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526:. Within five years period (1998-2002) once fertile wetlands rapidly deteriorated. We could reasonably presume that transformation of Hamoun into arid country, like their surrounding areas, was mainly caused by irrigated agriculture expansion since the 1970s (represent as bright red patches on satellite images, mainly wheat and barley), coupled with one of the worst droughts ever witnessed in Central Asia in 1999-2001 period.
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and their wildlife. Specific culture formed around the Hamoun with a way of life suited to the desert wetlands. They fashioned long reed boats to navigate the shallow waters and erected squat, red clay houses to withstand the heat of the desert. Their livelihood was based almost entirely on hunting,
400:
When droughts occur in
Afghanistan, or the water in watersheds that support Lake Hāmūn is drawn down by other natural or human-induced reasons, the result is a dry lake bed in Iran. In addition, when the lake is dry, seasonal winds blow fine sands off the exposed lake bed. The sand is swirled into
512:
imagery show how dramatic decrease in precipitation resulted in decrease of snow-covered area in the
Helmand Basin, from 41,000 km in 1998 to 26,000 km in 2000. By 2001, Iran and Afghanistan were experienced for the third consecutive year an extreme drought that was so severe that the
487:
for over 4,000 years without destroying the wetlands, but then population rapidly increased and new water management technologies were brought to the region. Soon irrigation schemes began to snake their way throughout the basin. Farther west, revolving Afghan governments constructed large dams
396:
flows into the lake on the
Afghanistan side of the border. In 1976, when rivers in Afghanistan were flowing regularly, the amount of water in the lake was relatively high. Between 1999 and 2001, however, the lake all but dried up and disappeared, as can be seen in the 2001 satellite image.
519:'s population, swelled by refugees from war-torn Afghanistan, has been severely affected by water shortages. Irrigation channels have run dry and agriculture has come to a standstill, which has resulted in the abandonment of many villages as people migrate in search of water.
539:
Winds that were once cooled by the waters of the wetlands now drifting dust, sand, and salt from the dried lakebeds onto the surrounding villages, and these sand drifts have submerged nearly 100 villages beneath dunes in a landscape reminiscent of the
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Local bird population disappeared and migratory birds no longer stop for lack of refuge, and wildlife that could not sustain themselves in the desert or make the long journey to another oasis died. The rest of the
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548:
herds have been decimated, and thriving fishery with an annual catch of around 12,000 tons has been wiped out. Many who had lived around the Hamoun for generations either moved away or lost everything.
328:. Water flows in a circular fashion through a string of lakes starting with Hāmūn-e Puzak in the northeast, sweeping into Hāmūn-e Sabari and finally overflows into Hāmūn-e Helmand in the southwest.
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290:(entirely in Iran), as well to the shallow lakes Hāmūn-e Sabari and Hāmūn-e Puzak, which extend into the territory of present-day Afghanistan with the latter almost entirely inside Afghanistan.
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huge dunes that may cover a hundred or more fishing villages along the former lakeshore. Wildlife around the lake is negatively impacted and fisheries are brought to a halt. Changes in
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mountains in
Afghanistan. In modern times, and prior to the existence of the dams for agricultural irrigation, spring floods would bring into existence much larger lakes.
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is a generic term which refers to shallow lakes (or lagoons), usually seasonal, that occur in the deserts of southeast Iran and adjacent areas of
Afghanistan and
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and droughts, which may cause entire lagoons to dry up. This occurred several times in the 20th century when only the uppermost of the lakes remained flooded.
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350:. Its flat-topped peak rises up 609 meters above sea level with a diameter of 2–2.5 km (1.2–1.6 mi), being the only remaining natural uplift in the
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536:. The wildlife, the towns, the fisheries, and the agriculture that once surrounded the Hamoun have all fallen away, giving rise to a wasteland.
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873:"Chapter 9 - Iranian perspectives on the Caspian Sea and Central Asia: #The issue of Lake Hamun and the Hirmand River"
55:
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thicket fringing on the edges of the upper lakes. The area was thriving with wildlife animals and migratory birds.
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449:(“Gate of Slaves”) are near the Hāmūn Lake. Shahr-i-Sokhta is located about 35km southwest of Dahan-e Gholaman.
423:
Time series of LANDSAT photographs showing water level in Lake Hāmūn, eastern Iran / southwestern
Afghanistan.
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2008:
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and substantial rains in the region hope to effect a return of much of the water in Lake Hamoun by 2003.
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2003:
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History of
Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin - Based on Satellite Image Analysis: 1976–2005
346:, rises up as an island in the middle of which used to be Hāmūn Lake and the northeastern edge of
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It used to cover an area of about 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi) with dense reed beds and
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Hamun Lake is sometimes categorized as three sibling shallow lakes, that is, Hamun-e
Helmand,
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1972:
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8:
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1977:
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1361:
135:
956:
877:
Central
Eurasian water crisis: Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas: Part III: The Caspian Sea
286:
in nearby mountains in spring. The term Hāmūn Lake (or Lake Hāmūn) equally applies to
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Children playing around the Chah Nimeh reservoirs, to the southeast of the lake, 2018
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The Hamun is fed by numerous seasonal water tributaries; the main tributary is the
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955:: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Post-Conflict Branch, archived from
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Lake Hāmūn is fed primarily by water catchments on the Afghan side, including the
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910:, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): DEWA/GRID Europe, archived from
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is named after an
Islamic pilgrimage site on the hill: the tomb and shrine of
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Combination of drought and the massive irrigation proved to be a shock to the
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2018:
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The area has important archeological remains. The giant prehistoric city of
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In the past five millennia, people have lived around Hamoun Oasis and its
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disaster. Most of the crops have been reduced to dust bowl conditions,
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1947:
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List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
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843:"- Center for Afghanistan Studies - University of Nebraska Omaha"
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From Wetland to Wasteland; Destructuion of the Hamoun Oasis
492:) that diverted water from the upper reaches of the river.
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85:
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560:. The only relatively large bodies of standing water are
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is located in the area. Also the ruins of an ancient
571:
654:
528:The wetlands have been replaced mostly by lifeless
504:results in alternating periods of flooding in the
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96:
871:Kobori, Iwao; Glantz, Michael H., eds. (1998),
775:"Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It"
772:
691:"Lake Hamun Biosphere Reserve & Life in It"
688:
807:
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2799:Landforms of Sistan and Baluchestan province
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496:Devastation by extreme droughts in 1999-2001
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634:"Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand"
556:now give off the harsh glare of dried
432:
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312:It is located in Afghanistan on the
182:Hamun-e-Saberi & Hamun-e-Helmand
27:Lake in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
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2506:International Wetland (Ramsar Site)
879:, United Nations University Press,
232:
220:
24:
1635:
25:
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2508:- All names as inscribed by the
974:
500:Precipitation variability in the
408:In 1975 the Hāmūn, together with
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1024:
980:
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365:, the latter extending into the
61:
54:
38:
2510:Department of Environment, Iran
1031:Sistan and Baluchestan Province
835:
564:maintained for drinking water.
258:. In Iran, it is also known as
2794:Landforms of Kandahar Province
773:Editorial Staff (2020-04-01).
766:
747:
689:Editorial Staff (2020-04-01).
682:
626:
13:
1:
863:
513:Hamoun dried out completely.
479:Until the late 20th century,
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2789:Landforms of Nimruz Province
2774:Archaeological sites in Iran
2754:Helmand River drainage basin
307:
7:
2804:Landforms of Zabul Province
2784:Landforms of Farah Province
567:
10:
2830:
2809:Biosphere reserves of Iran
2264:National Natural Monuments
925:Weier, John (2002-12-03),
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300:, which originates in the
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1991:
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641:Sites Information Service
239:, is a seasonal lake and
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95:
80:
49:
37:
32:
1777:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
931:, NASA Earth Observatory
620:
384:region and it is in the
2764:Wetlands of Afghanistan
2739:Endorheic lakes of Asia
2125:Protected Areas of Iran
1963:Three Persian religions
904:Partov, Hassan (1998),
813:"Ramsar sites database"
562:Chāh-Nīmeh IV reservoir
483:waxed and waned in the
386:Lash Wa Juwayn District
367:Lash Wa Juwayn District
256:Afghanistan–Iran border
2581:Chahar Burjak District
779:Destination Iran Tours
695:Destination Iran Tours
424:
342:outcropping, known as
2067:Fire temples in India
1735:Scripture and worship
477:fishing, and farming.
422:
2779:Ramsar sites in Iran
2749:Lakes of Afghanistan
2062:Fire temples in Iran
1849:Accounts and legends
1444:Sib and Suran County
989:at Wikimedia Commons
392:of Afghanistan. The
316:marshes west of the
1936:History and culture
1782:Udvada Atash Behram
823:on 23 February 2012
460:, was designated a
433:Archeological sites
412:, was designated a
338:A trapezoid-shaped
115: /
2392:Arjan and Parishan
1866:Book of Arda Viraf
1800:Cypress of Kashmar
1362:Qasr-e Qand County
425:
268:Daryāche-ye Sīstān
195:Reference no.
2726:
2725:
2693:Capture of Zaranj
2516:
2515:
2502:Biosphere Reserve
2091:
2090:
1603:
1602:
1547:
1546:
985:Media related to
942:UNEP (May 2006),
762:Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib
510:Landsat satellite
320:desert where the
270:("Lake Sīstān").
225:Daryāche-ye Hāmūn
210:
209:
119:30.833°N 61.667°E
16:(Redirected from
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2769:Wetlands of Iran
2624:Populated places
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2520:
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2300:Wildlife Refuges
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2046:in United States
1787:Adur Burzen-Mihr
1693:
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1607:
1606:
1588:Populated places
1316:Nik Shahr County
1280:Mehrestan County
1221:Iranshahr County
1131:Dashtiari County
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889:, archived from
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819:. Archived from
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760:, descendant of
758:Khwaja Ali Mahdi
751:
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669:www.geonames.org
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488:(Arghandab Dam,
456:, together with
447:Dahan-e Gholaman
373:in Afghanistan.
282:as a product of
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1876:Story of Sanjan
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1298:Mirjaveh County
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439:Shahr-e Sukhteh
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380:. It is in the
348:Hāmūn-e Helmand
326:dendritic delta
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288:Hāmūn-e Helmand
264:Hāmūn-e Hīrmand
260:Hāmūn-e Helmand
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137:Primary inflows
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371:Farah Province
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1077:Bampur County
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886:92-808-0925-3
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363:Hāmūn-e Puzak
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298:Helmand River
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179:Official name
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143:Helmand River
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2243:Tang-e Sayad
2082:
1886:Frashokereti
1840:Atash Behram
1830:The Revayats
1791:Adur Farnbag
1772:Fire Temples
1762:Yenghe hatam
1757:Ahuna Vairya
1726:Angra Mainyu
1563:
1559:Mount Khajeh
1531:Zehak County
1485:Zabol County
1244:Khash County
1193:Mohammadabad
1185:Hamun County
1167:Fanuj County
1038:Capital city
964:, retrieved
957:the original
944:
933:, retrieved
927:
916:, retrieved
912:the original
906:
895:, retrieved
891:the original
876:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
825:. Retrieved
821:the original
817:wetlands.org
816:
793:
782:. Retrieved
778:
768:
754:Mount Khajeh
749:
698:. Retrieved
694:
684:
672:. Retrieved
668:
644:. Retrieved
637:
628:
600:Mount Khajeh
590:Sīstān Basin
538:
521:
515:
499:
485:Sīstān Basin
471:
452:In 1975 the
451:
436:
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375:
356:
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344:Mount Khajeh
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311:
292:
287:
273:
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267:
263:
259:
248:Sīstān Basin
237:Hamoun Oasis
236:
224:
221:دریاچه هامون
212:
211:
190:23 June 1975
88:, southwest
2307:Amirkalayeh
2041:in Pakistan
1999:Persecution
1958:Khurramites
1671:Persia/Iran
1656:Zarathustra
1651:Ahura Mazda
1380:Rask County
1370:Qasr-e Qand
907:Lake Hamoun
743:Partov 1998
534:reed stands
462:Ramsar site
414:Ramsar site
394:Harut River
378:Harut River
354:flatlands.
156:Afghanistan
122: /
97:Coordinates
90:Afghanistan
2733:Categories
2672:Hamun Lake
2631:Chakhansur
2586:Chakhansur
2483:Siahkeshim
2473:Mianjangal
2442:Kabir Kouh
2403:Dinar Kouh
2358:Sorkhankol
2335:Robat Shur
2254:Lake Urmia
2248:Khar Turan
2198:Kolahghazi
2161:Ghamishloo
2004:in Armenia
1896:Hamistagan
1752:Ashem Vohu
1666:Vohu Manah
1564:Hamun Lake
1521:Nosratabad
987:Lake Hāmūn
966:2007-07-20
935:2010-09-24
918:2010-09-24
897:2010-08-31
864:References
784:2020-07-29
723:Weier 2002
700:2020-07-25
558:salt flats
530:salt flats
502:Hindu Kush
490:Kajaki Dam
481:irrigation
468:Irrigation
443:Achaemenid
302:Hindu Kush
235:), or the
213:Lake Hāmūn
187:Designated
84:southeast
18:Lake Hamun
2713:Route 606
2708:Route 522
2703:Route 515
2688:Governors
2655:Landforms
2601:Khash Rod
2573:Districts
2478:Mozaffari
2386:Arasbaran
2329:Miankaleh
2324:Miandasht
2313:Bakhtegan
2238:Tandooreh
2228:Siyahkooh
2166:Ghatroyeh
2139:Bakhtegan
1992:Adherents
1973:Festivals
1953:Mazdakism
1948:Zurvanism
1861:Bundahišn
1676:Faravahar
1324:Nik Shahr
1229:Iranshahr
798:UNEP 2006
610:Drangiana
605:Arachosia
546:livestock
308:Geography
295:perennial
245:endorheic
233:هامون ډنډ
2422:(BR, IW)
2394:(BR, IW)
2346:Shadegan
2331:(BR, IW)
2276:Damavand
2271:Alam-Kuh
2256:(BR, IW)
2171:Golestan
2084:Category
2014:in India
1978:Marriage
1968:Calendar
1891:Xrafstar
1815:Visperad
1810:Vendidad
1306:Mirjaveh
1121:Galmurti
1103:Chabahar
1064:Counties
852:11 April
827:11 April
674:11 April
646:25 April
568:See also
554:wetlands
542:Aral Sea
524:wetlands
474:wetlands
333:tamarisk
324:forms a
284:snowmelt
280:Pakistan
241:wetlands
81:Location
2641:Istoway
2636:Delaram
2591:Delaram
2560:Capital
2504:- IW:
2468:Manesht
2452:Karkheh
2352:Shidvar
2281:Sabalan
2223:Sarigol
2208:Nayband
2036:in Iraq
2031:in Iran
1922:Kashmar
1856:Dēnkard
1835:Ab-Zohr
1711:Yazatas
1681:Avestan
1516:Zahedan
1475:Nukabad
1406:Saravan
1334:Espakeh
1270:Konarak
1045:Zahedan
506:Helmand
428:History
388:of the
250:in the
243:in the
217:Persian
110:61°40′E
107:30°50′N
2814:Sistan
2698:Makaki
2606:Zaranj
2565:Zaranj
2489:Touran
2463:Koulak
2447:Karkas
2437:Jajrud
2381:Alvand
2364:Touran
2340:Selkeh
2319:Hamoon
2291:Taftan
2218:Salouk
2213:Paband
2193:Kiasar
2188:Khojir
2150:Bojagh
2024:Parsis
1983:Burial
1943:Parsis
1910:Cities
1901:Duzakh
1820:Yashts
1747:Gathas
1742:Avesta
1721:Daevas
1716:Ahuras
1579:Taftan
1574:Bazman
1552:Sights
1498:Bonjar
1434:Sarbaz
1429:Pishin
1411:Sirkan
1288:Zaboli
1234:Bazman
1085:Bampur
1068:cities
953:Geneva
883:
639:Ramsar
615:Sistan
517:Sīstān
382:Sistan
352:Sīstān
340:basalt
314:Sīstān
252:Sistan
229:Pashto
2681:Other
2646:Khash
2457:Kavir
2431:Heleh
2426:Haraz
2408:Gando
2183:Khabr
2177:Kavir
2145:Bamou
2055:Lists
2019:Irani
1917:Balkh
1805:Yasna
1539:Zehak
1493:Zabol
1457:Hiduj
1452:Suran
1352:Adimi
1252:Khash
1175:Fanuj
1157:Jaleq
1139:Negur
960:(PDF)
949:(PDF)
621:Notes
445:city
275:Hāmūn
266:, or
150:Basin
2596:Kang
2500:BR:
2491:(BR)
2485:(IW)
2459:(BR)
2433:(IW)
2420:Hara
2416:(BR)
2414:Geno
2410:(IW)
2398:Dena
2388:(BR)
2366:(BR)
2360:(IW)
2354:(IW)
2348:(IW)
2342:(IW)
2315:(IW)
2309:(IW)
2250:(BR)
2179:(BR)
2173:(BR)
2152:(IW)
2141:(IW)
1927:Yazd
1661:Asha
1388:Rask
1329:Bent
1066:and
881:ISBN
854:2018
829:2018
676:2018
648:2018
361:and
160:Iran
86:Iran
2203:Lar
369:of
2735::
2563::
951:,
875:,
845:.
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804:^
777:.
729:^
709:^
693:.
667:.
656:^
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464:.
416:.
262:,
231::
227:;
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219::
198:42
158:/
2542:e
2535:t
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2117:e
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856:.
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703:.
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215:(
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