373:
2806:
1886:
490:
588:
247:
116:
176:
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it covered about 235 square kilometres (91 sq mi). Outcrops of lake sediments occupy a length of 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi) along the
Amargosa River and are 17.7 kilometres (11.0 mi) wide at their broadest. Its southern margin is not clear, given that the height of the sill to the
353:
average temperatures are 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) and often exceed 45 °C (113 °F), with about 70 millimetres per year (2.8 in/year) of rainfall. Under present-day climates, evaporation is too high and precipitation too low to allow the formation of lakes in the area. 180,000 years
668:
About 200,000 - 150,000 years before present, the lake overflowed and disappeared. Several different dates have been given for the time when the lake breached its boundaries, but it likely happened shortly after highstand. A 25 kilometres (16 mi) long gorge was formed by the breaching event,
1807:
Reheis, Marith C.; Caskey, John; Bright, Jordon; Paces, James B.; Mahan, Shannon; Wan, Elmira (2019). "Pleistocene lakes and paleohydrologic environments of the Tecopa basin, California: Constraints on the drainage integration of the
Amargosa River".
677:
in Death Valley may be ultimately responsible for the drainage change. It is possible that Lake Tecopa briefly reformed later, due to a temporary blockage of its outflow, and that at times the
Amargosa River was blocked upstream from Lake Tecopa.
1732:
Nelson, Stephen T.; Karlsson, Haraldur R.; Paces, James B.; Tingley, David G.; Ward, Stephen; Peters, Mark T. (1 May 2001). "Paleohydrologic record of spring deposits in and around
Pleistocene pluvial Lake Tecopa, southeastern California".
90:
and some neighbouring washes, it eventually culminated to a surface area of 235 square kilometres (91 sq mi) around 186,000 years ago and left sediments. Afterwards, the
Amargosa River cut a gorge out of the lake and into
689:
identified these lakebeds as the remnants of what he named Lake Tecopa. The area of the former lake has been the subject of numerous studies comprising various fields of geology but also biology, and an important target for
427:
After the lake was breached, these deposits were deeply eroded and exposed, showing thicknesses exceeding 70 metres (230 ft). The sediments of Lake Tecopa have been heavily researched, e.g whether similar deposits on
167:
in the northern part of the lake where the
Amargosa River flowed into it. There is some indication that the centre of the lake was much more saline than its shores. Salt lakes generally form when a lake has no outlet, so
144:
China Ranch basin is undetermined. Several islands existed in Lake Tecopa. Of these, the largest was close to Tecopa, California, and two smaller ones were north of
Shoshone, California. The shores of the lake featured
1684:
Lake Tecopa; Quaternary geology of Tecopa Valley, California, a multimillion-year record and its relevance to the proposed nuclear-waste repository at Yucca
Mountain, Nevada | Cenozoic basins of the Death Valley
638:. The highest shoreline occurs at about 525–550 metres (1,722–1,804 ft) elevation (subsequently tectonically deformed) about 186,000 years before present; it appears to coincide with the Eetza highstand of
1434:
GarcĂa-Tortosa, Francisco J.; Alfaro, Pedro; Gibert, Luis; Scott, Gary (1 November 2011). "Seismically induced slump on an extremely gentle slope (<1°) of the
Pleistocene Tecopa paleolake (California)".
1579:
Gibert, L.; Alfaro, P.; GarcĂa-Tortosa, F. J.; Scott, G. (1 April 2011). "Superposed deformed beds produced by single earthquakes (Tecopa Basin, California): Insights into paleoseismology".
622:. It is unlikely that the lake was ephemeral, however, given the presence of fossils in the lake sediments of foraminifera which do not tolerate such drying. Probably owing to uplift of the
1703:"Lake Tecopa and its environs: 2.5 million years of exposed history relevant to climate, groundwater, and erosion issues at the proposed nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada"
354:
before present, precipitation increased to 200–250 millimetres per year (7.9–9.8 in/year) and average temperatures decreased by 10.5 °C (50.9 °F), lifting the regional
310:
212:
2220:
2378:
1248:
McDonald, H. Gregory; Steadman, David W. (2 September 2023). "Fossil
Flamingo (Phoenicopteriformes) from the Miocene (Hemingfordian) of Southern California, USA".
2251:
1918:
559:
326:
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571:
279:
200:
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activity may be occurring north of Shoshone. From about 5 million years ago to about 186,000 years before present, the lake developed inside the basin.
653:
occurred at the southwestern area of the lake, possibly triggered by an earthquake. Such earthquake activity is also responsible for the formation of
1398:
1086:
Louie, John N.; Cetintas, Arif; Chekuri, Vijay; Corchuelo, William D.; Li, Li; Lei, Yutian; Mekala, Govardhan; Ozalaybey, Serdar; Raskulinecz, John.
119:
View from the Greenwater Valley over Tecopa CA to the Kingston Range. The terrain in the middle part of the image was formerly covered by Lake Tecopa
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lie close to the lake basin. The lake itself had a roughly triangular shape with a northern, a southwestern and a southeastern corner, and at its
1648:"Revisiting silicate authigenesis in the Pliocene–Pleistocene Lake Tecopa beds, southeastern California: Depositional and hydrological controls"
1609:
2230:
450:
precipitation within the lake, a process facilitated by the physical properties of the lake water. Many of these tufa deposits occur where
618:
began to drain into Lake Tecopa and a shallow lake existed back then, but between 1.6 and 0.9 million years ago the lake often became a
2843:
152:
where Amargosa River or spring water entered the lake, as well as freshwater ponds where springs and streams flowed into Lake Tecopa.
1610:"Spectral mapping of zeolite bearing paleolake deposits at Lake Tecopa, California and its implications for mapping zeolites on Mars"
1911:
699:
226:
is presently about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi). Later, after Lake Tecopa had disappeared, the river reached
203:; the total size of its catchment was about 8,300 square kilometres (3,200 sq mi) and most of its water originated in
1399:"Using modern through mid-Pleistocene climate proxy data to bound future variations in infiltration at Yucca Mountain, Nevada"
372:
1904:
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1839:"Distribution and genesis of authigenic silicate minerals in tuffs of Pleistocene Lake Tecopa, Inyo County, California"
1722:
1418:
31:
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Extensive faulting of lake deposits makes it difficult to reconstruct its history. About 2 million years ago, the
603:. The basin of Lake Tecopa formed between 7 and 11 million years ago, but was then tectonically stable during the
1754:
1088:"Geophysical constraints on the cessation of extension and thickness of basin fill in Tecopa Valley, California"
286:; together they enclose an area of about 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi). The region belongs to the
159:
eruption, Lake Tecopa was about 100 metres (330 ft) deep. The waters of the lake were salty and had a high
2127:
1849:
1770:
Patterson, R. T. (1 October 1987). "Arcellaceans and foraminifera from Pleistocene Lake Tecopa, California".
702:, since the future climate of the region is important in establishing how secure the nuclear waste would be.
661:
criss-cross the area, several of them follow the borders of the Tecopa basin. Finally, there is evidence of
579:, and since Lake Tecopa was never connected to the ocean, they were most likely transported there by birds.
493:
Limestone cliff in Nopah Range. There are deposits of fossils of aquatic creatures that lived in Lake Tecopa
349:
Presently, the area of Lake Tecopa is a hot, dry desert with most precipitation occurring during summer. In
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of the western United States, where short ranges of mountains lie between plains. This geology consists of
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2619:
1997:
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302:. It was affected by extensive tectonic activity in the past and may be still active in the present.
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deposits are found within the lake and partly embedded in its sediments; they were generated from
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191:. Most of the water in Lake Tecopa came from the Amargosa River and to a lesser degree from the
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The former lake basin is surrounded by various hills and mountain ranges, formed by rocks of
234:, dramatically increasing the supply of water to the latter. Presently, the river is largely
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cross the lake basin from southwest to north and from west to east, respectively, while the
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The Geology and Climatology of Yucca Mountain and Vicinity, Southern Nevada and California
8:
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At some point after 579,000 years ago, a 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) large
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traverses it from northwest to southeast. The terrain of the region is characterized by
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698:. Research in the paleoclimatic conditions of the region has received impetus from the
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the closer they are to the basin center. Among the minerals found at various sites are
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Kodikara, Gayantha R.L.; McHenry, Lindsay J.; van der Meer, Freek D. (February 2023).
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Pleistocene lakes in the region. Note that Lake Tecopa's borders are incorrect
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Lake Tecopa occupied the Tecopa Valley, a pear-shaped valley east of southern
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as well as the 2, 1.2-0.8 million years old Glass Mountain tuffs. They form
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and rugged mountains with little vegetation away from springs. A number of
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Lake Tecopa - Great Depression era squatter dwellings in lakebed sediments
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8, 7 and 6. Some doubts have been raised about this chronology, however.
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concentrates salts in the lake water until the lake contains saltwater.
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layers have been identified, including the 2.003 million years old
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and a few other, less widespread species. Foraminifera are mostly
1926:
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1709:. Vol. 2. Geological Society of America. pp. 355–382.
547:. Footprints have been observed at the edges of the lake basin.
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A number of fossils were discovered in the sediments, including
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and reached highstands concurrently with other lakes in the
2730:
1755:
10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0659:PROSDI>2.0.CO;2
1701:
Morrison, Roger Barron; Mifflin, Martin D. (January 2000).
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layers which are very conspicuous in the lake sediments.
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in the area, including the locations of the three towns.
25:
Reconstruction of Amargosa River lakes in the Pleistocene
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Various sediments were emplaced in the lake, including
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The existence of the lake beds was described first by
1874:
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404:. The sediments have undergone increasing amounts of
824:
630:, water levels at Lake Tecopa increased during the
396:. Some of these formed when ash or sediments were
1427:
2835:
1707:GSA Field Guide 2: Great Basin and Sierra Nevada
1247:
1700:
1489:
1384:
1136:
999:
187:flowed into Lake Tecopa, which was the river's
1837:Sheppard, Richard A.; Gude, Arthur J. (1968).
99:, draining the lake. The present-day towns of
1912:
557:have been found in lake sediments, including
1836:
1241:
1235:
1187:
955:
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886:
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179:The Amargosa River at present-day Tecopa CA
2849:Natural history of Inyo County, California
1919:
1905:
1390:
317:lie within the former bed of Lake Tecopa.
222:The catchment of the Amargosa River above
1857:
1769:
1671:
1636:
1360:
1294:
1282:
1176:Kodikara, McHenry & van der Meer 2023
1164:Kodikara, McHenry & van der Meer 2023
913:
755:
432:would be remotely detectable. Mining for
107:lie within the basin of the former lake.
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1112:
1081:
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440:took place from the 1920s to the 1950s.
371:
262:age. Clockwise from north they are the
245:
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114:
20:
1681:Morrison, Roger Barron (January 1999).
700:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
657:within the lake sediments. A number of
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1645:
1396:
1372:
1348:
1151:
940:
925:
830:
1900:
1772:The Journal of Foraminiferal Research
1094:. The Nevada Seismological Laboratory
1074:
238:except where it is fed by springs.
13:
14:
2865:
2844:Former lakes of the United States
1688:. Geological Society of America.
1405:. GeoScienceWorld. p. 1183.
1397:Sharpe, Saxon E. (January 2007).
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
1884:
669:which was triggered either by a
665:in parts of the southern basin.
458:discharged water into the lake.
595:Lake Tecopa existed during the
1646:Larsen, Daniel (1 June 2008).
673:-like process or by overflow.
311:Tecopa Hot Springs, California
1:
2128:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
1850:US Government Printing Office
1617:Geosystems and Geoenvironment
1270:10.1080/08912963.2022.2103694
705:
523:lived around the lake. Among
250:Tecopa from Greenwater valley
1638:10.1016/j.geogeo.2022.100119
1601:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.08.003
361:
241:
163:, inducing precipitation of
131:, California. The cities of
110:
7:
1490:Morrison & Mifflin 2000
1385:Morrison & Mifflin 2000
1137:Morrison & Mifflin 2000
1000:Morrison & Mifflin 2000
10:
2870:
1998:West Siberian Glacial Lake
1571:
582:
484:
473:and the 602,000 years old
365:
344:
323:California State Route 178
319:California State Route 127
70:. It developed during the
2854:Pleistocene North America
2775:
2767:List of prehistoric lakes
2759:
2751:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
2693:
2671:
2638:
2570:
2529:
2505:
2476:
2446:
2392:
2348:
2324:
2290:
2160:
2136:
2102:
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2013:
2006:
1975:
1959:
1938:
1715:10.1130/0-8137-0002-7.355
1694:10.1130/0-8137-2333-7.301
82:close to the border with
66:in Inyo County, southern
1236:Sheppard & Gude 1968
1188:Sheppard & Gude 1968
956:Sheppard & Gude 1968
902:Sheppard & Gude 1968
887:Sheppard & Gude 1968
819:Sheppard & Gude 1968
771:Sheppard & Gude 1968
469:, the 706,000 years old
305:Presently, the towns of
288:Basin and Range Province
16:Lake in California, USA
2221:Lake Houghton (glacial)
607:, although tectonic or
2463:Kankakee Outwash Plain
2379:Glacial Lake Sammamish
1792:10.2113/gsjfr.17.4.333
592:
566:Centropyxis constricta
494:
467:Huckleberry Ridge Tuff
377:
251:
180:
120:
47:35.87500°N 116.25000°W
26:
2428:Lake Jordan (Montana)
2316:Glacial Lake Missoula
2306:Glacial Lake Columbia
2246:Nipissing Great Lakes
2226:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1411:10.1130/2007.1199(05)
644:oxygen isotope stages
626:and expansion of the
590:
492:
398:progressively altered
375:
249:
178:
118:
24:
2787:Geography portal
2557:Lake Nantucket Sound
2374:Glacial Lake Russell
1092:crack.seismo.unr.edu
351:Shoshone, California
307:Shoshone, California
264:Resting Spring Range
101:Shoshone, California
52:35.87500; -116.25000
1784:1987JForR..17..333P
1747:2001GSAB..113..659N
1664:2008Geosp...4..612L
1629:2023GsGe....200119K
1593:2011SedG..235..148G
1581:Sedimentary Geology
1449:2011Geo....39.1055G
1262:2023HBio...35.1574M
155:At the time of the
133:Barstow, California
43: /
2799:History portal
2252:Early Lake Ontario
1816:(7–8): 1537–1565.
1673:10.1130/GES00152.1
1550:Reheis et al. 2019
1538:Reheis et al. 2019
1502:Reheis et al. 2019
1492:, p. 368,369.
1478:Gibert et al. 2011
1387:, p. 365,366.
1337:Reheis et al. 2019
1310:Nelson et al. 2001
1250:Historical Biology
1224:Reheis et al. 2019
1212:Nelson et al. 2001
1202:, p. 664,665.
1200:Nelson et al. 2001
1125:Reheis et al. 2019
1069:Gibert et al. 2011
1054:Nelson et al. 2001
1039:Gibert et al. 2011
1014:, p. 316,317.
875:Nelson et al. 2001
846:Gibert et al. 2011
685:in 1926. In 1931,
593:
560:Bolivina goudkoffi
495:
378:
327:Furnace Creek Road
315:Tecopa, California
252:
224:Tecopa, California
209:Shoshone Mountains
181:
121:
105:Tecopa, California
27:
2831:
2830:
2823:Oceans portal
2689:
2688:
2359:Glacial Lake Hood
2248:(Multiple basins)
2182:(Multiple basins)
2091:
2090:
1946:Lake Makgadikgadi
687:Eliot Blackwelder
572:Lobatula lobatula
280:Greenwater Valley
201:Greenwater Valley
137:Las Vegas, Nevada
2861:
2821:
2820:
2811:Lakes portal
2809:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2663:Lake San AgustĂn
2542:Lake Connecticut
2487:Lake Monongahela
2438:Lake Musselshell
2423:Lake Great Falls
2100:
2099:
2011:
2010:
1933:and related seas
1931:proglacial lakes
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1822:10.1130/B35282.1
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884:
878:
872:
849:
843:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
795:
789:
774:
768:
759:
753:
740:
734:
725:
719:
368:Tecopa Lake Beds
213:Timber Mountains
58:
57:
55:
54:
53:
48:
44:
41:
40:
39:
36:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2755:
2685:
2667:
2640:Rio Grande rift
2634:
2566:
2525:
2501:
2472:
2442:
2388:
2344:
2335:Lake Bonneville
2320:
2286:
2282:Lake Whittlesey
2211:Early Lake Erie
2156:
2132:
2087:
2061:
2045:
2026:Baltic Ice Lake
2002:
1971:
1955:
1934:
1925:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1841:
1725:
1612:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
985:
977:
962:
954:
947:
939:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
893:
885:
881:
873:
852:
844:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
798:
790:
777:
769:
762:
754:
743:
735:
728:
720:
713:
708:
616:Amargosa Desert
585:
487:
475:Lava Creek Tuff
370:
364:
347:
294:which separate
244:
217:Yucca Mountains
113:
51:
49:
45:
42:
37:
34:
32:
30:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Lake Ballivián
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Lake Merrimack
2549:
2547:Lake Hitchcock
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2468:Lake Wisconsin
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2395:Missouri River
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2384:Lake Skokomish
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Lake Nisqually
2361:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2292:Columbia River
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Lake Tonawanda
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Lake Frontenac
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2180:Lake Algonquin
2177:
2175:Lake Admiralty
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2083:Lake Pickering
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:Mastogloia Sea
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1872:
1871:
1834:
1804:
1778:(4): 333–343.
1767:
1729:
1723:
1698:
1678:
1643:
1605:
1587:(3): 148–159.
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:, p. 340.
1554:
1542:
1530:
1528:, p. 323.
1518:
1516:, p. 307.
1506:
1494:
1482:
1480:, p. 157.
1470:
1426:
1419:
1389:
1377:
1375:, p. 637.
1365:
1363:, p. 342.
1361:Patterson 1987
1353:
1351:, p. 628.
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 311.
1314:
1312:, p. 659.
1299:
1297:, p. 341.
1295:Patterson 1987
1287:
1285:, p. 334.
1283:Patterson 1987
1275:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1214:, p. 669.
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1154:, p. 636.
1141:
1139:, p. 371.
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 330.
1105:
1073:
1071:, p. 148.
1058:
1056:, p. 661.
1043:
1041:, p. 149.
1016:
1004:
1002:, p. 362.
983:
981:, p. 303.
960:
945:
943:, p. 614.
930:
928:, p. 612.
918:
916:, p. 335.
914:Patterson 1987
906:
891:
879:
877:, p. 660.
850:
848:, p. 150.
835:
833:, p. 619.
823:
821:, p. 4,5.
811:
809:, p. 317.
796:
794:, p. 304.
775:
760:
758:, p. 333.
756:Patterson 1987
741:
739:, p. 301.
726:
724:, p. 302.
710:
709:
707:
704:
584:
581:
486:
483:
363:
360:
346:
343:
256:Neoproterozoic
243:
240:
197:Chicago Valley
185:Amargosa River
112:
109:
88:Amargosa River
80:tectonic basin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:South America
2692:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Lake Estancia
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:Lake Thompson
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Lake Panamint
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Lake Corcoran
2583:
2581:
2580:Lake Cahuilla
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Lake Cape Cod
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Lake Kankakee
2456:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Lake McKenzie
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Lake Glendive
2416:
2414:
2413:Lake Cut Bank
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Lake Chouteau
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Lake Puyallup
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:Lake Lahontan
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Lake Chippewa
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:Champlain Sea
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:North America
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Lake Lapworth
2076:
2074:
2073:Lake Harrison
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:Great Britain
2064:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Littorina Sea
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1967:Lake Washburn
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1860:
1859:10.3133/pp597
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:pubs.usgs.gov
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1724:0-8137-0002-7
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:(1): 100119.
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1563:
1562:Morrison 1999
1558:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 26.
1539:
1534:
1527:
1526:Morrison 1999
1522:
1515:
1514:Morrison 1999
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1420:9780813711997
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 13.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1325:Morrison 1999
1321:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 15.
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1113:Morrison 1999
1109:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:Morrison 1999
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
980:
979:Morrison 1999
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
957:
952:
950:
942:
937:
935:
927:
922:
915:
910:
903:
898:
896:
889:, p. 33.
888:
883:
876:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
847:
842:
840:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
807:Morrison 1999
803:
801:
793:
792:Morrison 1999
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
772:
767:
765:
757:
752:
750:
748:
746:
738:
737:Morrison 1999
733:
731:
723:
722:Morrison 1999
718:
716:
711:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:field studies
688:
684:
683:Levi F. Noble
679:
676:
672:
671:river capture
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:Lake Lahontan
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Sierra Nevada
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
589:
580:
578:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
491:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
369:
359:
357:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:normal faults
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:terminal lake
186:
177:
173:
171:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
117:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:. Fed by the
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
23:
19:
2726:Lake Minchin
2658:Lake Palomas
2648:Lake Alamosa
2624:
2620:Lake Russell
2521:Lake Passaic
2301:Lake Allison
2262:Lake Stanley
2257:Lake Saginaw
2191:Lake Chicago
2147:Lake Ojibway
2118:Lake Bassano
2113:Lake Agassiz
2104:Nelson River
2021:Ancylus Lake
1988:Lake Tengger
1983:Lake Bandung
1951:Lake Ptolemy
1863:. Retrieved
1845:
1813:
1810:GSA Bulletin
1809:
1775:
1771:
1738:
1735:GSA Bulletin
1734:
1706:
1683:
1655:
1651:
1620:
1616:
1584:
1580:
1557:
1552:, p. 1.
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1504:, p. 4.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1443:(11): 1058.
1440:
1436:
1429:
1402:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1290:
1278:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1238:, p. 6.
1231:
1226:, p. 2.
1219:
1207:
1195:
1190:, p. 2.
1183:
1171:
1166:, p. 3.
1159:
1132:
1127:, p. 3.
1120:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1007:
958:, p. 4.
921:
909:
904:, p. 9.
882:
826:
814:
773:, p. 1.
680:
667:
648:
613:
594:
570:
564:
558:
555:foraminifera
549:
534:
528:
498:
496:
460:
454:-controlled
442:
426:
379:
356:water tables
348:
304:
284:Dublin Hills
272:Sperry Hills
253:
228:Death Valley
221:
182:
154:
125:Death Valley
122:
93:Death Valley
59:
28:
18:
2711:Lake Escara
2625:Lake Tecopa
2610:Lake Mojave
2590:Lake Harper
2530:New England
2516:Lake Albany
2497:Teays River
2449:Mississippi
2408:Lake Circle
2350:Puget Sound
2326:Great Basin
2272:Lake Warren
2241:Lake Minong
2236:Lake Maumee
2206:Lake Duluth
2186:Lake Arkona
2162:Great Lakes
2152:Tyrrell Sea
2123:Lake Souris
1928:Pleistocene
1373:Larsen 2008
1349:Larsen 2008
1256:(9): 1580.
1152:Larsen 2008
941:Larsen 2008
926:Larsen 2008
831:Larsen 2008
696:field trips
636:Great Basin
632:Pleistocene
601:Pleistocene
517:vertebrates
471:Bishop Tuff
268:Nopah Range
205:Paiute Mesa
195:that drain
170:evaporation
157:Bishop Tuff
129:Inyo County
76:Pleistocene
64:former lake
60:Lake Tecopa
50: /
38:116°15′00″W
2838:Categories
2746:Lake Tauca
2716:Inca Huasi
2605:Lake Modoc
2600:Lake Manly
2595:Lake Manix
2572:California
2562:Lake Stowe
2492:Lake Tight
2311:Lake Lewis
2277:Lake Wayne
2231:Lake Lundy
2041:Yoldia Sea
2014:Baltic Sea
1960:Antarctica
1865:6 December
1741:(5): 659.
1658:(3): 612.
1098:6 December
706:References
675:Subsidence
605:Quaternary
551:Arcellacea
414:gaylussite
406:diagenesis
366:See also:
276:Ibex Hills
232:Lake Manly
97:Lake Manly
68:California
35:35°52′30″N
2681:Lake Atna
2201:Lake Dana
2138:James Bay
2057:Lake Komi
1830:213373998
1800:0096-1191
1763:0016-7606
1652:Geosphere
1465:0091-7613
655:seismites
628:catchment
521:Flamingos
509:ostracods
448:carbonate
434:bentonite
422:sepiolite
362:Sediments
242:Geography
236:ephemeral
141:highstand
111:Hydrology
95:with its
78:within a
2480:drainage
2451:drainage
2140:drainage
2106:drainage
1993:Mundafan
609:magmatic
530:Camelops
461:Several
438:pumicite
402:mudstone
394:zeolites
382:adularia
331:badlands
282:and the
260:Tertiary
230:and its
74:and the
2760:Summary
2741:Salinas
1780:Bibcode
1743:Bibcode
1660:Bibcode
1625:Bibcode
1589:Bibcode
1572:Sources
1445:Bibcode
1437:Geology
1258:Bibcode
597:Miocene
583:History
577:oceanic
545:muskrat
541:mammoth
525:mammals
505:diatoms
485:Biology
456:springs
410:calcite
345:Climate
335:springs
296:grabens
165:calcite
146:marshes
72:Miocene
2721:Mataro
2706:Cabana
2673:Alaska
2509:valley
2507:Hudson
2447:Upper
2393:Upper
2352:system
2328:system
2294:system
2050:Russia
2007:Europe
1939:Africa
1877:Portal
1828:
1798:
1761:
1721:
1685:region
1463:
1417:
663:uplift
659:faults
513:snails
463:tephra
418:halite
390:gravel
300:horsts
278:, the
274:, the
270:, the
266:, the
193:washes
150:deltas
84:Nevada
2736:Sajsi
1891:Lakes
1842:(PDF)
1826:S2CID
1613:(PDF)
651:slump
620:playa
536:Equus
500:chara
452:fault
339:oases
337:form
298:from
127:, in
62:is a
2731:Ouki
2478:Ohio
1976:Asia
1867:2017
1796:ISSN
1759:ISSN
1719:ISBN
1461:ISSN
1415:ISBN
1100:2017
694:and
642:and
599:and
553:and
543:and
527:are
515:and
479:tuff
444:Tufa
436:and
430:Mars
420:and
392:and
386:clay
321:and
313:and
215:and
199:and
183:The
148:and
135:and
103:and
1854:doi
1818:doi
1814:132
1788:doi
1751:doi
1739:113
1711:doi
1690:doi
1668:doi
1633:doi
1597:doi
1585:235
1453:doi
1407:doi
1266:doi
258:to
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1401:.
1317:^
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1264:.
1254:35
1252:.
1144:^
1090:.
1076:^
1061:^
1046:^
1019:^
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963:^
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894:^
853:^
838:^
799:^
778:^
763:^
744:^
729:^
714:^
569:,
563:,
539:,
533:,
519:.
511:,
507:,
503:,
424:.
416:,
412:,
388:,
384:,
358:.
309:,
219:.
211:,
207:,
161:pH
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
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