725:. The katipō uses these to scoop sticky silk from its spinnerets and throws it over the insect with a series of rapid movements. After the insect is firmly immobilised, the spider bites it several times, usually at the joints, before spinning more silk to strengthen the web, and then administering a last long bite which ultimately kills the insect. The spider then moves the prey up into the web until it is ready to eat. If food is readily available then it is common to see five or six insects hanging in the web waiting to be ingested. The male's hunting behaviour is similar to the female's, although may not be as vigorous due to its smaller size.
598:
969:, non-aggressive spider. Their narrow range, diminishing population, and human awareness of where they live means humans rarely encounter katipō. The katipō will only bite as a last resort; if molested, the spider will usually fold up into a ball and drop to the ground or retreat to the nearest cover. If the threat continues, the spider may throw out silk against the interference. When restrained in any way or held against skin, such as if tangled up in clothing, the spider will then bite defensively. However, if the female is with an egg sac it will remain close by it and sometimes move offensively to bite any threat.
501:
89:
737:. The male will enter the female's web and vibrate the silk as he approaches her. The female is usually aggressive at first and will chase the male from the web. The courtship process consists of the male bobbing, plucking and tweaking the web along with periods of cautious approach and being chased by the female. Eventually, when she becomes docile and allows him to approach, the male will then approach the female as she hangs quietly upside down in the web. The male moves onto her
493:-shaped marking. It has mainly black legs with the extremities changing to brown. The black katipō female, found in the upper North Island, does not have a red stripe on the top of its body, and the abdominal colouration is usually lighter, but is otherwise very similar in appearance to the red katipō. The hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen may also be less distinct, losing the middle section, and may even be absent. Variations also exist where the abdomen,
2784:
42:
66:
880:
761:
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529:
1002:
been reported in New
Zealand. The most recent fatality seems to have been in 1901, as reported in the Evening Post on 25 September of that year: "AUCKLAND, This Day. Mr. George Twidle, aged 47, son of Mr. George Twidle of Pukekohe, was bitten by a katipo spider on 16 September. His arm swelled, and he suffered great pain till Saturday last, when he died. He leaves a widow and several children."
576:
Marram grass has been extensively planted in New
Zealand to help stabilise sand dunes and has largely replaced pīngao in many areas. Because marram grass grows in a very tight formation only leaving small gaps between tuffs, this makes it difficult for the katipō to construct a suitable web for capturing prey.
512:, with a predominantly white abdomen which has a series of red-orange diamonds running along the dorsal region bordered on either side by irregular black lines. Males retain this colouration into adulthood. Due to its much smaller size, Urquhart (1886) believed the male to be a separate species and named it
1001:
Māori legends recall many deaths, the last of which appears to have been a Māori girl who – according to the missionary Thomas
Chapman – died in approximately 1849. While there were reports of severe katipō bites in 19th or early 20th century records, no other fatalities from spider bites have since
318:
has a distinctive red stripe bordered in white. In black katipō females found in the upper half of the North Island, this stripe is absent, pale, yellow, or replaced with cream-coloured blotches. These two forms were previously thought to be separate species. The male is much smaller than the female
780:
which is about 12 millimetres (0.47 in) in diameter. The female constructs five or six egg sacs over the next three to four weeks. Each egg sac contains about 70 to 90 fertilised eggs. The egg sacs are hung in the centre of the spider's web and the female spins more silk over them. Over time,
575:
or buffalo grass, create an environment unsuitable for web construction. The katipō therefore prefers to spin its web amongst pīngao plants as this plant's growth pattern leaves patches of sand between each plant. The wind can then blow insects and other prey through these gaps and into the web.
789:
mechanism that the spiderlings use to move away from the nest. In one study, observing spiders over 24 hours, 28% used a ballooning method, which is where the young spiders use air currents to carry themselves away from the nest suspended by a single web strand, while the majority, 61%, used a
570:
or bottles. Webs are almost always constructed over open sand and near the ground so as to catch crawling insects for food. Spiders inhabiting dune grasses construct their webs in open spaces between the grass tufts, while spiders inhabiting areas of shrubbery do so on the underside of a plant
319:
and quite different in appearance: white with black stripes and red diamond-shaped markings. Katipō are mainly found living in sand dunes close to the seashore. They are found throughout most of coastal New
Zealand except the far south and west. Katipō feed mainly on ground dwelling
476:
The katipō is a small to medium-sized spider. The mature female has a body size of about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) with a leg span of up to 32 millimetres (1.3 in). The red katipō female, found in the South Island and the lower North Island, has a large black globular
939:
and shares many of the katipō's features. It is of similar size, shape, general colouration, but it lacks the red stripe on its back, and may have some red, orange or yellow on its abdomen. Due to these similarities it is commonly known in New
Zealand as the "false katipō".
497:, or entire body is brown, sometimes with a dull red or yellow stripe, or cream-coloured spots on its upper side. These different forms were at one point thought to be different species, but a 2008 study demonstrated they were different morphs of the same species.
844:. It is estimated that there are only a few thousand katipō left in about 50 areas in the North Island and eight areas in the South Island, making it rarer than some species of kiwi. A number of factors have contributed to its decline; the major ones appear to be
1018:
spiders. It is generally characterised by extreme pain. Initially, the bite may be painful, but sometimes only feels like a pin prick or mild burning sensation. Within an hour victims generally develop more severe local pain with local sweating and sometimes
358:
is available, and no deaths have been reported since 1923. The katipō is particularly notable in New
Zealand as the nation is almost entirely devoid of dangerous native wildlife; this unique status means the spider is well known, despite being rarely seen.
583:
spiders, the web is a disorganised, irregular tangle of fine textured silk. It is hammock-shaped and is made up of opaque yellowish-white silk. The web consists of a broad base with many supporting threads above and below, including a number of sticky
637:
on the west coast. This southern limit is due to the katipō needing temperatures higher than about 17 °C (63 °F) to be maintained during the development of their eggs – in the southern areas of New
Zealand it is typically colder than this.
588:
anchored to debris in the sand. A cone-shaped retreat is built in the lower part of the web, although the katipō can normally be found near the main body of the web. The plants it builds its web in provide support and shelter for the nest.
997:
spiders can cause envenoming in humans. Bites by male spiders are much rarer than those by females, perhaps due to their smaller jaws rather than lacking venom of similar potency to females or being unable to administer an effective bite.
1005:
Between 1967 and 1976, 23 of the 37 known hospitalisations for spider bites in New
Zealand were attributed to katipō bites. The most recent reported katipō bites (as of 2016) were to a Canadian tourist in 2010 and a kayaker in 2012.
992:
being the main agent responsible. Most bites are caused by female spiders; the male katipō was considered too small to cause systemic envenoming in humans. However, bites from male redback spiders have been reported, suggesting male
330:
in
November or December. The spiderlings hatch during January and February and disperse into surrounding plants. Due to habitat loss and colonisation of their natural habitat by other exotic spiders, the katipō is threatened with
914:
have been found sharing the same dune systems or even co-existing under the same piece of driftwood, suggesting that the two species can co-exist in similar habitats. It is possible that the displacement of the katipō by
716:
elasticity causes the prey to become suspended a few centimetres off the ground. The katipō then moves to the prey, turns so that the spinnerets are facing the insect and spins silk over it. Like most theridiids, the
433:. Further research has shown that the katipō is distinct from the redback, having slight structural differences and striking differences in habitat preference, and it remains a distinct species. The katipō's family
1079:
Treatment is based on the severity of the bite; the majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and routine
1096:
envenoming. Unlike some other antivenoms, it is not limited to patients with signs of severe, systemic envenoming. Particular indications for using antivenom are local then generalised pain, sweating or
1092:
in New
Zealand. It is available from most major New Zealand hospitals. Antivenom will usually relieve the symptoms of systemic envenoming and is indicated in anyone suffering symptoms consistent with
712:, and other spiders. Katipō can catch insects much larger than themselves. These larger insects often become entangled in the web and in the ensuing struggle, the web's ground anchor line breaks. The
571:
overhanging open sand. It has been found that these patches of open sand are necessary for katipō to build their webs as plants that envelop sand dunes in dense cover, such as exotic plants like
1283:
Vink, Cor J.; Sirvid, Phil J.; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Griffiths, James W.; Paquin, Pierre; Paterson, Adrian M. (2008). "Species status and conservation issues of New Zealand's endemic
1604:
947:, noted as "iconic, vulnerable to harm, and in serious decline". Under the Act, killing an absolutely-protected species such as a katipō is punishable by a fine or even imprisonment.
429:
over latitude and correlated with mean annual temperature. The katipō is so closely related to the redback that it was at one stage thought to be a subspecies, with the proposed name
876:
and driftwood collection have destroyed or changed areas where katipō lives. The introduction of many invasive exotic plants has also contributed to the decline of suitable habitat.
2316:
1760:
1216:
489:. The dark velvet-black abdomen is described as satin or silky in appearance, rather than being shiny. The underside of the abdomen is black and has a red patch or partial red
508:
Adult males and juveniles are quite different in appearance to the female. They are smaller in size, being about one sixth the size of an adult female. Juveniles have a brown
2165:
Nicholson G. M.; Graudins A.; Wilson H. I.; Little M.; Broady K. W. (December 2006). "Arachnid toxinology in Australia: from clinical toxicology to potential applications".
1101:. However, good evidence to support the effectiveness of widow spider antivenoms is lacking and studies have cast some doubt on the efficacy of antivenoms in latrodectism.
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or localised skin infection. The duration of effects can range from a few hours to days, with severe pain persisting for over 24 hours after being bitten in some cases.
1235:
Garb J. E.; González A.; Gillespie R. G. (June 2004). "The black widow spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history".
1907:
1348:
1289:
1084:. Hospital assessment is recommended if simple analgesia does not resolve local pain or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur. In more severe bites, redback
1984:
1336:
1899:
804:. However, a male katipō cannot mate with the female redback as the male katipō is heavier than the male redback, and when it approaches the web it triggers a
785:. After six weeks of incubation, during January and February, the spiderlings hatch. The young spiders then disperse from the web. Little is known about the
2737:
Isbister G. K.; Brown S. G.; Miller M.; Tankel A.; Macdonald E.; Stokes B.; Ellis R.; Nagree Y.; Wilkes G. J.; James R.; Short A.; Holdgate A. (July 2008).
1793:
753:, which is performed by running his palps and legs through his fangs and wiping them over his body. The male is not eaten by the female unlike some other
808:
response in the female leading to the male being eaten before mating occurs. There is evidence of interbreeding between katipō and redbacks in the wild.
797:
The close relationship between the katipō and redback is shown when mating. A male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipō producing
437:
has a large number of species both in New Zealand and worldwide. They are commonly known as tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders or comb-footed spiders.
790:
bridging method where the spiderling uses its silk to move to nearby plants, and 11% still remained in the nest. The young spiderlings reach full
547:
and sand movement. They can sometimes be associated with dunes several kilometres from the sea when these dunes extend inland for long distances.
2949:
456:(the night). This name was apparently given to the species owing to the Māori belief that the spiders bite at night. Other common names include
1572:
2975:
1608:
2824:
485:, with slender legs and a white-bordered orange or red stripe on its back that runs from the uppermost surface of the abdomen back to the
962:
306:. It is a small to medium-sized spider, with the female having a round black or brown pea-sized body. Red katipō females found in the
2743:
2540:
1176:
2923:
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breeds year-round, produces more offspring and lives in a greater range of habitats which leads to greater pressure on the katipō.
73:
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1375:
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1859:
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In 2010 the katipō was one of a dozen species of previously unprotected invertebrate given full protection under the 1953
421:(black katipō) were previously thought to be two separate species, but research has shown that they are a single species,
2265:
Isbister G.; Gray M. (2003). "Latrodectism: a prospective cohort study of bites by formally identified Redback spiders".
1934:
2651:
2489:
Sutherland S.; Trinca J. (1978). "Survey of 2144 cases of Redback spider bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963–1976".
2111:
1148:
17:
2626:
2412:
902:. It was first reported in the 1990s and may have displaced the katipō along the west coast of the North Island from
2980:
2669:
2491:
2267:
1864:
1797:
1519:
367:
Although the 'kātĕpo' was reported to the Linnean Society as early as 1855, the spider was formally described as
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can be given. Redback antivenom can also cross-neutralise katipō venom, and it is used to treat envenoming from
2402:
852:
has been occurring for over a century following European settlement. Coastal dune modification resulting from
543:. They generally reside on the landward side of dunes closest to the coast where they are most sheltered from
2435:
2139:
2055:
2083:
1638:
2875:
2788:
2223:
1438:
399:
2739:"A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular vs. intravenous antivenom for latrodectism—the RAVE study"
550:
Webs are typically established in low-growing dune plants and other vegetation such as the native pīngao (
2884:
2582:
3016:
2889:
1517:
Hornabrook R. (1951). "Studies in preventive hygiene from the Otago Medical School: the katipo spider".
88:
2802:
776:, and are a transparent, purplish red. They are held together in a cream-coloured, round, ball shaped
2990:
1724:
597:
1921:
1576:
1362:
2340:"A Review of Records of Spider Bites of Humans in NZ Including Some Previously Unpublished Records"
2311:
1979:
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The katipō is restricted to a highly specialised habitat and is only found near the seashore among
1752:
1204:
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abdomen, tapping her rapidly until she moves to align his abdomen above hers. He then inserts his
1647:
1171:
618:
572:
393:
1820:
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Foreign spiders have colonised areas where suitable habitat remains. The major coloniser is the
2954:
2837:
1916:
1357:
1136:
920:
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The male wanders as an adult and in August or September goes looking for the females' webs to
700:
650:
409:
203:
3003:
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from the site. Less commonly, systemic envenoming is heralded by swollen or tender regional
3039:
3011:
2910:
786:
746:
622:
2595:
2395:
621:. On the east coast of the North Island it occurs irregularly, however, it is abundant on
8:
1068:
845:
387:
55:
2504:
2694:
2682:
2516:
2292:
2280:
2116:
2088:
2060:
1189:
1132:
837:
558:
486:
273:
225:
83:
2217:
Graudins A.; Padula M.; Broady K.; Nicholson G. M. (February 2001). "Red-back spider (
2998:
2897:
2762:
2717:
2686:
2647:
2622:
2599:
2559:
2536:"A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites, with expert spider identification"
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1926:
1857:
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302:. The species is venomous to humans, capable of delivering a potentially dangerous
2180:
1930:
1371:
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and the declining quality of the remaining habitat. Human interference with their
1102:
1064:
791:
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on the east coast). Both forms are found in the area in between these latitudes.
653:
on the east coast). The black katipō is found north of approximately 38° S (
646:
642:
641:
The red katipō is found south of approximately 39°15′ S (the western tip of
516:. This was not rectified until 1933 when it was correctly identified as the male
426:
1881:
1250:
2810:
2164:
1110:
658:
323:, caught in an irregular tangled web spun amongst dune plants or other debris.
315:
291:
2554:
2535:
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of the hind legs have a row of strong curved bristles which are arranged as a
500:
3033:
2355:
2027:
1669:
1637:
Sutton, Marion E.; Christensen, Brendon R.; Hutcheson, John A. (April 2006).
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in humans, although bites are rare. The incidence of bites is low as it is a
825:
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666:
654:
494:
382:
160:
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2236:
2216:
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1318:
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After mating in August or September, the female katipō produces five or six
2860:
2766:
2757:
2738:
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2690:
2603:
2563:
2288:
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1877:
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973:
956:
893:
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773:
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683:
626:
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378:
343:
339:
311:
307:
1900:"Distribution of the katipo spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) of New Zealand"
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2869:
2512:
1956:
1796:. Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand. Archived from
1028:
936:
869:
853:
764:
Female katipō with egg sac, and male, in a penguin box on Rangaiika Beach
713:
662:
441:
434:
373:
303:
299:
286:
281:
180:
170:
130:
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Vetter R. S.; Isbister G. K. (2008). "Medical aspects of spider bites".
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1156:
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989:
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903:
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841:
614:
332:
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1081:
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The clinical features of latrodectism are similar for all species of
907:
805:
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695:
634:
563:
540:
533:
490:
404:
355:
120:
100:
41:
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1302:
1234:
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have a worldwide distribution and include all of the commonly known
2854:
2783:
2407:
1282:
1040:
857:
817:
760:
606:
585:
509:
140:
1858:
Slaughter R. J.; Beasley D. M.; Lambie B. S.; Schep L. J. (2009).
1605:"What is this bug? A guide to common invertebrates of New Zealand"
444:
katipō (singular and plural), often spelled "katipo", is from the
2167:
1056:
1032:
966:
777:
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in November or December. The eggs are round, about the size of a
749:
occurs over 10 to 30 minutes. After mating, the male retreats to
738:
630:
567:
478:
347:
327:
2915:
2317:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1761:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1217:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2797:
1106:
1052:
734:
687:
528:
320:
277:
150:
110:
2003:
Bryant, E. B. (1933). "Notes on types of Urquhart's spiders".
2641:
1044:
977:
924:
742:
709:
544:
2462:
Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons
2619:
A clinician's guide to Australian venomous bites and stings
2221:) antivenom prevents the toxicity of widow spider venoms".
1439:"Conservation status of the New Zealand red katipo spider (
1413:. Auckland: Collins Brothers & Co Ltd. pp. 225–35.
1172:"On the kātĕpo, a supposed poisonous spider of New Zealand"
1060:
984:
spiders are thought to contain similar components with the
821:
782:
722:
705:
351:
2579:
2084:"It's poisonous, but it's ours – DoC seeks aid for spider"
1636:
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one at a time, leaving the female between each insertion.
2112:"The Life Around Us: Enter amazing world of NZ's spiders"
1985:
Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute
482:
2533:
1646:. DOC Research & Development Series. Vol. 237.
2488:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1334:
972:
Bites from katipō spiders produce a syndrome known as
2667:
Wiener S. (July 1961). "Red back spider antivenene".
923:
areas from which the katipō had been displaced after
864:, along with recreational activities like the use of
1794:"Katipo threatened by changes to coastal sand dunes"
1598:
1596:
1594:
1127:
1125:
781:
the exterior of the egg sac may become covered with
1718:
1501:
1408:
1330:
1328:
2312:"On the katipo, a poisonous spider of New Zealand"
2264:
1818:
1753:"On the katipo, or venomous spider of New Zealand"
1570:
342:; symptoms include extreme pain and, potentially,
2646:. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 470–9.
2337:
1591:
1122:
3031:
2459:
2333:
2331:
1897:
1325:
1023:(goosebumps). Pain, swelling and redness spread
2642:Murray, L; Daly F; Little M; Cadogan M (2011).
1791:
1607:. Landcare Research New Zealand. Archived from
1475:"The katipo or poisonous spider of New Zealand"
1977:
1721:Spiders of New Zealand And Their Worldwide Kin
1209:(katipo), the poisonous spider of New Zealand"
682:The katipō typically catches wandering ground
2527:
2328:
2109:
2081:
2053:
1893:
1891:
1516:
2534:Isbister G. K.; Gray M. R. (November 2002).
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1468:
1466:
448:for "night stinger", derived from the words
2309:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2140:"Protection status changes to Wildlife Act"
1714:
1566:
1564:
1562:
371:by L. Powell in 1870. Spiders of the genus
2482:
2436:"Ocean kayaker survives nasty katipo bite"
2049:
2047:
1888:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
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1698:
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1694:
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1546:
1544:
1542:
1436:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1169:
927:or other dune modifications. Furthermore,
828:has been observed feeding on katipō eggs.
338:A katipō bite produces the toxic syndrome
64:
40:
2756:
2744:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
2666:
2575:
2573:
2553:
2541:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
2188:
2137:
1959:. The New Zealand National Poisons Centre
1920:
1840:
1772:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1602:
1492:
1472:
1463:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1361:
1337:"Preliminary study of development in two
1202:
1177:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
284:. It is one of many species in the genus
27:Species of arachnid native to New Zealand
2610:
2433:
2251:
2205:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1287:spider species (Araneae: Theridiidae)".
1131:
878:
840:and has recently become threatened with
759:
629:it is found in coastal regions south to
596:
566:, stones, or other debris such as empty
562:). They may also build their webs under
527:
499:
403:). The katipō's closest relative is the
2815:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
2621:. Melbourne: CSL Ltd. pp. 303–15.
2044:
1826:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1691:
1539:
1393:
14:
3032:
2716:. Melbourne: CSL Ltd. pp. 52–54.
2635:
2570:
2303:
2002:
1741:
1650:: Science & Technical Publishing,
1623:
1450:New Zealand Department of Conservation
1417:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1141:The World Spider Catalog, Version 12.5
613:it is found along the West Coast from
2836:
2835:
2711:
2616:
2596:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503
2453:
2403:"Spider bites tourist below the belt"
2021:
2015:
1944:
1238:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1196:
831:
816:The katipō has only one known direct
645:on the west coast, and just north of
2991:70d05e11-4df2-4641-b890-55dbbf13eb03
1411:New Zealand Spiders: An Introduction
1163:
2705:
2505:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131783.x
1719:Forster, Ray; Forster, Lyn (1999).
1409:Forster, Ray; Forster, Lyn (1973).
1265:
1113:may be required as adjunct agents.
24:
2683:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1961.tb82565.x
2281:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05442.x
1860:"New Zealand's venomous creatures"
1575:. CanterburyNature. Archived from
1190:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00943.x
1149:American Museum of Natural History
601:The distribution of katipō spiders
556:) or the introduced marram grass (
25:
3056:
2776:
2460:Meier J.; White J., eds. (1995).
2434:Johnston, Martin (9 March 2012).
2413:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2110:Virgil Evetts (11 January 2008).
2082:Simon Collins (14 January 2005).
2054:Simon Collins (14 January 2005).
1335:Forster L.; Kingsford S. (1983).
1035:, nausea, vomiting, abdominal or
704:), but it may occasionally catch
397:), and the European black widow (
3017:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007815
2796:
2782:
2670:The Medical Journal of Australia
2492:The Medical Journal of Australia
2268:The Medical Journal of Australia
2138:Wilkinson, Kate (10 June 2010).
2056:"Katipo now rarer than the kiwi"
2005:Records of the Canterbury Museum
1573:"Species Profile: Katipo spider"
1571:Hilary Ann Riordan (July 2005).
425:, with colour variation that is
87:
2730:
2660:
2427:
2377:
2158:
2131:
2103:
2075:
1996:
1971:
1865:The New Zealand Medical Journal
1812:
1520:The New Zealand Medical Journal
910:, although both the katipō and
728:
633:on the east coast and south to
3045:Endemic spiders of New Zealand
2338:O'Donnell, M. (October 1983).
1640:Field identification of katipo
1341:species (Araneae:Theridiidae)"
1228:
1031:; associated features include
820:: a small, undescribed native
471:
314:, are always black, and their
13:
1:
2181:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.025
1980:"On new species of Araneidea"
1931:10.1080/00779962.1976.9722249
1372:10.1080/00779962.1983.9722437
1116:
1055:. Rare complications include
961:The katipō has venom that is
950:
481:, about the size of a garden
240:Latrodectus hasseltii atritus
2819:Katipō discussed on RadioNZ
2224:Annals of Emergency Medicine
1170:Ralph T.S. (18 April 1855).
1074:
811:
672:
431:Latrodectus hasseltii katipo
400:Latrodectus tredecimguttatus
7:
2583:Annual Review of Entomology
1251:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.012
1105:agents, such as parenteral
1009:
935:also belongs to the family
362:
10:
3061:
2385:"Accidents and Fatalities"
1652:Department of Conservation
954:
532:A katipō under a piece of
523:
310:and the lower half of the
298:), and the North American
245:Latrodectus katipo atritus
2844:
2024:Which New Zealand Spider?
1898:McCutcheon E. R. (1976).
1725:University of Otago Press
1437:Patrick B. (April 2002).
919:is due to its ability to
290:, such as the Australian
231:
224:
209:
202:
84:Scientific classification
82:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2146:. New Zealand Government
1957:"Spiders in New Zealand"
1908:New Zealand Entomologist
1819:Roy Alexander Harrison.
1792:James Griffiths (2008).
1349:New Zealand Entomologist
1290:Invertebrate Systematics
1039:, generalised sweating,
592:
2555:10.1093/qjmed/95.11.723
2237:10.1067/mem.2001.113033
1978:Urquhart A. T. (1886).
1648:Wellington, New Zealand
1184:(published 1857): 1–2.
677:
661:on the west coast, and
609:to New Zealand. In the
394:Latrodectus geometricus
2813:on the website of the
2714:CSL antivenom handbook
2712:White, Julian (2001).
2617:White, Julian (2013).
2022:Crowe, Andrew (2007).
889:
794:the following spring.
768:The females lay their
765:
665:and just south of the
602:
536:
514:Theridion melanozantha
505:
250:Theridium melanozantha
963:medically significant
882:
763:
701:Bellorchestia quoyana
600:
531:
503:
466:New Zealand's redback
410:Latrodectus hasseltii
354:. Bites are rare, an
2807:at Wikimedia Commons
2758:10.1093/qjmed/hcn048
2468:. pp. 284–302.
2391:. 25 September 1901.
2310:Wright F.W. (1869).
2219:Latrodectus hasselti
1727:. pp. 173–177.
1135:(22 November 2011).
623:Great Barrier Island
391:), the brown widow (
385:black widow spider (
2821:Critter of the Week
2644:Toxicology handbook
1940:on 18 October 2008.
1133:Platnick, Norman I.
1069:respiratory failure
388:Latrodectus mactans
235:Latrodectus atritus
56:Conservation status
2876:Latrodectus katipo
2846:Latrodectus katipo
2804:Latrodectus katipo
2790:Latrodectus katipo
2440:New Zealand Herald
2117:New Zealand Herald
2089:New Zealand Herald
2061:New Zealand Herald
1800:on 11 October 2007
1751:Buller W. (1870).
1603:Clunie L. (2004).
1473:Anonymous (1872).
1441:Latrodectus katipo
1381:on 17 October 2008
1203:Powell L. (1870).
1157:10.5531/db.iz.0001
1137:"Fam. Theridiidae"
1090:Latrodectus katipo
890:
888:, the false katipō
838:endangered species
832:Population decline
766:
603:
559:Ammophila arenaria
537:
518:Latrodectus katipo
506:
415:Latrodectus katipo
369:Latrodectus katipo
274:endangered species
270:Latrodectus katipo
255:Theridium zebrinia
213:Latrodectus katipo
18:Latrodectus katipo
3027:
3026:
2999:Open Tree of Life
2838:Taxon identifiers
2801:Media related to
2723:978-0-646-26814-9
2475:978-0-8493-4489-3
2037:978-0-14-300643-5
1884:on 17 April 2011.
1734:978-1-877133-79-4
1661:978-0-478-14076-7
899:Steatoda capensis
885:Steatoda capensis
862:urban development
836:The katipō is an
504:A juvenile katipō
262:
261:
77:
16:(Redirected from
3052:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2918:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2833:
2832:
2800:
2787:Data related to
2786:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:. Archived from
1924:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1880:. Archived from
1855:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1789:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1716:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1645:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1600:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:on 28 March 2009
1568:
1537:
1536:
1527:(276): 131–138.
1514:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:10.1038/007029c0
1470:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1434:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1374:. Archived from
1365:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1129:
933:S. capensis
929:S. capensis
917:S. capensis
912:S. capensis
872:vehicles, beach
824:from the family
692:Cecyropa modesta
657:, just north of
553:Ficinia spiralis
407:redback spider (
215:
92:
91:
71:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2840:
2779:
2774:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2578:
2571:
2548:(11): 723–731.
2532:
2528:
2499:(14): 620–623.
2487:
2483:
2476:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2336:
2329:
2308:
2304:
2263:
2252:
2215:
2206:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2144:beehive.govt.nz
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2020:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1922:10.1.1.694.3380
1902:
1896:
1889:
1872:(1290): 83–97.
1856:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:"Katipo Spider"
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1662:
1643:
1635:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1611:on 19 June 2008
1601:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1540:
1515:
1502:
1471:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1418:
1407:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1363:10.1.1.619.5453
1343:
1333:
1326:
1303:10.1071/IS08027
1281:
1266:
1233:
1229:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1168:
1164:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1111:benzodiazepines
1077:
1065:pulmonary edema
1012:
959:
953:
850:natural habitat
846:loss of habitat
834:
814:
731:
680:
675:
647:Waipatiki Beach
595:
526:
474:
452:(to sting) and
365:
220:
217:
211:
198:
86:
78:
70:Serious Decline
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2866:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2808:
2794:
2793:at Wikispecies
2778:
2777:External links
2775:
2773:
2772:
2751:(7): 557–565.
2729:
2722:
2704:
2659:
2653:978-0729539395
2652:
2634:
2627:
2609:
2569:
2526:
2481:
2474:
2452:
2426:
2394:
2376:
2327:
2302:
2250:
2231:(2): 154–160.
2204:
2175:(7): 872–898.
2157:
2130:
2102:
2074:
2043:
2036:
2030:. p. 20.
2014:
1995:
1970:
1943:
1887:
1839:
1811:
1771:
1740:
1733:
1690:
1660:
1622:
1590:
1538:
1500:
1462:
1443:Powell, 1871)"
1416:
1392:
1356:(4): 431–439.
1324:
1297:(6): 589–604.
1264:
1245:(3): 1127–42.
1227:
1195:
1162:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1076:
1073:
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1008:
955:Main article:
952:
949:
833:
830:
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727:
679:
676:
674:
671:
605:The katipō is
594:
591:
525:
522:
473:
470:
383:North American
364:
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260:
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195:L. katipo
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54:
51:
50:
49:Female katipō
46:
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2843:
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2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:15 April 2016
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2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:Katipō spider
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2430:
2415:. 14 May 2010
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2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
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2145:
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2134:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2091:
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2048:
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2033:
2029:
2028:Penguin Books
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905:
901:
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895:
894:South African
887:
886:
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877:
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871:
867:
866:beach buggies
863:
859:
855:
851:
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843:
839:
829:
827:
826:Ichneumonidae
823:
819:
809:
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2397:
2389:Evening Post
2388:
2379:
2369:11 September
2367:. Retrieved
2350:(2): 72–74.
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2275:(2): 88–91.
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2059:
2026:. Auckland:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2004:
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1989:
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1935:the original
1912:
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1882:the original
1869:
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1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
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1639:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:the original
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1577:the original
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1376:the original
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1236:
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1145:New York, NY
1140:
1099:hypertension
1093:
1089:
1078:
1049:hypertension
1021:piloerection
1015:
1013:
1004:
1000:
994:
981:
974:latrodectism
971:
960:
957:Latrodectism
945:Wildlife Act
942:
932:
928:
916:
911:
897:
891:
883:
874:horse riding
835:
815:
796:
774:mustard seed
767:
732:
729:Reproduction
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640:
627:South Island
611:North Island
604:
578:
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513:
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461:
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372:
368:
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344:hypertension
340:latrodectism
337:
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312:North Island
308:South Island
296:L. hasseltii
295:
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219:Powell, 1871
212:
210:
194:
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181:
157:Infraorder:
29:
3040:Latrodectus
2937:iNaturalist
2870:Wikispecies
2590:: 409–429.
2419:30 November
1723:. Dunedin:
1487:(159): 29.
1385:22 December
1339:Latrodectus
1285:Latrodectus
1207:Latrodectus
1103:Pain relief
1094:Latrodectus
1029:lymph nodes
1016:Latrodectus
995:Latrodectus
982:Latrodectus
937:Theridiidae
854:agriculture
663:Waipiro Bay
651:Hawke's Bay
579:Like other
472:Description
442:common name
435:Theridiidae
374:Latrodectus
300:black widow
287:Latrodectus
282:New Zealand
182:Latrodectus
171:Theridiidae
131:Chelicerata
127:Subphylum:
3034:Categories
2364:Q130278573
2190:10453/4648
1915:(2): 204.
1117:References
1082:analgesics
1037:chest pain
1025:proximally
990:latrotoxin
986:neurotoxin
951:Toxicology
921:recolonise
904:Wellington
842:extinction
747:Copulation
619:North Cape
615:Wellington
541:sand dunes
487:spinnerets
458:red katipō
419:L. atritus
405:Australian
333:extinction
280:native to
121:Arthropoda
2466:CRC Press
2356:0111-7696
1992:: 72–118.
1917:CiteSeerX
1670:1176-8886
1358:CiteSeerX
1311:1445-5226
1086:antivenom
1075:Treatment
908:Whanganui
812:Predators
806:predatory
802:offspring
787:dispersal
696:amphipods
673:Behaviour
635:Greymouth
625:. In the
586:guy lines
581:theridiid
564:driftwood
534:driftwood
491:hourglass
423:L. katipo
356:antivenom
189:Species:
141:Arachnida
107:Kingdom:
101:Eukaryota
2955:10968376
2855:Wikidata
2767:18400776
2691:13785109
2604:17877450
2564:12391384
2521:22729861
2445:14 April
2408:CBC News
2360:Wikidata
2344:The Wētā
2324:: 81–84.
2297:25632248
2289:12864719
2245:11174232
2199:16934848
2150:15 April
1878:19319171
1768:: 29–34.
1683:26 April
1678:68750074
1533:14853159
1319:50150601
1259:15120405
1224:: 56–59.
1041:headache
1010:Symptoms
870:off-road
858:forestry
818:predator
792:maturity
686:such as
643:Taranaki
568:tin cans
510:carapace
363:Taxonomy
328:egg sacs
272:) is an
226:Synonyms
167:Family:
117:Phylum:
111:Animalia
97:Domain:
2929:2157935
2916:1187520
2699:8667415
2168:Toxicon
2011:: 1–27.
1147:, USA:
1107:opiates
1057:seizure
1033:malaise
980:of all
896:spider
778:egg sac
739:ventral
688:beetles
631:Dunedin
607:endemic
524:Habitat
479:abdomen
348:seizure
321:insects
316:abdomen
292:redback
177:Genus:
151:Araneae
147:Order:
137:Class:
72: (
35:Katipō
3004:551525
2988:NZOR:
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2968:859136
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2861:Q82255
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1480:Nature
1455:26 May
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978:venoms
976:. The
925:storms
799:hybrid
714:silk's
698:(e.g.
690:(e.g.
659:Kawhia
573:kikuyu
545:storms
450:kakati
427:clinal
381:: the
278:spider
266:katipō
74:NZ TCS
2950:IRMNG
2903:3SLWM
2890:27916
2695:S2CID
2517:S2CID
2293:S2CID
1938:(PDF)
1903:(PDF)
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1379:(PDF)
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1212:(PDF)
1109:, or
1045:fever
860:, or
751:groom
743:palps
719:tarsi
710:flies
706:moths
694:) or
593:Range
446:Māori
350:, or
2976:NCBI
2963:ITIS
2924:GBIF
2885:BOLD
2763:PMID
2718:ISBN
2687:PMID
2648:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2600:PMID
2560:PMID
2509:PMID
2470:ISBN
2447:2016
2421:2012
2371:2024
2352:ISSN
2285:PMID
2241:PMID
2195:PMID
2152:2016
2125:2008
2097:2008
2069:2008
2032:ISBN
1965:2008
1874:PMID
1834:2008
1806:2008
1729:ISBN
1685:2012
1674:OCLC
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1387:2008
1315:OCLC
1307:ISSN
1255:PMID
1205:"On
1061:coma
1051:and
822:wasp
783:sand
770:eggs
735:mate
723:comb
678:Diet
464:and
440:The
417:and
352:coma
304:bite
264:The
3012:WSC
2911:EoL
2898:CoL
2753:doi
2749:101
2679:doi
2592:doi
2550:doi
2501:doi
2277:doi
2273:179
2233:doi
2185:hdl
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