Law of Canada - Knowledge

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deals with the unique constitutional rights of Aboriginal peoples and the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Crown. Aboriginal law is largely found in colonial instruments (such as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982 and the Indian Act) and court decisions, but also includes sources of Indigenous law. "Indigenous law consists of legal orders which are rooted in Indigenous societies themselves. It arises from communities and First Nation groups across the country, such as Nuu Chah Nulth, Haida, Coast Salish, Tsimshian, Heiltsuk, and may include relationships to the land, the spirit world, creation stories, customs, processes of deliberation and persuasion, codes of conduct, rules, teachings and axioms for living and governing.

742:. Lower courts must follow the decisions of higher courts by which they are bound. For instance, all Ontario lower courts are bound by the decisions of the Ontario Court of Appeal and all British Columbia lower courts are bound by the decisions of the British Columbia Court of Appeal. However, no Ontario court is bound by decisions of any British Columbia court and no British Columbia court is bound by decisions of any Ontario court. Nonetheless, decisions made by a province's highest court (provincial Courts of Appeal) are often considered as " 495: 5671: 1579: 292: 1522:, which grants the federal government the power to appoint the judges of these courts. As courts of general jurisdiction, the provincial superior courts of original jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all matters, under both federal and provincial law, unless the matter has been assigned to some other court or administrative agency by a statute passed by the appropriate legislative body. The superior courts of original jurisdiction have an extensive civil jurisdiction, under both federal and provincial laws. Under the 1281:(which essentially applies only to financial institutions under federal jurisdiction). In applying these statutes, provincial law has important consequences. Section 67(1)(b) of the BIA provides that "any property that as against the bankrupt is exempt from execution or seizure under any laws applicable in the province within which the property is situated and within which the bankrupt resides" is not divisible among their creditors. Provincial legislation under the property and civil rights power of the 583: 1096: 1565: 50: 1412: 5683: 579:, the Court provided three factors necessary for the existence of a constitutional convention: a practice or agreement developed by political actors, a recognition that they are bound to follow that practice or agreement, and a purpose for that practice or agreement. It also found that, while these conventions are not law and are therefore unenforceable by the courts, courts may recognize conventions in their rulings. 682:. In each Canadian province, there is a similar consolidation of the statute law of the province. The Revised Statutes of British Columbia, Revised Statutes of Alberta, Statutes of Manitoba, Revised Statutes of Saskatchewan, 1978, Revised Statutes of New Brunswick, Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, Statutes of Prince Edward Island, Consolidated Statutes of Newfoundland and Labrador, 624:, the federal government appoints their judges. It also gives the federal Parliament the right to establish a court system responsible for federal law and a general court of appeal to hear appeals of decisions of both federal and provincial courts. This last power resulted in the federal Parliament's creation of the Supreme Court of Canada. 1198:, which applies to the federal and provincial governments and protects the rights of individuals in relation to government action. The Charter protects fundamental freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedom of association, and freedom of expression, as well as prohibiting discrimination on personal characteristics. 1529:

The provinces also can establish courts of limited jurisdiction, whose jurisdiction is limited solely to what is included in the statutory grant of jurisdiction. These courts are often called "Provincial Courts", even though the superior courts established by the provinces are also provincial courts.

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Canadian labour law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of trade unions, workers and employers in Canada. Canadian employment law is that body of law which regulates the rights, restrictions obligations of non-unionised workers and employers in Canada. Most labour

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The provinces are responsible for the administration of justice, including criminal trials within their respective provinces, despite their inability to enact criminal laws. Provinces do have the power to promulgate quasi-criminal or regulatory offences in a variety of administrative and other areas,

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will apply their own legal traditions in daily life, creating contracts, working with governmental and corporate entities, ecological management and criminal proceedings and family law. Most maintain their laws through traditional governance alongside the elected officials and federal laws. The legal

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of general jurisdiction, and courts of limited jurisdiction, sometimes referred to as inferior courts. The superior courts, created and maintained by the provinces, are divided into superior courts of original jurisdiction and superior courts of appeal. These courts are sometimes also referred to as

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is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted

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may find expression in treaties, and in the context of the Crown's relationship with treaty First Nations. Recognition of the inherent right is based on the view that the Aboriginal peoples of Canada have the right to govern themselves in relation to matters that are internal to their communities,

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Indigenous law exists as a source of law apart from the common and civil legal traditions in Canada. Importantly, Indigenous laws also exist apart from Aboriginal law, though these sources of law are interconnected. Aboriginal law is a body of law, made by the courts and legislatures, that largely

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In Canada, Indigenous legal traditions are separate from but interact with common law and civil law to produce a variety of rights and obligations for Indigenous people....Many Indigenous societies in Canada possess legal traditions. These traditions have indeterminate status in the eyes of many

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When there is little or no existing Canadian decision on a particular legal issue and it becomes necessary to look to a non-Canadian legal authority for reference, decisions of English courts and American courts are often utilized. In light of the long-standing history between English law and

1526:, a federal statute, they have jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offences, such as murder. They also hear appeals from the Provincial Courts in criminal matters and some civil matters. A further appeal normally lies to superior court of appeal, the highest court in each province. 1178:. The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction over the substance of marriage and divorce. Provinces have exclusive jurisdiction over the procedures surrounding marriage. Provinces also have laws dealing with marital property and with family maintenance (including spousal support). 668:, a federal government newspaper published regularly and which includes new statutes and regulations. Federal statutes are subsequently published in the annual Statutes of Canada. From time to time, the federal government will prepare a consolidation of federal statutes, known as the 847:. Therefore, legislation enacted by the provincial legislature in matters of public law, such as the Code of Penal Procedure, should be interpreted following the common law tradition. Likewise, legislation enacted by the federal Parliament in matters of private law, such as the 898:

precedents set millennia ago are known through stories and derived from the actions and past responses as well as through continuous interpretation by elders and law-keepers—the same process by which nearly all legal traditions, from common laws and civil codes, are formed.

613:, which includes broad power to enact laws of a civil nature, such as property law, contract law and family law. Provincial jurisdiction includes other matters, such as natural resources, hospitals, municipalities, education (except education on First Nation reserves). 1201:

Human rights are also protected by federal and provincial statutes, which apply to governments as well as to the private sector. Human rights laws generally prohibit discrimination on personal characteristics in housing, employment, and services to the public. The

1031:, which was modeled on early English versions. Outside of Quebec, most contract law is still common law, based on the rulings of judges in contract litigation over the years. Quebec, being a civil law jurisdiction, does not have contract law, but rather has its own 1151:

is an Act of the Parliament of Canada, first passed in 1893, that regulates the rules of evidence in court proceedings under federal law. Each province also has its own evidence statute, governing the law of evidence in civil proceedings in the province.

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Canada's trademark law provides protection for distinctive marks, certification marks, distinguishing guises, and proposed marks against those who appropriate the goodwill of the mark or create confusion between different vendors' goods or services.

841:, it was made that of the conquering British nation after the fall of New France in 1760, that is, the common law. It is important to note that the distinction between civil law and common law is not based on the division of powers set out in the 787:

before the abolishment of appeals to that entity in 1949. In practice, however, no court in Canada has declared itself bound by any English court decision for decades, and it is highly unlikely that any Canadian court would do so in the future.

1534:, a federal statute, and also typically have a limited civil jurisdiction in matters under provincial jurisdiction, such as small claims and some family matters. The judges of the Provincial Courts are appointed by the provincial governments. 1433:. However, the federal power to create courts is much more limited than the provincial power. The provincial courts have a much more extensive jurisdiction, including the constitutionally entrenched power to determine constitutional issues. 1208:

applies to the federal government and to industries under federal jurisdiction, such as aviation and banking. Provincial human rights laws apply to the provincial governments and to industries and businesses under provincial jurisdiction.

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and traditional practices for Indigenous groups in Canada. Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. These treaties are agreements between the Canadian

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set out the subject matters for exclusive federal jurisdiction. Sections 92, 92A, and 94 set out the areas of exclusive provincial legislation. Section 95 sets out areas of concurrent federal and provincial jurisdiction.

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appear similar in that none were codified, each has quite different sets of laws. Many laws stem from stories which in turn may stem from writings or markings, such as geographic features, petroglyphs, pictographs,

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regulation in Canada is conducted at the provincial level by government agencies and boards. However, certain industries under federal regulation are subject solely to federal labour legislation and standards.

3435: 554:. While these principles are an enforceable part of Canada's constitution, Canadian courts have not used them to override the written text of the constitution, instead confining their role to "filling gaps". 1713:

As has already been noted, numerous indigenous legal traditions continue to function in Canada in a systematically important way. Canada would better be described as multi-juridicial or legally pluralistic.

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Only the Supreme Court of Canada has authority to bind all lower courts in the country with a single ruling, but the Supreme Court cannot bind itself. The busier courts, such as the

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created a mechanism by which Canada's constitution could be amended by joint action of federal and provincial legislatures; prior to 1982, most of it could be amended only by the

5345: 4411: 436:. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior 511:, Canada's constitution is its supreme law, and any law passed by any federal, provincial, or territorial government that is inconsistent with the constitution is invalid. 4426: 4321: 4511: 3486:

integral to their unique cultures, identities, traditions, languages and institutions, and with respect to their special relationship to their land and their resources.

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before 1867 are technically still binding on Canada unless they have been overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada, and Canada is still bound by the decisions of the

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Constitutional law is the area of Canadian law relating to the interpretation and application of the Constitution of Canada by the Courts. This is represented in the

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stipulates that Canada's constitution includes that act, a series of thirty Acts and orders referred to in a schedule to that Act (the most notable of which is the

1429:, the federal Parliament and the provincial legislatures both have the constitutional authority to create courts: Parliament under s. 101, and the Provinces under 4683: 4531: 1623: 1537:

There are also additional federal courts established by Parliament, which have a specialised jurisdiction in certain areas of federal law. These courts are the

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Laws passed by the provinces follow a similar practice. The Acts are pronounced in a provincial gazette, published annually and consolidated from time to time.

4526: 4536: 4416: 4366: 2093: 5573: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4346: 575: 4481: 4486: 4401: 4376: 686:, and Revised Statutes of Quebec are the statutory consolidations of each Canadian province. They contain all of the major topic areas and most of the 433: 3499: 4386: 4356: 1103:

Criminal law in Canada falls under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the federal government. The power to enact criminal law is derived from

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Aseniwuche Winewak Nation; University of Victoria Law; Indigenous Bar Associations; Law Foundation of Ontario; Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

5350: 4466: 4391: 4371: 4336: 1500:. Parliament created it by Act of Parliament in 1875, as a "general court of appeal for Canada". Prior to 1949, cases could be appealed to the 1348:

Property law in Canada is the body of law concerning the rights of individuals over land, objects, and expression within Canada. It encompasses

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prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The

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The Parliament of Canada has exclusive jurisdiction to regulate matters relating to bankruptcy and insolvency, by virtue of s.91 of the

1447:. It, however, remains unclear the degree to which Indigenous nations have authority over judicial matters. Especially since 1995, the 3461: 4733: 4703: 4638: 4009: 3481:

of self-government as an existing Aboriginal right under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. It recognizes, as well, that the

420:

plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The

2718: 1618: 1463: 1437: 1227:, their rights and responsibilities once admitted, and the conditions of their removal. The primary law on these matters is in the 1013:

Canadian administrative law is the body of law that addresses the actions and operations of governments and governmental agencies.

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gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Aboriginals, which includes groups governed by the

4579: 4546: 2467: 2026: 1501: 1194: 1063: 784: 753:, for example, are often looked to for guidance on many local matters of law outside the province, especially in matters such as 398: 4046: 3462:"The Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government" 1229: 1894: 3981: 3960: 3937: 3916: 3865: 3826: 3805: 3782: 3761: 3740: 3672: 3625: 3598: 3573: 3546: 3419: 3392: 3365: 3338: 3313: 3261: 3234: 3207: 3165: 3135: 3108: 3081: 3041: 3014: 2987: 2703: 2658: 2628: 2598: 2571: 2544: 2517: 2387: 2348: 2321: 2282: 2228: 2129: 2069: 1983: 1958: 1931: 1874: 1849: 1822: 1795: 1675: 4658: 4158: 4074: 1597: 1550: 1218: 717:

legal tradition. While the federal territories use common law, Indigenous nations and their associated territories do not (

159: 71: 3998: 5132: 4762: 1117: 766: 1081:

772:

Decisions from Commonwealth nations, aside from England, are also often treated as persuasive sources of law in Canada.

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Craik, Neil; Forcese, Craig; Bryden, Philip; Carver, Peter; Haigh, Richard; Ratushny, Ed; Sullivan, Ruth, eds. (2006).

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and other federal statutes; an exception is that contempt of court is the only remaining common law offence in Canada.

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identified four "supporting principles and rules" that are included as unwritten elements of the constitution:

241: 2313:

Linking Regions and Central Governments Contracts for Regional Development: Contracts for Regional Development

694:, as the criminal law in Canada is an exclusive jurisdiction of the federal Parliament, which has enacted the 5169: 4972: 4723: 4361: 4253: 1457: 1271: 454: 308: 264: 17: 3411:

Canada's Federal System: Being a Treatise on Canadian Constitutional Law Under the British North America Act

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and the House of Lords are often cited as and considered persuasive authority, and are often followed.

5588: 5542: 5380: 5235: 5159: 5060: 5044: 4748: 4718: 4688: 4669: 4039: 1123: 935: 851:, is to be interpreted following the civil law tradition and in harmony with the Civil Code of Quebec. 669: 383: 5486: 5438: 5404: 5142: 4977: 4874: 4799: 4476: 4258: 3291:

Government of Canada — Employment and Social Development Act — Acts and Regulations: Labour Program.

1331: 1242: 1204: 597:

assigns powers to the provincial and federal governments. Matters under federal jurisdiction include

269: 2860:

A Tlingit history as recounted by Jackie Williams, Wolf Clan Leader, Taku River Tlingit First Nation

2159:. Law Foundation Chair in Aboriginal Justice and Governance Faculty of Law, University of Victoria. 654:

and by provincial legislatures are the primary sources of law in Canada. Sections 91 and 94A of the

5639: 5267: 5066: 4997: 4987: 4982: 4967: 4431: 1260: 814: 477: 445: 406:

guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a

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ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the

1251:. Therefore, the laws governing inheritance in Canada are legislated by each individual province. 5230: 5196: 5083: 4698: 4606: 4218: 4208: 4168: 4141: 4136: 3890: 3125: 2588: 2438: 1763: 1692: 1497: 1479: 1076: 974: 964: 947: 886: 860: 678:

The Revised Statutes of Canada is the federal statutory consolidation of statutes enacted by the

566: 525: 460: 432:. Its nine members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and 429: 421: 364: 226: 216: 184: 169: 142: 137: 3538: 5709: 5634: 5578: 5566: 5556: 5461: 5431: 5282: 5252: 5240: 5201: 5137: 5078: 5034: 4565: 4213: 4200: 4178: 4148: 4105: 4069: 3073: 3067: 2092:(Report). 1. Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament. p. 3. 1608: 1603: 1542: 1518: 1511:

Other than the Supreme Court, the Canadian court system is divided into two classes of courts:

1425: 1406: 1391: 1187: 1090: 1057: 1051: 843: 696: 656: 639:, which grants individual rights that may not be contravened by any provincial or federal law. 520: 507: 489: 449: 425: 417: 392: 378:

is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The

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regulates the resolution of financial difficulties that occur before the onset of insolvency.

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enacted by the governments in each province. These statutes in these provinces do not include

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refers to the legal traditions, customs, and practices of Indigenous Nations and communities.

5309: 5191: 5147: 5105: 5090: 4840: 4190: 4120: 4110: 4032: 3615: 3563: 3355: 3155: 2618: 2561: 1948: 1923: 1917: 1812: 1785: 1665: 1357: 1343: 1224: 1022: 969:

Aboriginal law is the area of law related to the Canadian Government's relationship with its

942:'s. One thing most Indigenous legal and governance traditions have in common is their use of 878: 196: 119: 109: 3971: 3927: 3906: 3855: 3816: 3772: 3751: 3726: 3382: 3197: 3098: 2534: 1726: 5414: 5397: 5387: 5329: 5324: 5051: 5021: 4814: 4307: 3465: 2492: 2453: 1448: 834: 679: 651: 3290: 3277: 2872: 1131:

and every province has done so with myriad rules and regulations across a broad spectrum.

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Witnessing the Colonialscape: lighting the intimate fires of Indigenous legal pluralism

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allows Parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the

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The Canadian Yearbook of International Law: Annuaire Canadien de Droit International

601:, trade and commerce, banking, and immigration. The federal government also has the 424:

is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since December 18, 2017, by

5649: 5526: 5476: 5471: 5055: 4784: 4738: 2796: 870: 713:

Nine of the provinces, other than Quebec, and the federal territories, follow the

494: 5687: 5506: 5443: 5409: 5213: 4938: 4916: 4911: 4451: 4331: 4265: 4245: 3835: 2950: 2898: 2087:

Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004–2006

2059: 1483: 1452: 939: 602: 551: 469: 356: 344: 276: 5561: 5511: 4933: 4921: 4887: 4693: 4461: 3482: 3478: 2220:

The Least Examined Branch: The Role of Legislatures in the Constitutional State

1512: 1505: 911: 780: 776: 754: 723: 665: 621: 352: 582: 5703: 5675: 4943: 4794: 4406: 4396: 3874: 1584: 1493: 1353: 1223:

Canadian immigration and refugee law concerns the area of law related to the

931: 902: 804: 737: 296: 49: 3507:(Technical report). Aboriginal Law: Procedural and Dispute Resolution Issues 3436:"INAN - Section 35 of the Constitution Act 1982 - Background - Jan 28, 2021" 2924: 918:, as Denendeh's diverse Dene Laws differ quite markedly from laws governing 5466: 4897: 4824: 4381: 3151: 2145: 1378:

within the Canadian jurisdiction excluding Quebec, which is covered by the

907: 758: 728: 691: 598: 336: 3183:

The Criminal Code of Canada and the Canada Evidence Act as Amended to Date

2379:

The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada

734:

As with all common law countries, Canadian law adheres to the doctrine of

4992: 4804: 4351: 3882: 2745:. Secwepemcúl̓ecw, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 624. 1467:

has affirmed the Euro-Canadian courts' needs to meaningfully engage with

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has found that this list is not intended to be exhaustive, and in 1998's

3613: 2176:"Research Guides: Aboriginal Law & Indigenous Laws: A note on terms" 1757: 1530:

The Provincial Courts have an extensive criminal jurisdiction under the

1027:

Individual provinces have codified some principles of contract law in a

4628: 4276: 2817:"Tlingit Law, American Justice and the Destruction of Tlingit Villages" 1570: 991: 882: 838: 822: 714: 535: 441: 360: 348: 2843: 2801: 1999: 1651:"Where our legal system comes from - About Canada's System of Justice" 1411: 914:'s governance differs quite markedly from its many-nationed neighbour 5297: 3096: 1319: 664:

Laws passed by the federal Parliament are initially published in the

539: 1564: 1166:

Family law in Canada concerns the body of Canadian law dealing with

5551: 4789: 2975: 1314:

Canadian patent law is the legal system regulating the granting of

1171: 915: 3353: 2375: 978: 894: 4845: 4809: 4779: 3725:

Jonathan L. Black-Branch; Canadian Education Association (1995).

3698: 1175: 923: 919: 866: 687: 2204: 1508:, and some cases bypassed the Supreme Court of Canada entirely. 561:

provides that Canada's constitution is "similar in Principle to

4819: 4588: 4024: 3814: 1315: 340: 4003: 1334:

which are codified in each province's civil procedures rules.

1322:

within Canada, and the enforcement of these rights in Canada.

4850: 3951:

Supreme at Last: The Evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada

2816: 2590:

Crime and Punishment around the World: [Four Volumes]

1869:. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 3–8, 683–687, 699. 1790:. Dundurn – University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. p. 13. 1451:

has maintained a policy of recognizing the inherent right of

982: 890: 3770: 3407: 2721:"Accessing Justice and Reconciliation: A Cree Legal Summary" 2720: 2216: 3464:. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. Archived from 2505: 2336: 1375: 943: 874: 3840:

Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws – Yerí7 re Stsq'ey's-kucw

3305:

Comparative Patent Remedies: A Legal and Economic Analysis

2743:

Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws – Yerí7 re stsq̓ey̓s-kucw

1330:

The functioning of the Courts is regulated by the laws of

809:

For historical reasons, Quebec has a hybrid legal system.

4557: 3588: 3380: 3150: 2340:

Politics: An Introduction to Modern Democratic Government

2024: 1727:"Indigenous Law and Its Contribution to Global Pluralism" 1663: 569:, the Supreme Court has also recognized the existence of 4014: 3692: 3006:

Contextual Subjects: Family, State and Relational Theory

2371: 2369: 1374:

Tort law in Canada concerns the treatment of the law of

620:

also provides that, while provinces establish their own

609:". One of the major areas of provincial jurisdiction is 524:), and any amendment to any of those Acts. However, the 2061:

Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: A Critical Introduction

1624:

Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada

746:" even though they are not binding on other provinces. 700:, which is included in the Revised Statutes of Canada. 4019: 3969: 3127:

Competition Laws Outside the United States: Supplement

2979:

Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics

2793:

Dene Treaties, Anthropology and Colonial Relationships

1455:

under section 35. The evolution through cases such as

438:

courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions

3180: 2620:

Captive Court: A Study of the Supreme Court of Canada

2366: 1269:. It has passed some statutes as a result, i.e., The 950:(though most are matrilineal like Gitx̱san's Wilps). 672:. The most recent federal consolidation was in 1985. 351:

system (inherited from its period as a colony of the

3853: 2969: 2646: 2270: 2027:"Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure" 1560: 873:, each using different Indigenous legal traditions. 3753:

Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law

3328: 3174: 3090: 3065: 2741:Ignace, Marianne; Ignace, Ronald E (October 2017). 1978:. Emond Montgomery Publications. pp. 22, 150. 1443:, Indigenous nations retain significant rights and 1192:Human rights are constitutionally protected by the 721:). Equally, courts have power under the provincial 576:

Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution

3948: 3793: 3530: 3347: 2563:Canada In Crisis...: An Agenda to Unify the Nation 2499: 2330: 1516:"Section 96" courts, in reference to s. 96 of the 1496:of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the 3774:Arbitration Law Of Canada: Practice And Procedure 3614:International Business Publications, USA (2008). 3533:The Federal Court of Canada: A History, 1875–1992 3195: 3123: 3029: 2675:"The Courts of British Columbia - File Not Found" 2559: 1916:Yates, Richard; Bain, Penny; Yates, Ruth (2000). 1697:Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 1657: 5701: 3857:Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada 3815:Calvin S. Goldman; John D. Bodrug, eds. (2009). 3582: 3561: 3301: 3144: 3097:Michelle G. Grossman; Julian V. Roberts (2011). 2844:"Lingit kusteeyì: What my Grandfather taught me" 2823:. Sealaska Heritage InstituteP. 20 November 2012 2650:Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada 2586: 2274:Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada 2210: 1922:. Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada. p. 1831: 1468: 1247:Inheritance law in Canada is constitutionally a 718: 4010:Canada's Justice System – Department of Justice 3946: 3660: 3524: 3522: 3226:Human Resource Management in a Business Context 2612: 2610: 2532: 1817:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 41–42. 1670:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 59. 1111:. Most criminal laws have been codified in the 775:Due to Canada's historical connection with the 2976:Christian Leuprecht; Peter H. Russell (2011). 2642: 2640: 1953:. Kluwer Law International B.V. pp. 10–. 1915: 1893:. Supreme Court of Canada. December 18, 2017. 1212: 854: 4573: 4292: 4040: 3555: 3354:Jean Louis Baudouin; Allen M. Linden (2010). 3322: 3308:. Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167. 3002: 2376:Patrick N. Malcolmson; Richard Myers (2009). 1814:The Canadian Environment in Political Context 1471:, including through Indigenous structures of 316: 3925: 3749: 3732:: A Handbook for Administrators and Teachers 3695:Public Law: Cases, materials, and commentary 3617:Canada Company Laws and Regulations Handbook 3528: 3519: 3440:Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 3401: 3009:. University of Toronto Press. p. 143. 2982:. University of Toronto Press. p. 477. 2740: 2653:. University of Calgary Press. p. 389. 2616: 2607: 2382:. University of Toronto Press. p. 149. 2343:. University of Toronto Press. p. 262. 2277:. University of Calgary Press. p. 216. 2144: 2051: 1940: 1837: 1288: 791:Criminal offences are found only within the 444:prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where 4015:CanLII Canadian Legal Information Institute 3904: 3654: 3620:. Int'l Business Publications. p. 36. 3568:. University of Toronto Press. p. 32. 3249: 3117: 2691: 2637: 2623:. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 53. 2553: 2536:Business Law and the Regulation of Business 2470:. Gazette.gc.ca. 2010-06-09. Archived from 2305: 2303: 2223:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. 1864: 826: 735: 4644:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945) 4580: 4566: 4299: 4285: 4047: 4033: 3887:Unsettling Canada: A National Wake-Up Call 3791: 3501:Evidentiary issues—oral tradition evidence 3491: 3295: 3253:Encyclopedia of North American Immigration 3243: 3222: 3189: 3059: 2996: 2580: 2493:Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act 2264: 1749: 1225:admission of foreign nationals into Canada 465:constitutionally recognized rights to land 323: 309: 3701:: Emond Montgomery Publications Limited. 3216: 3160:. Stanford University Press. p. 99. 3023: 2800: 2685: 2512:. Kluwer Law International. p. 234. 2111: 2084: 1844:. Sterling Publishers. pp. 549–550. 1838:Bhagwan, Vishnoo; Vidya, Bhushan (2004). 483: 4306: 3565:Canada's Trial Courts: Two Tiers Or One? 3537:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 3477:The Government of Canada recognizes the 3387:. Borden Ladner Gervais LLP. p. 1. 3157:The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law 3036:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 176. 2698:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 132. 2526: 2300: 2124:(4th ed.). UBC Press. p. 349. 2057: 1804: 1777: 1718: 1619:List of acts of the Parliament of Canada 1410: 1094: 581: 493: 5116: 3771:J. Brian Casey; Janet E. Mills (2005). 3730:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 3374: 3130:. American Bar Association. p. 2. 2873:"Our Way: The Traditional System Today" 2217:Richard W. Bauman; Tsvi Kahana (2006). 2157:Report for the Law Commission of Canada 2150:"Indigenous Legal Traditions in Canada" 2138: 1973: 1946: 1693:"Indigenous Legal Traditions in Canada" 1690: 1502:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1195:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1064:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 588:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 399:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 14: 5702: 5540: 3999:Canadian Criminal Law Information Site 3229:. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 391. 2771:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ 2506:Dennis Campbell; Susan Cotter (1998). 2337:Munroe Eagles; Larry Johnston (2008). 2167: 2099:from the original on November 26, 2014 1230:Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 5346:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations 4561: 4280: 4028: 4004:Consolidated Statutes and Regulations 3929:Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada 3607: 3497: 3414:. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 151. 3408:Augustus Henry Frazer Lefroy (2005). 3333:. Juris Publishing, Inc. p. 11. 3033:Civil Forfeiture of Criminal Property 2795:(PhD thesis). University of Alberta. 2790: 2695:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 2117: 1897:from the original on January 16, 2018 1865:Bakan, Joel; Elliot, Robin M (2003). 1810: 1783: 1724: 1464:Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia 1127:, and several other peripheral Acts. 1038: 1002: 605:to make laws necessary for Canada's " 347:: its foundations lie in the English 3667:. Infobase Publishing. p. 169. 3589:Michel Proulx; David Layton (2001). 3498:Lysyk, Stephanie P. (October 2006). 3256:. Infobase Publishing. p. 362. 3100:Criminal Justice in Canada: A Reader 2841: 2587:Graeme R. Newman (30 October 2010). 2309: 2006:from the original on August 26, 2016 1755: 1664:John Dickinson; Brian Young (2014). 1598:Canadian Legal Information Institute 1551:Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada 1219:Canadian immigration and refugee law 5619:Topics by provinces and territories 3842:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3664:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions 3442:. Government of Canada. 13 May 2021 3331:Intellectual Property Law of Canada 2566:. Trafford Publishing. p. 26. 2173: 2002:. Ontario Provincial Police. 2009. 1891:"Current and Former Chief Justices" 1181: 1118:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 930:Yin'tah; and, as those differ from 865:Canada was founded on the original 703: 24: 3735:. Canadian Education Association. 3717: 3381:Borden Ladner Gervias LLP (2011). 3302:Thomas F. Cotter (21 March 2013). 3202:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 1. 3185:. Carswell Company. p. intro. 2078: 1400: 1295:Canadian labour and employment law 1236: 1099:Canadian Criminal Cases collection 48: 25: 5721: 3992: 2850:. Taku River Tlingit First Nation 2032:. Queen's Printer. Archived from 1325: 1254: 958: 5682: 5681: 5669: 4422:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4054: 3591:Ethics and Canadian criminal law 3181:Canada; James Crankshaw (1910). 3056:Leuprecht/Russell, 2011. p. 451. 2316:. OECD Publishing. p. 173. 1577: 1563: 1385: 1278:Winding-Up and Restructuring Act 1070: 633:Parliament of the United Kingdom 607:peace, order and good government 565:", which is considered to be an 531:Reference re Secession of Quebec 290: 4704:Former colonies and territories 3973:Genealogy and the Law in Canada 3970:Margaret Ann Wilkinson (2010). 3955:. James Lorimer & Company. 3860:. University of Calgary Press. 3838:& Ignace, Ronald E (2017). 3800:. James Lorimer & Company. 3756:. University of Toronto Press. 3685: 3454: 3428: 3284: 3270: 3103:. Cengage Learning. p. 2. 3072:. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 3050: 2943: 2917: 2891: 2865: 2835: 2809: 2784: 2759: 2734: 2712: 2667: 2539:. Cengage Learning. p. 7. 2485: 2460: 2446: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2357: 2291: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2190: 2025:Royal Canadian Mounted Police. 2018: 1992: 1976:An introduction to Canadian law 1967: 1947:Hermida, Julian (May 9, 2018). 1909: 1883: 1415:Canadian court system (Source: 1337: 1134: 1084: 1016: 953: 821:as it applied in what was then 474:duty to consult and accommodate 390:granted full autonomy, and the 4639:Post-Confederation (1867–1914) 2848:Taku River Tlingit Place Names 2085:Patterson, Lisa Lynne (2004). 1974:Sworden, Philip James (2006). 1858: 1756:Hunt, Sarah Elizabeth (2014). 1684: 1643: 1614:List of national legal systems 1417:Canadian Department of Justice 817:, originally expressed in the 642: 637:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 505:Pursuant to section 52 of the 13: 1: 3854:Frederick Lee Morton (2002). 3384:Trade-Mark Practice in Canada 3278:Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act 2647:Frederick Lee Morton (2002). 2271:Frederick Lee Morton (2002). 1919:Introduction to Law in Canada 1636: 1303: 1272:Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act 1155: 833:of Quebec is codified in the 708: 455:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 4547:United States Virgin Islands 3360:. Kluwer Law International. 3329:Stuart C. McCormack (1999). 3066:Lesley Ellen Harris (2001). 798: 414:for a period of five years. 7: 4684:Crown and Indigenous people 2925:"Haudenosaunee Confederacy" 2468:"Canada Gazette – About Us" 1867:Canadian Constitutional Law 1556: 1363: 1213:Immigration and refugee law 1045:Canadian constitutional law 1009:Canadian administrative law 999:and outside of those Acts. 855:Indigenous legal traditions 751:Court of Appeal for Ontario 684:Revised Statutes of Ontario 388:Statute of Westminster 1931 359:system (inherited from its 10: 5726: 5574:Provincial and territorial 5497:Inventions and discoveries 4634:British Canada (1763–1867) 4587: 3593:. Irwin Law. p. 153. 3196:Malcolm C. Kronby (2010). 3124:H. Stephen Harris (2001). 3030:Simon N. M. Young (2009). 2560:Robert A. Battram (2010). 1404: 1389: 1367: 1341: 1307: 1292: 1258: 1240: 1216: 1185: 1159: 1138: 1124:Youth Criminal Justice Act 1088: 1074: 1042: 1020: 1006: 962: 858: 802: 670:Revised Statutes of Canada 571:constitutional conventions 563:that of the United Kingdom 487: 5663: 5627: 5601: 5452: 5368: 5338: 5290: 5281: 5182: 5020: 4956: 4872: 4863: 4833: 4800:Newfoundland and Labrador 4772: 4761: 4667: 4604: 4595: 4522:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4440: 4314: 4259:Law School Admission Test 4244: 4199: 4129: 4088: 4062: 3821:. Juris Publishing, Inc. 3818:Competition Law of Canada 3777:. Juris Publishing, Inc. 3562:Peter H. Russell (2007). 2929:Haudenosaunee Confederacy 2454:Statutory Instruments Act 2180:guides.library.queensu.ca 1787:The Canadian Constitution 1667:A Short History of Quebec 1593:At His Majesty's pleasure 1289:Labour and employment law 1243:Inheritance law in Canada 1205:Canadian Human Rights Act 985:). Section 91(24) of the 611:property and civil rights 384:British North America Act 367:developed by the various 270:Law School Admission Test 4542:Turks and Caicos Islands 4159:Immigration and refugees 3947:Peter McCormick (2000). 3661:Gerhard Robbers (2006). 3154:; Markus Dubber (2010). 2791:Smith, Shirleen (1999). 2593:. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. 2533:Richard A. Mann (2013). 2509:Comparative Law Yearbook 1469:Indigenous legal systems 1261:Insolvency law of Canada 478:Indigenous law in Canada 160:Immigration and refugees 4734:Persons of significance 4729:National Historic Sites 1764:Simon Fraser University 1539:Federal Court of Appeal 1498:Canadian justice system 1480:Supreme Court of Canada 1077:Copyright law of Canada 965:Canadian aboriginal law 946:such as Anishinaabek's 861:Canadian Indigenous law 767:English Court of Appeal 635:. It also contains the 567:uncodified constitution 526:Supreme Court of Canada 461:Canadian Aboriginal law 430:Chief Justice of Canada 422:Supreme Court of Canada 4629:New France (1534–1763) 4472:British Virgin Islands 4308:Law of North America 4149:Civil and human rights 3069:Canadian Copyright Law 3003:Robert Leckey (2008). 2440:Constitution Act, 1867 2197:Constitution Act, 1982 2162:Canadian institutions. 2118:Isaac, Thomas (2012). 2058:Reynolds, Jim (2015). 1950:Criminal Law in Canada 1811:Olive, Andrea (2015). 1731:Indigenous Law Journal 1691:Borrows, John (2005). 1609:Human rights in Canada 1604:Housekeeping provision 1519:Constitution Act, 1867 1489:Cour suprême du Canada 1487: 1440:Constitution Act, 1982 1426:Constitution Act, 1867 1420: 1407:Court system of Canada 1392:Canadian trademark law 1283:Constitution Act, 1867 1267:Constitution Act, 1867 1188:Human rights in Canada 1109:Constitution Act, 1867 1100: 1091:Criminal law of Canada 1058:Constitution Act, 1982 1052:Constitution Act, 1867 987:Constitution Act, 1867 869:of over 900 different 844:Constitution Act, 1867 827: 736: 657:Constitution Act, 1867 629:Constitution Act, 1982 618:Constitution Act, 1867 595:Constitution Act, 1867 590: 559:Constitution Act, 1867 552:respect for minorities 521:Constitution Act, 1867 516:Constitution Act, 1982 508:Constitution Act, 1982 502: 500:Constitution Act, 1867 490:Constitution of Canada 484:Constitution of Canada 408:notwithstanding clause 393:Constitution Act, 1982 380:Constitution Act, 1867 376:Constitution of Canada 365:Indigenous law systems 150:Civil and human rights 53: 4841:Northwest Territories 4744:Territorial evolution 4412:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4186:Labour and employment 4164:Intellectual property 3926:Richard Moon (2008). 3879:Derrickson, Ronald M. 3796:The Charter of Rights 3750:John Borrows (2002). 3529:Ian Bushnell (1997). 2899:"Wet'suwet'en People" 2617:Ian Bushnell (1992). 2496:, RSC 1985, c. S-20. 2457:, RSC 1985, c. S-22. 1737:(1). HeinOnline: 3–12 1725:Anaya, James (2007). 1414: 1358:intellectual property 1344:Canadian property law 1139:Further information: 1098: 1023:Canadian contract law 585: 497: 192:Labour and employment 165:Intellectual property 52: 4815:Prince Edward Island 3905:D. M. McRae (2008). 3728:Making Sense of the 3281:, RSC 1985, c. B-3. 3250:John Powell (2009). 2692:J. M. Smits (2012). 2199:, Schedule B to the 1784:Dodek, Adam (2016). 1458:Delgamuukw-Gisday'wa 1449:Government of Canada 835:Civil Code of Quebec 680:Parliament of Canada 652:Parliament of Canada 5170:Firearms regulation 4427:Trinidad and Tobago 4322:Antigua and Barbuda 4080:Provincial statutes 3885:(foreword) (2015). 3792:Ian Greene (1989). 3223:Alan Price (2007). 3199:Canadian Family Law 2951:"Our Way: The Wilp" 1841:World Constitutions 1653:. 7 September 2016. 1547:Tax Court of Canada 1310:Canadian patent law 1168:family relationship 1162:Canadian family law 1148:Canada Evidence Act 1141:Canada Evidence Act 885:and numerous other 815:civil law tradition 779:, decisions of the 434:minister of justice 77:Provincial statutes 5351:Population centres 4362:Dominican Republic 3646:has generic name ( 3357:Tort Law in Canada 2842:Williams, Jackie. 2203:(UK), 1982, c 11, 1630:Statutes of Canada 1473:dispute resolution 1438:Section 35 of the 1421: 1380:law of obligations 1370:Tort law in Canada 1101: 1039:Constitutional law 1033:law of obligations 1003:Administrative law 971:Indigenous peoples 765:Canadian law, the 591: 503: 418:Canada's judiciary 369:Indigenous Nations 54: 5697: 5696: 5676:Canada portal 5597: 5596: 5364: 5363: 5178: 5177: 5133:Political parties 5101:Foreign relations 5016: 5015: 4903:Canadian Prairies 4893:Pacific Northwest 4859: 4858: 4757: 4756: 4714:Foreign relations 4555: 4554: 4444:other territories 4274: 4273: 4020:Legal Information 3983:978-1-77070-585-2 3962:978-1-55028-692-2 3939:978-0-7748-5853-3 3918:978-0-7748-5826-7 3891:Between The Lines 3867:978-1-55238-046-8 3828:978-1-57823-096-9 3807:978-1-55028-185-9 3784:978-1-929446-68-1 3763:978-0-8020-8501-6 3742:978-0-920315-78-1 3674:978-0-8160-6078-8 3627:978-1-4330-6959-8 3600:978-1-55221-044-4 3575:978-0-8020-9323-3 3548:978-0-8020-4207-1 3421:978-1-58477-591-1 3394:978-0-9730750-5-2 3367:978-90-411-3373-1 3340:978-1-57823-070-9 3315:978-0-19-984065-6 3263:978-1-4381-1012-7 3236:978-1-84480-548-8 3209:978-0-470-67647-9 3167:978-0-8047-7729-2 3137:978-1-57073-881-4 3110:978-0-17-650228-7 3083:978-0-07-560369-6 3043:978-1-84844-621-2 3016:978-0-8020-9749-1 2989:978-1-4426-0368-4 2957:. Gitx̱san Nation 2879:. Gitx̱san Nation 2802:10.7939/R3ZG6GC9Q 2705:978-1-78100-610-8 2660:978-1-55238-046-8 2630:978-0-7735-6301-8 2600:978-0-313-35134-1 2573:978-1-4269-8062-6 2546:978-1-133-58757-6 2519:978-90-411-0740-4 2389:978-1-4426-0047-8 2350:978-1-55111-858-1 2323:978-92-64-00875-5 2284:978-1-55238-046-8 2230:978-1-139-46040-8 2131:978-1-895830-65-1 2071:978-0-7748-8023-7 1985:978-1-55239-145-7 1960:978-90-411-9627-9 1933:978-0-13-792862-0 1876:978-1-55239-085-6 1851:978-81-207-1937-8 1824:978-1-4426-0871-9 1797:978-1-4597-3505-7 1677:978-0-7735-7530-1 1350:personal property 1249:provincial matter 1115:, as well as the 1029:Sale of Goods Act 997:Numbered Treaties 871:Indigenous groups 544:constitutionalism 463:provides certain 333: 332: 297:Canada portal 16:(Redirected from 5717: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5538: 5537: 5381:Higher education 5288: 5287: 5273:Science and tech 5160:Multiculturalism 5114: 5113: 5096:Local government 5061:House of Commons 5045:Governor General 4881: 4870: 4869: 4785:British Columbia 4770: 4769: 4624:Pre-colonization 4602: 4601: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4512:Saint Barthélemy 4442:Dependencies and 4315:Sovereign states 4301: 4294: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4226:Courts of Appeal 4075:Federal statutes 4049: 4042: 4035: 4026: 4025: 3987: 3966: 3954: 3943: 3922: 3871: 3836:Ignace, Marianne 3832: 3811: 3799: 3788: 3767: 3746: 3712: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3536: 3526: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3474: 3473: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2903:Unist'ot'en Camp 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2503: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2373: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2214: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1275:("BIA") and the 1182:Human rights law 903:legal traditions 832: 819:Coutume de Paris 741: 704:Legal traditions 470:Crown-in-Council 357:French civil law 325: 318: 311: 295: 294: 293: 237:Courts of Appeal 72:Federal statutes 29: 28: 21: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5623: 5593: 5536: 5448: 5439:Social programs 5405:Law enforcement 5360: 5334: 5277: 5174: 5112: 5012: 4952: 4939:Atlantic Canada 4917:Canadian Shield 4912:Northern Canada 4879: 4878: 4855: 4829: 4765:and territories 4764: 4753: 4663: 4610: 4591: 4586: 4556: 4551: 4445: 4443: 4436: 4310: 4305: 4275: 4270: 4266:Call to the bar 4240: 4231:Superior Courts 4195: 4125: 4084: 4058: 4053: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3963: 3940: 3919: 3868: 3829: 3808: 3785: 3764: 3743: 3720: 3718:Further reading 3715: 3709: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3527: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3194: 3190: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2931:. Haudenosaunee 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2679:www.bccourts.ca 2673: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2215: 2211: 2201:Canada Act 1982 2195: 2191: 2172: 2168: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2039:on July 6, 2011 2036: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1836: 1832: 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5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5356:Municipalities 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5294: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5268:Transportation 5265: 5260: 5255: 5253:Stock exchange 5250: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Communications 5218: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5067:Prime Minister 5064: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:National Parks 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4934:Eastern Canada 4931: 4930: 4929: 4922:Central Canada 4919: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4888:Western Canada 4884: 4882: 4880:(west to east) 4867: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679:Constitutional 4675: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Sint Eustatius 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4477:Cayman Islands 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4101:Administrative 4098: 4096:Constitutional 4092: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3994: 3993:External links 3991: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3944: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3902: 3899:978-1771131766 3875:Manuel, Arthur 3872: 3866: 3851: 3833: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3789: 3783: 3768: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3626: 3606: 3599: 3581: 3574: 3554: 3547: 3518: 3490: 3483:inherent right 3479:inherent right 3453: 3427: 3420: 3400: 3393: 3373: 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article: 1290: 1287: 1259:Main article: 1256: 1255:Insolvency law 1253: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1160:Main article: 1157: 1154: 1136: 1133: 1105:section 91(27) 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1021:Main article: 1018: 1015: 1007:Main article: 1004: 1001: 963:Main article: 960: 959:Aboriginal law 957: 955: 952: 912:Inuit Nunangat 859:Main article: 856: 853: 803:Main article: 800: 797: 781:House of Lords 777:United Kingdom 710: 707: 705: 702: 666:Canada Gazette 650:passed by the 644: 641: 603:residual power 586:Copies of the 485: 482: 448:predominates. 426:Richard Wagner 382:(known as the 353:British Empire 331: 330: 328: 327: 320: 313: 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 273: 272: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 188: 187: 182: 177: 172: 162: 157: 152: 147: 146: 145: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 100:Administrative 97: 95:Constitutional 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 79: 74: 69: 63: 60: 59: 56: 55: 45: 44: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5722: 5711: 5710:Law of Canada 5708: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5689: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Protectionism 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 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4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4432:United States 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4214:Federal Court 4212: 4210: 4209:Supreme Court 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4031: 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UBC Press. 3931: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911:. UBC Press. 3910: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881:(afterword); 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3710: 3708:1-55239-185-X 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3649: 3644:|author= 3637: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3468:on 2011-06-13 3467: 3463: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2905:. Unist'ot'en 2904: 2900: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2752:9780773551305 2748: 2744: 2737: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2474:on 2011-07-06 2473: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2441: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2411:Craik 127–128 2408: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2370: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310:OECD (2007). 2306: 2304: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2114: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2067: 2064:. 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