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295:
223:
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40:
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1622:(An attempt at a grammar of neo-Jewish language), Helsinki, pp. 9–36. In this work, not only does he provide a review of Yiddish grammar, but also proposes its transition to the Latin script and other orthographic innovations. In the same period Zamenhof wrote some other works in Yiddish, including perhaps the first survey of Yiddish poetics (see p. 50 in the above-cited book).
1676:
1577:(International language: Introduction and complete textbook) was published in Russian under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto" (Doctor Hoper, or literally "Doctor One Who Hopes"). Zamenhof initially called his language "Lingvo internacia" (international language), but those who learned it began to call it
3083:
What was his first language? He wrote in a letter in 1901 that his "parental language" (mother tongue) was
Russian, but that at the time he was speaking more in Polish (Zamenhof 1929:523). However, all other evidence points to Yiddish as his mother tongue and first language. He was born in Białystok
1652:
In 1914, he declined an invitation to join a new organization of Jewish
Esperantists, the TEHA. In his letter to the organizers, he said, "I am profoundly convinced that every nationalism offers humanity only the greatest unhappiness ... It is true that the nationalism of oppressed peoples – as
910:
and other ethnicities. Zamenhof was saddened and frustrated by the many quarrels among these groups. He supposed that the main reason for the hate and prejudice lay in the mutual misunderstanding caused by the lack of a common language. If such a language existed, Zamenhof postulated, it could play
3458:
that the spread of
Esperanto throughout Europe was a Jewish plot to break down national differences so that Jews could assume positions of authority.... After the Nazis' successful Blitzkrieg of Poland, the Warsaw Gestapo received orders to 'take care' of the Zamenhof family.... Zamenhof's son was
1681:
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1677:
1682:
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But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers—even native speakers—and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika
1521:, Zamenhof attempted to create an international language with a grammar that was rich, but complex. When he later studied English, he decided that the international language must have a simpler grammar. Apart from his parents' native languages Russian and
1653:
a natural self-defensive reaction – is much more excusable than the nationalism of peoples who oppress; but, if the nationalism of the strong is ignoble, the nationalism of the weak is imprudent; both give birth to and support each other". The
1968:, founded a branch of the first official Esperanto society Esrero in Russia. In the years 1896–97 N. A. Borovko became its chairman. A monument to L. Zamenhof was installed in Odessa in an ordinary residential courtyard. Esperantist sculptor
1679:
1908:
In some
Israeli cities, street signs identify Esperanto's creator and give his birth and death dates, but refer to him solely by his Jewish name Eliezer, his original birth name. Zamenhof is honoured as a deity by the Japanese religion
1581:
after his pseudonym, and this soon became the official name for the language. For
Zamenhof, this language, far from being merely a communication tool, was a way to promote peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures.
351:
selected
Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death. As of 2019, there are a minimum of 2 million people speaking Esperanto, including an estimated 1,000 native speakers.
1972:
lived in this house, who in the early 1960s brought a sculptural portrait into the courtyard, because the customs authorities did not allow the sculpture to be sent to the
Esperanto Congress in Vienna.
2019:
in the United
Kingdom by the Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB), which began to provide lessons and promote the language locally. There is a road named after Zamenhof in the city: Zamenhof Grove.
3687:
2982:
3514:
1725:
in particular took a keen interest in
Esperanto, and as an adult became a teacher of the language, traveling through Europe and to America to teach classes in it. Through her friendship with
1678:
3769:
328:. The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication. He successfully formed a community which has survived to this day despite the
3739:
1383:
1937:
1573:
For two years, he tried to raise funds to publish a booklet describing the language, until he received the financial help from his future wife's father. In 1887, the book titled
1969:
1744:(Adam's son), lived in France from the 1960s until his death in 2019. As of 2020, Louis-Christophe's daughter, Margaret Zaleski-Zamenhof, is active in the Esperanto movement.
2084:
779:
and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L. L. Zamenhof" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order
1782:(the term in Esperanto, usually rendered as "humanitism" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of
2698:
3380:
2833:
3840:
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3183:
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1737:. As one of its social principles, the Baháʼí Faith teaches that an auxiliary world language should be selected by the representatives of all the world's nations.
720:« son of Mark » (in reference to his father, Markus), as is the custom in the language. His family name is of German origin and was originally written
2022:
As
Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the Esperanto Society of New York gathers every December to celebrate Zamenhofa Tago (Zamenhof Day in Esperanto).
3356:
2316:
3574:
3277:
3219:
4363:
3683:
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Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Musiatowicz, Marcin; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (June 2009). "Laryngologist Leon Zamenhof—brother of Dr. Esperanto".
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3709:
3638:
1955:
3025:
373:
4086:
2970:
Leyzer (Eliezer) Levi Zamenhof was born in 1859 into a Jewish family in Belostok, a provincial city in the Russian Empire, now Bialystok, Poland.
2579:
734:. The change of the initial letter from « S » to « Z » is not unusual, as in German an initial « s » is pronounced
3510:
123:
2857:
3879:
3766:
3544:
1923:
3787:
2397:
1986:
honoured Zamenhof in the occasion of his centenary. In 2015, it decided to support the celebration of the 100th anniversary of his death.
1672:, who said: "There will be a time where the Polish soil and nation will understand what fame gave this great son of God to his homeland."
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1504:
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3511:"3 россиянина, награждённые орденом Почётного легиона за необычные заслуги (3 Russians Awarded Légion d'honneur for Unusual Merits)"
2103:
2005:
1890:), Italy, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands and Brazil. There are Zamenhof Hills in Hungary and Brazil, and a Zamenhof Island in the
1542:
was finished. However, Zamenhof was too young then to publish his work. Soon after graduation he began to study medicine, first in
775:
proposal. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name "Dr L. Zamenhof", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name
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2079:
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2001:
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1807:
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1612:. The complete original Russian text of this manuscript was only published in 1982, with parallel Esperanto translation by
3454:: "Between world wars, Esperanto fared worse and, sadly, became embroiled in political power moves. Adolf Hitler wrote in
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Zamenhof first developed the Esperanto language in 1873 while still in school. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a
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106:
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3672:. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest (in Esperanto). Vol. 7. Saint-Sulpice-de-Royan. p. 823.
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340:). Additionally, Esperanto has developed like other languages: through the interaction and creativity of its users.
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and Russian. His father was a teacher of French and German. From him, Zamenhof learned both languages, as well as
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1962:
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1874:, where he lived and owned a house for some time. There are others in Poland, the United Kingdom, France,
1558:
and Vienna. While healing people there, he continued to work on his project of an international language.
877:. He later learned some English, though in his own words not very well. He had an interest in Italian and
3009:
2489:
1786:. He said of Homaranismo: "It is indeed the object of my whole life. I would give up everything for it."
1546:, and later in Warsaw. In 1885, Zamenhof graduated from university and began his practice as a doctor in
344:
2855:
Birth Certificate N 47: "Leyzer Zamengov, son of Mordkha Fayvelovich Zamengov and Liba Sholemovna Sofer"
1669:
911:
the role of a neutral communication tool between people of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds.
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when it came out in 1880. By that time, his international language project was already well developed.
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1814:.) Ultimately Zamenhof was nominated 12 times for the Nobel Peace Prize. On the occasion of the fifth
4348:
1842:
1829:
1360:
1215:
1128:
3102:
3038:..born on December 15, 1859, into a Jewish family in what was then the Russian city of Bialystock...
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658:
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272:
117:
820:
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2009:
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Hundreds of city streets, parks, and bridges worldwide have also been named after Zamenhof. In
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1730:
555:
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1317:
1302:
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2687:, University of Amsterdam, ACLC Seminar, Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research (AIHR),
2616:
1660:
Zamenhof died in Warsaw on 14 April 1917, possibly of a heart attack, and was buried at the
1641:. He left the movement in 1887, and in 1901 published a statement in Russian with the title
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In addition to the Jewish Yiddish-speaking minority, the population of Białystok included
8:
3597:"Olaizola, Borja. "Chatear en Esperanto, vigésimo idioma del mundo más usado en la red."
2459:
2253:
2098:
1529:, his projects were also aided by his mastery of German, a good passive understanding of
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1307:
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1052:
977:
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858:
815:
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when writing his first name. While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name
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1297:
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1047:
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20:
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In Italy, a few streets are named after Esperanto, including Largo Esperanto in Pisa.
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2439:
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1994:
1799:
1148:
1133:
1070:
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950:
378:
4227:
4039:
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Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language
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1803:
1795:
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1603:
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649:
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401:
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or create more modern IALs (the only other language like Esperanto at the time was
226:
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Besides his linguistic work, Zamenhof published a religious philosophy he called
1634:
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1526:
1099:
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1004:
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523:
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2016:
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1712:
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870:
838:
705:
version of his surname; many later Russian language documents also include the
686:
681:
672:
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Zamenhof came from a multilingual area. His name is transliterated as follows:
211:
207:
180:
81:
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4257:
4035:
3875:
3836:
3491:
2983:"100th anniversary of the death of L. ZAMENHOF, the creator of the Esperanto"
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2000:
The house of the Zamenhof family and a monument to Zamenhof are sites on the
1852:
1716:
1704:
1551:
892:
811:
702:
203:
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1990:
1849:
1664:. The farewell speech was delivered by the chief rabbi and preacher of the
1654:
1638:
1158:
1115:
2794:
1810:) and Professor Stanley Lane Poole. (The Prize was instead awarded to the
1533:, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.
830:
3214:
2336:
1753:
1726:
1355:
1089:
903:
333:
321:
2544:, Zamenhof's birth and death dates are 3 December 1859 and 1 April 1917.
2347:
2234:
3398:"Mapa Polski, mapa Wrocławia, turystyka, wypoczynek - SzukamyPolski.pl"
2037:
1561:
1010:
706:
256:
2905:
1997:
flew on the Google homepage to commemorate Zamenhof's 150th birthday.
1833:
Plaque in Rue du Vieux-Collège, commemorating Zamenhof's residence in
1798:
for creating Esperanto. In 1910, Zamenhof was first nominated for the
882:
337:
3803:
3604:
2215:
2049:
1887:
1867:
1637:, motivated Zamenhof to take part in the early Zionist movement, the
1547:
1109:
1017:
941:
930:
492:
329:
307:
306:(15 December 1859 – 14 April 1917) was the creator of
264:
168:
39:
4149:
3469:
Meaning in the Age of Modernism: C. K. Ogden and his contemporaries
2186:
1902:
1767:
899:
826:
73:
4145:
3142:"Kontribuaĵo al la studo pri la influoj de la jida sur Esperanton"
1841:
A monument or place linked to Zamenhof or Esperanto is known as a
1555:
1411:
3319:
1976:
In Gothenburg, Sweden a public square is named Esperantoplatsen.
1879:
1875:
1657:
is among the many works that Zamenhof translated into Esperanto.
1646:
1522:
1474:
907:
874:
846:
842:
4044:. Translated by Eliott, Ralph (1980 ed.). Esperanto Press.
3176:"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto | History Today"
2872:
1855:
is named in his honour. It was discovered on 6 February 1938 by
796:
3737:
UNESCO to Honor Memory of Zamenhof, Jewish Creator of Esperanto
3710:"Francis' lichen - Zamenhofia rosei: More Information - ARKive"
2568:
Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto
2248:
1983:
1951:
1918:
1913:, which encourages the use of Esperanto among its followers. A
1910:
1891:
1871:
1834:
1626:
1595:
1429:
862:
689:
at the time, his name was recorded on his birth certificate as
675:
family, at his birth Zamenhof was given the common Hebrew name
348:
102:
4069:
Zamenhof: the life, works and ideas of the author of Esperanto
3011:
Zamenhof: The Life, Works and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto
1897:
1606:. It was partly published years later in the Yiddish magazine
1438:
1420:
368:
4169:
1914:
1859:. There is also a minor planet named in honour of Esperanto (
1585:
1465:
866:
3684:"Ludwik Zamenhof. They left a mark in the history of Odessa"
3459:
shot... his two daughters were put in Treblinka death camp."
2748:
2651:
2093:
Essence and Future of the Idea of an International Language
853:. He also spoke some major languages of Białystok, such as
416:
324:
and believed that this could happen with the help of a new
2699:"An alternative globalisation: why learn Esperanto today?"
479:
467:
455:
425:
3626:
Hommages au Dr Zamenhof, à l'espéranto et à ses pionniers
2726:, Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 213, JKI-12-2017 (
1400:
1350:
446:
440:
410:
3661:
1993:
by users of Esperanto. On 15 December 2009, Esperanto's
642:
3334:(A Hebrew from the ghetto: From Zionism to Hillelism),
2074:
Hillelism: A Project in Response to the Jewish Question
861:. Polish became the native language of his children in
845:
descent. He appears to have been natively bilingual in
2015:
In 1960, Esperanto summer schools were established in
902:(mainly government officials), with smaller groups of
3785:
Google Doodles Archive: 150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof
2873:
Umberto Eco & James Fentress (9 September 1995).
1989:
His birthday, 15 December, is celebrated annually as
715:
696:
663:
621:
482:
476:
464:
458:
449:
437:
428:
419:
407:
3670:
Likenoj de Okcidenta Europa. Ilustrita determinlibro
2081:
Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de lingvo internacia
679:
by his parents, which is translated into English as
560:
470:
3864:"Feliĉa Ferioj! Toasting the Holidays in Esperanto"
3667:
2574:. Translated by Ian M. Richmond. Washington, D.C.:
1818:in Barcelona, Zamenhof was made a Commander of the
1802:, by four British Members of Parliament (including
1649:could not solve the problems of the Jewish people.
452:
443:
434:
422:
413:
404:
3567:"Espéranto, la langue qui se voulait "universala""
2874:
2062:Hilelismo – propono pri solvo de la hebrea demando
810:Zamenhof was born on 15 December 1859, the son of
3052:
2641:
2004:, which was opened in June 2008 by volunteers at
1619:L. Zamenhof, provo de gramatiko de novjuda lingvo
1575:Международный язык. Предисловие и полный учебникъ
343:In light of his achievements, and his support of
4284:Commanders of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
4255:
3270:"Birth of Ludwig Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto"
865:. In school, he studied the classical languages
580:
19:"Zamenhof" redirects here. For the surname, see
3668:Clauzade, G.; Roux, C.; Houmeau, J.-M. (1985).
3427:Hoffmann, Frank W.; Bailey, William G. (1992).
3335:
3329:
3323:
2648:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
1617:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1398:
701:, using the Yiddish form of the forename and a
496:
3825:"'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto"
3513:. Russian Daily "Sobesednik". 16 August 2013.
3426:
3378:"Ludwig Lazar Zamenhof – Founder of Esperanto"
3328:(On Yiddish grammar and reform in Yiddish) in
3300:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
1569:("First book") was published in Russian, 1887.
833:in Poland). At that time, the city was in the
383:at the first Esperanto Congress, Boulogne 1905
2956:"Did Esperanto answer the 'Jewish Question'?"
2602:
2600:
2516:For more information on Zamenhof's name, see
2100:Fundamenta Krestomatio de la Lingvo Esperanto
1607:
1602:In 1879, Zamenhof wrote the first grammar of
1498:
725:
724:; this was later transcribed into Yiddish as
709:
690:
3357:"La cionista periodo en la vivo de Zamenhof"
3354:
3139:
743:In his adolescence he used both the Yiddish
644:Liudvih Lazar Markavič Zamienhof (Zamienhoŭ)
591:
530:
513:
3643:: Francis' lichen. Range, habitat, biology"
3331:Hebreo el la geto: De cionismo al hilelismo
3048:
3046:
4075:. Translated by Richmond, Ian M. Mondial.
3117:"Esperanto: Its origins and early history"
3007:
2823:
2597:
2564:
1586:Work on Yiddish language and Jewish issues
1505:
1491:
623:Lyudvik Lazar' (Leyzer) Markovich Zamengof
38:
4364:Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
3861:
3822:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3325:Pri jida gramatiko kaj reformo en la jida
2848:
2701:. University of Amsterdam. Archived from
2558:
2112:Basic Anthology of the Esperanto Language
685:. However, as the area was a part of the
633:Людвіг Лазар Маркавіч Заменгоф (Заменгоў)
332:, and which continues making attempts to
3210:"The Secret Jewish History of Esperanto"
3056:Esperanto: Its Origins and Early History
3043:
1896:
1828:
1789:
1757:
1674:
1589:
1560:
795:
612:Людвик Лазарь (Лейзер) Маркович Заменгоф
367:
359:
3204:
2950:
2826:"What Is Esperanto, And Who Speaks It?"
2025:
1870:, the best-known Zamenhof Street is in
1747:
582:Liudvikas Lazaris (Leizeris) Zamenhofas
541:[ˈluːtvɪçˈlaːtsaʁʊsˈzaːmənhoːf]
4256:
3962:
3931:
3900:
3343:
3253:
2968:from the original on 9 February 2022.
2006:The University of Białystok Foundation
1927:in his honour, as well as the species
1762:Grave of Ludwik Zamenhof, designed by
3862:Kilgannon, Corey (21 December 2017).
3843:from the original on 28 December 2017
3322:, 1909; see Esperanto translation as
3280:from the original on 26 February 2019
3186:from the original on 10 February 2018
3156:from the original on 11 November 2017
2775:from the original on 25 February 2021
2696:
2658:from the original on 20 February 2019
2606:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2512:
2510:
2375:, 1909 ("The Rabbi of Bacharach", by
819:
771:, who in 1652 had published an early
735:
600:
571:[eliˈ(ʕ)ezeʁˈludvigˈzamenhof]
569:
539:
522:
505:
4176:
3975:from the original on 19 October 2020
3944:from the original on 19 October 2020
3913:from the original on 19 October 2020
3690:from the original on 1 December 2020
3222:from the original on 9 February 2022
3128:Prace Komisji Spraw Europejskich PAU
1517:As a student at secondary school in
507:[ludoˈvikolaˈzarozamenˈhofo]
3823:Salisbury, Josh (6 December 2017).
3547:from the original on 8 October 2014
3244:. Helsinki: Fondumo Esperanto. 1969
3028:from the original on 3 October 2023
2877:The Search for the Perfect Language
2635:
726:
653:
550:
13:
4374:Translators of William Shakespeare
4289:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
4092:from the original on 11 April 2021
3804:Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok
3387:, Department of Planned Languages.
2805:from the original on 19 April 2023
2697:Gobbo, Federico (8 October 2015).
2585:from the original on 11 April 2021
2525:
2507:
2204:"Al la fratoj" ("To the Brothers")
2002:Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok
1196:World Esperanto Youth Organization
922:
14:
4390:
4319:Inventors from the Russian Empire
4130:
3882:from the original on 9 April 2018
3517:from the original on 18 July 2021
3126:, in Andrzej Pelczar, ed., 2008,
2030:
1742:Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof
602:[ˈludvʲikˈwazaʐzaˈmɛnxɔf]
4236:
4219:
4202:
4185:
4161:Works by or about L. L. Zamenhof
4153:
3577:from the original on 17 May 2017
2881:. Blackwell Publishing. p.
2008:. Białystok is also home to the
1816:Universala Kongreso de Esperanto
400:
326:international auxiliary language
315:international auxiliary language
293:
221:
16:Creator of Esperanto (1859–1917)
3956:
3925:
3894:
3855:
3816:
3797:
3778:
3749:
3729:
3702:
3676:
3631:
3619:
3589:
3559:
3529:
3503:
3485:
3462:
3420:
3390:
3371:
3313:
3298:Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie,
3292:
3262:
3247:
3234:
3198:
3168:
3133:
3109:
3008:Korzhenkov, Aleksander (2010).
3001:
2975:
2944:
2922:10.1044/1059-0889(2008/08-0002)
2899:
2866:
2836:from the original on 9 May 2022
2824:Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine.
2817:
2787:
2757:
2678:Hoping for the language of Hope
2654:Institute for Jewish Research.
2228:
1565:What later Esperantists called
1191:Universal Esperanto Association
825:), in the multi-ethnic city of
189:
4004:Zamenhof: Creator of Esperanto
3363:(3/5): 165–177. Archived from
3355:N. Z. Maimon (May–June 1958).
2733:
2717:
2690:
2670:
2644:"Zamenhof, Ludwik (1859–1917)"
2565:Korzhenkov, Aleksandr (2009).
2385:, 1909 ("The High School", by
2155:
1820:Order of Isabella the Catholic
1703:raised three children, a son,
1662:Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery
1645:, in which he argued that the
1550:. After 1886, he worked as an
791:
532:Ludwig (Levi) Lazarus Samenhof
330:World Wars of the 20th century
1:
4334:People from Belostoksky Uyezd
4294:Constructed language creators
4054:– via Internet Archive.
3130:, vol. II, pp. 39–56, Krakaw.
2909:American Journal of Audiology
2607:Zasky, Jason (20 July 2009),
2576:Esperantic Studies Foundation
2551:
1930:Heteroplacidium zamenhofianum
1715:. All three were murdered in
1058:Modern evolution of Esperanto
801:
45:
4324:Jews from the Russian Empire
3242:Doktoro kaj lingvo Esperanto
1970:Nikolai Vasilyevich Blazhkov
1690:in Barcelona (Spain) in 1909
1594:Zamenhof at his desk in his
1379:Constructed languages portal
1201:International Youth Congress
786:
730:, then re-romanized back as
524:[lwila.zaʁza.mɛn.of]
7:
4379:University of Warsaw alumni
4152:(public domain audiobooks)
3735:Jewish Telegraphic Agency:
3258:. Fritz Dufour. p. 93.
3066:. p. 2. Archived from
2478:
2458:, 1914 (translation of the
2448:, 1914 (translation of the
2438:, 1912 (translation of the
2428:, 1912 (translation of the
2418:, 1911 (translation of the
1938:Nikolaj Afrikanoviĉ Borovko
1794:In 1905, Zamenhof received
1733:and became a member of the
1608:
1211:World Anational Association
716:
697:
664:
643:
622:
561:
10:
4395:
3991:
3064:Polish Academy of Learning
3053:Christer Kiselman (2008).
2642:Gabriela Zalewska (2010).
2367:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2224:"Mia penso" ("My Thought")
1812:International Peace Bureau
1751:
1236:Europe–Democracy–Esperanto
1173:Organizations and services
18:
3383:24 September 2015 at the
2676:Guilherme Moreira Fians,
2650:. Trans. by Anna Grojec.
2518:
2267:25 September 2020 at the
2249:Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
2236:Hamleto, Reĝido de Danujo
1843:Zamenhof-Esperanto object
1694:
1686:Zamenhof speaking at the
1666:Great Synagogue in Warsaw
1525:and his adopted language
1361:Linguistic discrimination
710:
691:
632:
611:
498:Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhofo
292:
287:
283:
248:
240:
233:
217:
199:
174:
164:
154:
113:
88:
55:
37:
30:
4369:Translators to Esperanto
4274:19th-century translators
3809:29 December 2019 at the
2683:14 December 2019 at the
2500:
2400:14 December 2019 at the
2330:22 February 2020 at the
2292:The Government Inspector
2198:
1688:World Esperanto Congress
1670:Samuel Abraham Poznański
1231:European Esperanto Union
1181:World Esperanto Congress
783:is a modern convention.
562:Eli'ezer Ludvig Zamenhof
4359:Polish ophthalmologists
4146:Works by L. L. Zamenhof
4137:Works by L. L. Zamenhof
3963:Privat, Edmond (1920).
3932:Privat, Edmond (1920).
3901:Privat, Edmond (1920).
3794:Retrieved 1 April 2010.
3474:2 February 2017 at the
3429:Mind & Society Fads
2755:#x5D;.pdf JKI-12-2017.
2315:, 1908 (translation of
2305:, 1907 (translation of
2130:Declaration of Boulogne
2124:Foundation of Esperanto
2119:Fundamento de Esperanto
1772:Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw
1038:Declaration of Boulogne
1032:Fundamento de Esperanto
767:, possibly in honor of
551:אליעזר (לודוויג) זמנהוף
355:
310:, the most widely used
273:Fundamento de Esperanto
118:Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw
99:14 April 1917 (aged 57)
4017:The Esperanto Movement
3813:accessed 25 July 2009.
3742:4 October 2019 at the
3336:
3330:
3324:
3254:Dufour, Fritz (2017).
3146:Jewish Language Review
3014:. Mondial. p. 3.
2180:International Language
2010:Ludwik Zamenhof Centre
1905:
1838:
1775:
1699:Zamenhof and his wife
1691:
1618:
1599:
1570:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1399:
1139:Pop culture references
928:
841:. His parents were of
807:
593:Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof
592:
581:
531:
514:
497:
397:English pronunciation:
393:Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof
384:
372:Families Zamenhof and
365:
4354:Polish Ashkenazi Jews
4339:People from Białystok
4329:Linguists from Poland
4060:Korĵenkov, Aleksander
4006:. Routledge and Paul.
3790:25 April 2024 at the
3767:UEA: Zamenhof omaĝota
3761:14 April 2017 at the
3361:Nica Literatura Revuo
3140:Claude Piron (1984).
2355:29 April 2021 at the
2242:29 April 2021 at the
2221:"La vojo" ("The Way")
2087:13 April 2018 at the
2068:20 March 2019 at the
1900:
1837:, Switzerland in 1905
1832:
1824:Alfonso XIII of Spain
1790:Honours and namesakes
1761:
1740:Zamenhof's grandson,
1707:, and two daughters,
1685:
1593:
1564:
1536:By 1878, his project
1246:Skolta Esperanto Ligo
1186:Akademio de Esperanto
1043:Montevideo Resolution
926:
799:
665:Leyzer Leyvi Zamenhof
515:Louis Lazare Zamenhof
371:
363:
139:52.24528°N 20.97611°E
4314:Linguists of Yiddish
4304:Esperanto literature
4041:The life of Zamenhof
3686:. 15 December 2019.
3607:on 27 September 2011
3537:"Nomination archive"
3497:The Life of Zamenhof
3450:17 July 2023 at the
3402:www.szukamypolski.pl
3180:www.historytoday.com
3122:4 March 2016 at the
2860:22 July 2011 at the
2765:"Anniversaries 2017"
2609:"Discouraging Words"
2373:La Rabeno de Baĥaraĥ
2261:La batalo de l' vivo
2106:4 March 2020 at the
2026:Partial bibliography
1796:the Légion d'honneur
1748:Religious philosophy
1346:Constructed language
1241:Panamerican Congress
1206:Esperanto Youth Week
654:לײזער לוי זאַמענהאָף
4344:Polish Esperantists
4309:Jewish Esperantists
3903:"Idealista profeto"
3772:15 May 2021 at the
3337:Eldonejo Ludovikito
3115:Christer Kiselman,
3084:on December 3, 1859
2954:(8 February 2022).
2749:permanent dead link
2743:Symposium, p. 209,
2460:Book of Deuteronomy
2362:Iphigenia in Tauris
2349:Ifigenio en Taŭrido
2254:William Shakespeare
1886:, Spain (mostly in
1764:Mieczysław Lubelski
1395:Esperanto Knowledge
1053:Manifesto of Prague
917:Part of a series on
334:reform the language
135: /
3868:The New York Times
3746:, 16 December 1959
3208:(30 August 2016).
3206:Kellman, Steven G.
2989:on 10 October 2019
2961:The Jerusalem Post
2705:on 19 January 2019
2619:on 23 January 2017
2467:Malnova Testamento
2342:Friedrich Schiller
2317:the book of Psalms
2274:The Battle of Life
2211:" ("Oh, My Heart")
2143:5 May 2021 at the
1995:green-starred flag
1906:
1839:
1776:
1692:
1625:In 1882 a wave of
1600:
1571:
1341:Auxiliary language
1080:Esperanto movement
1048:Manifesto of Rauma
929:
835:Grodno Governorate
808:
755:(also transcribed
385:
366:
144:52.24528; 20.97611
78:Grodno Governorate
21:Zamenhof (surname)
4299:Esperanto history
4279:Bible translators
4141:Project Gutenberg
4121:978-0-8050-9079-6
4082:978-1-59569-167-5
4051:978-0-919186-08-8
4027:978-3-11-082456-8
4012:Forster, Peter G.
4000:Boulton, Marjorie
3965:"Studentaj jaroj"
3573:. 14 April 2017.
3431:. Haworth Press.
3302:(Elsevier, 2009:
3240:Holzhaus, Adolf:
3021:978-1-59569-167-5
2952:Russell, James R.
2892:978-0-631-17465-3
2440:Book of Leviticus
2175:Lingvo Internacia
1966:
1948:
1901:Zamenhof Street,
1800:Nobel Peace Prize
1729:, Lidia accepted
1683:
1609:Lebn un visnshaft
1539:Lingwe uniwersala
1515:
1514:
1226:Plouézec Meetings
759:or translated as
662:
641:
620:
559:
398:
322:world without war
301:
300:
107:Kingdom of Poland
4386:
4349:Polish inventors
4249:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4165:Internet Archive
4157:
4156:
4125:
4114:. Metropolitan.
4101:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4074:
4064:Tonkin, Humphrey
4055:
4031:
4007:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3971:(in Esperanto).
3969:Vivo de Zamenhof
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3940:(in Esperanto).
3938:Vivo de Zamenhof
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3909:(in Esperanto).
3907:Vivo de Zamenhof
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3820:
3814:
3801:
3795:
3782:
3776:
3753:
3747:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3712:. Archived from
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3645:. Archived from
3641:Zamenhofia rosei
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3603:. Archived from
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3543:. 1 April 2020.
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3466:
3460:
3442:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:. Archived from
3394:
3388:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:on 19 July 2008.
3352:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3137:
3131:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3061:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2985:. Archived from
2979:
2973:
2972:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2615:, archived from
2613:Failure Magazine
2604:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2545:
2538:
2523:
2514:
2410:Eliza Orzeszkowa
2387:Scholem Aleichem
1967:
1960:
1954:, together with
1949:
1942:
1784:Hillel the Elder
1684:
1621:
1611:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1261:
1174:
1123:Literatura Mondo
1073:
993:
969:
944:
933:
914:
913:
897:Eastern Orthodox
824:
816:Rozalia Zamenhof
806:
803:
747:and the Russian
739:
729:
728:
719:
713:
712:
700:
694:
693:
667:
657:
655:
646:
636:
634:
625:
615:
613:
604:
599:
595:
584:
573:
568:
564:
554:
552:
543:
538:
534:
526:
521:
517:
509:
504:
500:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
473:
472:
469:
466:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
396:
382:
297:
229:- Officer (1905)
227:Legion of Honour
225:
193:
191:
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
98:
96:
70:15 December 1859
69:
67:
50:
47:
42:
28:
27:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4248:from Wikisource
4242:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:from Wiktionary
4191:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:sister projects
4174:at Knowledge's
4154:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4111:Bridge of Words
4104:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4072:
4058:
4052:
4034:
4028:
4010:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3821:
3817:
3811:Wayback Machine
3802:
3798:
3792:Wayback Machine
3783:
3779:
3774:Wayback Machine
3763:Wayback Machine
3754:
3750:
3744:Wayback Machine
3734:
3730:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3490:
3486:
3480:James McElvenny
3476:Wayback Machine
3467:
3463:
3452:Wayback Machine
3439:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3408:on 30 June 2007
3396:
3395:
3391:
3385:Wayback Machine
3376:
3372:
3353:
3344:
3318:
3314:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3138:
3134:
3124:Wayback Machine
3114:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3076:
3074:
3073:on 4 March 2016
3070:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3031:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2949:
2945:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2871:
2867:
2862:Wayback Machine
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2830:Babbel Magazine
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2741:Interlinguistic
2738:
2734:
2724:Humphrey Tonkin
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2685:Wayback Machine
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2640:
2636:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2542:Julian calendar
2539:
2526:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2481:
2450:Book of Numbers
2420:Book of Genesis
2402:Wayback Machine
2357:Wayback Machine
2332:Wayback Machine
2279:Charles Dickens
2269:Wayback Machine
2244:Wayback Machine
2231:
2201:
2168:The Esperantist
2163:La Esperantisto
2158:
2145:Wayback Machine
2108:Wayback Machine
2089:Wayback Machine
2070:Wayback Machine
2033:
2028:
1959:
1956:Vladimir Gernet
1950:, who lived in
1941:
1936:Russian writer
1921:has been named
1792:
1756:
1750:
1701:Klara Silbernik
1697:
1675:
1647:Zionist project
1635:Congress Poland
1598:apartment, 1910
1588:
1552:ophthalmologist
1511:
1482:
1481:
1393:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1283:Czech Republic
1263:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1129:Native speakers
1075:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1025:La Esperantisto
1005:Proto-Esperanto
995:
991:
983:
982:
960:
946:
942:
931:
804:
794:
789:
769:Francis Lodwick
698:Leyzer Zamengov
692:Лейзер Заменгов
597:
566:
536:
519:
502:
475:
463:
433:
403:
399:
376:
358:
279:
195:
192: 1887)
187:
183:
159:Ophthalmologist
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
120:
109:
100:
94:
92:
84:
71:
65:
63:
62:
61:
60:Leyzer Zamengov
51:
48:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
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1884:Czech Republic
1861:1421 Esperanto
1808:Philip Snowden
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4214:from Commons
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4094:. Retrieved
4068:
4040:
4016:
4003:
3977:. Retrieved
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3946:. Retrieved
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3915:. Retrieved
3906:
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3884:. Retrieved
3867:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3829:The Guardian
3828:
3818:
3799:
3780:
3751:
3731:
3718:. Retrieved
3714:the original
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3647:the original
3640:
3633:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3598:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3571:France Inter
3570:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3519:. Retrieved
3505:
3495:
3487:
3478:, Thesis of
3464:
3455:
3428:
3422:
3410:. Retrieved
3406:the original
3401:
3392:
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3365:the original
3360:
3315:
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3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3273:
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3255:
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3224:. Retrieved
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3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3149:
3145:
3135:
3127:
3111:
3082:
3075:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3055:
3037:
3030:. Retrieved
3010:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2977:
2969:
2959:
2946:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2876:
2868:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2829:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2746:
2735:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:the original
2692:
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:
2628:
2621:, retrieved
2617:the original
2612:
2587:. Retrieved
2567:
2560:
2517:
2495:Zamenhof Day
2466:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2393:
2382:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2335:
2323:
2312:
2307:Ecclesiastes
2302:
2290:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2247:
2235:
2229:Translations
2209:Ho, mia kor'
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2136:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2099:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1991:Zamenhof Day
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1865:
1857:Yrjö Väisälä
1850:minor planet
1847:
1840:
1793:
1779:
1777:
1766:and made of
1739:
1735:Baháʼí Faith
1721:
1698:
1659:
1655:Hebrew Bible
1651:
1642:
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1323:Soviet Union
1216:Encyclopedia
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3847:19 December
3694:16 December
3521:9 September
3215:The Forward
3160:28 December
3099:|work=
3077:15 December
2795:"Esperanto"
2662:19 December
2623:31 December
2589:19 February
2383:La Gimnazio
2337:The Robbers
2324:La rabistoj
2313:La Psalmaro
2286:La revizoro
2156:Periodicals
2137:Homaranismo
2055:Second Book
1780:Homaranismo
1754:Homaranismo
1731:Bahá'u'lláh
1727:Martha Root
1639:Hibbat Zion
1629:within the
1466:Vikinovaĵoj
1430:Vikifontaro
1412:Vikivortaro
1356:Homaranismo
1090:Esperantujo
1085:Esperantist
962:Orthography
904:Belarusians
823: Sofer
805: 1879
792:Early years
737:[z]
377: [
312:constructed
142: /
49: 1895
4258:Categories
4228:Quotations
3934:"Verkisto"
3720:28 January
3653:28 January
3456:Mein Kampf
3412:11 January
3310:), p. 375.
3226:9 February
3032:6 November
2993:10 October
2916:(1): 3–6.
2799:Ethnologue
2709:17 January
2552:References
2192:The Review
2149:Humanitism
2043:First Book
2038:Unua Libro
1924:Zamenhofia
1845:(or ZEO).
1567:Unua libro
1475:Vikivojaĵo
1457:Vikispecoj
1439:Vikilibroj
1421:Vikicitaro
1384:Task force
1260:By country
1095:Literature
1011:Unua Libro
973:Vocabulary
879:Lithuanian
859:Belarusian
800:Zamenhof,
727:זאַמענהאָף
707:patronymic
629:Belarusian
598:pronounced
577:Lithuanian
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537:pronounced
520:pronounced
503:pronounced
347:dialogue,
257:Unua Libro
155:Occupation
130:20°58′34″E
127:52°14′43″N
95:1917-04-14
66:1859-12-15
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3876:0362-4331
3837:0261-3077
3599:El Correo
3551:9 October
3101:ignored (
3091:cite book
2930:1059-0889
2216:La Espero
2050:Dua Libro
1982:In 1959,
1888:Catalonia
1868:Lithuania
1770:granite,
1643:Hillelism
1579:Esperanto
1548:Veisiejai
1401:Vikipedio
1373:Wikimedia
1154:Profanity
1134:Libraries
1110:La Espero
1018:Dua Libro
978:Etymology
956:Phonology
932:Esperanto
831:Białystok
787:Biography
717:Markovich
703:russified
673:Ashkenazi
659:romanized
638:romanized
617:romanized
556:romanized
493:Esperanto
391:English:
308:Esperanto
288:Signature
265:Dua Libro
169:Esperanto
4150:LibriVox
4108:(2016).
4087:Archived
4066:(2010).
4038:(1920).
4014:(2013).
4002:(1960).
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3973:Archived
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2580:Archived
2479:See also
2456:Readmono
2404:, 1910 (
2398:Archived
2359:, 1908 (
2353:Archived
2334:, 1908 (
2328:Archived
2289:, 1907 (
2265:Archived
2246:, 1894 (
2240:Archived
2187:La Revuo
2147:, 1913 (
2141:Archived
2122:, 1905 (
2110:, 1903 (
2104:Archived
2091:, 1903 (
2085:Archived
2072:, 1901 (
2066:Archived
2053:, 1888 (
2041:, 1887 (
1963:Wikidata
1945:Wikidata
1903:Tel Aviv
1822:by King
1768:Aberdeen
1318:Slovakia
1303:Malaysia
1273:Bulgaria
1000:Zamenhof
943:Language
900:Russians
827:Belostok
753:Lyudovik
732:Zamenhof
722:Samenhof
711:Маркович
529:German:
512:French:
241:Pen name
200:Children
74:Belostok
4163:at the
3992:Sources
3611:7 April
3320:Vilnius
3284:15 July
2739:Fourth
2540:In the
2446:Nombroj
2436:Levidoj
1880:Croatia
1876:Hungary
1627:pogroms
1604:Yiddish
1523:Yiddish
1389:Outline
1313:Romania
1288:Hungary
1268:Austria
1149:Symbols
1072:Culture
992:History
966:Braille
951:Grammar
908:Germans
883:Volapük
875:Aramaic
847:Yiddish
837:of the
773:conlang
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3482:, 2013
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2809:20 May
2769:UNESCO
2630:Okrent
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2132:, 1905
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1952:Odessa
1940:
1919:lichen
1911:Oomoto
1892:Danube
1882:, the
1872:Kaunas
1835:Geneva
1695:Family
1596:Warsaw
1544:Moscow
1527:Polish
1519:Warsaw
1308:Poland
1278:China
873:, and
863:Warsaw
855:Polish
851:Hebrew
843:Litvak
761:Ludwig
745:Leyzer
588:Polish
547:Hebrew
349:UNESCO
276:(1905)
268:(1888)
260:(1887)
218:Awards
210:, and
175:Spouse
103:Warsaw
4245:Texts
4211:Media
4090:(PDF)
4073:(PDF)
3071:(PDF)
3060:(PDF)
2753:]
2583:(PDF)
2572:(PDF)
2501:Notes
2426:Eliro
2408:, by
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2394:Marta
2365:, by
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3016:ISBN
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