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identify a specific design; Kodak's Ektar lens brand name encompasses many different types. Sometimes different manufacturers use different names for lenses of the same type; for example, the Voigtländer Skopar is of Tessar design. And sometimes identical lenses are sold under different names and at different prices; for example, lenses branded as
Rodenstock and Calder.
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is designed to be physically shorter* than a simple lens of that long focal length. Typically this is achieved with a diverging group (sometimes known as the telephoto group) between the converging front group and the film/sensor. As a bonus, this rear diverging group often acts to flatten the focal
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design is one with 4 groups of 6 elements and a flat field design. Its symmetrical optical configuration produces low spherical aberration and astigmatism. The design was not widely used until coating processes were available, due to the very low contrast caused by light loss from a large number of
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Photographic optics generally project a circular image behind that is only required to have acceptable correction of aberrations over the intended film/sensor diagonal with little room to spare. Lenses that may be able to produce a considerably larger image circle than is needed (notably long focus
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cameras. The design was physically large, being two focal lengths in length and one focal length in diameter. There are two menisci at the front and a single strong meniscus element at the rear. The rear element is close to the film plane for low distortion and better contrast but interferes with
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Lenses of the same general construction are often given a name implying this design. For example, a Tessar always has four elements in three groups as described below, although
Tessars have been produced with different focal lengths and maximum apertures for many decades. Sometimes a name does not
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The term long-focus lens denotes a lens that has a focal length significantly longer than the image circle diameter. For small formats such as 35mm, extreme long focus lenses can be found, with focal lengths 5, 10, or even higher multiples of the image circle, however, such extreme lenses are not
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design originally had six elements, later seven, in three groups. The design uses fewer elements than the Planar design and is smaller and less expensive. It has more aberrations but better contrast and less flare than the Planar, a larger maximum aperture, and lower chromatic aberration than the
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Dagor has two symmetrical, cemented triplets (6 elements in 2 groups). The two outer elements are positive, one of the inner elements is used to correct spherical aberration, and the other to flatten the field. There are only 4 glass-to-air interfaces, giving better flare and contrast than lenses
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also sometimes known as technical cameras. Allowing the lens to be shifted and/or tilted from the sensor/film axis without vignetting in the corners opposite the movement requires a larger image circle. For this reason, large format lenses often produce image circles significantly larger than the
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Compared to mainstream cameras that typically have non-interchangeable lenses and/or focal plane shutters operated from the camera body, another difference with medium and especially large format lenses is that they are typically interchangeable in a very simple manner, being mounted in a "lens
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The Artar is a true apochromatic 4-element in 4 groups symmetrical process lens for the graphic arts, very well corrected for other aberrations. It was designed by Walter
Zschokke of Goerz in 1904, based on Emile Von Hoegh's dialyte. If uncoated it is subject to flare due to the 8 air-to-glass
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normal for large formats (unless we chose to consider astronomical telescopes as cameras, which is very valid, indeed see eg
Schmitt cameras and astrographs) The term telephoto has become widely if loosely used for any long-focus lens, but a true
206:, had less exacting requirements regarding chromatic aberrations than when colour film is used. When using older lenses today one should check those chromatic aberrations and flare are acceptable for the application.
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element at the center, and a negative plano-concave flint glass element cemented with a positive convex crown glass element at the rear. Many manufacturers have produced lenses of this type under their own
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board", and include a shutter just in front behind or usually in the middle of the lens. This shutter is tripped directly at the lens (possibly using a cable release), not by a release on the camera body
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vastly reduced flare; some many-element lens designs which had been abandoned due to low contrast in spite of otherwise excellent performance became practical. Lenses designed for use with
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Tessar. Large format
Sonnars have good sharpness and contrast at large apertures but are large and heavy, and coverage does not allow much use of movements. The Sonnar has a good edge
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with more elements, particularly important before the introduction of coated lenses. Reputed to have good sharpness and a large image circle, although there is softness at the edges.
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designed specifically for photographic applications. All modern lenses are anastigmatic; lenses produced in the early days when this was a new feature often had the word
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The Heliar design consists of 5 elements in three groups with cemented doublets, allowing correction of spherical, chromatic, and astigmatic aberrations.
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Early lenses suffered from flare and low contrast, worsening as the number of lens-air interfaces increased. The introduction of and improvements in
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the front group is further back relative to the lens node/focal plane than would be the case for a simple thin lens of the same focal length
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lenses), but optimised for a given image format will typically mask this excess coverage off to minimize reflections and reduced contrast.
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The term wide-angle lens denotes a lens that has an image circle diameter approximately the same as the lens focal length
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The term wide-angle lens denotes a lens that has an image circle diameter significantly wider than the lens focal length
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Note: much of the text in this section is applicable to camera lenses for all formats, not only large format lenses
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The
Hypergon is a wide angle lens that covers a flat field. It is constructed symmetrically consisting of two deep
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The Tessar design is suitable for front-element focussing, but unit focussing is used on large format cameras.
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design arranged in a symmetrical design. Due to its wide-angle coverage, and the small distortion, it and the
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The
Hologon is a modification of the Biogon lens design. It contains a rear element that is close to
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However, Some Medium and Large format cameras have movements, such as
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based on a double-ended reversed-telephoto objective. It was made by
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became the standard aerial lens until it was displaced in 1952.
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for better contrast but interferes with the mirror for
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at all apertures, but some softness at wide apertures.
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comprises four elements in three groups, one positive
612:Large Format Lenses: Evaluations By Bjørn Rørslett
171:film/sensor diagonal they are nominally aimed at
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632:How to Mount Large Format Lenses on DSLR Camera
617:Test Results - Large Format photographic lenses
602:Large Format: Wide Angle Lens Specifications
314:The Biogon is an ultra-wide-angle design by
50:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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114:Learn how and when to remove this message
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622:Exploring Large Format Camera Technique
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597:A Short History of the Heliar Lenses
48:adding citations to reliable sources
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413:element on the front, one negative
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627:Large-Format Lens Specifications
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147:large enough to cover the large
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607:Kerry's Large Format Homepage
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400:Voigtländer Anastigmat Skopar
390:used to reduce or eliminate
225:elements that almost form a
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233:is limited to f/20 due to
192:anti-reflective coatings
558:Sonnar telephoto lens.
531:Telephoto lens designs
464:transmission surfaces.
326:and the medium-format
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239:chromatic aberrations
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570:List of lens designs
44:improve this article
647:Photographic lenses
378:Normal lens designs
134:Large format lenses
63:"Large format lens"
592:Artar lens PDF(de)
333:single-lens reflex
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386:Anastigmat is an
260:The Topogon is a
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104:February 2012
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65: –
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59:Find sources:
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29:This article
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575:Large Format
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262:double Gauss
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204:panchromatic
198:film, first
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179:Lens designs
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168:view cameras
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157:large format
145:image circle
138:photographic
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42:Please help
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415:flint glass
411:crown glass
392:astigmatism
159:cameras.
149:format film
581:References
396:Anastigmat
328:Hasselblad
289:film plane
74:newspapers
512:surfaces.
235:spherical
31:does not
641:Category
564:See also
490:contrast
266:Metrogon
254:Hypergon
231:aperture
223:meniscus
155:used in
335:camera.
308:Hologon
281:Topogon
213:designs
202:, then
88:scholar
52:removed
37:sources
505:Sonnar
485:Sonnar
477:Planar
461:Planar
453:Heliar
434:Tessar
418:names.
407:Tessar
348:Biogon
324:Contax
229:. The
227:sphere
153:plates
141:optics
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525:Artar
372:Dagor
356:Goerz
320:Zeiss
95:JSTOR
81:books
483:The
354:The
237:and
136:are
67:news
35:any
33:cite
293:SLR
151:or
46:by
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