144:.This included some improvement in the 1881 Land Act. He now wished to turn his attention more to the Home Rule question. The Irish National Land League was replaced by the Irish National League. Parnell also wanted to see an end to the Ladies' Land League. There had been increased violence when he was in jail and he saw Anna as too radical. The organization had an overdraft of ÂŁ5,000 which Parnell agreed to clear from central funds only if the organization was dissolved. At a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 August 1882 The Ladies' Land League voted to dissolve itself. Anna herself was not in attendance at that meeting having suffered a physical and mental collapse after the sudden death of Fanny the previous month at the age of 33.
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Address. The other bishops resisted on the basis that it would probably do more harm than good. They contented themselves with expressing their hope that "the women of
Ireland will continue to be the glory of their sex and the noble angels of stainless modesty". When newspapers interpreted this as a condemnation of the league, Croke wrote again to the Freeman's Journal to deny that this had been the intention of the bishops. Again complaints about him were made to the Vatican and again he had to account for himself to church authorities.
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the number pending . When notice of a pending eviction was received, members travelled to the area bringing money for assistance. If the tenants wanted to bring a law case, the league instructed a solicitor and paid his costs. They also erected wooden huts, if they could, for the evicted tenants, though the police often stopped this. In
October the Land League leaders were jailed and the League banned. From jail they issued a "No Rent " manifesto. From this point on the women were responsible for continuing the work.
74:. They also saw to the welfare of the Land League prisoners in Kilmainham Gaol. They provided them with comforts of various kinds and organized a food supply for them so they would not have to depend on prison food. Caterers were used at first, but at 25s 6d per week per head this was a drain on funds. Eventually Anna Parnell persuaded the League leaders to change to 15s a week allowance to each prisoner to provide for himself.
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Leech of d'Olier Street who sent along carpenters to oversee the work. A galvanized tin roof, felt cladding and a stove were sent separately. These huts could be erected quickly and could also be quickly dismantled and moved to another site. This frequently happened as tenants after a few months paid arrears and moved back to their holdings. Over 200 such huts were built.
43:, the dominant political figure of the day, was chosen as President. By late 1880 Davitt felt sure that the leadership of the League would soon be imprisoned. He suggested that a Ladies' Land League be set up to carry on the work after their imprisonment. A few months previously a Ladies' Land League Committee had been set up in New York by
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The statute empowered magistrates to imprison "persons not of good fame" if they did not post bail as a guarantee of their good behavior. Since she claimed her behavior was good, Reynolds refused to pay bail and spent a month in Cork gaol. In all, thirteen women served jail sentences under this statute.
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The prominent resident magistrate, Major
Clifford Lloyd, was of the view that the Coercion Act could only usefully be used against combinations and he persuaded the Chief Secretary, Forster, to initiate a scheme to infuse new vigour into the administration of the ordinary law. The country was divided
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The dissension was revived somewhat in the summer of 1882. An "Address by the
Catholic Bishops of Ireland to their Flocks on the State of the Country" was to be issued on 10 June. McCabe (now Cardinal) and another bishop tried to have a public condemnation of the Ladies' Land League inserted into the
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At first volunteer labour was used to build the huts erected for evicted tenants, but this proved very unsatisfactory. Eventually Anna
Parnell settled on prefabricated wooden huts about 20 feet long with windows and wooden floors. The wood was cut, prepared and shipped from Dublin by the firm of B.B.
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The government did not wish to be seen to use the
Coercion Act to imprison women, but another stratagem was used. In December 1881 21-year old Hannah Reynolds was imprisoned under an ancient statute from the reign of Edward III, the original purpose of which was to keep prostitutes off the streets.
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in August 1881, but towards the end of the year the government tried to close it down. William O'Brien, the editor, continued to smuggle out copy from
Kilmainham, but it fell to the ladies to get it printed. This was done first in London and then for a while in Paris. Eventually the ladies printed
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Lloyd claimed that the huts built for evicted tenants were being used as posts from which the evicted tenants could intimidate anyone who attempted to take over their vacated holdings. In April 1882, he threatened that anyone attempting to erect huts would be imprisoned. That month, Anne Kirke was
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At
Central Office a detailed register, referred to by the women as the "Book of Kells" was kept of information sent in weekly by the local branches. This detailed every estate, the name of the landlord or agent, number of tenants, rent paid, valuation, number of evictions that had taken place and
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The order banning the League made no direct reference to the Ladies' Land League but many police officers tried to insist that the ban included the women's group. Eventually, on 16 December 1881, Inspector
General Hillier of the R.I.C. ordered the police to stop the women's meetings. Anna Parnell
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challenging the "monstrous imputations" in McCabe's pastoral. It was quite a church scandal for one bishop to attack the pastoral of another. McCabe complained to the
Vatican, backing his complaints with a thick file of Irish newspaper clippings about events around the country. Bishop Moran was
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of Dublin was read out in all the churches of the diocese. It condemned the league in the strongest terms, deploring that "our Catholic daughters, be they matrons or virgins, are called forth, under the flimsy pretext of charity, to take their stand in the noisy street of life." McCabe was not
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into five districts, each presided over by a Special Resident Magistrate, with executive authority over the entire forces of the crown within his area. Lloyd himself was appointed Special Resident Magistrate for the Limerick district.
47:, Charles' sister, to raise funds for the Irish National Land League. Parnell was strongly opposed but Davitt and the Treasurer, Patrick Egan, persuaded the Central Committee. Davitt suggested
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defiantly issued a notice to all Ladies' Land League branches in the country, widely publicised in the press, calling on them all to hold a meeting at 1.30 p.m. on 1 January 1882.
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sent down from Dublin to Tulla, County Clare, to oversee the erection of huts for a large number of evicted tenants. Lloyd had her arrested and imprisoned for three months.
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The final accounts of the Ladies' Land League, presented to Michael Davitt in June 1882, show that they expended just short of ÂŁ70,000 during their 18 months of existence.
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The organisation grew rapidly. By May 1881 there were 321 branches in Ireland, with branches also in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
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in 1879. Its aims were a) "to bring about a reduction of rack rents" and b) "to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers".
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charged with sorting out the quarrel and managed to elicit a grudging apology to McCabe from Croke for being "technically" wrong in his actions.
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51:, another sister, to head it and on 31 January 1881 at 39, Sackville Street, Dublin the Ladies' Land League was formally established.
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As well as providing grants to evicted tenants, the League also provided grants to the families of those jailed under the
281:, in The Ivy Leaf: The Parnells Remembered, Pauric Travers and Donal McCartney, eds, University College Dublin Press, 2006
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On Sunday 12 March 1881, just more than a month after the formation of the league, a pastoral letter of Archbishop
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The ladies found themselves with additional work late in 1881. The Land League had started its own paper
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during the 1916 Rising, her house was destroyed and the records perished in the blaze.
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of Cashel, a strong supporter of the original league. Croke published a letter in the
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and took over the functions of that organization when its leadership was imprisoned.
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On 3 May 1882 Parnell and other leaders were released from jail after agreeing the
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From Parnell to De Valera ; a biography of Jennie Wyse Power, 1858–1941
23:(founded 31 January 1881; dissolved 10 August 1882) was an auxiliary of the
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151:, who had served on the Central Committee, had kept them in her house in
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and circulated it themselves from an office at 32 Lower Abbey Street.
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The records of the Ladies' Land League were lost to history in 1916.
279:"No Turning Back": Anna Parnell, Identity, Memory and Gender
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Body campaigning for land reform in Ireland, 19th century
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35:The Irish National Land League was founded by
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322:1882 disestablishments in Ireland
327:Irish agrarian protest societies
267:Dictionary of National Biography
265:Lloyd, Charles Dalton Clifford,
312:Irish nationalist organisations
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55:Work of the Ladies' Land League
317:1881 establishments in Ireland
307:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
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155:. When fire spread from
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200:, Blackwater Press 1991
100:Archbishop Thomas Croke
41:Charles Stewart Parnell
254:Fanny and Anna Parnell
115:Government response
21:Ladies' Land League
277:Travers, Pauric,
252:Coté, Jane McL.,
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31:Background
19:The
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