2418:. He is widely considered one of the most important English-language political philosophers of the 20th century. His theory of justice uses a method called "original position" to ask us which principles of justice we would choose to regulate the basic institutions of our society if we were behind a "veil of ignorance". Imagine we do not know who we areâour race, sex, wealth, status, class, or any distinguishing featureâso that we would not be biased in our own favour. Rawls argued from this "original position" that we would choose exactly the same political liberties for everyone, like freedom of speech, the right to vote, and so on. Also, we would choose a system where there is only inequality because that produces incentives enough for the economic well-being of all society, especially the poorest. This is Rawls's famous "difference principle". Justice is fairness, in the sense that the fairness of the original position of choice guarantees the fairness of the principles chosen in that position.
2039:, he criticised what he called the "weak social thesis" to explain law. He formulates the weak social thesis as "(a) Sometimes the identification of some laws turn on moral arguments, but also with, (b) In all legal systems the identification of some law turns on moral argument." Raz argues that law's authority is identifiable purely through social sources, without reference to moral reasoning. This view he calls "the sources thesis". Raz suggests that any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authority is better left to sociology than to jurisprudence. Some philosophers used to contend that positivism was the theory that held that there was "no necessary connection" between law and morality; but influential contemporary positivistsâincluding Joseph Raz,
1359:
2214:, Dworkin argued that law is an "interpretive" concept that requires barristers to find the best-fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their constitutional traditions. According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the best moral justification for the institutional facts and practices that form a society's legal tradition. It follows from Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some truths about the moral justifications of the social and political practices of that society. It is consistent with Dworkin's viewâin contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realistsâthat
1079:
definition philosophers are after. The general approach allows philosophers to ask questions about, for example, what separates law from morality, politics, or practical reason. While the field has traditionally focused on giving an account of law's nature, some scholars have begun to examine the nature of domains within law, e.g. tort law, contract law, or criminal law. These scholars focus on what makes certain domains of law distinctive and how one domain differs from another. A particularly fecund area of research has been the distinction between tort law and criminal law, which more generally bears on the difference between civil and criminal law.
1873:
1435:, where Aristotle notes that, aside from the "particular" laws that each people has set up for itself, there is a "common" law that is according to nature. The context of this remark, however, suggests only that Aristotle thought that it could be rhetorically advantageous to appeal to such a law, especially when the "particular" law of one's own city was adverse to the case being made, not that there actually was such a law. Aristotle, moreover, considered certain candidates for a universally valid, natural law to be wrong. Aristotle's theoretical paternity of the natural law tradition is consequently disputed.
2001:
are divided into rules of adjudication (how to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (how laws are amended), and the rule of recognition (how laws are identified as valid). The validity of a legal system comes from the "rule of recognition", which is a customary practice of officials (especially barristers and judges) who identify certain acts and decisions as sources of law. In 1981, Neil MacCormick wrote a pivotal book on Hart (second edition published in 2008), which further refined and offered some important criticisms that led MacCormick to develop his own theory (the best example of which is his
1552:(law of nations), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity. He extrapolated his ideas of legitimate sovereign power to international affairs, concluding that such affairs ought to be determined by forms respecting of the rights of all and that the common good of the world should take precedence before the good of any single state. This meant that relations between states ought to pass from being justified by force to being justified by law and justice. Some scholars have upset the standard account of the origins of International law, which emphasises the seminal text
1827:
fact that the directive was issued by the proper official within a legitimate government, for example, that determines the directive's legal validityânot the directive's moral or practical merits. The separability thesis states that law is conceptually distinct from morality. While law might contain morality, the separability thesis states that "it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have often done so." Legal positivists disagree about the extent of the separability thesis. Exclusive legal positivists, notably
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1604:, Lon L. Fuller defended a secular and procedural form of natural law. He emphasised that the (natural) law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argued, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect. Thus, the law must have a morality that goes beyond the societal rules under which laws are made.
1795:
but with increasing criticism of dominant orientations of legal philosophy in
English-speaking countries in the present century, it has attracted renewed interest. Increasingly, its contemporary focus is on providing theoretical resources for jurists to aid their understanding of new types of regulation (for example, the diverse kinds of developing transnational law) and the increasingly important interrelations of law and culture, especially in multicultural Western societies.
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1026:. Contemporary philosophy of law addresses problems internal to law and legal systems and problems of law as a social institution that relates to the larger political and social context in which it exists. Jurisprudence can be divided into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered:
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1969:, are understood to derive their authority or the extent to which they are binding. Kelsen contends that the extent to which legal norms are binding, their specifically "legal" character, can be understood without tracing it ultimately to some suprahuman source such as God, personified Nature orâof great importance in his timeâa personified State or Nation.
2306:, emphasize the role of character in morality. Virtue jurisprudence is the view that the laws should promote the development of virtuous character in citizens. Historically, this approach has been mainly associated with Aristotle or Thomas Aquinas. Contemporary virtue jurisprudence is inspired by philosophical work on virtue ethics.
1560:, and argued for Vitoria and, later, SuĂĄrez's importance as forerunners and, potentially, founders of the field. Others, such as Koskenniemi, have argued that none of these humanist and scholastic thinkers can be understood to have founded international law in the modern sense, instead placing its origins in the post-1870 period.
1426:
taken as a statement that is similar to the views of modern natural law theorists. But it must also be remembered that
Aristotle is describing a view of morality, not a system of law, and therefore his remarks as to nature are about the grounding of the morality enacted as law, not the laws themselves.
2359:
Utilitarianism is the view that the laws should be crafted so as to produce the best consequences for the greatest number of people. Historically, utilitarian thinking about law has been associated with the philosopher Jeremy
Bentham. John Stuart Mill was a pupil of Bentham's and was the torch bearer
2000:
Hart claimed that law is the union of primary rules and secondary rules. Primary rules require individuals to act or not act in certain ways and create duties for the governed to obey. Secondary rules are rules that confer authority to create new primary rules or modify existing ones. Secondary rules
1893:
John Austin and Jeremy
Bentham were early legal positivists who sought to provide a descriptive account of law that describes the law as it is. Austin explained the descriptive focus for legal positivism by saying, "The existence of law is one thing; its merit and demerit another. Whether it be or be
1421:
and begins by asking what sort of mean a just act is. He argues that the term "justice" actually refers to two different but related ideas: general justice and particular justice. When a person's actions toward others are completely virtuous in all matters, Aristotle calls them "just" in the sense of
1299:
Natural law holds that there are rational objective limits to the power of rulers, the foundations of law are accessible through reason, and it is from these laws of nature that human laws gain force. The moral theory of natural law asserts that law is inherent in nature and constitutive of morality,
1919:
answer to "what is law?" was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". H. L. A. Hart criticized Austin and
Bentham's early legal positivism because the command theory failed to account for individual's compliance with
1826:
Legal positivism has traditionally been associated with three doctrines: the pedigree thesis, the separability thesis, and the discretion thesis. The pedigree thesis says that the right way to determine whether a directive is law is to look at the directive's source. The thesis claims that it is the
1078:
Whereas lawyers are interested in what the law is on a specific issue in a specific jurisdiction, analytical philosophers of law are interested in identifying the features of law shared across cultures, times, and places. Taken together, these foundational features of law offer the kind of universal
2165:
are a new theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. The theory can generally be traced to
American legal realism and is considered "the first movement in legal theory and legal scholarship in the United States to have espoused a committed Left political stance and perspective". It
2072:
Legal realism is the view that a theory of law should be descriptive and account for the reasons why judges decide cases as they do. Legal realism had some affinities with the sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence. The essential tenet of legal realism is that all law is made by humans and
1794:
In the 1930s, a significant split between the sociological jurists and the
American legal realists emerged. In the second half of the twentieth century, sociological jurisprudence as a distinct movement declined as jurisprudence came more strongly under the influence of analytical legal philosophy;
1618:
Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other and may have certain points in common. Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work.
1425:
Aristotle moves from this unqualified discussion of justice to a qualified view of political justice, by which he means something close to the subject of modern jurisprudence. Of political justice, Aristotle argues that it is partly derived from nature and partly a matter of convention. This can be
1051:
is concerned with evaluative theories of law, dealing with what the goal or purpose of law is and what moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law. It attempts to determine what the proper function of law should be, what sorts of acts should be subject to legal sanctions, and what
2263:
In addition to the question, "What is law?", legal philosophy is also concerned with normative, or "evaluative" theories of law. What is the goal or purpose of law? What moral or political theories provide a foundation for the law? What is the proper function of law? What sorts of acts should be
2221:
Interpretation, according to
Dworkin's "integrity theory of law", has two dimensions. To count as an interpretation, the reading of a text must meet the criterion of "fit". Of those interpretations that fit, however, Dworkin maintains that the correct interpretation is the one that portrays the
1329:
In its general sense, natural law theory may be compared to both state-of-nature law and general law understood on the basis of being analogous to the laws of physical science. Natural law is often contrasted to positive law which asserts law as the product of human activity and human volition.
1809:
Legal positivism is the view that the content of law is dependent on social facts and that a legal system's existence is not constrained by morality. Within legal positivism, theorists agree that law's content is a product of social facts, but theorists disagree whether law's validity can be
2327:
formulated one influential deontological theory of law. He argued that any rule we follow must be able to be universally applied, i.e. we must be willing for everyone to follow that rule. A contemporary deontological approach can be found in the work of the legal philosopher Ronald
Dworkin.
2016:
In recent years, debates on the nature of law have become increasingly fine-grained. One important debate is within legal positivism. One school is sometimes called "exclusive legal positivism" and is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral
2094:. Holmes's writings on jurisprudence also laid the foundations for the predictive theory of law. In his article "The Path of the Law", Holmes argues that "the object of study...is prediction, the prediction of the incidence of the public force through the instrumentality of the courts."
1239:
were supposed to be simple interpretations of the traditional customs, butâapart from considering what traditional customs applied in each caseâsoon developed a more equitable interpretation, coherently adapting the law to newer social exigencies. The law was then adjusted with evolving
1619:
The natural law theorists of the distant past, such as
Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence, while modern natural law theorists, such as John Finnis, who claim to be positivists, still argue that law is moral by nature. In his book
1898:
authority. Through the sovereign's authority come laws, which for Austin and Bentham are commands backed by sanctions for non-compliance. Along with Hume, Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept, and was an avid prison reformer, advocate for
1119:
meaning prudence (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection). It refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters. The word first appeared in written English in 1628, at a time when the word
1775:) encouraged the use of sociological insights in the development of legal and juristic theory. The most internationally influential advocacy for a "sociological jurisprudence" occurred in the United States, where, throughout the first half of the twentieth century,
1417:. Indeed, his treatment of what he calls "political justice" derives from his discussion of "the just" as a moral virtue derived as the mean between opposing vices, just like every other virtue he describes. His longest discussion of his theory of justice occurs in
1831:, go further than the standard thesis and deny that it is possible for morality to be a part of law at all. The discretion thesis states that judges create new law when they are given discretion to adjudicate cases where existing law underdetermines the result.
1699:
law?"; "What is the relationship between law and power/sociology?"; and "What is the relationship between law and morality?" Legal positivism is the dominant theory, although there is a growing number of critics who offer their own interpretations.
1422:"general justice"; as such, this idea of justice is more or less coextensive with virtue. "Particular" or "partial justice", by contrast, is the part of "general justice" or the individual virtue that is concerned with treating others equitably.
2116:). Karl Llewellyn, another founder of the U.S. legal realism movement, similarly believed that the law is little more than putty in the hands of judges who are able to shape the outcome of cases based on their personal values or policy choices.
1814:
legal positivism is an example of exclusive legal positivism. Legal positivists who argue that law's validity can be explained by incorporating moral values are labeled inclusive (or soft) legal positivists. The legal positivist theories of
1658:, jurisprudence takes a neutral point of view and uses descriptive language when referring to various aspects of legal systems. This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be.
2101:, judges start with the facts before them and then move to legal principles. Before legal realism, theories of jurisprudence turned this method around where judges were thought to begin with legal principles and then look to facts.
2268:, and what sorts of punishment should be permitted? What is justice? What rights do we have? Is there a duty to obey the law? What value has the rule of law? Some of the different schools and leading thinkers are discussed below.
990:
that examines the positive and normative nature of law. It investigates issues such as the definition of law; legal validity; legal norms and values; as well as the relationship between law and other fields of study, including
4459:
1252:, schools of law were created, and practice of the law became more academic. From the early Roman Empire to the 3rd century, a relevant body of literature was produced by groups of scholars, including the Proculians and
1728:
did not have a legal language that would support codification because the traditions, customs, and beliefs of the German people did not include a belief in a code. Historicists believe that law originates with society.
1082:
In addition to analytic jurisprudence, legal philosophy is also concerned with normative theories of law. "Normative jurisprudence involves normative, evaluative, and otherwise prescriptive questions about the law."
1036:
rejects natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be, espousing the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems. It encompasses theories such as
1942:
describes law as "binding norms", while at the same time refusing to evaluate those norms. That is, "legal science" is to be separated from "legal politics". Central to the Pure Theory of Law is the notion of a
2240:
Consequences of the operation of legal rules or legal proceduresâor of the behavior of legal actors (such as lawyers and judges)âmay be either beneficial (therapeutic) or harmful (anti-therapeutic) to people.
1300:
at least in part, and that an objective moral order, external to human legal systems, underlies natural law. On this view, while legislators can enact and even successfully enforce immoral laws, such laws are
1863:
and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place; and, in reacting to that, Hobbes felt that absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society.
1030:
Natural law holds that there are rational objective limits to the power of rulers, the foundations of law are accessible through reason, and it is from these laws of nature that human laws gain force.
1582:(which corresponds to modern international law) was something common to the majority of countries, although, being positive law, not natural law, it was not necessarily universal. On the other hand,
1330:
Another approach to natural-law jurisprudence generally asserts that human law must be in response to compelling reasons for action. There are two readings of the natural-law jurisprudential stance.
1859:, Hobbes argues that without an ordered society life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." It is commonly said that Hobbes's views on human nature were influenced by his times. The
2226:
a single best moral justification for the complex practices of any given community, and others have doubted whether, even if there is, it should be counted as part of the law of that community.
2364:
philosophy throughout the late nineteenth century. In contemporary legal theory, the utilitarian approach is frequently championed by scholars who work in the law and economics tradition.
1810:
explained by incorporating moral values. Legal positivists who argue against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity are labeled exclusive (or hard) legal positivists.
1743:
An effort to systematically inform jurisprudence from sociological insights developed from the beginning of the twentieth century, as sociology began to establish itself as a distinct
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1322:
revived interest in the theory and provided a modern reworking of it. For one, Finnis has argued that the maxim "an unjust law is no law at all" is a poor guide to the classical
1520:... this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this ...
1894:
not is one enquiry; whether it be or be not conformable to an assumed standard, is a different enquiry." For Austin and Bentham, a society is governed by a sovereign who has
2119:
The Scandinavian school of legal realism argued that law can be explained through the empirical methods used by social scientists. Prominent Scandinavian legal realists are
2017:
correctness. A second school is labeled "inclusive legal positivism", a major proponent of which is Wil Waluchow, and is associated with the view that moral considerations
1997:, Hart rejected Kelsen's views that sanctions were essential to law and that a normative social phenomenon, like law, cannot be grounded in non-normative social facts.
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1337:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it is not properly a "law" at all. This is captured, imperfectly, in the famous maxim:
2047:âreject that view. Raz claims it is a necessary truth that there are vices that a legal system cannot possibly have (for example, it cannot commit rape or murder).
1493:
Eternal law refers to divine reason, known only to God. It is God's plan for the universe. Man needs this plan, for without it he would totally lack direction.
1133:
The terms "philosophy of law" and "jurisprudence" are often used interchangeably, though jurisprudence sometimes encompasses forms of reasoning that fit into
1062:
The terms "philosophy of law" and "jurisprudence" are often used interchangeably, though jurisprudence sometimes encompasses forms of reasoning that fit into
1934:
Hans Kelsen is considered one of the preeminent jurists of the 20th century and has been highly influential in Europe and Latin America, although less so in
2076:
There are two separate schools of legal realism: American legal realism and Scandinavian legal realism. American legal realism grew out of the writings of
1410:). Aquinas's influence was such as to affect a number of early translations of these passages, though more recent translations render them more literally.
1349:
holds that if a human law fails to be in response to compelling reasons, then it can still be called a "law", but it must be recognised as a defective law.
2097:
For the American legal realists of the early twentieth century, legal realism sought to describe the way judges decide cases. For legal realists such as
2450:
seeks to investigate the content of legal concepts using the methods of social science, unlike the philosophical methods of traditional jurisprudence.
2185:
is "a compound of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by
1058:
seeks to investigate the content of legal concepts using the methods of social science, unlike the philosophical methods of traditional jurisprudence.
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2104:
It has become common today to identify Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., as the main precursor of American Legal Realism (other influences include
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1787:. In the United States, many later writers followed Pound's lead or developed distinctive approaches to sociological jurisprudence. In Australia,
4460:"In Praise of John Rawls, The Man Who Made Moral Philosophy Respectable Again â And Whose Views Also Profoundly Informed American Legal Thought"
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The desires to live and to procreate are counted by Aquinas among those basic (natural) human values on which all other human values are based.
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practices of the community in their best light, or makes them "the best that they can be". But many writers have doubted whether there
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holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of a dominant social group.
2035:
Joseph Raz's theory of legal positivism argues against the incorporation of moral values to explain law's validity. In Raz's 1979 book
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methods and data to study the extent to which a legal rule or practice affects the psychological well-being of the people it impacts.
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Despite its decline in popularity, legal realism continues to influence a wide spectrum of jurisprudential schools today, including
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Koskenniemi: "International Law and raison d'Ă©tat: Rethinking the Prehistory of International Law", in Kingsbury & Strausmann,
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1232:, later a private individual appointed to judge a specific case) would then prescribe a remedy according to the facts of the case.
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1398:. This was based on Aquinas' conflation of natural law and natural right, the latter of which Aristotle posits in Book V of the
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Alan Hunt, "The Theory of Critical Legal Studies", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 1-45, esp. 1, 5. See
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1244:(legal concepts), while remaining in the traditional mode. Praetors were replaced in the 3rd century BC by a laical body of
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The Rights of Strangers: theories of international hospitality, the global community, and political justice since Vitoria
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4197:"Jurisprudence". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Jeffrey Lehman, Shirelle Phelps. Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2005.
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1308:", where 'unjust' means 'contrary to the natural law.' Natural law theory has medieval origins in the philosophy of
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4898:(Juristische Methodenlehre), translated from the tenth German Edition by Kirk W. Junker, P. Matthew Roy. Durham:
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in a society may know what its laws are, because no-one may know the best moral justification for its practices.
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1264:(5th century) that legal studies were once again undertaken in depth, and it is from this cultural movement that
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1651:. The account is general in the sense of targeting universal features of law that hold at all times and places.
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4796:. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library. (Contains penetrating classic "The Bramble Bush" on nature of law).
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The Progressive Revolution, 2007â08 Writings-Vol. 1; 2009 Writings-Vol. 2, Liberal Fascism through the Ages
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1220:, the annual pronunciation of prosecutable offences, or in extraordinary situations, additions made to the
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John Rawls, who turned 80 this year, is the most distinguished moral and political philosopher of our age.
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John Rawls, who died in 2002, was the most influential American philosopher of the twentieth century.
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1961:)âa hypothetical norm, presupposed by the jurist, from which all "lower" norms in the hierarchy of a
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to follow a particular course of action. But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we
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4613:"The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism"
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In the English-speaking world, the most influential legal positivist of the twentieth century was
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is the "participation" in the eternal law by rational human creatures, and is discovered by reason
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2208:'s legal theory attacks legal positivists that separate law's content from morality. In his book
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and believed that the law had peoples' tacit consent. He believed that society was formed from a
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must be treated as a strictly separate question from normative and evaluative questions of what
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Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law. Like his philosophical forefathers
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The province of jurisprudence determined ; and, the uses of the study of jurisprudence
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1248:. Admission to this body was conditional upon proof of competence or experience. Under the
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203:
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8:
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Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was based on the first principles of
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by judging whether or not singular cases were capable of being prosecuted either by the
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Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was based on the first principles of
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1966:
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The most important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: "What are laws?"; "What is
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The best evidence of Aristotle's having thought there was a natural law comes from the
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62:
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1566:, regarded as among the greatest scholastics after Aquinas, subdivided the concept of
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meant knowledge of, or skill in, a matter. It may have entered English via the French
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Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 378 (2d Coll. Ed. 1978).
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The Opticon: Online Repository of Materials covering Spectrum of U.S. Jurisprudence
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354:
293:
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The Inseparability of Law and Morality: Essays on Law, Race, Politics and Religion
2073:
thus should account for reasons besides legal rules that led to a legal decision.
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Lex Naturalis, Ius Naturalis: Law as Positive Reasoning & Natural Rationality
4757:
4455:
4427:
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3724:
3367:
3242:"Classical Chinese Jurisprudence and the Development of the Chinese Legal System"
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became a more bureaucratic activity, with few notable authors. It was during the
759:
4938:
3424:, Loeb Classical Library; J. A. K. Thomson, trans. (revised by Hugh Tedennick),
3128:
1991:. Hart argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. In
1394:). His association with natural law is largely due to how he was interpreted by
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2006:
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1713:
1644:
1457:
1444:
1395:
1309:
1288:
1023:
996:
843:
5269:
2610:
1907:. Bentham's views about law and jurisprudence were popularized by his student
1708:
Historical jurisprudence came to prominence during the debate on the proposed
1489:
Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, divine, and human:
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4881:
4632:
4538:
4384:
3670:
3385:
3119:
Postema, Gerald J. (2011). "Economic Jurisprudence". In Postema, G.J. (ed.).
2904:
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2879:
2784:
2705:
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2535:
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2324:
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1984:
1978:
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1042:
1000:
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318:
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See H L A Hart, 'Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals' (1958) 71
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5028:
4880:(The Concept of Law), an introduction to Legal Theory, 6th ed., Stuttgart:
4546:
3678:
3557:
2799:
2760:
2715:
2640:
2560:
2520:
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1962:
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795:
739:
389:
344:
277:
4710:
The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy
1879:
utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century.
1625:(1980, 2011), John Finnis provides a restatement of natural law doctrine.
1570:. Working with already well-formed categories, he carefully distinguished
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1929:
1613:
1548:
1538:
1496:
1319:
1280:
1265:
1200:
1015:
810:
380:
266:
4468:
Rawls remained the most important American philosopher since John Dewey.
1643:, which investigates the content of legal concepts using the methods of
9488:
9296:
9196:
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8628:
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8355:
8304:
8294:
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7806:
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7641:
7574:
7413:
7255:
7213:
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6906:
6835:
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5319:
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2710:
2700:
2670:
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2373:
2320:
2030:
2010:
1944:
1935:
1853:
to protect people from the state of war that would exist otherwise. In
1828:
1811:
1659:
1502:
987:
818:
449:
3318:
3064:
2131:. Scandinavian legal realists also took a naturalist approach to law.
9186:
9125:
8682:
8325:
8252:
8237:
8158:
8078:
8073:
7998:
7953:
7933:
7912:
7897:
7877:
7862:
7726:
7686:
7348:
7245:
7174:
7068:
7041:
6813:
6778:
6720:
6695:
6560:
6457:
6445:
6430:
6418:
6346:
6264:
6237:
6121:
5394:
5259:
5104:
4863:
4726:
4318:
Brooks, "Review of Dworkin and His Critics with Replies by Dworkin",
4257:
4255:
3344:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3287:
2465:
2383:
2284:
1900:
1508:
1362:
1253:
1213:
370:
6901:
4176:
3814:
3785:
1453:
457:
145:
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
9461:
9040:
8777:
8370:
8335:
8309:
8289:
8242:
8053:
8008:
7892:
7796:
7786:
7751:
7721:
6862:
6847:
6550:
6435:
6232:
5776:
5339:
4959:
4624:
3180:(Fall 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3046:(Fall 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3020:(Fall 2015 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2605:
2120:
1895:
1505:
is revealed in the scriptures and is God's positive law for mankind
1373:
1205:
1104:
853:
31:
7613:
6946:
4252:
2021:, but do not necessarily, determine the legal validity of a norm.
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7821:
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6084:
5605:
5194:
2859:
2750:
2336:
1904:
1756:
1725:
1323:
1209:
4976:
4849:
Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology.
3890:
Leviathan: With selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668
8247:
8048:
7836:
7811:
7801:
7771:
7756:
6852:
6705:
6450:
6341:
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6282:
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5587:
4723:
Sociological Jurisprudence: Juristic Thought and Social Inquiry
2755:
1760:
1171:
800:
4108:"Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence"
8277:
7766:
7701:
6793:
6737:
6643:
6484:
6287:
5786:
4299:
Constitutions and Constitutionalism in the Slaveholding South
3364:
The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory
2460:
2323:
is the "theory of duty or moral obligation". The philosopher
2280:
1668:, that people invariably slip from describing what the world
1413:
Aristotle's theory of justice is bound up in his idea of the
805:
262:
4819:
Understanding Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory
3737:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
1718:
On the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence
8272:
7696:
6675:
6623:
6479:
5877:
5793:
5344:
4972:
Bibliography on the Philosophy of Law. Peace Palace Library
3082:
2844:
1763:, the work of the "free law" theorists (e.g. Ernst Fuchs,
7841:
7736:
7137:
5747:
4697:
Law's Community: Legal Theory in Sociological Perspective
4213:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 124 n.1.
3765:
3284:(American Philological Society, 1953, 1991), p. 518.
2245:("TJ") studies law as a social force (or agent) and uses
1195:
983:
285:
4357:"Editorial: Current Issues in Therapeutic Jurisprudence"
3362:
Golding, Martin P.; Edmundson, William A., eds. (2013).
3121:
A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence
1684:
the case. So analysing and clarifying the way the world
1460:
was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar.
1511:
is supported by reason and enacted for the common good.
5716:
1464:
Thomas Aquinas is the foremost classical proponent of
4954:
Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
4919:, 3rd Edition, Reprinted 2016: Eastern Book Company.
4623:(1) (published 3 March 2010): 295â360. Archived from
3952:
2005:, 2007). Other important critiques include those of
4072:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47â48.
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3964:
4801:Introduction to Law, Legal Process, and Procedure
4617:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review
4611:Grechenig, Kristoffel R.; Gelter, Martin (2008).
4596:(9th ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota, US: West.
3532:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
2421:There are many other normative approaches to the
9542:
4641:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4347:
4069:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
4042:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
4012:The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality
1791:strongly defended and developed Pound's ideas.
269:of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?"
4610:
4261:
4045:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
4015:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
3463:. Translated by Irwin, Terrence (2nd ed.).
1911:. Austin was the first chair of law at the new
4950:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
3917:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. p. 184.
2453:
1376:and Plato, Aristotle posited the existence of
7657:
6962:
5732:
5708:
4992:
4355:; Vols, Michel; et al. (December 2016).
4152:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. pp. vi.
3836:. Oxford University Press. pp. 181â182.
3472:
3470:
2436:
2302:Aretaic moral theories, such as contemporary
1732:
1546:was perhaps the first to develop a theory of
1472:. The work for which he is best known is the
1304:invalid. The view is captured by the maxim: "
1182:all had competing theories of jurisprudence.
952:
422:
8163:
4750:Justice, Legal Systems, and Social Structure
4238:. London: Stevens & Sons. pp. vii.
4163:Holmes, O.W. (1897). "The Path of the Law".
4149:A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts
2229:
1956:
1823:are examples of inclusive legal positivism.
1586:, or civil law, is specific to each nation.
1515:Natural law is based on "first principles":
1125:
1091:The English word is derived from the Latin,
1086:
8099:
4301:(University of Georgia Press, 1989). p. 1.
4135:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. p. 1.
3610:The Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations
3595:e.g. James Brown Scott, cited in Cavallar,
3521:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law", 75â81
3011:
1269:
1114:
1108:
1098:
1092:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7664:
7650:
6969:
6955:
5739:
5725:
4999:
4985:
4720:
4707:
4694:
4233:
3947:The Providence of Jurisprudence Determined
3626:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 18â19.
3467:
3171:
3123:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 181â211.
2382:John Rawls was an American philosopher; a
2252:
1155:Ancient jurisprudence begins with various
959:
945:
429:
415:
4432:"The Enduring Significance of John Rawls"
4374:
3856:
3693:
3012:Marmor, Andrei; Sarch, Alexander (2015),
2157:
1680:to do something merely because something
1628:
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
7671:
6884:History of the American legal profession
5516:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
4960:Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
4687:The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
4479:
4426:
4145:
2335:
2275:
2060:
1871:
1452:
1357:
1052:sorts of punishment should be permitted.
261:
9247:Reflections on the Revolution in France
4814:. (Philosophical treatment of justice).
4782:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
4733:
4577:For full discussion see Cotterrell 2018
4504:
4206:
3819:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3790:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3755:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3636:
3342:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3178:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3118:
3044:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3037:
3018:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2271:
2193:
30:For the "jurisprudence" of courts, see
14:
9543:
4789:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4752:. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
4680:
4645:
4591:
4267:
4162:
4128:
4105:
3912:
3883:
3771:
3621:
3335:
3293:
1528:
7645:
6950:
5720:
5707:
4980:
4755:
4736:Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence
4034:
4032:
3886:"Of the Natural Condition of Mankind"
3812:
3808:
3806:
3761:from the original on 4 December 2023.
3748:
3572:: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1995)
3398:Shellens, "Aristotle on Natural Law."
3239:
3197:
3007:
3005:
2343:believed law should create happiness.
2175:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
2090:that was popular the time due to the
1867:
1783:, used this term to characterise his
7600:
4939:LII Law about ... Jurisprudence
4896:Introduction to German Legal Methods
4787:Legal History: Law and Social Change
4631:
4454:
3970:
3958:
3831:
3813:Himma, Kenneth Einar (15 May 2019).
3282:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
2169:
1703:
168:adding citations to reliable sources
139:
77:
36:
9357:The End of History and the Last Man
9267:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
6976:
5678:
5444:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
4648:Philosophy of law: the fundamentals
4065:
4038:
4008:
3863:. New York: Routledge. p. 54.
3323:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3069:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2551:Francisco ElĂas de Tejada y SpĂnola
1798:
24:
4794:Karl N. Llewellyn on Legal Realism
4776:Hutchinson, Allan C., ed. (1989).
4674:
4505:Sommers, Roseanna (23 July 2021).
4287:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
4029:
3892:. Hackett Publishing. p. 76.
3834:The Concept of Law, Second Edition
3803:
3637:Sommers, Roseanna (23 July 2021).
3488:"Nicomachean Ethics", Bk. V, ch. 1
3311:
3307:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
3057:
3002:
2920:Models of judicial decision making
2409:Justice as Fairness: A Restatement
25:
9597:
5868:Restitution and unjust enrichment
5006:
4930:
4785:Kempin Jr., Frederick G. (1963).
4439:The Chronicle of Higher Education
4285:Moore, "Critical Legal Studies",
3783:
3739:(Abraham A. Hayward trans., 1831)
3450:"Nicomachean Ethics" Bk. II ch. 6
2331:
1438:
1343:(an unjust law is no law at all).
926:Social and political philosophers
52:This article has multiple issues.
9327:The Open Society and Its Enemies
7623:
7612:
7599:
7588:
7587:
6915:
6914:
6900:
5677:
5662:
5653:
5652:
4803:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
2068:was a self-styled legal realist.
2050:
1987:, professor of jurisprudence at
1972:
1834:
1159:texts of India. Dharmasutras of
470:
456:
292:
144:
82:
41:
8134:Family as a model for the state
7542:List of social science journals
6879:History of the legal profession
4584:
4571:
4498:
4473:
4448:
4420:
4400:
4391:
4341:
4325:
4312:
4291:
4279:
4227:
4200:
4191:
4156:
4139:
4122:
4106:Leiter, Brian (December 1997).
4099:
4086:
4059:
4002:
3976:
3939:
3906:
3877:
3850:
3825:
3777:
3742:
3729:
3706:
3630:
3615:
3602:
3589:
3575:
3551:
3537:
3524:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3482:
3453:
3444:
3431:
3414:
3401:
3392:
3355:
3329:
3299:
3270:
2780:Artificial intelligence and law
1889:John Austin (legal philosopher)
1672:to asserting that we therefore
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
9484:Separation of church and state
9382:Collectivism and individualism
9337:The Origins of Totalitarianism
7499:Science and technology studies
5474:Natural Law and Natural Rights
4917:Jurisprudence and Legal Theory
3624:Natural Law and Natural Rights
3233:
3203:"Ancient Indian Jurisprudence"
3191:
3174:"The Economic Analysis of Law"
3165:
3112:
3100:
3075:
3031:
2501:John Austin (legal philosophy)
1923:
1622:Natural Law and Natural Rights
1607:
1306:an unjust law is no law at all
1294:
1151:Roman law § Jurisprudence
13:
1:
9524:Category:Political philosophy
9397:Critique of political economy
4945:The Roman Law Library, incl.
4799:Murphy, Cornelius F. (1977).
4748:Hartzler, H. Richard (1976).
3984:"The University of Edinburgh"
3749:Green, Leslie (Spring 2018).
3545:"Greek Theory of Natural Law"
3340:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3305:Shiner, "Philosophy of Law",
3176:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3042:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
3016:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
2991:
2596:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2429:, critical legal studies and
2367:
2309:
2092:Christopher Columbus Langdell
2024:
1779:, for many years the Dean of
1589:
1335:The strong natural law thesis
1204:(traditional law), a body of
9422:Institutional discrimination
9417:History of political thought
8149:Negative and positive rights
4894:Zippelius, Reinhold (2008).
4876:Zippelius, Reinhold (2012).
4858:Zippelius, Reinhold (2011).
4507:"Experimental jurisprudence"
4417:at Metalibri Digital Library
3735:Friedrich Carl von Savigny,
3639:"Experimental jurisprudence"
3240:Chang, Wejen (Spring 2010).
3083:"jurisprudence - Wiktionary"
2996:
2965:Rule according to higher law
1353:
7:
9432:Justification for the state
9217:Two Treatises of Government
5551:Libertarian theories of law
4842:University Press of America
4832:University Press of America
4792:Llewellyn, Karl N. (1986).
4262:Grechenig & Gelter 2008
4207:Schauer, Frederick (2009).
3409:Thomism and Aristotelianism
3129:10.1007/978-90-481-8960-1_5
2945:Postmodernist jurisprudence
2910:Libertarian theories of law
2767:
2454:List of philosophers of law
2431:libertarian theories of law
2204:American legal philosopher
2080:. At the start of Holmes's
1486:have been named after him.
1347:The weak natural law thesis
1073:
108:the claims made and adding
10:
9602:
8102:Bellum omnium contra omnes
6546:International legal theory
6025:International slavery laws
6020:International human rights
6015:International criminal law
5062:International legal theory
4837:Washington, Ellis (2013).
4827:Washington, Ellis (2002).
4734:Freeman, M. D. A. (2014).
4276:. DOI, 10.1093/ojls/6.1.1.
3888:. In Curley, Edwin (ed.).
3714:A Treatise of Human Nature
3172:Kornhauser, Lewis (2017),
3040:"Theories of Criminal Law"
2970:Sociological jurisprudence
2850:International legal theory
2681:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
2448:Experimental jurisprudence
2443:Experimental jurisprudence
2440:
2437:Experimental jurisprudence
2371:
2352:
2346:
2313:
2295:
2256:
2233:
2197:
2174:
2054:
2028:
1976:
1927:
1882:
1838:
1802:
1736:
1733:Sociological jurisprudence
1722:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
1665:A Treatise of Human Nature
1641:experimental jurisprudence
1632:
1611:
1593:
1532:
1442:
1148:
1144:
1130:, which appeared earlier.
1056:Experimental jurisprudence
301:Foundations and Philosophy
29:
9519:
9369:
9138:
8786:
8519:
8399:
8318:
8230:
8221:
8087:
7921:
7850:
7679:
7583:
7550:
7534:
7281:
7007:
6984:
6894:
6871:
6761:
6599:Administration of justice
6584:
6493:
6384:
6263:
6165:
5886:
5754:
5714:
5709:Links to related articles
5648:
5579:
5496:
5403:
5085:
5027:
5014:
4915:Pillai, P. S. A. (2016).
4853:Harper Collins Publishers
4810:, revised ed. Cambridge:
4756:Engle, Eric (July 2010).
4650:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
4592:Garner, Bryan A. (2009).
4234:Olivecrona, Karl (1971).
4129:Holmes, O.W. Jr. (1881).
3366:. Malden, Massachusetts:
3247:Tsinghua China Law Review
3107:Oxford English Dictionary
2601:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
2531:AntĂłnio Castanheira Neves
2243:Therapeutic jurisprudence
2236:Therapeutic jurisprudence
2230:Therapeutic jurisprudence
2187:a body of fundamental law
1478:. One of the thirty-five
1189:had its origins with the
1087:Etymology and terminology
673:Middle Eastern philosophy
363:Methodological background
9307:The Revolt of the Masses
6376:Basic structure doctrine
6226:Natural and legal rights
6107:Public international law
5633:Rational-legal authority
5521:German historical school
5506:Analytical jurisprudence
4910:The Concept of Injustice
4812:Harvard University Press
4738:(9th ed.). London:
4712:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
4646:Murphy, Mark C. (2006).
4564:
4485:"What John Rawls Missed"
4337:Harvard University Press
3857:Martinich, A.P. (2013).
3211:Banaras Hindu University
2950:Publius Juventius Celsus
2810:Constitutional economics
2775:Analytical jurisprudence
1484:institutions of learning
1318:. In late 20th century,
27:Theoretical study of law
9287:The Communist Manifesto
8213:Tyranny of the majority
8124:Consent of the governed
7187:international relations
6556:Principle of typicality
6030:International trade law
5746:
5601:Judicial interpretation
4900:Carolina Academic Press
4822:Oxford University Press
4817:Wacks, Raymond (2009).
4721:Cotterrell, R. (2018).
4714:Oxford University Press
4708:Cotterrell, R. (2003).
4701:Oxford University Press
4695:Cotterrell, R. (1995).
4531:10.1126/science.abf0711
4376:10.5204/qutlr.v16i3.692
4146:Langdell, C.C. (1871).
3884:Hobbes, Thomas (1668).
3832:Hart, H. L. A. (1994).
3663:10.1126/science.abf0711
3038:Edwards, James (2018),
2940:Political jurisprudence
2790:Cautelary jurisprudence
2253:Normative jurisprudence
1985:H. L. A. Hart
1973:H. L. A. Hart
1817:H. L. A. Hart
1340:lex iniusta non est lex
1049:Normative jurisprudence
340:Judicial interpretation
8164:
8114:Clash of civilizations
8100:
7514:Quantum social science
5688:WikiProject Philosophy
5042:Critical legal studies
4779:Critical Legal Studies
4594:Black's law dictionary
4210:Thinking Like a Lawyer
3784:Himma, Kenneth Einar.
3723:20 August 2006 at the
3338:"Natural Law Theories"
3296:, Jurisprudence entry.
2835:Feminist jurisprudence
2621:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
2344:
2293:
2200:Interpretivism (legal)
2163:Critical legal studies
2158:Critical legal studies
2136:critical legal studies
2069:
1957:
1915:, from 1829. Austin's
1880:
1635:Analytic jurisprudence
1629:Analytic jurisprudence
1554:De iure belli ac pacis
1523:
1461:
1369:
1270:
1212:established a working
1170:In Ancient China, the
1126:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1034:Analytic jurisprudence
896:Aesthetic philosophers
270:
8129:Divine right of kings
7551:Other categorizations
7404:International studies
7389:History of technology
7324:Communication studies
7207:public administration
6551:Principle of legality
6310:Delegated legislation
6010:Intellectual property
5611:Law without the state
4847:Zinn, Howard (1990).
4297:Don E. Fehrenbacher,
3913:Austin, John (1832).
3622:Finnis, John (1980).
3336:Finnis, John (2016),
2980:Strict interpretation
2840:Feminist legal theory
2339:
2287:(right), a detail of
2279:
2140:feminist legal theory
2078:Oliver Wendell Holmes
2066:Oliver Wendell Holmes
2064:
1875:
1517:
1480:Doctors of the Church
1470:Roman Catholic Church
1456:
1361:
1235:The sentences of the
477:Philosophy portal
265:
9556:Academic disciplines
9277:Democracy in America
8656:political philosophy
8639:political philosophy
8454:political philosophy
8283:political philosophy
8193:Separation of powers
8154:Night-watchman state
8139:Monopoly on violence
7673:Political philosophy
7384:Historical sociology
6769:Barristers' chambers
6711:Legal representation
6649:Justice of the peace
5995:Financial regulation
5571:Virtue jurisprudence
5511:Deontological ethics
4878:Das Wesen des Rechts
4806:Rawls, John (1999).
4458:(11 December 2002).
4094:The Authority of Law
4066:Raz, Joseph (1979).
4039:Raz, Joseph (1979).
4009:Raz, Joseph (1979).
3420:H. Rackham, trans.,
3368:Blackwell Publishing
3201:(27 November 2010).
2985:Virtue jurisprudence
2825:Defeasible reasoning
2820:Critical rationalism
2815:Critical race theory
2726:Carlos Santiago Nino
2546:Francesco D'Agostino
2491:Francisco de Vitoria
2403:Political Liberalism
2388:political philosophy
2316:Deontological ethics
2298:Virtue jurisprudence
2290:The School of Athens
2272:Virtue jurisprudence
2259:Political philosophy
2194:Legal interpretivism
2144:critical race theory
2037:The Authority of Law
1913:University of London
1847:social contractarian
1747:, especially in the
1544:Francisco de Vitoria
1312:, especially in his
1272:Corpus Juris Civilis
1262:Eastern Roman Empire
1009:political philosophy
974:, also known as the
921:Philosophers of mind
164:improve this article
9467:Right-wing politics
9347:A Theory of Justice
9317:The Road to Serfdom
9237:The Social Contract
7944:Christian democracy
7564:Geisteswissenschaft
7558:Behavioral sciences
7484:Political sociology
7399:Information science
7344:Development studies
6804:Election commission
6516:Expressive function
6045:Landlordâtenant law
5944:Consumer protection
4947:Responsa prudentium
4808:A Theory of Justice
4740:Sweet & Maxwell
4725:. New York/London:
4523:2021Sci...373..394S
4483:(29 October 2019).
4264:, pp. 295â360.
4092:ch. 2, Joseph Raz,
3815:"Philosophy of Law"
3774:, pp. 132â135.
3655:2021Sci...373..394S
3437:Joe Sachs, trans.,
3428:, Penguin Classics.
3319:"Philosophy of Law"
3276:Adolf Berger, s.v.
3258:on 18 December 2021
3254:(2). Archived from
3065:"Philosophy of Law"
3014:"The Nature of Law"
2915:Living Constitution
2696:Catharine MacKinnon
2397:A Theory of Justice
2378:A Theory of Justice
2009:, John Finnis, and
2003:Institutions of Law
1765:Hermann Kantorowicz
1649:conceptual analysis
1535:School of Salamanca
1529:School of Salamanca
931:Women in philosophy
661:Indigenous American
444:Part of a series on
9479:Political violence
9474:Political theology
9457:Left-wing politics
9452:Political spectrum
7619:Society portal
7106:auxiliary sciences
6762:Legal institutions
6629:Lawsuit/Litigation
6619:Dispute resolution
6424:Catholic canon law
6132:State of emergency
6095:Will and testament
5819:Law of obligations
5772:Constitutional law
5762:Administrative law
5464:The Concept of Law
5454:Pure Theory of Law
4862:, 6th ed. Munich:
4638:The Concept of Law
4413:5 May 2007 at the
4165:Harvard Law Review
3786:"Legal Positivism"
3751:"Legal Positivism"
3583:"Summa Theologica"
3498:Nicomachean Ethics
3477:Nicomachean Ethics
3461:Nicomachean Ethics
3441:, Focus Publishing
3439:Nicomachean Ethics
3426:Nicomachean Ethics
3422:Nicomachean Ethics
3221:on 4 November 2011
3109:, 2nd edition 1989
2870:Law and literature
2805:Constitutional law
2646:Reinhold Zippelius
2415:The Law of Peoples
2392:Harvard University
2345:
2294:
2070:
1994:The Concept of Law
1967:constitutional law
1940:Pure Theory of Law
1881:
1868:Bentham and Austin
1781:Harvard Law School
1753:continental Europe
1462:
1419:Nicomachean Ethics
1401:Nicomachean Ethics
1380:or natural right (
1370:
624:Eastern philosophy
271:
93:possibly contains
9581:Social philosophy
9571:Philosophy of law
9538:
9537:
9532:
9531:
9442:Philosophy of law
9387:Conflict theories
9227:The Spirit of Law
9134:
9133:
8183:Original position
7639:
7638:
7479:Political economy
7474:Political ecology
7329:Community studies
7319:Cognitive science
7282:Interdisciplinary
7182:Political science
6944:
6943:
6604:Constitutionalism
6526:Law and economics
6364:Act of parliament
6102:Product liability
6055:Legal archaeology
5980:Environmental law
5974:Entertainment law
5814:International law
5701:
5700:
5673:Philosophy portal
5434:The Spirit of Law
5072:Philosophy of law
5052:Economic analysis
5037:Constitutionalism
4925:978-93-5145-326-0
4912:(Routledge, 2013)
4890:978-3-17-022355-4
4872:978-3-406-61191-9
4860:Rechtsphilosophie
4769:978-0-9807318-4-2
4627:on 13 March 2020.
4603:978-0-314-19949-2
4517:(6553): 394â395.
4353:Perlin, Michael L
4320:Modern Law Review
4307:978-0-8203-1119-7
3961:, pp. 79â99.
3649:(6553): 394â395.
3087:en.wiktionary.org
2955:Philosophy of law
2935:New legal realism
2865:Law and economics
2855:Judicial activism
2511:Evgeny Pashukanis
2427:constitutionalism
2423:philosophy of law
2183:Constitutionalism
2177:Constitutionalism
2170:Constitutionalism
2152:law and economics
1989:Oxford University
1965:, beginning with
1861:English Civil War
1704:Historical school
1185:Jurisprudence in
1113:meaning law, and
982:, is a branch of
969:
968:
777:
776:
439:
438:
403:judicial opinions
350:Law and economics
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
214:
138:
137:
130:
95:original research
75:
16:(Redirected from
9593:
9447:Political ethics
9437:Machiavellianism
9377:Authoritarianism
9362:
9352:
9342:
9332:
9322:
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8169:
8105:
8095:Balance of power
8069:Social democracy
8064:Social Darwinism
8039:Multiculturalism
7984:Environmentalism
7959:Communitarianism
7666:
7659:
7652:
7643:
7642:
7627:
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7603:
7602:
7591:
7590:
7494:Regional science
7339:Cultural studies
7314:Business studies
6971:
6964:
6957:
6948:
6947:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6905:
6904:
6728:Question of fact
6609:Criminal justice
5939:Construction law
5934:Conflict of laws
5899:Agricultural law
5741:
5734:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5705:
5704:
5681:
5680:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5536:Legal positivism
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5077:Sociology of law
5001:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4773:
4743:
4730:
4717:
4704:
4691:
4669:
4642:
4628:
4607:
4578:
4575:
4559:
4558:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4489:The New Republic
4477:
4471:
4470:
4456:Dorf, Michael C.
4452:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4430:(20 July 2001).
4428:Nussbaum, Martha
4424:
4418:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4345:
4339:
4331:Ronald Dworkin,
4329:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4112:Texas Law Review
4103:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3986:. Archived from
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3746:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3710:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3418:
3412:
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3396:
3390:
3389:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3214:. Archived from
3207:
3199:Katju, Markandey
3195:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3142:
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3055:
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3035:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3009:
2975:Sociology of law
2895:Legal positivism
2736:Scott J. Shapiro
2731:Geoffrey Warnock
2581:Robert P. George
2506:Frederic Bastiat
2486:Francisco Suarez
2394:; and author of
2355:Lysander Spooner
2148:sociology of law
2114:Benjamin Cardozo
1960:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1805:Legal positivism
1799:Legal positivism
1785:legal philosophy
1739:Sociology of Law
1584:ius intra gentes
1580:Ius inter gentes
1576:ius intra gentes
1572:ius inter gentes
1564:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1475:Summa Theologiae
1466:natural theology
1404:(Book IV of the
1382:dikaion physikon
1275:
1193:âexperts in the
1129:
1118:
1112:
1102:
1096:
1039:legal positivism
961:
954:
947:
666:Aztec philosophy
545:Ancient Egyptian
527:
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479:
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417:
355:Sociology of law
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110:inline citations
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8521:
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8203:State of nature
8198:Social contract
8178:Ordered liberty
8166:Noblesse oblige
8083:
7917:
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7640:
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7504:Science studies
7288:Administration
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6980:
6978:Social sciences
6975:
6945:
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6899:
6890:
6867:
6858:Political party
6831:Legal education
6819:Law enforcement
6799:Court of equity
6757:
6733:Question of law
6686:Practice of law
6666:Judicial review
6580:
6531:Legal formalism
6511:Comparative law
6506:Contract theory
6489:
6409:Legal pluralism
6380:
6369:Act of Congress
6293:Executive order
6259:
6161:
6080:Nationality law
6005:Immigration law
5929:Competition law
5882:
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5683:WikiProject Law
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5628:Question of law
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4675:Further reading
4672:
4658:
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4481:Jedediah, Purdy
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4425:
4421:
4415:Wayback Machine
4405:
4401:
4396:
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4349:Wexler, David B
4346:
4342:
4330:
4326:
4322:, vol. 69 no. 6
4317:
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4177:10.2307/1322028
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3530:"Natural Law",
3529:
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3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:, Bk. V, ch. 7.
3496:
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3487:
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3475:
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3459:
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3449:
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3436:
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3275:
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3218:
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3047:
3036:
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2994:
2989:
2890:Legal pluralism
2875:Legal formalism
2795:Comparative law
2770:
2765:
2721:JĂŒrgen Habermas
2666:Gustav Radbruch
2661:Martha Nussbaum
2651:Neil MacCormick
2526:Norberto Bobbio
2456:
2445:
2439:
2380:
2372:Main articles:
2370:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2318:
2312:
2300:
2274:
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2255:
2238:
2232:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2172:
2160:
2129:Karl Olivecrona
2125:Axel HÀgerström
2088:legal formalism
2059:
2053:
2033:
2027:
1981:
1975:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1938:countries. His
1932:
1926:
1891:
1883:Main articles:
1870:
1851:state of nature
1843:
1837:
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1801:
1741:
1735:
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1631:
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1598:
1592:
1541:
1533:Main articles:
1531:
1451:
1449:Treatise on Law
1443:Main articles:
1441:
1407:Eudemian Ethics
1386:ÎŽÎčÎșÎ±ÎŻÎżÎœ ÏÏ
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1378:natural justice
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1356:
1315:Treatise on law
1297:
1258:juris prudentia
1167:are examples.
1153:
1147:
1089:
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965:
936:
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901:Epistemologists
891:
890:
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179:"Jurisprudence"
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9496:
9494:Social justice
9491:
9486:
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9476:
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9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9449:
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9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9402:Egalitarianism
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9394:
9392:Contractualism
9389:
9384:
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9371:
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8190:
8188:Overton window
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8019:Libertarianism
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7447:social science
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7439:
7434:
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7421:
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7411:
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7391:
7386:
7381:
7379:Global studies
7376:
7374:Gender studies
7371:
7366:
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7364:
7359:
7357:social science
7353:Environmental
7351:
7346:
7341:
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6907:Law portal
6895:
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6743:Trial advocacy
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6273:Ballot measure
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6250:Legal treatise
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6230:
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6218:
6216:Letters patent
6213:
6208:
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6169:
6167:Sources of law
6163:
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6152:Unenforced law
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5966:
5961:
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5951:
5946:
5941:
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5926:
5924:Commercial law
5921:
5916:
5911:
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5901:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
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5573:
5568:
5566:Utilitarianism
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Legal moralism
5528:
5526:Interpretivism
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5494:
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5491:
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5097:
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5015:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:External links
4929:
4928:
4927:
4913:
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4856:
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4804:
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4762:. Eric Engle.
4753:
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4744:
4731:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4656:
4643:
4633:Hart, H. L. A.
4629:
4608:
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4569:
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4566:
4563:
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4497:
4472:
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4419:
4408:Utilitarianism
4399:
4390:
4362:QUT Law Review
4340:
4324:
4311:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4251:
4245:978-0420432506
4244:
4226:
4219:
4199:
4190:
4171:(8): 457â478.
4155:
4138:
4132:The Common Law
4121:
4098:
4085:
4078:
4058:
4051:
4028:
4021:
4001:
3990:on 1 June 2006
3975:
3963:
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3938:
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3905:
3898:
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3849:
3843:978-0199644704
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3601:
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3523:
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3502:
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3481:
3479:, Bk. V, ch. 3
3466:
3452:
3443:
3430:
3413:
3400:
3391:
3376:
3354:
3328:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3269:
3232:
3190:
3164:
3137:
3111:
3099:
3074:
3056:
3030:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
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2897:
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2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Robert Summers
2683:
2678:
2676:Jeremy Waldron
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:William E. May
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Rudolf Jhering
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Germain Grisez
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Ronald Dworkin
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Jeremy Bentham
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Thomas Aquinas
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2441:Main article:
2438:
2435:
2369:
2366:
2349:Utilitarianism
2347:Main article:
2333:
2332:Utilitarianism
2330:
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2296:Main article:
2273:
2270:
2254:
2251:
2247:social science
2234:Main article:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2206:Ronald Dworkin
2198:Main article:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2112:, and Justice
2110:Karl Llewellyn
2083:The Common Law
2055:Main article:
2052:
2049:
2029:Main article:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2007:Ronald Dworkin
1977:Main article:
1974:
1971:
1928:Main article:
1925:
1922:
1885:Jeremy Bentham
1869:
1866:
1839:Main article:
1836:
1833:
1803:Main article:
1800:
1797:
1755:. In Germany,
1745:social science
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1716:. In his book
1705:
1702:
1645:social science
1633:Main article:
1630:
1627:
1612:Main article:
1609:
1606:
1600:Writing after
1594:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1530:
1527:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1458:Thomas Aquinas
1445:Thomas Aquinas
1440:
1439:Thomas Aquinas
1437:
1396:Thomas Aquinas
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1310:Thomas Aquinas
1296:
1293:
1289:law of nations
1228:(originally a
1146:
1143:
1094:iurisprudentia
1088:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1024:law of nations
967:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Metaphysicians
913:
908:
903:
898:
892:
886:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:Metaphilosophy
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
729:
728:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
682:
681:
680:
670:
669:
668:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
596:
595:
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
569:
564:
559:
554:
553:
552:
547:
534:
533:
525:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
465:
462:
461:
453:
452:
446:
445:
437:
436:
434:
433:
426:
419:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
393:
392:
386:
385:
384:
383:
378:
373:
365:
364:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
311:
303:
302:
298:
297:
289:
288:
282:
281:
256:
255:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9598:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9551:Jurisprudence
9549:
9548:
9546:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9427:Jurisprudence
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9348:
9344:
9339:
9338:
9334:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9264:
9259:
9258:
9257:Rights of Man
9254:
9249:
9248:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9228:
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9219:
9218:
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9209:
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9204:
9199:
9198:
9194:
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9188:
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9179:
9178:
9174:
9169:
9168:
9167:De re publica
9164:
9159:
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9148:
9144:
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9137:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
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8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
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8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
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8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8787:20th and 21st
8785:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8520:18th and 19th
8518:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8376:Nizam al-Mulk
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8059:Republicanism
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7570:Human science
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7526:Vegan studies
7524:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7489:Public health
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:Philosophies
7422:
7420:
7419:Media studies
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:Human ecology
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7304:Anthrozoology
7302:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:developmental
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:public policy
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7153:legal systems
7151:
7149:
7148:legal history
7146:
7144:
7143:jurisprudence
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6893:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6789:Civil society
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6748:Trier of fact
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6634:Legal opinion
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6614:Court-martial
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6586:Jurisprudence
6583:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Statutory law
6473:
6471:
6470:Socialist law
6468:
6464:
6463:Byzantine law
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:Religious law
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6386:Legal systems
6383:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6354:Statutory law
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:Statutory law
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Transport law
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Legal fiction
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5990:Financial law
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5949:Corporate law
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5873:Statutory law
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:Core subjects
5753:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5713:
5706:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:Legal realism
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Legal history
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5008:Jurisprudence
5002:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:W. Kohlhammer
4879:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4657:9781405129466
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4321:
4315:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4220:9780674032705
4216:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4081:
4079:9780199573561
4075:
4071:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4052:9780199573561
4048:
4044:
4043:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4022:9780199573561
4018:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3973:, p. 81.
3972:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3945:John Austin,
3942:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3899:9781603844857
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3870:9781135180799
3866:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3701:Harv. L. Rev.
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3618:
3612:, pp. 297â339
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3377:9781782683131
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3148:
3140:
3138:9789048189601
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Legal science
2903:
2901:
2900:Legal realism
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Legal history
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Brocard (law)
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Pierre Schlag
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Roberto Unger
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Joel Feinberg
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:H. L. A. Hart
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Lon L. Fuller
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Carlos Cossio
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Jules Coleman
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Francis Bacon
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2326:
2325:Immanuel Kant
2322:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2304:virtue ethics
2299:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2057:Legal realism
2051:Legal realism
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1979:H. L. A. Hart
1970:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1845:Hobbes was a
1842:
1841:Thomas Hobbes
1835:Thomas Hobbes
1832:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1821:Jules Coleman
1818:
1813:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:François Gény
1770:
1769:Eugen Ehrlich
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:United States
1746:
1740:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:clarificatory
1654:Analytic, or
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:Lon L. Fuller
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1507:
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153:This article
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9566:Legal ethics
9508:
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9407:Elite theory
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9215:
9205:
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9185:
9175:
9165:
9155:
9145:
8444:Guicciardini
8400:Early modern
8223:Philosophers
8173:Open society
8109:Body politic
7979:Distributism
7969:Conservatism
7964:Confucianism
7883:Gerontocracy
7873:Dictatorship
7827:Sovereigntyâ
7817:Ruling class
7707:Emancipation
7692:Citizenshipâ
7628:
7604:
7592:
7562:
7369:Food studies
7309:Area studies
7142:
7062:mathematical
7057:econometrics
7015:Anthropology
6933:
6926:
6912:
6898:
6671:Jurisdiction
6639:Legal remedy
6594:Adjudication
6585:
6494:Legal theory
6332:Ratification
6327:Promulgation
6298:Proclamation
6278:Codification
6211:Human rights
6199:Divine right
6189:Constitution
6157:Women in law
6075:Military law
6070:Marriage law
6065:Maritime law
5964:Election law
5904:Aviation law
5894:Abortion law
5846:Property law
5782:Criminal law
5639:Usul al-Fiqh
5637:
5620:
5616:Legal system
5593:
5586:
5484:Law's Empire
5482:
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5452:
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5432:
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5412:
5087:Philosophers
5029:Legal theory
5007:
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4906:Heinze, Eric
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4686:
4682:Austin, John
4647:
4637:
4625:the original
4620:
4616:
4593:
4585:Bibliography
4573:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4492:
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4467:
4463:
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4360:
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4333:Law's Empire
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4131:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4068:
4061:
4041:
4011:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3978:
3966:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3914:
3908:
3889:
3879:
3859:
3852:
3833:
3827:
3818:
3793:. Retrieved
3789:
3779:
3767:
3754:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3713:
3712:David Hume,
3708:
3700:
3695:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3577:
3561:
3558:Louis Pojman
3553:
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3421:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3394:
3363:
3357:
3346:, retrieved
3341:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:the original
3251:
3245:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3216:the original
3209:
3193:
3182:, retrieved
3177:
3167:
3120:
3114:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3048:, retrieved
3043:
3033:
3022:, retrieved
3017:
2800:Constitution
2761:Roscoe Pound
2716:Carl Schmitt
2641:Robert Alexy
2576:Leslie Green
2561:Miguel Reale
2521:Emilio Betti
2496:Hugo Grotius
2446:
2425:, including
2420:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2358:
2319:
2301:
2288:
2262:
2239:
2220:
2211:Law's Empire
2209:
2203:
2161:
2133:
2118:
2106:Roscoe Pound
2103:
2099:Jerome Frank
2096:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2045:Leslie Green
2041:John Gardner
2036:
2034:
2015:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1963:legal system
1933:
1892:
1855:
1844:
1825:
1812:Joseph Raz's
1808:
1793:
1789:Julius Stone
1777:Roscoe Pound
1742:
1724:argued that
1717:
1710:codification
1707:
1696:
1694:
1692:to be done.
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1620:
1617:
1602:World War II
1599:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:Hugo Grotius
1553:
1547:
1542:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1488:
1473:
1463:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1391:ius naturale
1389:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1301:
1298:
1278:
1257:
1250:Roman Empire
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:body of laws
1199:
1194:
1190:
1187:ancient Rome
1184:
1169:
1157:DharmaĆÄstra
1154:
1132:
1121:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1061:
1013:
979:
975:
971:
970:
888:Philosophers
796:Epistemology
617:South Africa
572:Contemporary
521:Philosophies
390:Legal debate
376:Prescriptive
345:Positive law
334:
327:Legal theory
267:Philosophers
259:
244:
226:
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
9281:(1835â1840)
9161:(c. 350 BC)
9151:(c. 375 BC)
8768:Tocqueville
8733:Saint-Simon
8698:Montesquieu
8549:Bolingbroke
8481:Machiavelli
8361:Ibn Khaldun
8326:Alpharabius
8319:Middle Ages
8144:Natural law
8119:Common good
8044:Nationalism
8004:Imperialism
7974:Corporatism
7949:Colonialism
7929:Agrarianism
7908:Technocracy
7888:Meritocracy
7868:Bureaucracy
7858:Aristocracy
7630:Wikiversity
7521:Social work
7409:Linguistics
7334:Criminology
7251:criminology
7234:personality
7192:comparative
7170:Linguistics
7163:private law
7020:archaeology
6843:Legislature
6774:Bureaucracy
6571:Rule of man
6566:Rule of law
6541:Libertarian
6404:Chinese law
6305:Legislation
6255:Regulations
6243:Law reports
6221:Natural law
6117:Reparations
6112:Refugee law
6035:Jurimetrics
5976:(Media law)
5914:Banking law
5909:Amnesty law
5887:Disciplines
5824:Private law
5561:Paternalism
5556:Natural law
5418:(c. 355 BC)
5265:Montesquieu
5057:Legal norms
4236:Law as Fact
3772:Murphy 2006
3294:Garner 2009
3155:|work=
2960:Rule of law
2930:Natural law
2925:Originalism
2636:David Lyons
2626:Hans Kelsen
2611:Tony Honoré
2566:John Finnis
2362:utilitarian
2283:(left) and
2264:subject to
1930:Hans Kelsen
1924:Hans Kelsen
1917:utilitarian
1909:John Austin
1903:, and firm
1662:argued, in
1614:John Finnis
1608:John Finnis
1568:ius gentium
1549:ius gentium
1539:ius gentium
1497:Natural law
1415:golden mean
1320:John Finnis
1295:Natural law
1281:natural law
1201:mos maiorum
1016:natural law
811:Metaphysics
726:By religion
582:Continental
562:Renaissance
381:Jurimetrics
18:Law studies
9545:Categories
9489:Separatism
9297:On Liberty
9197:The Prince
8926:Huntington
8429:Campanella
8356:al-Ghazali
8305:Thucydides
8263:Lactantius
8208:Statolatry
8034:Monarchism
8014:Liberalism
7939:Capitalism
7922:Ideologies
7903:Plutocracy
7851:Government
7807:Revolution
7792:Propaganda
7742:Legitimacy
7717:Government
7575:Humanities
7509:historical
7442:psychology
7414:Management
7256:demography
7214:Psychology
7197:philosophy
7158:public law
7089:integrated
6836:Law school
6716:Prosecutor
6654:Magistrate
6441:Jewish law
6399:Common law
6320:Rulemaking
6315:Regulation
6265:Law making
6204:Divine law
6180:Legal code
6127:Sports law
6050:Law of war
6000:Health law
5985:Family law
5969:Energy law
5919:Bankruptcy
5856:Punishment
5851:Public law
5668:Law portal
5295:PetraĆŒycki
5285:Pashukanis
5280:Olivecrona
5215:HÀgerström
5130:Blackstone
4851:New York:
4699:. Oxford:
4369:(3): 1â3.
3924:0872204332
2992:References
2830:Divine law
2746:Shang Yang
2741:Shen Buhai
2711:Robin West
2701:John Rawls
2671:Joseph Raz
2481:John Locke
2374:John Rawls
2368:John Rawls
2353:See also:
2321:Deontology
2310:Deontology
2266:punishment
2257:See also:
2031:Joseph Raz
2025:Joseph Raz
2011:Joseph Raz
1949:basic norm
1936:common law
1829:Joseph Raz
1714:German law
1660:David Hume
1590:Lon Fuller
1503:Divine law
1326:position.
1287:, and the
1276:was born.
1230:magistrate
1176:Confucians
1165:BaudhÄyana
1149:See also:
1022:, and the
988:philosophy
976:philosophy
819:Aesthetics
508:Categories
450:Philosophy
314:Philosophy
309:Definition
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
9576:Roman law
9207:Leviathan
9187:Monarchia
9181:(c. 1274)
9016:Oakeshott
8961:Mansfield
8956:Luxemburg
8941:Kropotkin
8836:Bernstein
8789:centuries
8703:Nietzsche
8646:Jefferson
8574:Condorcet
8522:centuries
8501:Pufendorf
8366:Marsilius
8253:Confucius
8238:Aristotle
8231:Antiquity
8159:Noble lie
8079:Third Way
8074:Socialism
7999:Feudalism
7954:Communism
7934:Anarchism
7913:Theocracy
7898:Oligarchy
7878:Democracy
7863:Autocracy
7777:Pluralism
7762:Obedience
7727:Hierarchy
7687:Authority
7453:Planning
7432:economics
7349:Education
7246:Sociology
7224:cognitive
7175:semiotics
7126:political
7084:technical
7069:Geography
7042:Economics
6814:Judiciary
6809:Executive
6784:The bench
6721:Solicitor
6696:Barrister
6576:Sociology
6561:Pseudolaw
6501:Anarchist
6458:Roman law
6446:Parsi law
6431:Hindu law
6419:Canon law
6394:Civil law
6347:Concordat
6238:Precedent
6147:Trust law
6122:Space law
5959:Drugs law
5829:Procedure
5767:Civil law
5428:(c. 1270)
5310:Pufendorf
5245:Llewellyn
5105:Aristotle
4864:C.H. Beck
4727:Routledge
4635:(2012) .
4555:236179587
4539:0036-8075
4385:2201-7275
3971:Hart 2012
3959:Hart 2012
3687:236179587
3671:0036-8075
3512:1373b2â8.
3386:841495455
3157:ignored (
3147:cite book
2997:Citations
2466:Aristotle
2384:professor
2285:Aristotle
1958:Grundnorm
1920:the law.
1901:democracy
1877:Bentham's
1856:Leviathan
1509:Human law
1363:Aristotle
1354:Aristotle
1285:civil law
1266:Justinian
1254:Sabinians
1246:prudentes
1206:oral laws
1180:Legalists
1161:Äpastaáčba
1139:sociology
1135:economics
1116:prudentia
1068:sociology
1064:economics
1020:civil law
1005:sociology
993:economics
911:Logicians
906:Ethicists
864:Political
824:Education
745:Christian
740:Confucian
639:Indonesia
593:By region
531:By period
371:Normative
220:June 2018
118:June 2018
106:verifying
63:talk page
9462:Centrism
9157:Politics
9147:Republic
9116:Voegelin
9096:Spengler
9081:Shariati
9056:Rothbard
9011:Nussbaum
8911:Habermas
8886:Fukuyama
8876:Foucault
8801:Ambedkar
8778:Voltaire
8748:de Staël
8723:Rousseau
8604:Franklin
8579:Constant
8539:Beccaria
8371:Muhammad
8351:Gelasius
8336:Averroes
8310:Xenophon
8290:Polybius
8243:Chanakya
8088:Concepts
8054:Populism
8024:Localism
8009:Islamism
7994:Feminism
7893:Monarchy
7797:Property
7787:Progress
7752:Monopoly
7722:Hegemony
7594:Category
7462:regional
7457:land use
7292:business
7261:internet
7219:abnormal
7121:military
7111:economic
7101:cultural
7074:physical
7035:physical
7025:cultural
6921:Category
6863:Tribunal
6848:Military
6691:Attorney
6661:Judgment
6521:Feminist
6436:Jain law
6233:Case law
5954:Cyberlaw
5861:Corporal
5839:Criminal
5809:Evidence
5799:Doctrine
5777:Contract
5658:Category
5580:Concepts
5546:Legalism
5498:Theories
5385:Voegelin
5355:Scaevola
5315:Radbruch
5290:Perelman
5275:Nussbaum
5220:Jellinek
5185:Habermas
5180:Gurvitch
5150:Durkheim
5120:Beccaria
4684:(1831).
4666:62281976
4547:34437107
4411:Archived
3933:39539515
3759:Archived
3721:Archived
3679:34437107
3510:Rhetoric
3225:11 April
2885:Legalism
2768:See also
2606:Alf Ross
2400:(1971),
2121:Alf Ross
1896:de facto
1432:Rhetoric
1388:, Latin
1374:Socrates
1210:Praetors
1122:prudence
1107:form of
1105:genitive
1074:Overview
869:Religion
854:Ontology
834:Language
788:Branches
735:Buddhist
690:American
612:Ethiopia
577:Analytic
557:Medieval
498:Glossary
483:Contents
278:a series
276:Part of
32:Case law
9499:Statism
9412:Elitism
9370:Related
9171:(51 BC)
9101:Strauss
9076:Scruton
9071:Schmitt
9061:Russell
8981:Michels
8976:Maurras
8971:Marcuse
8931:Kautsky
8901:Gramsci
8896:Gentile
8866:Dworkin
8856:Du Bois
8851:Dmowski
8846:Chomsky
8841:Burnham
8826:Benoist
8796:Agamben
8763:Thoreau
8753:Stirner
8743:Spencer
8688:Mazzini
8678:Maistre
8673:Madison
8668:Le Play
8599:Fourier
8564:Carlyle
8544:Bentham
8534:Bastiat
8529:Bakunin
8506:Spinoza
8496:MĂŒntzer
8466:Leibniz
8439:Grotius
8419:Bossuet
8386:Plethon
8331:Aquinas
8300:Sun Tzu
8268:Mencius
8258:Han Fei
8029:Marxism
7989:Fascism
7822:Society
7747:Liberty
7732:Justice
7712:Freedom
7606:Commons
7437:history
7427:science
7362:studies
7096:History
7008:Primary
6994:History
6989:Outline
6935:Outline
6872:History
6779:The bar
6753:Verdict
6701:Counsel
6681:Justice
6536:History
6359:Statute
6175:Charter
6137:Tax law
6085:Probate
5693:changes
5606:Justice
5360:Schmitt
5350:Savigny
5330:Reinach
5255:Maistre
5250:Luhmann
5225:Jhering
5175:Grotius
5160:Ehrlich
5155:Dworkin
5145:Cardozo
5125:Bentham
5115:Bastiat
5100:Aquinas
4519:Bibcode
4511:Science
4464:FindLaw
4335:(1986)
4185:1322028
3716:(1739)
3651:Bibcode
3643:Science
3599:, p.164
3566:Belmont
3407:Jaffa,
3262:27 June
2860:Justice
2751:Han Fei
1905:atheist
1757:Austria
1751:and in
1726:Germany
1639:Unlike
1324:Thomist
1302:legally
1172:Daoists
1145:History
1103:is the
1001:history
874:Science
829:History
755:Islamic
715:Russian
710:Italian
695:British
685:Western
678:Iranian
654:Vietnam
629:Chinese
602:African
540:Ancient
503:History
488:Outline
319:History
204:scholar
100:Please
9361:(1992)
9351:(1971)
9341:(1951)
9331:(1945)
9321:(1944)
9311:(1929)
9301:(1859)
9291:(1848)
9271:(1820)
9261:(1791)
9251:(1790)
9241:(1762)
9231:(1748)
9221:(1689)
9211:(1651)
9201:(1532)
9191:(1313)
9121:Walzer
9111:Taylor
9066:Sartre
9031:Popper
9026:Pareto
9021:Ortega
9006:Nozick
8996:Mouffe
8946:Laclau
8906:Guénon
8891:Gandhi
8831:Berlin
8821:Bauman
8816:Badiou
8806:Arendt
8773:Tucker
8663:Le Bon
8624:Herder
8614:Haller
8609:Godwin
8594:Fichte
8589:Engels
8584:Cortés
8554:Bonald
8511:SuĂĄrez
8486:Milton
8476:Luther
8449:Hobbes
8434:Filmer
8424:Calvin
8409:Boétie
8402:period
8381:Ockham
8248:Cicero
8049:Nazism
7837:Utopia
7812:Rights
7802:Regime
7772:People
7757:Nation
7297:public
7239:social
7131:social
7030:social
6853:Police
6824:Agency
6706:Lawyer
6451:Sharia
6342:Treaty
6337:Repeal
6283:Decree
6194:Custom
6090:Estate
6040:Labour
5804:Equity
5588:Dharma
5488:(1986)
5478:(1980)
5468:(1961)
5458:(1934)
5448:(1820)
5438:(1748)
5390:Walzer
5370:SuĂĄrez
5335:Renner
5300:Posner
5270:MĂŒller
5235:Kelsen
5210:Hobbes
5190:Haller
5170:Fuller
5165:Finnis
5135:Bobbio
5110:Austin
4923:
4888:
4870:
4766:
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4654:
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4553:
4545:
4537:
4383:
4305:
4242:
4217:
4183:
4118:: 268.
4096:(1979)
4076:
4049:
4019:
3994:24 May
3949:(1831)
3931:
3921:
3896:
3867:
3860:Hobbes
3840:
3795:31 May
3685:
3677:
3669:
3562:Ethics
3384:
3374:
3348:17 May
3184:17 May
3135:
3092:24 May
3050:21 May
3024:15 May
2756:Zhu Xi
2412:, and
2216:no-one
2150:, and
2127:, and
2043:, and
1761:France
1222:edicta
1218:edicta
1191:periti
1178:, and
1007:, and
997:ethics
801:Ethics
770:Taoist
765:Jewish
705:German
700:French
634:Indian
567:Modern
206:
199:
192:
185:
177:
9510:Index
9139:Works
9126:Weber
9091:Spann
9086:Sorel
9051:Röpke
9046:Rawls
9001:Negri
8991:Mosca
8986:Mises
8951:Lenin
8921:Hoppe
8916:Hayek
8881:Fromm
8871:Evola
8861:Dugin
8758:Taine
8738:Smith
8718:Renan
8713:Paine
8634:Iqbal
8619:Hegel
8569:Comte
8559:Burke
8471:Locke
8461:James
8414:Bodin
8346:Dante
8341:Bruni
8295:Shang
8278:Plato
7832:State
7782:Power
7767:Peace
7702:Elite
7680:Terms
7467:urban
7271:urban
7266:rural
7116:human
7079:human
6999:Index
6928:Index
6794:Court
6738:Trial
6644:Judge
6485:Yassa
6288:Edict
5834:Civil
5787:Crime
5405:Works
5395:Weber
5380:Unger
5375:Stahl
5365:Shang
5320:Rawls
5305:Pound
5240:Leoni
5205:Hegel
5095:Alexy
5019:Index
4565:Notes
4551:S2CID
4435:(PDF)
4406:see,
4181:JSTOR
3718:Etext
3683:S2CID
3278:iudex
3219:(PDF)
3206:(PDF)
2461:Plato
2281:Plato
1690:ought
1678:ought
1674:ought
1574:from
1365:, by
1237:iudex
1226:iudex
1100:Iuris
806:Logic
750:Hindu
649:Korea
644:Japan
607:Egypt
493:Lists
399:Legal
211:JSTOR
197:books
9041:Rand
9036:Qutb
8936:Kirk
8811:Aron
8728:Sade
8708:Owen
8693:Mill
8683:Marx
8651:Kant
8629:Hume
8491:More
8391:Wang
8273:Mozi
7697:Duty
7535:List
6676:Jury
6624:Fiqh
6480:Xeer
5878:Tort
5794:Deed
5414:Laws
5345:Rumi
5340:Ross
5260:Marx
5230:Kant
5200:Hart
5140:Bork
4921:ISBN
4886:ISBN
4868:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4662:OCLC
4652:ISBN
4598:ISBN
4543:PMID
4535:ISSN
4381:ISSN
4303:ISBN
4240:ISBN
4215:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4047:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3996:2006
3929:OCLC
3919:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3838:ISBN
3797:2019
3675:PMID
3667:ISSN
3382:OCLC
3372:ISBN
3350:2019
3264:2019
3227:2019
3186:2019
3159:help
3133:ISBN
3094:2019
3052:2019
3026:2019
2845:Fiqh
2376:and
2360:for
2341:Mill
1887:and
1819:and
1771:and
1759:and
1537:and
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1224:. A
1163:and
1041:and
986:and
849:Mind
760:Jain
401:and
183:news
9561:Law
9106:Sun
8966:Mao
7842:War
7737:Law
7138:Law
5748:Law
5325:Raz
5195:Han
4527:doi
4515:373
4371:doi
4173:doi
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3125:doi
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2019:may
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