 8484:Alcora Exercise 8479:Black September 8457: 8203:Sino-Indian War 8097:Simba rebellion 8080: 7924:Capture of the 7832: 7771:Berlin Blockade 7704:May 1947 crises 7694:Truman Doctrine 7659:Greek Civil War 7648:Blacklist Forty 7615:Gouzenko Affair 7602:Cursed soldiers 7554:Morgenthau Plan 7542: 7480: 7475: 7445: 7440: 7424: 7385:Democratization 7375:Decommunization 7358: 7294:Helsinki Summit 7234:April 9 tragedy 7206: 7196: 7125: 7034: 6982: 6973: 6967: 6855: 6849: 6717: 6711: 6664: 6658: 6614:Mathieu Kérékou 6561: 6555: 6487: 6463:Reagan Doctrine 6438:Active measures 6430: 6424: 6415:Totalitarianism 6352: 6346: 6341: 6311: 6306: 6278: 6272: 6242: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6186: 6179: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6148: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5968:. p. 157. 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5853: 5849: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5550:on 5 March 2016 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5503: 5502: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5481:Thomson Reuters 5467: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5300:Kurier Lubelski 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5231: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5176:. 30 March 2009 5166: 5165: 5158: 5135: 5115: 5111: 5088: 5080:. p. 148. 5078:Lexington Books 5070: 5066: 5043: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5005:Gazeta Wyborcza 4996: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4939: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4871: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4845:on 7 March 2016 4825: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4727: 4726: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4627: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4563:The Irish Times 4554: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4478:on 2 March 2016 4462: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4440:Gazeta Wyborcza 4431: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4377: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4305: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4280:The Independent 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4243: 4232: 4205: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4157:on 3 March 2016 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4105: 4095: 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3070: 3060:Wayback Machine 3050: 3046: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2966: 2959: 2949:Wayback Machine 2939: 2935: 2923: 2908: 2895: 2884: 2873: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2814:Gazeta Wyborcza 2805: 2803: 2799: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2670: 2661: 2652:Wayback Machine 2641: 2640: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2547: 2543: 2524: 2499: 2492: 2476: 2472: 2454: 2453: 2432: 2421:"Lech Wałęsa," 2420: 2409: 2392: 2391: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2315: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2168: 2167: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2069:Bolek and Lolek 2063: 2059: 2053:Izabela Młyńska 2051: 2047: 2018:Danzig-Langfuhr 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1943: 1904: 1861: 1851:Road to Freedom 1822: 1802: 1790:Marcus Aurelius 1785:Civilization VI 1764:Augustus Caesar 1682: 1661:in Warsaw, 2013 1599:Pasinetti Award 1581:) and his wife 1558: 1469:Financial Times 1457:Man of the Year 1435: 1429:Polish diaspora 1389: 1383: 1348:coronary artery 1329: 1291: 1279:1989 revolution 1216: 1166: 1159: 1105: 1042: 980:Polish minority 964: 962:Political views 932:Law and Justice 891:lecture circuit 871: 869:Post-presidency 837:neo-imperialism 741: 689:plenary session 548: 542: 458: 392:state socialism 304: 303: 302: 301: 300: 298: 295: 288: 285: 239: 227: 223: 220: 203: 198: 193: 188: 181:Political party 165: 162: 156: 154: 130: 117: 108: 100: 98:Waldemar Pawlak 96: 92: 90:Waldemar Pawlak 88: 84: 80: 72: 66: 61: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16282: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 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Mayer 15651: 15644: 15641:William Levitt 15637: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15592:Willis Carrier 15588: 15581: 15573: 15571: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15563: 15556: 15549: 15542: 15535: 15528: 15521: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15465: 15458: 15451: 15444: 15437: 15430: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15405: 15398: 15391: 15384: 15377: 15370: 15363: 15356: 15349: 15346:Nelson Mandela 15342: 15339:Vladimir Lenin 15335: 15328: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15300: 15293: 15290:Mahatma Gandhi 15286: 15279: 15271: 15269: 15265: 15264: 15254: 15253: 15246: 15239: 15231: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15165: 15158: 15151: 15144: 15141:Live in Gdańsk 15137: 15130: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15109: 15101: 15099: 15092: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15001: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14967:Port of Gdańsk 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14947:Abbot's Palace 14943: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14912: 14910: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14841:Granary Island 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14817: 14815: 14806: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14796: 14789:Zaspa-Rozstaje 14786: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14758: 14757: 14750:Wrzeszcz Górny 14747: 14746: 14745: 14738:Wrzeszcz Dolny 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14696:Biskupia Górka 14688: 14683: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14666: 14664:Przymorze Małe 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14570: 14568: 14562: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14527:Jerzy Pasiński 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14482:Piotr Stolarek 14479: 14474: 14468: 14466: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14454:Albert Forster 14451: 14449:Arthur Greiser 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14419:Daniel Gralath 14416: 14411: 14409:Conrad Letzkau 14405: 14403: 14394: 14388: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14255:Postal history 14247: 14242: 14241: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14140: 14134: 14132: 14123: 14117: 14116: 14108: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14085: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14072: 14070:Norma Pimentel 14065: 14063: 14059: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14007: 14001: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13960: 13954: 13948:Gwen Hennessey 13944: 13938: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13903: 13897: 13891: 13885: 13878: 13876: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13838: 13832: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13805: 13799: 13793: 13787: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13740: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13722: 13711: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13688: 13679: 13678: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13646: 13640: 13638:Lech Kaczyński 13635: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13616:(1990–present) 13609: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13550: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13516:August Zaleski 13513: 13507: 13505: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13493: 13488: 13482: 13477: 13471: 13466: 13460: 13458: 13450: 13449: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13410: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13387: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13368: 13366: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13331:Andrzej Lepper 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13302: 13300: 13296: 13295: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13270: 13251: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13228: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13198:Lech Kaczyński 13194: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13157:Andrzej Lepper 13154: 13149: 13147:Tadeusz Koźluk 13144: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13109: 13107: 13100: 13099: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13074: 13055: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13032: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12998: 12996: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12973: 12972: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12947: 12933: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12910: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12820: 12818: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12801: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12789: 12783: 12776: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12757: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12738: 12736: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12714: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12696: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12673: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12649: 12638: 12619: 12616:Dmitry Muratov 12604: 12593: 12582: 12567: 12556: 12545: 12534: 12519: 12508: 12505:European Union 12497: 12478: 12467: 12456: 12445: 12430: 12427:Muhammad Yunus 12415: 12400: 12389: 12378: 12367: 12360:United Nations 12351: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12313: 12301: 12289: 12286:Joseph Rotblat 12277: 12261: 12258:F. W. de Klerk 12254:Nelson Mandela 12249: 12241: 12233: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12201: 12193: 12185: 12177: 12169: 12157: 12149: 12141: 12133: 12130:Menachem Begin 12121: 12113: 12106:Betty Williams 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12082: 12070: 12055: 12048: 12037: 12034:Norman Borlaug 12026: 12015: 12004: 11995: 11986: 11975: 11964: 11952: 11944: 11936: 11933:Albert Luthuli 11928: 11920: 11912: 11904: 11897: 11890: 11882: 11874: 11866: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11847: 11839: 11831: 11824: 11812: 11800: 11792: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11733: 11725: 11717: 11709: 11701: 11694: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11659: 11647: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11590: 11578: 11575:Léon Bourgeois 11570: 11567:Woodrow Wilson 11562: 11555: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11518: 11510: 11498: 11490: 11478: 11471:Klas Arnoldson 11466: 11459:Ernesto Moneta 11454: 11446: 11438: 11430: 11422: 11410: 11407:Frédéric Passy 11394: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11376: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11353: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11320: 11312: 11300: 11296:Greta Thunberg 11292: 11263: 11255: 11247: 11239: 11226:Ebola Fighters 11221: 11213: 11205: 11197: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11169:Vladimir Putin 11165: 11157: 11138: 11134:George W. Bush 11130: 11122: 11109:Cynthia Cooper 11103: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11080:George W. Bush 11076: 11068: 11056: 11048: 11040: 11032: 11024: 11015:Nelson Mandela 11011:F. W. de Klerk 11001: 10993: 10985: 10977: 10969: 10961: 10953: 10949:Corazon Aquino 10945: 10937: 10929: 10917: 10909: 10901: 10893: 10885: 10877: 10869: 10860: 10858: 10854: 10853: 10851: 10850: 10829:Barbara Jordan 10795: 10787: 10779: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10730:William Anders 10721: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10673: 10665: 10652:Charles Townes 10632:Edward Purcell 10608:Charles Draper 10598: 10590: 10582: 10574: 10566: 10562:Harlow Curtice 10558: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10507: 10499: 10491: 10483: 10475: 10467: 10459: 10451: 10443: 10435: 10427: 10419: 10411: 10407:Soong Mei-ling 10399: 10395:Wallis Simpson 10391: 10387:Haile Selassie 10383: 10375: 10367: 10359: 10351: 10343: 10335: 10327: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10301: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10278: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10061:Timothy Snyder 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9991:Vojtech Mastny 9988: 9986:Geir Lundestad 9983: 9978: 9976:Walter Laqueur 9973: 9971:Walter LaFeber 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9901:André Fontaine 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9831:Gar Alperovitz 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9761: 9756: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9571:Third-Worldism 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9399: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9360:Libertarianism 9357: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9338:Chicago school 9335: 9329: 9327: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9283:Nixon Doctrine 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9226:Foreign policy 9223: 9222: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9011:Operation RYAN 9008: 9003: 8998: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8916:Able Archer 83 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8666:Oromo conflict 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8606:Yom Kippur War 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8238:Aden Emergency 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8156:Papua conflict 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8061: 8059:Kitchen Debate 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8019:Sputnik crisis 8016: 8011: 8003: 7996: 7991: 7989:Polish October 7986: 7981: 7976: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7889:Pact of Madrid 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7844:Bamboo Curtain 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7584: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7410:Post-communism 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7000:Czechoslovakia 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6983:Eastern Europe 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6830:Isaias Afwerki 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6810:Zianon Pazniak 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Erich Honecker 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Anti-communism 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6297:Janusz Śniadek 6294: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6169: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6112: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6077: 6076:External links 6074: 6071: 6070: 6042: 6033: 6005: 5981: 5974: 5952: 5924: 5896: 5864: 5847: 5830: 5804: 5786: 5761: 5730: 5700: 5674: 5646: 5617: 5589: 5561: 5524: 5493: 5458: 5427: 5401: 5373: 5366: 5358:Pantheon Books 5342: 5328:Rzeczpospolita 5313: 5286: 5260: 5222: 5187: 5156: 5133: 5109: 5086: 5076:. Lanham, MD: 5064: 5041: 5019: 4989: 4961: 4930: 4895: 4856: 4814: 4778: 4750: 4711: 4676: 4621: 4605: 4577: 4545: 4534:. 24 June 2008 4531:Deutsche Welle 4517: 4489: 4453: 4412: 4399: 4368: 4333: 4294: 4265: 4230: 4203: 4168: 4136: 4103: 4074: 4043: 4015: 3987: 3939: 3909: 3883: 3848: 3833: 3811: 3808:. 4 June 2023. 3793: 3776: 3748: 3712: 3679: 3655: 3627: 3602: 3574: 3548: 3522: 3495: 3470: 3457: 3426: 3391: 3363: 3341: 3301: 3273: 3238: 3226:www.ilw.org.pl 3210: 3188: 3166: 3144: 3113: 3084: 3080:New York Times 3068: 3044: 3027: 3020: 3002: 2976: 2957: 2933: 2924:Voytek Zubek, 2906: 2904:, 6 July 1994. 2902:New York Times 2882: 2864: 2847: 2818: 2816:, 4 June 2009. 2797: 2795:, 6 June 2009. 2793:Gazeta Lubuska 2775: 2763: 2750: 2748:, 27 May 1989. 2737: 2730: 2722:Pantheon Books 2706: 2681: 2659: 2629: 2615: 2592: 2566: 2559: 2541: 2497: 2490: 2470: 2430: 2407: 2354: 2337: 2306: 2269: 2248: 2222: 2205: 2191: 2118: 2106:news.bbc.co.uk 2092: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2073: 2057: 2045: 2009: 1996: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1941: 1924: 1902: 1881: 1859: 1842: 1820: 1801: 1798: 1759:Civilization V 1712:New Year's Day 1700: 1699: 1649: 1648: 1610: 1557: 1554: 1409:Order of Merit 1385:Main article: 1382: 1379: 1328: 1325: 1290: 1287: 1215: 1212: 1158: 1152: 1104: 1101: 1041: 1038: 991:Robert Biedroń 976:discrimination 963: 960: 895:appearance fee 870: 867: 860:post-Communist 817:European Union 740: 737: 544:Main article: 541: 538: 518:Lenin Shipyard 457: 454: 362:Lenin Shipyard 310: 309: 306: 305: 296: 286: 281: 280: 279: 278: 277: 274: 273: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 245: 241: 240: 225: 221: 216: 215: 213: 209: 208: 182: 178: 177: 152: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 111: 105: 104: 94:Hanna Suchocka 75: 73:Prime Minister 69: 68: 58: 57: 51: 50: 47: 46: 44:Wałęsa in 2019 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16281: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16124:Living people 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16014:Mother Teresa 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15990: 15987: 15983: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15969: 15966: 15962: 15959: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15941: 15938: 15934: 15931: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15916: 15913: 15909: 15906: 15902: 15899: 15895: 15892: 15888: 15885: 15881: 15880: 15878: 15874: 15867: 15863: 15860: 15856: 15853: 15849: 15848:Francis Crick 15845: 15842: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15824: 15821: 15817: 15814: 15813:Leakey family 15810: 15807: 15803: 15800: 15796: 15793: 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15778:Sigmund Freud 15775: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15754: 15751: 15747: 15744: 15743:Rachel Carson 15740: 15737: 15733: 15730: 15729:Leo Baekeland 15726: 15725: 15723: 15719: 15712: 15708: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15690:David Sarnoff 15687: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15648:Lucky Luciano 15645: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15589: 15586: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15568: 15561: 15560:Oprah Winfrey 15557: 15554: 15550: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15539:Frank Sinatra 15536: 15533: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15518:Pablo Picasso 15515: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15501: 15498: 15497:Martha Graham 15494: 15491: 15487: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15473: 15470: 15466: 15463: 15459: 15456: 15452: 15449: 15448:Marlon Brando 15445: 15442: 15438: 15435: 15431: 15428: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15399: 15396: 15392: 15389: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15371: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15360:Ronald Reagan 15357: 15354: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15336: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15294: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15280: 15277: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15260: 15252: 15247: 15245: 15240: 15238: 15233: 15232: 15229: 15217: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15164: 15163: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15145: 15143: 15142: 15138: 15136: 15135: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15110: 15108: 15107: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15096: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15010: 15000: 14997: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14972:Przekop Wisły 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14957:Ostrów Island 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14784:Zaspa-Młyniec 14782: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14701:Główne Miasto 14699: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14654:Piecki-Migowo 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14567: 14563: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14507:Jan Nikołajew 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14434:Heinrich Sahm 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14318:Danzig gulden 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14113: 14106: 14101: 14099: 14094: 14092: 14087: 14086: 14083: 14071: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14060: 14054: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14012: 14008: 14006: 14002: 14000: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13979: 13977: 13976:Marvin Mottet 13973: 13971: 13967: 13965: 13964:Donald Mosley 13961: 13959: 13955: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13943: 13939: 13937: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13920: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13902: 13898: 13896: 13892: 13890: 13886: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13867: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13855: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13831: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13810: 13806: 13804: 13803:Mother Teresa 13800: 13798: 13797:Hélder Câmara 13794: 13792: 13791:Harold Hughes 13788: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13775: 13769: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13724: 13719: 13717: 13709: 13704: 13702: 13697: 13695: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13673: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13492: 13489: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13446: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13396: 13394: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13373: 13372:Jan Olszewski 13370: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13297: 13292: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13249: 13244: 13242: 13237: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13162:Jan Olszewski 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13053: 13048: 13046: 13041: 13039: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12931: 12926: 12924: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12911: 12908: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12825: 12824:Gérard Debreu 12822: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12702: 12694: 12689: 12687: 12682: 12680: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12575:Denis Mukwege 12572: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12490:Leymah Gbowee 12487: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12339: 12334: 12331: 12326: 12323: 12322:David Trimble 12319: 12314: 12311: 12310:Jody Williams 12307: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12290: 12287: 12283: 12278: 12275: 12274:Yasser Arafat 12271: 12270:Yitzhak Rabin 12267: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12247: 12242: 12239: 12234: 12231: 12226: 12223: 12218: 12215: 12210: 12207: 12202: 12199: 12194: 12191: 12186: 12183: 12178: 12175: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12158: 12155: 12150: 12147: 12142: 12139: 12138:Mother Teresa 12134: 12131: 12127: 12122: 12119: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12083: 12080: 12076: 12075:Seán MacBride 12071: 12068: 12064: 12062: 12056: 12049: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11953: 11950: 11949:Linus Pauling 11945: 11942: 11937: 11934: 11929: 11926: 11921: 11918: 11913: 11910: 11905: 11898: 11891: 11888: 11883: 11880: 11875: 11872: 11867: 11864: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11852: 11845: 11840: 11837: 11836:John Boyd Orr 11832: 11825: 11822: 11818: 11813: 11810: 11806: 11801: 11798: 11793: 11790: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11747: 11742: 11739: 11734: 11731: 11726: 11723: 11718: 11715: 11710: 11707: 11706:Norman Angell 11702: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11683: 11680: 11675: 11672: 11667: 11660: 11657: 11656:Ludwig Quidde 11653: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11622: 11621:Charles Dawes 11618: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11596: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11579: 11576: 11571: 11568: 11563: 11556: 11553: 11548: 11541: 11534: 11527: 11524: 11519: 11516: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11496: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11476: 11475:Fredrik Bajer 11472: 11467: 11464: 11463:Louis Renault 11460: 11455: 11452: 11447: 11444: 11439: 11436: 11431: 11428: 11427:Randal Cremer 11423: 11420: 11419:Charles Gobat 11416: 11415:Élie Ducommun 11411: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11374: 11369: 11367: 11362: 11360: 11355: 11354: 11351: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11308:Kamala Harris 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11243:Angela Merkel 11240: 11235: 11234:Salome Karwah 11231: 11227: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11201:The Protester 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11153: 11152:Melinda Gates 11149: 11145: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11118: 11114: 11113:Coleen Rowley 11110: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11036:Newt Gingrich 11033: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11019:Yitzhak Rabin 11016: 11012: 11008: 11007:Yasser Arafat 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10941:Deng Xiaoping 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10925:Yuri Andropov 10922: 10921:Ronald Reagan 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10897:Ronald Reagan 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10881:Deng Xiaoping 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10775:Richard Nixon 10772: 10768: 10764: 10763:Richard Nixon 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10648:Edward Teller 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10628:Linus Pauling 10625: 10624:Willard Libby 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10604:George Beadle 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10538:Elizabeth II 10535: 10531: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10447:Joseph Stalin 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10423:Joseph Stalin 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10339:Owen D. Young 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10299: 10294: 10292: 10287: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10225:War on terror 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10120:Espionage and 10118: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10071:Andrew Thorpe 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9966:Gabriel Kolko 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9931:Fred Halliday 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9916:Lloyd Gardner 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9876:Norman Davies 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9861:John Costello 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796:Technological 9794: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677:Pro-communist 9675: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604:Organizations 9602: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9418:Eurocommunism 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9248:Domino theory 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202:South Ossetia 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:8888 Uprising 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Iran–Iraq War 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8896:Falklands War 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8759:NDF Rebellion 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8739:German Autumn 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8626:Metapolitefsi 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8387:Prague Spring 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8365:Al-Wadiah War 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:12-3 incident 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7909:Domino theory 7907: 7905: 7904:Petrov Affair 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Madiun Affair 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741:Marshall Plan 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7490:United States 7487: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Yugoslav Wars 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405:Neo-Stalinism 7403: 7401: 7400:Neo-Sovietism 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Black January 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7203: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6835:Ronald Reagan 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Zhelyu Zhelev 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Boris Yeltsin 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775:Joachim Gauck 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6707:Strike action 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Todor Zhivkov 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6639:Deng Xiaoping 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Soviet Empire 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429:International 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6315: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6037: 6022: 6021: 6020:Rolling Stone 6016: 6009: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5977: 5975:9780801465277 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5739:Dowd, Maureen 5734: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5709:"Lech Wałęsa" 5704: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5242:The Telegraph 5237: 5229: 5227: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5204:The Telegraph 5199: 5191: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5087:9780739174876 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029:A Way of Hope 5023: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4883: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4550: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4471:The Telegraph 4467: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4350:The Telegraph 4345: 4337: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4125:. 22 May 2012 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4078: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3726:Melman, Yossi 3721: 3719: 3717: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3670:The Telegraph 3666: 3659: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407:"Lech Wałęsa" 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3351: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3323:The Telegraph 3318: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3198: 3197:"Lech Wałęsa" 3192: 3176: 3175:"Lech Wałęsa" 3170: 3154: 3153:"Lech Wałęsa" 3148: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3051:Wojtek Kosc, 3048: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3023: 3021:9780739174876 3017: 3013: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2940:Wojtek Kosc, 2937: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2896:Jane Perlez, 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2746:The Economist 2741: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2616:0-275-95295-9 2612: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2560:9787501252299 2556: 2552: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528:"Lech Wałęsa" 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2491:0-275-96219-9 2487: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350:1-55970-221-4 2347: 2341: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2259:New edition. 2258: 2252: 2237:on 7 May 2010 2236: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2218:1-55970-221-4 2215: 2209: 2201: 2195: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2035:Außenkommando 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1991: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:A Way of Hope 1804: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Simon Bolivar 1769: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1741:chamber opera 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1681: 1678:Polish actor 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:Andrzej Wajda 1572: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Liberty Medal 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475:Saudi Gazette 1471: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415:(France) and 1414: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1327:Personal life 1324: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309:A Way of Hope 1304: 1301: 1296: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1136:Jan Olszewski 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Piotr Naimski 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 989:Referring to 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 955: 947: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 905: 904: 898: 896: 892: 884: 880: 875: 866: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 789:privatization 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 750: 745: 736: 734: 730: 726: 720: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 640: 636: 627: 623: 620: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 580: 576: 574: 569: 565: 564:1970 protests 561: 552: 547: 537: 535: 530: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 490: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 335:1990 election 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 307: 284: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 247:8, including 246: 242: 219: 214: 210: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 163:(age 80) 153: 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