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Bridgman never developed a close relationship with Julia Ward Howe who, according to her daughters, had a "physical distaste for the abnormal and defective" and a "natural shrinking from the blind and other defectives with whom she was often thrown" following her marriage to Howe. Mary Swift left the school in May, 1845 to get married, leaving
Bridgman without any instruction for several months. Bridgman's next teacher, Sarah Wight, compensated for many of the losses Bridgman had suffered in recent years. A gentle, religious, outwardly timid young woman to whom Bridgman was immediately drawn, Wight taught Bridgman the traditional academic subjects — mathematics, history, geography — but she also set aside plenty of time for the two of them to engage in "finger" conversations, one of the activities Bridgman liked best. While Wight cared deeply for Bridgman, she also felt that, because of her "celebrity" status, the girl enjoyed privileges denied to other students. Bridgman had a private room, and she rarely mingled with the other students unless they paid her "particular attention". Wight also saw that Bridgman could be willful and irritable, behavior characteristics that required discipline. Bridgman could also be emotionally demanding of her young teacher, becoming peevish and short-tempered whenever Wight wanted some time alone.
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deteriorating, he sent a teacher, Mary
Paddock, to the Bridgman home to take his former student back to the school. Bridgman's health gradually improved, and though she received occasional visitors, she was now largely forgotten by the public. She occupied herself by writing letters to her mother and a few friends — Bridgman kept in touch with both Mary Swift and Sarah Wight — sewing, reading the Bible in braille, and keeping her room fastidiously clean. She earned a little spending money, about $ 100 a year, from selling her crocheted doilies, purses, and embroidered handkerchiefs, but she was primarily dependent upon the school to supply her with room and board.
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in recent years. Accompanied by Wight, Bridgman traveled to her family's New
Hampshire farm in June 1846. She particularly enjoyed being reunited with her mother, sisters Mary and Collina, and brother Addison, who was able to communicate with Bridgman in sign language. She was also reunited with her old friend Asa Tenney, who visited her frequently during her two-week stay. Though Bridgman resumed eating, her often obstinate and temperamental behavior persisted; this troubled Wight, who understood that few people would endure such conduct in a grown woman.
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public. Crowds gathered to watch Laura read and point out locations on a map with raised letters. Laura became "very much excited" by these events, but her teachers were concerned because Laura knew she drew more attention than the other students. In the late 1840s, Howe said that "perhaps there are not three living women whose names are more widely known than Laura
Bridgman's; and there is not one who has excited so much sympathy and interest."
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associate the raised letters with the articles to which they referred. Eventually, she could find the right label for each object from a mixed heap. The next stage was to give her the individual letters and teach her to combine them to spell the words she knew. Gradually, in this way, she learned the alphabet and the ten digits. Her own interest in learning became keener as she progressed in her studies.
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little attention from the rest of her family, including her father, who, on occasion, tried to "frighten her into obedience" by stamping his foot hard on the floor to startle her with the vibrations. Her closest friend was a kind, mentally impaired hired man of the
Bridgmans, Asa Tenney, whom she credited with making her childhood happy. Tenney had some kind of
716:] chief that I have seen in this village when the younger Indian spoke of talking by signs, said the chief held the opinion there was one language that was universal, and he could talk that language. Laura was improving in that very language as well as knitting work before leaving home." Asa Tenney in a letter to Samuel Gridley Howe, September 17, 1839. In
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In 1845 at the age of sixteen, Bridgman developed anorexia, her weight falling from 113 pounds to 79 pounds. Howe rightly surmised that
Bridgman was "reacting to the many abandonments and losses she had endured," and he proposed that she pay a visit to her family, with whom she had had little contact
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Her social feelings, and her affections, are very strong; and when she is sitting at work, or by the side of one of her little friends, she will break off from her task every few moments, to hug and kiss them with an earnestness and warmth that is touching to behold. When left alone, she occupies and
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Howe devoted himself to
Bridgman's education and was rewarded with increasing success. On July 24, 1839, she first wrote her own name legibly. On June 20, 1840, she had her first arithmetic lesson, with the aid of a metallic case perforated with square holes, square types being used; and in nineteen
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lasted 15 months—and worried that Howe would no longer love her now that he had taken a wife. Bridgman's fears were realized when the couple returned from their honeymoon in August 1844. Howe had lost interest in
Bridgman, though he had made provisions for her to have a home at the school for life.
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Howe taught
Bridgman words before the individual letters. His first experiment consisted of pasting paper labels upon several common articles such as keys, spoons, and knives, with the names of the articles printed in raised letters. He then had her feel the labels by themselves, and she learned to
367:, an excellent teacher, though not as openly affectionate with Bridgman as Drew had been. Swift also attempted to instill Bridgman with her Congregationalist religious views in direct defiance of Howe's New England Unitarianism. An even more devastating loss occurred in May 1843 when Howe married
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Bridgman lived a relatively quiet and uneventful life at the school. She never became a full-time teacher, but she did assist the young blind girls in their sewing classes where she was considered a "patient but demanding instructor." In 1872, several cottages (each under a matron) for the blind
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in Boston, who was eager to educate the young
Bridgman. Bridgman entered the school on October 12, 1837, two months before her eighth birthday. Bridgman was frightened and homesick at first, but she soon formed an attachment to the house matron, Miss Lydia Hall Drew (1815-1887), who was also her
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Following the publication of Dickens's book, Bridgman became world famous. Thousands of people visited her at the Perkins School, "asked for keepsakes, followed her in the newspapers, and read paeans to her in evangelical journals and ladies' magazines". On Saturdays, the school was open to the
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when Laura was two years old. The illness killed her two older sisters and left her deaf, blind, and without a sense of smell or taste. Though she gradually recovered her health, she remained deaf and blind. Laura's mother kept her well-groomed and showed the child affection, but Laura received
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Bridgman's formal education ended when Wight left the school in 1850. She returned to New Hampshire and, for a time, she enjoyed being reunited with her family; however, she was homesick for the school and her anorexia eventually returned. When Howe learned that Bridgman's health was rapidly
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when they shared a cottage in the early 1880s. The death of Howe in 1876 was a great grief to her; but before he died he had made arrangements ensuring her financial security at the school for the rest of her life. In 1887 her jubilee was celebrated there. On February 13, 1889,
274:, the head of the medical department. Mussey visited the Bridgman home and found Laura an affectionate and intelligent girl who, despite her severe disabilities, could perform basic household tasks such as sewing and setting the table. Mussey sent an account to Dr.
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Wight left the Perkins School in November 1850, having spent five years as Bridgman's teacher and companion. Wight was engaged to a Unitarian missionary, George Bond, and following their marriage, the couple planned to travel to the Sandwich Islands
349:, slow and tedious as it is. But it is only when alone, that she is quiet; for if she becomes sensible of the presence of any one near her, she is restless until she can sit close beside them, hold their hand, and converse with them by sign.
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days she could add a column of figures amounting to thirty. She was in good health and happy, and was treated as a daughter by Howe. She lived in the director's apartment with Howe and his sister, Jeannette Howe, until Howe married
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Bridgman suffered a series of emotional losses during her teenage years and early twenties. In 1841, Lydia Drew, Laura's first teacher at the Perkins School, left her teaching position to marry. Drew was replaced by
298:. Howe developed a plan to teach Bridgman to read and write through tactile means — something that had not been attempted previously, to his knowledge. Howe's plan was based on the theories of the French philosopher
302:, who believed the sense of touch could develop its "own medium of symbolic language." At first he and his assistant, Lydia Hall Drew, used words printed with raised letters, and later they progressed to using a
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girls were added to the Perkins campus, and Bridgman was moved from the larger house of the Institution into one of them. Bridgman, always eager for someone to communicate with in sign language, befriended
198:. Her fame was short-lived however, and she spent the remainder of her life in relative obscurity, most of it at the Perkins Institute, where she passed her time sewing and reading books in Braille.
371:, a woman 18 years his junior. Howe had treated Bridgman as a daughter, and she had loved him as a father. She was depressed by the lengthy separation following the marriage—the Howes' honeymoon in
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Laura was a skilled textile creator, making intricate lace collars and other trim such as complicated bead work. Examples of her work are available in museum archives, including her
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apparently amuses herself, and seems quite content; and so strong seems to be the natural tendency of thought to put on the garb of language, that she often soliloquizes in the
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who communicated by using a series of primitive signs; however, her instructors had failed to teach her more advanced methods of communication, such as adapted forms of
651:
388:). Bridgman begged to go along as Wight's housekeeper but, ultimately, Wight went without her, leaving Bridgman with no friend, companion or teacher to console her.
481:. Sullivan learned the manual alphabet at the Perkins Institution which she took back to Helen, along with a doll wearing clothing that Bridgman had sewn herself.
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expressed through mapping the English alphabet on to points and tracing motions on the palm of the hand. Eventually she received a broad education.
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newspaper. In 1889 she was taken ill, and died on May 24. She was buried at Dana Cemetery in Hanover, New Hampshire near her family's farm.
218:. Laura was a delicate infant, small and rickety, who often had convulsions until she was eighteen months old. Her family was struck with
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1279:"Deaf, Dumb and Blind. And Yet Laura Bridgman Has Accomplished Almost Miracles. Nellie Bly Visits the Most Remarkable Woman in the World"
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farmer, and his wife Harmony, (daughter of Cushman Downer, and granddaughter of Joseph Downer), one of the five first settlers (1761) of
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religion and was baptized in July 1852. She began occasionally to write devotional poems, of which "Holy Home" is the best known:
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With no outward sources of consolation, Bridgman turned inward to prayer and meditation. She eventually embraced her family's
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From the beginning of his work with Bridgman, Howe sent accounts of her progress and his teaching strategies to
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American child to gain a significant education in the English language, forty-five years before the more famous
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in 1843. Her case had already begun to interest the public, and others were brought to Dr. Howe for treatment.
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Bridgman feared death, but she saw heaven as a "place where these fears might at last be laid to rest".
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and was inspired to seek advice which led to her hiring a teacher and former pupil of the same school,
239:), and had begun to teach Laura to express herself using these signs when she was sent away to school.
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Lawrence E. Harvey (February 1958). "The Utopia of Blindness in Gide's "Symphonie Pastorale"".
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Cader-Nascimento, Fátima Ali Abdalah Abdel; da Costa, Maria da Piedade Resende (October 2003).
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became Helen Keller's aide. Bridgman was left deaf-blind at the age of two after contracting
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Bridgman became famous in her youth as an example of the education of a deaf-blind person.
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of Howe's success with Bridgman. Dickens quotes Howe's account of Bridgman's education:
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The Education of Laura Bridgman : First Deaf and Blind Person to Learn Language
1839:
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1483:. "Laura Bridgman. Education of a Deafblind. A Psychological Study", Vienna, 1890.
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The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf-Blind Girl
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The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, The Original Deaf-Blind Girl
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The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf-Blind Girl
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met her during his 1842 American tour and wrote about her accomplishments in his
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The Education of Laura Bridgman: First Deaf and Blind Person to Learn Language.
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Barbara Kingsolver, "An Inner Life: 'What Is Visible,' by Kimberly Elkins",
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561:(1789–1832) had successfully learned French as a child some years earlier.
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visited the Institution, and afterwards he wrote enthusiastically in his
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Literature on Laura Bridgman at the University Library Marburg (Germany)
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Laura Bridgman Collection in the Perkins School for the Blind Archives
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However, there are accounts of deaf-blind people communicating in
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Collins, M. T. T. T. (1995). "History of Deaf-Blind Education".
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Laura Bridgman: Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and What He Taught Her
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Hayward, John. "A Gazetteer of Massachusetts", Boston, 1847.
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Richards, Laura, Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Howe Hall.
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journals, which were "read by thousands." In January 1842,
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Laura Dewey Bridgman collection at The Leonard Axe Library
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For several years, Bridgman gained celebrity status when
585:[Educational practice with deafblind children].
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himself, and communicated with Laura in signs. He knew
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In 2014, a fictional account of the life of Bridgman,
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The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman.
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Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
210:. She was the third daughter of Daniel Bridgman, a
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473:'s mother, Kate Keller, read Dickens's account in
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1233:"Seven pieces of tatting, made by Laura Bridgman"
149:(December 21, 1829 – May 24, 1889) was the first
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625:The Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness
583:"A prática educacional com crianças surdocegas"
444:examples at the Perkins School for the Blind.
701:. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001, p. 48.
1607:
1185:"Ruffled lace collar, made by Laura Bridgman"
878:NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2001, p. 151.
900:. Cambridge: CSP Classic Texts, 2008, p. 32.
173:, she learned to read and communicate using
1572:Laura Bridgman: The Story of an Opened Door
1519:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1502:
1497:Laura Bridgman: The Story of an Opened Door
1428:Elliott, Maud Howe and Florence Howe Hall.
1424:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 559.
1396:, June 5, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
720:by Elizabeth Gitter (Picador, 2002), p. 54.
270:saw Bridgman and mentioned her case to Dr.
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1600:
1488:Life and Education of Laura Dewey Bridgman
1273:
829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1552:Laura Bridgman and the music taken from "
976:. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1915, p. 105.
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1881:19th-century American women educators
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817:Charles Parker's New Manual Alphabets
18:
1735:Helen Keller Services for the Blind
1560::'Letters'" Dokumentary Theatre by
679:Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2001, p. 13.
515:by Kimberly Elkins, was published.
231:who used a sign language (probably
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1886:People from Hanover, New Hampshire
1694:Wright-Humason School for the Deaf
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1499:, D. Appleton & Company. 1928.
1402:
14:
1922:
1876:Schoolteachers from Massachusetts
1527:
927:quoted in Freeberg, Ernest, p. 64
652:"The Education of Laura Bridgman"
280:Perkins Institution for the Blind
167:Perkins Institution for the Blind
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574:
557:before this time, as deaf-blind
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484:Bridgman's case is mentioned in
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283:first instructor at the school.
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1901:19th-century American educators
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243:Education at the Perkins School
37:may be too short to adequately
1730:American Civil Liberties Union
1704:The Cambridge School of Weston
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691:
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650:Mahoney, Rosemary (May 2014).
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169:where, under the direction of
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1513:"Bridgman, Laura Dewey"
1415:"Bridgman, Laura Dewey"
568:
1684:Perkins School for the Blind
292:American School for the Deaf
225:expressive language disorder
139:Perkins School for the Blind
7:
1237:www.digitalcommonwealth.org
1213:www.digitalcommonwealth.org
1189:www.digitalcommonwealth.org
518:
391:
237:Plains Indian Sign Language
10:
1927:
1725:Helen Keller International
1538:Pittsburg State University
1490:(Boston, Houghton Mifflin)
1486:Lamson, Mary Swift (1878)
637:10.1177/0145482X9508900304
165:. She was educated at the
1891:American deafblind people
1832:
1780:Helen Keller in Her Story
1743:
1717:
1676:
1663:
1629:
1468:Child of the Silent Night
1147:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 209.
1138:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 205.
1120:quoted in Gitter, p. 253.
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147:Laura Dewey Lynn Bridgman
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123:
105:
84:
75:
70:Laura Dewey Lynn Bridgman
68:
16:American deaf-blind woman
1522:. New York: D. Appleton.
918:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 60.
887:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 52.
854:"Perkins Annual Reports"
843:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 36.
815:Parker, Charles (1868).
794:"Perkins Annual Reports"
783:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 34.
774:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 26.
765:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 29.
747:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 29.
688:Freeberg, Ernest, p. 14.
540:
457:interviewed her for the
412:lasting to ever lasting.
183:Charles-Michel de l'Épée
1421:Encyclopædia Britannica
508:, was named after her.
321:
1845:Statue of Helen Keller
1670:
1582:Collection Max Kirmsse
1466:Hunter, Edith Fisher.
1209:"Blue beaded necklace"
487:La Symphonie Pastorale
420:Holy home shall endure
408:Holy Home is from ever
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286:Howe had recently met
278:, the director of the
259:
257:Southworth & Hawes
208:Hanover, New Hampshire
129:Hanover, New Hampshire
99:Hanover, New Hampshire
1896:American blind people
1816:The Miracle Continues
1669:
1652:Alexander Graham Bell
1277:(February 17, 1889).
710:"The indain [
555:tactile sign language
416:Holy home is Summery.
342:
251:Bridgman circa 1855.
250:
206:Bridgman was born in
117:Boston, Massachusetts
1766:Light in My Darkness
1759:The Story of My Life
1562:Herbert Gantschacher
404:Heaven is holy home.
1718:Related foundations
1570:Laura E. Richards:
1449:Gitter, Elisabeth.
874:Gitter, Elisabeth.
856:. 1840. p. 155
796:. 1839. p. 131
697:Gitter, Elisabeth.
587:Temas Em Psicologia
559:Victorine Morriseau
276:Samuel Gridley Howe
171:Samuel Gridley Howe
1787:The Miracle Worker
1671:
1642:Tuscumbia, Alabama
1494:Richards, Laura E.
1481:Jerusalem, Wilhelm
1435:Freeberg, Ernest.
1394:The New York Times
896:Dickens, Charles.
675:Freeberg, Ernest.
260:
1853:
1852:
1709:Radcliffe College
1554:Wilhelm Jerusalem
1255:Freeberg, p. 210.
1174:Freeberg, p. 206.
1156:Freeberg, p. 209.
1129:Freeberg, p. 153.
268:Dartmouth College
216:Thetford, Vermont
157:; Laura's friend
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95:December 21, 1829
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63:
1918:
1840:Helen Keller Day
1677:Schools attended
1657:Charles W. Adams
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1373:ShipSpotting.com
1369:"Laura Bridgman"
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1326:Modern Philology
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1039:Gitter,. p. 207.
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601:. Archived from
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229:Native Americans
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1906:Blind educators
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1510:, eds. (1900).
1432:, Boston, 1903.
1405:
1403:Further reading
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1313:Gitter, p. 281.
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1304:Gitter, p. 284.
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1264:Gitter, p. 280.
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1165:Gitter, p. 229.
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1111:Gitter, p. 246.
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332:Charles Dickens
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127:Dana Cemetery,
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1630:Life history
1623:Helen Keller
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1558:Helen Keller
1548:Find a Grave
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603:the original
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525:Helen Keller
512:
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155:Helen Keller
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111:(1889-05-24)
109:May 24, 1889
52:
36:
34:lead section
1871:1889 deaths
1866:1829 births
1773:Deliverance
819:. New York.
535:Julia Brace
432:Adult years
288:Julia Brace
202:Early years
1860:Categories
1378:6 November
1291:2024-06-14
1275:Nellie Bly
1242:2024-04-06
1218:2024-04-06
1194:2024-04-06
609:2024-06-11
569:References
492:André Gide
455:Nellie Bly
424:forever...
369:Julia Ward
365:Mary Swift
316:Julia Ward
151:deaf-blind
91:1829-12-21
55:March 2016
1808:2000 film
1803:1979 film
1798:1962 film
1637:Ivy Green
1508:Fiske, J.
1355:162280135
825:cite book
599:1413-389X
262:In 1837,
135:Education
39:summarize
1580:and the
1470:, 1963.
1453:, 2001.
1439:, 2001.
1412:(1911).
519:See also
503:SS
392:Religion
328:European
177:and the
1833:Related
661:May 29,
442:tatting
398:Baptist
233:Abenaki
212:Baptist
175:Braille
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1457:
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1347:434963
1345:
860:28 May
800:28 May
597:
465:Legacy
386:Hawaii
373:Europe
235:using
1823:Black
1351:S2CID
1343:JSTOR
656:Slate
593:(2).
541:Notes
1793:play
1472:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1380:2014
1283:The
862:2014
831:link
802:2014
663:2016
595:ISSN
322:Fame
106:Died
85:Born
1546:at
1335:doi
713:sic
633:doi
490:by
266:of
255:by
1862::
1556:–
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