437:
24:
291:
581:. Management, however, often pressures the workers to select favored employees. Officers usually maintain their seniority and tenure while working exclusively on union activities and while being paid from the union's accounts, and union offices are often located at the factory site. Many union officers go on to higher positions within the corporation if they are particularly effective, but few become active in organized labor activities at the national level.
2424:
2434:
599:
1843:
1833:
792:
806:
277:
Employees' Unions (105,950), Zendenko Roren (53,853), National
Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Societies Employees' Unions (45,830), All Japan Council of Optical Industry Workers' Union (44,776), National Teachers Federation of Japan (42,000), Faculty and Staff Union of Japanese Universities (38,500), and All Aluminium Industrial Workers Union (36,000).
420:), the government-sponsored workers' organization, as part of a national reorganization of all civil organizations under central government direction and as a means of controlling radical elements in the workforce. Nonetheless, employees could still bargain and gain welfare benefits on a local level. Sampō remained in existence at the end of the war.
401:, there were many attempts to establish a trade union law to protect the rights of workers to organize themselves, including a Department of Home Affairs bill in 1925, which would have prevented employers from discharging workers for belonging to a union, or requiring workers to quit (or not join) a union. But these bills never became law.
584:
The relationship between the typical labor union and the company is unusually close. Both white- and blue-collar workers join the union automatically in most major companies. Temporary and subcontracting workers are excluded, and managers with the rank of section manager and above are considered part
697:
often occur. The number of working days lost to labor disputes peaked in the economic turmoil of 1974 and 1975 at around 9 million workdays in the two-year period. In 1979, however, there were fewer than 1 million days lost. Since 1981 the average number of days lost per worker each year to disputes
432:
on 15 August 1945, allied forces, mostly
American, rapidly began arriving in Japan. Almost immediately, the occupiers began an intensive program of legal changes designed to democratize Japan. One action was to ensure the creation of a Trade Union Law to allow for the first time workers to organize,
701:
After 1975, when the economy entered a period of slower growth, annual wage increases moderated and labor relations were conciliatory. During the 1980s, workers received pay hikes that on average closely reflected the real growth of GNP for the preceding year. In 1989, for example, workers received
356:
and Besshi, which were only suppressed by the use of troops. None of these early unions were large (the metalworkers union had 3,000 members, only 5% of workers employed in the industry), or lasted longer than three or four years, largely due to strong opposition from employers and the government's
276:
A further 19,139 unions, with a combined membership of 2,842,521 workers, were affiliated to other national labour organizations. The labour union organizations included (with membership figures for 2001/2002) the
National Federation of Construction Workers' Unions (717,908) Federation of City Bank
660:
201:
authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions, but reversed course as part of broader anti-Communist measures. The legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organize, and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by
February 1947. The organization rate peaked at 55.8% in
452:
While the law was created while Japan was under occupation, the law itself was largely a
Japanese work. It was put together by a large legal advisory commission headed by the legal scholar Suehiro Izutaro. The commission was quite large, consisting of "three Welfare ministry bureaucrats and two
408:
with employers, and the setting up of management-organized factory councils, over 800 unions had succeeded in organizing only 7.9% of the labour force by 1931. Of these unions, the majority were organized along industrial or craft lines, with about one-third organized on an enterprise basis.
585:
of management. In most corporations, however, many of the managerial staff are former union members. In general, Japanese unions are sensitive to the economic health of the company, and company management usually briefs the union membership on the state of corporate affairs.
689:
are highly ritualized affairs, with banners, sloganeering, and dances aimed more at being a show of force than a crippling job action. Meanwhile, serious discussions take place between the union officers and corporate managers to determine pay and benefit adjustments.
565:
The rate of labor union membership declined considerably after its postwar high to 18.5% as of 2010. The continuing long-term reduction in union membership was caused by several factors, including the restructuring of
Japanese industry away from
205:
The labour movement went through a process of reorganization from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations, along with other smaller national union organizations.
2389:
2399:
386:. In the early 1920s, ultra-cooperative unionists proposed the fusion of labour and management interests, heightening political divisions within the labour movement and precipitating the departure of
2313:
162:
2358:
682:. Unit unions often banded together for wage negotiations, but federations did not control their policies or actions. Federations also engaged in political and public relations activities.
2148:
378:) in 1921. Two years later it had a membership of 100,000 in 300 unions. From 1918 to 1921, a wave of major industrial disputes marked the peak of organized labour power. A prolonged
266:
2353:
2363:
2308:
2273:
2193:
1186:
2318:
2293:
2208:
2188:
2138:
2108:
172:
2404:
2283:
2278:
706:
growth had averaged 5% between 1987 and 1989. The moderate trend continued in the early 1990s as the country's national labor federations were reorganizing themselves.
2348:
2298:
2233:
2123:
190:, after 1890, as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization. Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by a lack of legal rights,
2323:
2238:
2218:
334:. The use of strike action increased, and 1897, with the establishment of a union for metalworkers, saw the beginnings of the modern Japanese trade-union movement.
2368:
2203:
2183:
2118:
2113:
2409:
2328:
2288:
2243:
1749:
1729:
2168:
2163:
996:
457:), and an overall membership of more than 130 members representing universities, corporations, political parties, the bureaucracy, social workers, and labor."
551:
236:
1527:
1074:
471:
was enacted. It has since been amended in 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1966, 1971, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1993, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2005.
1379:
1331:
251:
1228:
540:
533:
1877:
1189:
222:, with a combined membership of 7,395,666 workers, belonged either directly, or indirectly through labour union councils, to the three main
735:
1893:
223:
1971:
1499:
1966:
902:
1790:
294:
The Ashio copper mine (c1895). A three-day riot in 1907 at the
Furukawa Company's massive mine was violently suppressed by troops.
2338:
1734:
412:
In 1940, the government dissolved the existing unions and absorbed them into the
Industrial Association for Serving the Nation (
1997:
1169:
703:
620:
99:
1132:
464:, which became law on 3 May 1947 includes article 28, which guarantees the right of workers to participate in a trade union.
370:), formed in 1912 by Bunji Suzuki, which became Japan's first durable union and was renamed the Japan Federation of Labour (
2065:
720:
529:
522:
80:
1872:
1836:
1583:
1557:
1029:"THE ORIGIN OF ONE PARTY DOMINATION: AMERICA'S REVERSE COURSE AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN JAPAN"
194:
legislation, management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “cooperative” and radical unionists.
1867:
1532:
1409:
2012:
1724:
1389:
755:
646:
145:
628:
2394:
671:
518:
510:
352:
1907 saw the greatest number of disputes in a decade, with large-scale riots at Japan's two leading copper mines,
2258:
2017:
1862:
1846:
2458:
1910:
1492:
1071:
624:
1920:
1714:
1619:
1457:
1058:
834:
2228:
1940:
1898:
846:
474:
By 1960, Japan's labor unions were at the height of their power, and served as the backbone of the massive
1209:
2198:
2088:
2027:
1992:
1935:
1770:
1739:
1686:
1547:
114:
1328:
2098:
1588:
1225:
479:
341:
successfully struck for improvement of status and higher wages. In the same year, ships' carpenters in
482:. However, that same year, the Japanese labor movement suffered a devastating defeat in the climactic
2158:
1976:
1915:
1775:
1719:
1709:
1691:
1644:
1542:
1522:
1485:
829:
35:. The reason given is: this article is largely missing information about this topic from 1991 onward.
2253:
2223:
2080:
2058:
2002:
1903:
1634:
609:
2463:
2103:
2093:
972:
824:
797:
613:
526:
468:
118:
436:
2303:
2268:
2173:
2133:
2007:
1925:
1681:
509:), with 4.4 million members—a substantial percentage representing public sector employees; the
487:
327:
948:
2263:
2178:
2153:
2143:
2128:
1780:
1593:
679:
461:
433:
strike, and bargain collectively, which was passed by the Diet of Japan on 22 December 1945.
1167:
Directory of Labor
Administration, Major Trade Unions, and Employee's Associations in Japan.
2248:
2213:
1826:
1676:
1537:
750:
546:
In 1987 Dōmei and Chūritsu Rōren were dissolved and amalgamated into the newly established
405:
899:
678:
Local labor unions and work unit unions, rather than the federations, conducted the major
8:
2378:
2051:
1765:
1744:
391:
198:
693:
During downturns, or when management tries to reduce the number of permanent employees,
37:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1945:
537:
429:
387:
323:
2433:
1795:
1701:
1598:
1405:
1385:
1040:
319:
1166:
89:
1950:
1639:
1508:
930:
307:
1125:
1112:
570:. Many people entering the workforce in the 1980s joined smaller companies in the
1930:
1821:
1399:
1335:
1232:
1193:
1173:
1136:
1078:
906:
745:
571:
445:
398:
453:
scholars, a steering committee of 30 members (including the communist firebrand
1671:
874:
574:, where there was a general disinclination toward joining labor organizations.
567:
483:
454:
441:
383:
379:
353:
338:
290:
1247:
2452:
2427:
1614:
1375:
1262:
Weinstein, D. (1994). United we stand: firms and enterprise unions in Japan.
1044:
869:
740:
694:
578:
577:
Any regular employee below the rank of section chief is eligible to become a
475:
390:
unions from Sōdōmei in 1925. The union movement has remained divided between
311:
215:
183:
1800:
1629:
1552:
811:
299:
187:
2437:
1098:
Washington: GPO for the
Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved 12 June 2011
1095:
857:
494:
331:
1435:
1028:
444:: police with helmets and batons clash with striking coal miners at the
2043:
1666:
1624:
777:
506:
498:
358:
191:
366:
349:
formed a union, and a dispute followed with demands for higher wages.
2032:
2022:
1805:
1013:
Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed.,
851:
361:
policies, notably the Public Order and Police Provisions Law (1900).
1153:
929:
Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
686:
659:
598:
490:
in Kyushu, marking the high-water mark of labor militancy in Japan.
1567:
1562:
1477:
772:
730:
664:
364:
One labour organization that did survive was the Friendly Society (
346:
261:
246:
72:
1658:
949:
Trends in number of labor unions, members, and participation rate
1467:
1452:
404:
Hampered by their weak legal status, the absence of a right to
303:
791:
1430:
760:
725:
554:
547:
342:
231:
219:
63:
1248:
The Development and Structure of Japanese Enterprise Unions.
1187:
The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan.
1654:
1440:
1401:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
1126:
Affiliated unions, National Confederation of Trade Unions (
315:
698:
was just over 9% of the number lost in the United States.
1226:
Unfair Labor Practices under the Trade Union Law of Japan
1472:
1462:
1352:
460:
In addition to the Trade Union Act of 1945, the postwar
394:(“cooperative”) unions and left wing unions ever since.
197:
In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the
1750:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
1264:
Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 8,
1070:
Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training website
1473:
Zentoitsu Workers Union (Ueno-Okachimachi, Tokyo) (ja)
1124:
Japan Institute for Labour Policy, Survey 2001-2002.
977:(Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011
947:
Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training website
1165:
Japan Institute for Labour Policy, Survey 2001-2002,
497:
were represented by four main labor federations: the
1528:
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
1309:
1215:
23, Winter 1965/66, pp.19-26. Retrieved 19 June 2011
787:
202:
1949 and subsequently declined to 18.5% as of 2010.
1381:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
1297:
974:
The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868-1914
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
557:), and in 1990 Sōhyō affiliates merged with Rengo.
209:
1340:
302:(1868–1912), most labour disputes occurred in the
731:National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenroren)
2450:
1072:Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis: 2009/2010
912:
898:Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training.
382:that followed brought cutbacks in employment in
318:. The second half of the period witnessed rapid
1730:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
534:National Federation of Industrial Organizations
337:In February 1898, engineers and stokers at the
1468:Zenkoku Ippan Tokyo General Union (Tozen) (en)
1327:Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training
2059:
1493:
1280:Industrial Association for Serving the Nation
1096:Labor Unions, Employment and Labor Relations.
1453:General Union (Osaka and Nagoya areas) (en)
1404:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1278:is variously referred to in English as the
943:
941:
939:
627:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
588:
186:emerged in Japan in the second half of the
2066:
2052:
1972:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
1842:
1832:
1500:
1486:
1009:
1007:
1005:
726:Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengo)
250:: National Confederation of Trade Unions (
1967:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
1242:
1240:
1090:Dolan, R. E. & Worden, R. L. (Eds.).
931:Labour Unions and Membership (1945-2005).
761:Zenkoku Ippan Tokyo General Union (Tozen)
647:Learn how and when to remove this message
2073:
1791:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
936:
658:
499:General Council of Trade Unions of Japan
435:
289:
109:Labour Union Law (Act. No. 51, Dec 1945)
73:National Confederation of Trade Unions (
1735:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1002:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
721:National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo)
285:
2451:
1998:Government-business relations in Japan
1237:
423:
235:: Japanese Trade Union Confederation (
112:Labour Relations Adjustment Law (1946)
100:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
2047:
1481:
1397:
1374:
1358:
1346:
1315:
1303:
954:
532:), with 1.6 million members; and the
467:On 1 June 1949, a new version of the
1507:
1107:Japanese Trade Union Confederation (
980:
625:adding citations to reliable sources
592:
523:Association of Neutral Labour Unions
493:Until the mid-1980s, Japan's 74,500
270:Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai Renraku Kyōgi-kai
64:Japanese Trade Union Confederation (
17:
1837:List of Japan natural gas companies
1584:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
1284:Movement in Service for the Country
1059:National Labour Law Profile: Japan.
1026:
13:
1894:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
1533:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
1210:The Trade Union Movement in Japan.
1197:American Historical Review, 104:3.
766:
548:Japanese Trade Union Confederation
242:) 33,940 unions, 6,507,222 members
14:
2475:
2013:Research and development in Japan
1725:Japan External Trade Organization
1419:
1199:June 1999. Retrieved 16 June 2011
1033:The Journal of East Asian Affairs
736:National Union of General Workers
521:), with 2.2 million members; the
326:, and the transformation of many
310:and took the form of small-scale
146:International Labour Organization
137:Percentage of workforce unionized
2432:
2423:
2422:
1841:
1831:
863:
804:
790:
702:an average 5.1% pay hike, while
597:
265:: National Trade Union Council (
210:National labor union federations
22:
2018:Science and technology in Japan
1863:International rankings of Japan
1847:List of power stations in Japan
1558:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
1321:
1288:League for Service to the State
1269:
1256:
1218:
1202:
1179:
1159:
1142:
1118:
1101:
1084:
1015:A Companion to Japanese History
751:Japan Teachers Union (Nikkyoso)
272:) 1,625 unions, 158,342 members
257:) 7,531 unions, 730,102 members
2390:British Indian Ocean Territory
1368:
1148:National Trade Union Council (
1064:
1051:
1020:
999:CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011
892:
854:, Japanese white collar worker
665:National Trade Union Council (
81:National Trade Union Council (
1:
1878:Prefectures by GDP per capita
1620:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
880:
835:Black company (Japanese term)
685:During prosperous times, the
560:
543:), with only 61,000 members.
511:Japan Confederation of Labour
1292:Industrial Patriotic Society
885:
847:Japanese blue collar workers
818:
503:nihon rōdō kumiai sōhyōgikai
240:Nihon Rōdōkumiai Sōrengō-kai
152:Japan is a member of the ILO
7:
2028:Standard of living in Japan
1993:Economic relations of Japan
1771:Japanese management culture
1687:Financial services in Japan
1548:Japanese asset price bubble
1424:
1061:ILO. Retrieved 10 June 2011
783:
115:Labour Standards Law (1947)
10:
2480:
1589:Industrial policy of Japan
1057:Jung, L. (30 March 2011).
951:Retrieved on June 12, 2012
840:
480:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
280:
255:Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai Sōrengō
124:Labour Contract Law (2007)
2418:
2377:
2337:
2079:
1985:
1977:Japan Business Federation
1959:
1886:
1868:List of largest companies
1855:
1814:
1776:Japanese work environment
1758:
1720:Financial Services Agency
1710:Development Bank of Japan
1700:
1692:Japanese financial system
1653:
1645:Scrip of Edo period Japan
1607:
1576:
1543:Japanese economic miracle
1523:Economic history of Japan
1515:
1251:The Asia-Pacific Journal.
1246:Benson, J. (3 Nov 2008).
830:Japanese work environment
756:University Teachers Union
714:
709:
298:In the first half of the
171:
161:
156:
151:
144:
136:
128:
121:(Act. No. 174, June 1949)
105:
95:
59:
31:This article needs to be
2139:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2003:List of exports of Japan
1635:National Printing Bureau
1458:Kanagawa City Union (ja)
1446:
1213:International Socialism,
589:Negotiations and actions
478:against revision of the
224:labour union federations
60:National organization(s)
2400:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1027:LEE, YONG WOOK (2004).
825:Japanese employment law
798:Organized labour portal
687:spring labor offensives
322:, the development of a
157:Convention ratification
2008:National debt of Japan
1682:Capital flows in Japan
1253:Retrieved 15 June 2011
1176:Retrieved 10 June 2011
1139:Retrieved 10 June 2011
1115:Retrieved 10 June 2011
1092:Japan: A Country Study
1081:Retrieved 10 June 2011
997:Labor unions in Japan.
933:Retrieved 10 June 2011
909:Retrieved 11 June 2011
675:
515:zen nihon rodo sodomei
488:Mitsui Miike Coal Mine
484:Miike Coal Mine strike
449:
295:
163:Freedom of Association
129:Total union membership
2459:Trade unions in Japan
1715:Fair Trade Commission
1594:Trade policy of Japan
1156:Retrieved 8 June 2011
680:collective bargaining
662:
462:constitution of Japan
439:
339:Japan Railway Company
293:
55:Labor unions in Japan
2314:United Arab Emirates
2074:Trade unions in Asia
1827:Solar power in Japan
1677:Tokyo Stock Exchange
1538:Income Doubling Plan
1398:Kapur, Nick (2018).
900:Labor Laws of Japan.
621:improve this section
517:, commonly known as
505:, commonly known as
406:bargain collectively
286:Meiji period to 1945
96:Regulatory authority
2341:limited recognition
1941:Public corporations
1766:Japanese labour law
1745:National Tax Agency
1740:Ministry of Finance
1702:Government agencies
1463:Tokyo NAMBU (ja/en)
1361:, pp. 135–137.
1224:Kimura, Shinichi,
1185:Nimura, K. (1997).
1017:(2009) pp. 493-510.
442:1960 Miike struggle
424:1945 to the present
106:Primary legislation
56:
1936:Private enterprise
1873:Prefectures by GDP
1334:2011-06-12 at the
1231:2011-07-18 at the
1192:2009-12-04 at the
1172:2011-09-27 at the
1154:Affiliated unions.
1135:2012-03-14 at the
1113:Affiliated unions.
1077:2011-09-27 at the
905:2011-05-25 at the
676:
476:1960 Anpo protests
450:
430:Japanese surrender
372:Nihon Rōdō Sodomei
324:capitalist economy
308:textile industries
296:
54:
2446:
2445:
2383:other territories
2041:
2040:
657:
656:
649:
320:industrialization
181:
180:
173:Right to Organise
52:
51:
2471:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2395:Christmas Island
2081:Sovereign states
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2044:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1640:Tokugawa coinage
1509:Economy of Japan
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1415:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
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1301:
1295:
1273:
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1200:
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1177:
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1157:
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1140:
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1099:
1088:
1082:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1000:
995:Cross Currents.
993:
978:
969:
952:
945:
934:
927:
910:
896:
814:
809:
808:
807:
800:
795:
794:
652:
645:
641:
638:
632:
601:
593:
568:heavy industries
414:Sangyo Hokokukai
314:and spontaneous
214:In 2005, 43,096
119:Labour Union Law
57:
53:
47:
44:
38:
26:
25:
18:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2414:
2382:
2373:
2354:Northern Cyprus
2340:
2333:
2075:
2072:
2042:
2037:
1981:
1955:
1904:domestic market
1882:
1851:
1822:Energy in Japan
1810:
1754:
1696:
1649:
1603:
1572:
1511:
1506:
1449:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1392:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:Wayback Machine
1329:Trade Union Law
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1238:
1233:Wayback Machine
1223:
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1194:Wayback Machine
1184:
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455:Kyuichi Tokuda
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380:economic slump
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2379:Dependencies
2309:Turkmenistan
2274:Saudi Arabia
1986:Other topics
1960:Associations
1911:Construction
1801:Nenko System
1796:Shūshin koyō
1786:Labor unions
1785:
1781:Labor market
1759:Labor market
1630:Japanese yen
1553:Lost Decades
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1349:, p. 2.
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812:Japan portal
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619:Please help
607:
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541:Shinsanbetsu
514:
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501:(日本労働組合総評議会
495:trade unions
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188:Meiji period
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167:14 June 1965
140:18.5% (2010)
111:
82:
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32:
15:
2438:Asia portal
2339:States with
2259:Philippines
2199:South Korea
2194:North Korea
2089:Afghanistan
1921:Electronics
1369:Works cited
971:Nimura, K.
858:Office lady
332:wage labour
330:workers to
267:全国労働組合連絡協議会
2453:Categories
2319:Uzbekistan
2294:Tajikistan
2209:Kyrgyzstan
2189:Kazakhstan
2109:Bangladesh
2099:Azerbaijan
1899:Automotive
1667:Nikkei 225
1625:Japan Mint
1431:RENGO (en)
1384:, Norton,
1359:Kapur 2018
1347:Kapur 2018
1316:Dower 1999
1304:Dower 1999
1208:Baker, D.
881:References
561:Membership
428:After the
397:After the
392:right wing
359:anti-union
237:日本労働組合総連合会
192:anti-union
132:10,238,187
2405:Hong Kong
2359:Palestine
2284:Sri Lanka
2279:Singapore
2159:Indonesia
2033:Amakudari
2023:Nemawashi
1946:Transport
1806:Salaryman
1045:1010-1608
886:Citations
852:Salaryman
819:Workplace
608:does not
388:left wing
252:全国労働組合総連合
2428:Category
2349:Abkhazia
2299:Thailand
2254:Pakistan
2234:Mongolia
2229:Maldives
2224:Malaysia
2124:Cambodia
1887:Industry
1856:Rankings
1608:Currency
1599:Taxation
1568:Keiretsu
1563:Zaibatsu
1425:National
1378:(1999),
1332:Archived
1229:Archived
1190:Archived
1170:Archived
1150:Zenrokyo
1133:Archived
1128:Zenroren
1075:Archived
903:Archived
784:See also
773:Sanbetsu
667:Zenrokyo
637:May 2021
347:Yokohama
262:Zenrokyo
247:Zenroren
83:Zenrokyo
75:Zenroren
2324:Vietnam
2239:Myanmar
2219:Lebanon
2149:Georgia
2104:Bahrain
2094:Armenia
1951:Whaling
1916:Defense
1659:finance
1655:Banking
1516:History
841:Workers
695:strikes
672:May Day
629:removed
614:sources
527:ja:中立労連
486:at the
376:Sōdōmei
367:Yuaikai
312:strikes
281:History
33:updated
2369:Taiwan
2304:Turkey
2269:Russia
2204:Kuwait
2184:Jordan
2174:Israel
2134:Cyprus
2119:Brunei
2114:Bhutan
1931:Mining
1815:Energy
1577:Policy
1408:
1388:
1290:, and
1266:53-71.
1043:
715:Extant
710:Unions
538:ja:新産別
328:feudal
304:mining
90:Others
2410:Macau
2329:Yemen
2289:Syria
2264:Qatar
2244:Nepal
2179:Japan
2154:India
2144:Egypt
2129:China
1447:Local
1276:Sampō
1109:Rengo
778:Sōhyō
663:2011
555:RENGO
519:Dōmei
507:Sōhyō
418:Sampō
354:Ashio
343:Tokyo
316:riots
232:Rengo
220:Japan
66:Rengo
2249:Oman
2214:Laos
2169:Iraq
2164:Iran
1657:and
1406:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1041:ISSN
612:any
610:cite
440:The
345:and
306:and
2381:and
1111:),
704:GNP
623:by
416:or
374:or
218:in
2455::
1286:,
1282:,
1239:^
1152:)
1130:).
1094:.
1037:18
1035:.
1031:.
1004:^
982:^
956:^
938:^
914:^
552:連合
226::
2067:e
2060:t
2053:v
1501:e
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1414:.
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669:)
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644:(
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635:(
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550:(
536:(
525:(
513:(
85:)
77:)
68:)
45:)
41:(
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