440:. At the end of the overflowing phase, about 15,000 years ago, climate change and a shift to a negative water balance (more water evaporated off the surface of the lake than entered by rivers or direct precipitation) caused the lake to return to its closed-basin status as it declined to lower levels during the regressive phase. By 13,000 years ago the lake had fallen to an elevation similar to the average elevation of modern Great Salt Lake. During the regressive phase lake level declined approximately 660 ft (200 m) in about 2000 years because of a change to warmer and drier climate (660 ft (200 m) is roughly 2/3 of the maximum depth of Lake Bonneville). Although Lake Bonneville and the Great Salt Lake are collectively one lake system, the name “Lake Bonneville” is applied to the lake during the period from 30,000 to 13,000 years ago, and the name “Great Salt Lake” since 13,000 years ago.
324:(a simplified version of the water-balance equation is inputs equal outputs plus-or-minus storage changes). Storage changes are equal to volume changes, and changes in volume are correlated with changes in lake level. When inputs (e.g., precipitation; runoff in rivers) were greater than outputs (e.g., evaporation from the lake surface; evapotranspiration in the basin), lake level rose, and when outputs were greater than inputs, lake level fell. Changes in global atmospheric circulation led to changes in the water budget of Lake Bonneville and other lakes in the Great Basin of western North America. Mountain glaciers in the Bonneville
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448:. For most of the time between the end of the youngest of the deep pre-Bonneville lakes (the Little Valley lake cycle, about 150,000 years ago) and the initial rise of Lake Bonneville about 30,000 years ago, the lake would have resembled modern Great Salt Lake in surface area and depth. A short episode of slightly higher lake levels during the Cutler Dam lake cycle occurred about 60,000 years ago; at this time a moderate-sized lake rose above the level of Great Salt Lake, but not as high as Lake Bonneville.
383:
44:
235:
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elevation of the
Bonneville shoreline is 243 ft (74 m) higher in the Lakeside Mountains, elevation 5,335 ft (1,626 m), west of the Great Salt Lake near the center of the Lake Bonneville water load, than at Red Rock Pass, 5,092 ft (1,552 m), where the lake was very shallow. As an example of isostatic deformation of the shorelines, the elevation of the Bonneville shoreline near Salt Lake City is 5,203 ft (1,586 m), but on
2013:
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Volume: 2018 Lake
Bonneville Geologic Conference and Short Course, Utah Geological Survey; McGee, D., Moreno-Chamarro, E., Marshall, J., and Galbraith. E.D., 2018. Western U.S. lake expansions during Heinrich stadials linked to Pacific Hadley circulation. Science Advances volume 4, issue 11, 10 p. ; Putnam, A.E., 2015. A glacial zephyr. Nature Geoscience 8, 175–176; Putnam, A.E., 2015. A glacial zephyr. Nature Geoscience 8, 175–176.
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Bonneville marl. Invertebrate fossils in Lake
Bonneville deposits include mollusks and ostracodes, and bones of extinct mammals are found in Pleistocene deposits in the Bonneville basin. Volcanic ashes in sediments of Lake Bonneville help with correlations and aid in deciphering lake history. Lake Bonneville shorelines, and those of other paleolakes on Earth, are good analogs for shorelines on other planets, such as Mars.
67:
1989:
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of the Utah
Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey. p. 7-32; Adams, K.D. and Bills, B.G., 2016. Isostatic rebound and palinspastic restoration of the Bonneville and Provo shorelines in the Bonneville basin, UT, NV, and ID. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p. 145-164.
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shoreline and in sediment cores. The flood bed is characterized by an abrupt contact at its base between massive marl, which was deposited in the deepest water of Lake
Bonneville, and finely laminated or ripple-laminated sandy marl, which was deposited by bottom currents during the flood. In places the Bonneville flood bed is composed of reworked
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Forester, R.M., 1987. Late
Quaternary paleoclimate records from lacustrine ostracodes. in Ruddiman, W.F. and Wright, H. E., Jr. eds., North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation. Geology of North America K-3, Geological Society of America, p. 261-276; Oviatt, C.G., 2017. Ostracodes
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The
Bonneville flood had catastrophic effects along the Snake River in what is now Idaho, but the influence of the flood can also be detected within the lake basin where a distinctive layer of sediment was deposited. The Bonneville flood bed can be identified in many surface exposures below the Provo
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stored less than 5% of the water that Lake
Bonneville held at its maximum and so even if all of the mountain glaciers in the basin melted at once and the water flowed into the lake (that did not happen since it took thousands of years for the mountain glaciers to melt, and Lake Bonneville was falling
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shells. The contact at the top of the flood bed is transitional to massive marl that was deposited in the lake floor during Provo time. The flood bed is best developed and most obvious in straits between partially submerged mountain ranges or in places where bottom currents were strong as lake water
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in the 1800s, but
Captain Bonneville probably never saw Great Salt Lake or the Great Basin. G.K. Gilbert was one of the greatest geologists of the 19th Century, and his monumental work on Lake Bonneville, published in 1890, set the stage for scientific research on the paleolake that continues today.
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Oviatt, C.G. and Nash, W.P., 1989. Basaltic volcanic ash and volcanic eruptions in the
Bonneville basin, Utah. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 292-303.; Oviatt, C.G. and Nash, B.P., 2014. The Pony Express basaltic ash: A stratigraphic marker in late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville deposits,
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Crittenden Jr., M.D., 1963. New data on the isostatic deformation of Lake Bonneville: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 454-E; Bills, B.G., Wambeam, T.J., and Currey, D.R., 2002. Geodynamics of Lake Bonneville. in Gwynn, J.W., ed., Great Salt Lake: An overview of change. Special Publication
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Thompson, R.S., Oviatt, C.G., Honke, J.S., McGeehin, J.P., 2016. Late Quaternary changes in lakes, vegetation, and climate in the Bonneville basin reconstructed from sediment cores from Great Salt Lake. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments
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segments along their lengths. Three shorelines of Lake Bonneville that can be traced throughout the basin, have been given names: Stansbury, Bonneville, and Provo. The Stansbury and Bonneville shorelines formed during the transgressive phase of Lake Bonneville; the Provo shoreline formed during the
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processes, as was recognized by Gilbert and extensively studied since Gilbert's day. Earth's crust subsided beneath the weight of the water while the lake existed, but when the lake evaporated and the water load was considerably reduced, the crust beneath the lake basin rebounded. As a result, the
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shoreline features, such as barrier beaches, but there is no evidence that all the barriers formed at the same time. It is now clear that some of those barrier beaches are transgressive-phase Bonneville in age and some are regressive-phase Bonneville in age. The Gilbert episode was a rise of Great
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Lake Bonneville was anomalous in the long-term history of the basin. As the largest of four deep lakes in the basin during the past 800,000 years, Lake Bonneville plus the other three deep Pleistocene lakes, persisted for less than 10% of the time. The conditions experienced in the basin today are
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In addition to the abundant geological features produced by Lake Bonneville, such as shorelines and sediments, fossilized fish bones and scales reveal information about the physical and chemical characteristics of the paleolake. Pollen from plants that lived in the Bonneville basin is abundant in
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Ibarra, D.E., Oster, J.L., Winnick, M.J., Caves Rugenstein, J.K., Byrne, M.P., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2019. Lake area constraints on past hydroclimate in the western United States: Application to Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Lund, W.R., McKean, A.P., and Bowman, S.D., eds., in press, Proceedings
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Currey, D.R., 1982. Lake Bonneville: Selected features of relevance to neotectonic analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 82-1070, 31 p; Currey, D.R., 1990. Quaternary paleolakes in the evolution of semidesert basins, with special emphasis on Lake Bonneville and the Great Basin, USA.
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Chan, M.A., Jewell, P.W., Parker, T.J., Ormo, J., Okubo, C.H., and Komatsu, G., 2016. Pleistocene Lake Bonneville as an analog for extraterrestrial lakes and oceans. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20.
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The Bonneville flood probably lasted less than a year, during which time almost 1,200 cu mi (5,000 km) of water flowed out of the lake basin with a maximum discharge of about 35,000,000 cu ft/s (1,000,000 m/s). Downcutting during the flood through the Marsh Creek
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wrote, "This place, which we named Llano Salado, because we found some thin white shells there, seems to have once had a much larger lake than the present one." Although a general description and understanding of Lake Bonneville has been established by the work of many people, details of the
399:), lake level oscillated because of changes in climate but the lake gradually rose until about 18,000 years ago when it reached its highest elevation, marked by the Bonneville shoreline. At that level the lake had risen to the lowest point on its basin rim and had begun to overflow into the
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sand, mud, and landslide debris, caused lake level to drop about 430 ft (130 m). River flow from the lake across the Red Rock Pass threshold and out of the lake basin continued non-catastrophically for about 3000 years after the flood ended; the Provo shoreline formed during this
864:
O’Connor, J., 1993. Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood. Geological Society of America Special Paper 274. 83 p.; O’Connor, J., 2016. The Bonneville flood — A veritable débâcle. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update.
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Shroder, J.F., Cornwell, K., Oviatt, C.G., Lowndes, T.C., 2016. Chapter 4. Landslides, Alluvial Fans, and Dam Failure at Red Rock Pass: The Outlet of Lake Bonneville. in Oviatt, C.G., Shroder, J.F., Jr., Eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes
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Atwood, G., Wambeam, T.J., and Anderson, N.J., 2016. The Present as a Key to the Past: Paleoshoreline Correlation Insights from Great Salt Lake. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p.
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Oviatt, C.G., 2018. Geomorphic controls on sedimentation in Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin. in Starratt, S.W. and Rosen, M.R., eds., From saline to freshwater: The diversity of western lakes in space and time. Geological Society of America Special Paper 536, p.
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Broughton, J.M. and Smith, G.R., 2016. The fishes of Lake Bonneville: Implications for drainage history, biogeography, and lake levels. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p.
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in the main body. Aragonite is the dominant carbonate mineral in sediments of post-Bonneville Great Salt Lake. Dropstones, probably mostly derived from shore ice, but possibly also from floating root balls, are common in the marl, and consist of granule- to boulder-sized
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by that time), it would have had little effect on lake level. Lake Bonneville had no river connection with the huge North American ice sheets. While Lake Bonneville existed, the patterns of wave- and current-forming winds were not significantly affected by the
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Miller, W.E., 2002. Quaternary vertebrates of the northeastern Bonneville basin and vicinity of Utah. in Gwynn, J.W., ed. Great Salt Lake: An overview of change. Special Publication of the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey. p.
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Laabs, B.J.C. and J.S. Munroe, J.S., 2016. Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the Lake Bonneville basin. in Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., eds., Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p.
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and on other mountains throughout the Bonneville basin. These shorelines appear as shelves or benches that protrude from the mountainside above the valley floor, are visible on the ground from long distances and on satellite images, and have both
320:. For most of its existence (that is, during the transgressive plus regressive phases) Lake Bonneville had no river outlet and occupied a hydrographically closed basin. Changes in lake level were the result of changes in water balance caused by
276:
overflowing phase. Numerous other unnamed shorelines, which cannot be mapped everywhere in the basin, some of which formed during the transgressive phase and some during the regressive phase, are also present on piedmont slopes and
847:
Nelson, D.T. and Jewell, P.W., 2015. Transgressive stratigraphic record and possible oscillations of Late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, northern Hogup Mountains, Utah, U.S.A. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 432,
464:.” Although the name “White Marl” has not been used by the geologic community in a formal sense, the informal term “white marl” (or “Bonneville marl”) is frequently employed. The Bonneville marl at locations far from sources of
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Previous publications regarded the “Gilbert shoreline” as one of the prominent shorelines in the Bonneville basin, but this interpretation has been revised. The “Gilbert shoreline” consists of a line on a map that connects
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Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p. 105-126; Malde, H.E., 1968. The catastrophic Late Pleistocene Bonneville flood in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 596, 52 p.
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Gilbert was the first person to describe the major features of Lake Bonneville, however, many other early European and American explorers in the region recognized the shoreline of the ancient lake, such as Captain
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flowed toward its outlet at Red Rock Pass. Because the Bonneville flood bed was deposited in less than a year, it is useful as a well-dated (~18,000 years ago) stratigraphic marker within the Bonneville deposits.
889:
Miller, D.M., Oviatt, C.G., and McGeehin, J.P., 2013. Stratigraphy and chronology of Provo shoreline deposits and lake-level implications, late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, USA. Boreas 42,
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Morrill, C., Lowry, D.P., and Hoell, A., 2018. Thermodynamic and dynamic causes of pluvial conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum in western North America. Geophysical Research Letters 45(1), p. 335-345.
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Bonneville flood bed in Lake Bonneville marl at an exposure in northern Utah. The base of the flood bed is at the level of the shovel blade. For scale, the shovel handle is about 20 in (50 cm) in
658:
Mifflin, M.D. and Wheat, M.M., 1979. Pluvial lakes and estimated pluvial climates of Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 94. Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, NV. 57 pp.
953:
Oviatt, C.G., Habiger, G., and Hay, J., 1994. Variation in the composition of Lake Bonneville marl: A potential key to lake-level fluctuations and paleoclimate. Journal of Paleolimnology 11, 19-30.
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Scott, W.E., McCoy, W.D., Shroba, R.R., Rubin, M., 1983. Reinterpretation of the exposed record of the last two cycles of Lake Bonneville, western United States. Quaternary Research 20, 261–285.
280:. At its maximum, when Lake Bonneville was more than 980 ft (300 m) deep and almost 20,000 sq mi (51,000 km) in surface area, it covered almost as much area as modern
701:
Antevs, E., 1948. The Great Basin, with emphasis on glacial and post-glacial times – Climatic changes and pre-white man. Bulletin of the University of Utah Biological Series 38, 168-191.
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in what is now southeastern Idaho. The overflow, which would have begun as a trickle across the dam formed by the Marsh Creek alluvial fan, quickly evolved into a tremendous flood, the
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Salt Lake about 49 ft (15 m) higher than modern average levels, which culminated 11,600 years ago. But a mappable shoreline of the Gilbert episode has not been recognized.
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on the north slope of the Marsh Creek alluvial fan, which began long before the lake had reached its highest level, added to the instability and ultimate collapse of the fan-dam.
386:
Chronology of Lake Bonneville. “Calibrated ages” are approximate calendar years before present (A.D. 1950). Elevations are adjusted for differential isostatic rebound in the basin.
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Oviatt, C.G., Thompson, R.S., Kaufman, D.S., Bright, J., and Forester, R.M., 1999. Reinterpretation of the Burmester core, Bonneville basin, Utah: Quaternary Research 52, 180-184.
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overflowing phase. The Provo shoreline is distinguished from other shorelines of Lake Bonneville by its topographic position, strong development, and thick accumulations of
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795:
Miller, D.E., 1966. Great Salt Lake: A historical sketch. in Stokes, W.L., ed., Guidebook to the Geology of Utah: The Great Salt Lake. Utah Geological Society, p. 3-24.
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Lake Bonneville began to rise from elevations similar to those of modern Great Salt Lake about 30,000 years ago. During its transgressive phase in the closed basin (an
786:
Irving, W., 1868. Adventures of Captain Bonneville. in The works of Washington Irving, Volume six. The New Hudson Edition. P.F. Collier & Son, New York. p. 21-524.
353:(1796–1878), a French-born officer in the United States Army who was also a fur trapper and explorer in the American West. Bonneville's adventures were popularized by
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Kaufman, D.S., Forman, S.L., and Bright, J., 2001. Age of the Cutler Dam Alloformation (Late Pleistocene), Bonneville basin, Utah. Quaternary Research 56, 322-334.
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Jewell, P.W., 2010. River incision, circulation, and wind regime of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 293, 41-50.
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Street-Perrott, E.A., Harrison, S.P., 1985. Lake levels and climate reconstruction. In: Hecht, A.D., ed. Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling. Wiley, New York.
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typical of over 90% of the past 800,000 years: a dry desert basin with a few scattered low-elevation lakes, the largest of which (Great Salt Lake) was
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Oviatt, C.G. and Shroder, J.F., Jr., Eds., 2016. Lake Bonneville: A scientific update. Developments in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. 659 p.
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although it formed between about 30,000 and 13,000 years ago, when glaciers at many places on Earth were expanded relative to today during the
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Chen, C.Y. and Maloof, A.C., 2017. Revisiting the deformed high shoreline of Lake Bonneville. Quaternary Science Reviews 159, p. 169-189.
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Oviatt, C.G., 2014. The Gilbert episode in the Great Salt Lake basin, UT. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 14-3, 20 p.
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Eardley, A.J., 1938. Sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 22(10), 1305-1411.
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paleolake, including its history and connections to global environmental systems, will be pursued for many years to come.
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Oviatt, C.G., 2015. Chronology of Lake Bonneville, 30,000 to 10,000 yr B.P. Quaternary Science Reviews 110, 166-171.
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that precipitated chemically from the lake water. Most of this calcium carbonate is in the form of the mineral
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In his monograph on Lake Bonneville, G.K. Gilbert called the offshore deposits of Lake Bonneville the “White
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Map of Lake Bonneville, showing the outline of the Bonneville shoreline, the highest level of the lake.
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242:. Lake Bonneville is shown in the context of western North America and the southern margins of the
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in Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, North America. Hydrobiologia 786(1), 125-135.
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is common in Bonneville marl in the Sevier basin and in the lower part of the Bonneville marl
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in the Great Salt Lake, the elevation of the same shoreline is 5,246 ft (1,599 m).
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1088:- maps of Lake Bonneville, and additional information on Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake
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Lake Bonneville and other Late Pleistocene paleolakes in the Great Basin during the
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in the Great Basin contained expanded lakes during the Late Pleistocene, including
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Gilbert, G.K., 1890. Lake Bonneville. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph 1. 438 pp.
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as a result of cooler temperatures. The lake covered much of what is now western
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pluvial lake (a paleolake created by a change in water balance in the basin)
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in 1776. Escalante, in a journal entry after visiting what would be named
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Map of Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin of western North America.
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Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 14-1, 10 p.
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are the largest post-Bonneville lakes in the Bonneville basin.
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Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 76, 189-214.
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or active wave zones, is dominated by clay-sized particles of
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in Earth Surface Processes 20. Elsevier. p. 221-291.
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The shorelines of Lake Bonneville have been warped by
559:: endemic to area formerly covered by Lake Bonneville
411:, which charged down the Marsh Creek valley to the
210:and at its highest level extended into present-day
284:although its shoreline was more complex with many
16:For the reservoir known as Lake Bonneville on the
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258:Shorelines of Lake Bonneville are visible above
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431:alluvial-fan deposits and into the underlying
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31:Former pluvial lake in western North America
345:Lake Bonneville was named by the geologist
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198:that formed in response to an increase in
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468:(gravel, sand, and silt), such as
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220:hydrographically closed basins
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1323:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
817:Alter, J. Cecil, ed. (1943).
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532:Fossils, volcanic ashes, etc.
177:over 980 ft (300 m)
880:20. Elsevier. p. 75-87.
819:"Father Escalante's Journal"
755:, University of Utah Press,
364:Silvestre Velez de Escalante
240:last major global glaciation
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1193:West Siberian Glacial Lake
745:Atwood, Genevieve (1994),
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1962:List of prehistoric lakes
1954:
1946:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
1888:
1866:
1833:
1765:
1724:
1700:
1671:
1641:
1587:
1543:
1519:
1485:
1355:
1331:
1297:
1290:
1260:
1244:
1208:
1201:
1170:
1154:
1133:
1082:- maps of Lake Bonneville
823:Utah Historical Quarterly
752:Utah History Encyclopedia
547:List of prehistoric lakes
173:
165:
161:
151:
141:
102:
84:
53:
41:
36:
2089:Natural history of Idaho
2049:Lakes of the Great Basin
226:in northwestern Nevada.
26:Lake Bonneville (Oregon)
2084:Natural history of Utah
1416:Lake Houghton (glacial)
568:Western Interior Seaway
1658:Kankakee Outwash Plain
1574:Glacial Lake Sammamish
1086:Utah Geological Survey
457:
387:
379:
255:
248:Cordilleran ice sheets
1623:Lake Jordan (Montana)
1511:Glacial Lake Missoula
1501:Glacial Lake Columbia
1441:Nipissing Great Lakes
1421:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1066:Elsevier. p. 570-597.
563:Bonneville Salt Flats
486:stratigraphic section
454:
385:
377:
318:last major glaciation
237:
1982:Geography portal
1752:Lake Nantucket Sound
1569:Glacial Lake Russell
230:Geologic description
425:Groundwater sapping
156:Benjamin Bonneville
122: /
1994:History portal
1447:Early Lake Ontario
769:on August 24, 2023
458:
388:
380:
256:
202:and a decrease in
2109:Quaternary Nevada
2026:
2025:
2018:Oceans portal
1884:
1883:
1554:Glacial Lake Hood
1443:(Multiple basins)
1377:(Multiple basins)
1286:
1285:
1141:Lake Makgadikgadi
747:"Lake Bonneville"
474:calcium carbonate
355:Washington Irving
264:Wasatch Mountains
190:paleolake in the
181:
180:
2121:
2104:Quaternary Idaho
2016:
2015:
2006:Lakes portal
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1858:Lake San AgustĂn
1737:Lake Connecticut
1682:Lake Monongahela
1633:Lake Musselshell
1618:Lake Great Falls
1295:
1294:
1206:
1205:
1128:and related seas
1126:proglacial lakes
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
991:
987:
976:
972:
963:
960:
954:
951:
942:
938:
919:
916:
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907:
901:
897:
891:
887:
881:
877:
866:
862:
849:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
814:
808:
805:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
777:
776:
774:
765:, archived from
742:
733:
730:
724:
720:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
689:
680:
677:
671:
668:
659:
656:
650:
647:
630:
627:
618:
615:
580:Lakes portal
578:
577:
576:
466:clastic sediment
409:Bonneville flood
391:Geologic history
188:Late Pleistocene
186:was the largest
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
105:
69:
68:
62:
46:
34:
33:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:Quaternary Utah
2059:Lakes of Nevada
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1950:
1880:
1862:
1835:Rio Grande rift
1829:
1761:
1720:
1696:
1667:
1637:
1583:
1539:
1530:Lake Bonneville
1515:
1481:
1477:Lake Whittlesey
1406:Early Lake Erie
1351:
1327:
1282:
1256:
1240:
1221:Baltic Ice Lake
1197:
1166:
1150:
1129:
1120:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1005:
994:
988:
979:
973:
966:
961:
957:
952:
945:
939:
922:
917:
913:
908:
904:
898:
894:
888:
884:
878:
869:
863:
852:
846:
842:
832:
830:
815:
811:
806:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
772:
770:
763:
743:
736:
731:
727:
721:
714:
709:
705:
700:
696:
690:
683:
678:
674:
669:
662:
657:
653:
648:
633:
628:
621:
616:
593:
588:
574:
572:
543:
534:
526:Antelope Island
517:
397:endorheic basin
393:
360:John C. Frémont
343:
314:proglacial lake
310:
294:Great Salt Lake
232:
184:Lake Bonneville
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
113:
111:
109:
108:
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:Lake Bonneville
70:
49:
37:Lake Bonneville
32:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Shrunken lakes
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Lakes of Idaho
2051:
2046:
2041:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Lake Ballivián
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Lake Merrimack
1744:
1742:Lake Hitchcock
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1663:Lake Wisconsin
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:Missouri River
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1579:Lake Skokomish
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Lake Nisqually
1556:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1487:Columbia River
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Lake Tonawanda
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Lake Frontenac
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1375:Lake Algonquin
1372:
1370:Lake Admiralty
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1278:Lake Pickering
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1231:Mastogloia Sea
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1074:External links
1072:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
992:
977:
964:
955:
943:
920:
911:
902:
892:
882:
867:
850:
840:
809:
797:
788:
779:
761:
734:
725:
712:
703:
694:
681:
672:
660:
651:
631:
619:
590:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
570:
565:
560:
554:
549:
542:
539:
533:
530:
516:
513:
417:Columbia River
413:Portneuf River
403:drainage near
392:
389:
342:
339:
326:drainage basin
322:climate change
309:
306:
260:Salt Lake City
231:
228:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
145:
139:
138:
106:
100:
99:
86:
82:
81:
72:
71:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
30:
22:Bonneville Dam
18:Columbia River
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2126:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Lakes of Utah
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:South America
1887:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Lake Estancia
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1825:Lake Thompson
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Lake Panamint
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Lake Corcoran
1778:
1776:
1775:Lake Cahuilla
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Lake Cape Cod
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Lake Kankakee
1651:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Lake McKenzie
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Lake Glendive
1611:
1609:
1608:Lake Cut Bank
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Lake Chouteau
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Lake Puyallup
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:Lake Lahontan
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
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1493:
1491:
1488:
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1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
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1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Lake Chippewa
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Champlain Sea
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:North America
1289:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Lake Lapworth
1271:
1269:
1268:Lake Harrison
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:Great Britain
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Littorina Sea
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:Lake Washburn
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
986:
984:
982:
971:
969:
959:
950:
948:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
915:
906:
896:
886:
876:
874:
872:
861:
859:
857:
855:
844:
828:
824:
820:
813:
804:
802:
792:
783:
768:
764:
762:9780874804256
758:
754:
753:
748:
741:
739:
729:
719:
717:
707:
698:
688:
686:
676:
667:
665:
655:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
626:
624:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
591:
581:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
555:
553:
552:Lake Lahontan
550:
548:
545:
544:
538:
529:
527:
522:
512:
509:
503:
500:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
449:
447:
441:
439:
434:
428:
426:
422:
421:Pacific Ocean
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Red Rock Pass
402:
398:
384:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
356:
352:
348:
338:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Lake Michigan
279:
278:alluvial fans
274:
270:
265:
261:
253:
252:Lake Missoula
249:
245:
241:
236:
227:
225:
224:Lake Lahontan
221:
218:. Many other
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:precipitation
197:
193:
189:
185:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
135:
107:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
61:
52:
45:
40:
35:
27:
23:
19:
1921:Lake Minchin
1853:Lake Palomas
1843:Lake Alamosa
1815:Lake Russell
1716:Lake Passaic
1529:
1496:Lake Allison
1457:Lake Stanley
1452:Lake Saginaw
1386:Lake Chicago
1342:Lake Ojibway
1313:Lake Bassano
1308:Lake Agassiz
1299:Nelson River
1216:Ancylus Lake
1183:Lake Tengger
1178:Lake Bandung
1146:Lake Ptolemy
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
958:
914:
905:
895:
885:
843:
831:. Retrieved
826:
822:
812:
791:
782:
771:, retrieved
767:the original
751:
728:
706:
697:
675:
654:
535:
518:
504:
495:
470:river deltas
459:
442:
429:
394:
347:G.K. Gilbert
344:
311:
269:depositional
257:
196:pluvial lake
183:
182:
166:Surface area
2074:Snake River
1906:Lake Escara
1820:Lake Tecopa
1805:Lake Mojave
1785:Lake Harper
1725:New England
1711:Lake Albany
1692:Teays River
1644:Mississippi
1603:Lake Circle
1545:Puget Sound
1521:Great Basin
1467:Lake Warren
1436:Lake Minong
1431:Lake Maumee
1401:Lake Duluth
1381:Lake Arkona
1357:Great Lakes
1347:Tyrrell Sea
1318:Lake Souris
1123:Pleistocene
446:hypersaline
401:Snake River
335:Cordilleran
302:Sevier Lake
204:evaporation
192:Great Basin
129: /
104:Coordinates
2079:Megafloods
2033:Categories
1941:Lake Tauca
1911:Inca Huasi
1800:Lake Modoc
1795:Lake Manly
1790:Lake Manix
1767:California
1757:Lake Stowe
1687:Lake Tight
1506:Lake Lewis
1472:Lake Wayne
1426:Lake Lundy
1236:Yoldia Sea
1209:Baltic Sea
1155:Antarctica
586:References
508:lacustrine
331:Laurentide
290:peninsulas
244:Laurentide
174:Max. depth
126:41°N 113°W
1876:Lake Atna
1396:Lake Dana
1333:James Bay
1252:Lake Komi
521:isostatic
499:ostracode
482:aragonite
368:Utah Lake
298:Utah Lake
273:erosional
152:Etymology
1675:drainage
1646:drainage
1335:drainage
1301:drainage
1188:Mundafan
1026:292-351.
890:342–361.
773:June 13,
723:462-503.
541:See also
515:Isostasy
131:41; -113
85:Location
1955:Summary
1936:Salinas
478:calcite
456:length.
433:Neogene
286:islands
1916:Mataro
1901:Cabana
1868:Alaska
1704:valley
1702:Hudson
1642:Upper
1588:Upper
1547:system
1523:system
1489:system
1245:Russia
1202:Europe
1134:Africa
1046:54-69.
941:53–66.
848:58-67.
833:7 July
759:
491:clasts
480:, but
349:after
300:, and
216:Nevada
97:Nevada
20:, see
1931:Sajsi
900:1-27.
829:(1–4)
212:Idaho
117:113°W
93:Idaho
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