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L-moment

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than conventional moments, and existence of higher L-moments only requires that the random variable have finite mean. One disadvantage of L-moment ratios for estimation is their typically smaller sensitivity. For instance, the Laplace distribution has a kurtosis of 6 and weak exponential tails, but a
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of this data set is taken it will be highly influenced by this one point: however, if the L-scale is taken it will be far less sensitive to this data value. Consequently, L-moments are far more meaningful when dealing with outliers in data than conventional moments. However, there are also other
560: 275: 978:{\displaystyle \lambda _{4}={\frac {\ 1\ }{4}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{4:4}\ \}-3\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{3:4}\ \}+3\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:4}\ \}-\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:4}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}~.} 3727:
are generalizations of L-moments that give zero weight to extreme observations. They are therefore more robust to the presence of outliers, and unlike L-moments they may be well-defined for distributions for which the mean does not exist, such as the
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L-moments are statistical quantities that are derived from probability weighted moments (PWM) which were defined earlier (1979). PWM are used to efficiently estimate the parameters of distributions expressable in inverse form such as the
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Some appearances of L-moments in the statistical literature include the book by David & Nagaraja (2003, Section 9.9) and a number of papers. A number of favourable comparisons of L-moments with ordinary moments have been reported.
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Another advantage L-moments have over conventional moments is that their existence only requires the random variable to have finite mean, so the L-moments exist even if the higher conventional moments do not exist (for example, for
1190: 1529: 84:. Just as for conventional moments, a theoretical distribution has a set of population L-moments. Sample L-moments can be defined for a sample from the population, and can be used as estimators of the population L-moments. 1178: 2437: 2550: 738:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}={\frac {\ 1\ }{3}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{3:3}\ \}-2\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:3}\ \}+\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:3}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}} 404: 106: 3002:
with constant L-moment ratios. More complex expressions have been derived for some further distributions for which the L-moment ratios vary with one or more of the distributional parameters, including the
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Landwehr, J.M.; Matalas, N.C.; Wallis, J.R. (1979). "Probability weighted moments compared with some traditional techniques in estimating Gumbel parameters and quantiles".
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Delicado, P.; Goria, M. N. (2008). "A small sample comparison of maximum likelihood, moments and L-moments methods for the asymmetric exponential power distribution".
547:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}={\frac {\ 1\ }{2}}{\Bigl (}\ \operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{2:2}\ \}-\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X_{1:2}\ \}\ {\Bigr )}} 2962:
better suited methods to achieve an even higher robustness than just replacing moments by L-moments. One example of this is using L-moments as summary statistics in
2712: 1390:{\displaystyle \lambda _{r}={\frac {1}{\ r\cdot {\tbinom {n}{r}}\ }}\ \sum _{x_{1}<\cdots <x_{j}<\cdots <x_{r}}\ (-1)^{r-j}{\binom {r-1}{j}}\ x_{j}~.} 3959: 1422: 3890: 4450: 1105: 2395: 6006: 4423: 4045: 2469: 6511: 355: 4572: 4443: 3696:
The notation for the parameters of each distribution is the same as that used in the linked article. In the expression for the mean of the
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The table below gives expressions for the first two L moments and numerical values of the first two L-moment ratios of some common
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larger 4th L-moment ratio than e.g. the student-t distribution with d.f.=3, which has an infinite kurtosis and much heavier tails.
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Alkasasbeh, M. R.; Raqab, M. Z. (2009). "Estimation of the generalized logistic distribution parameters: comparative study".
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Hosking, J.R.M. (1990). "L-moments: analysis and estimation of distributions using linear combinations of order statistics".
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which is called the "coefficient of L-variation", or "L-CV". For a non-negative random variable, this lies in the interval
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lightweight Python includes functions for fast calculation of L-moments, trimmed L-moments, and multivariate L-comoments.
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Jones, M. C. (2009). "Kumaraswamy's distribution: A beta-type distribution with some tractability advantages".
2938: 5535: 6935: 6838: 5797: 4700: 4072:"Key structural features of Boreal forests may be detected directly using L-moments from airborne lidar data" 3709: 3641: 6389: 6338: 6323: 6313: 6182: 6054: 6021: 5847: 5802: 5632: 4484: 3803:
Hosking, J.R.M. (1992). "Moments or L moments? An example comparing two measures of distributional shape".
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There are two common ways that L-moments are used, in both cases analogously to the conventional moments:
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In addition to doing these with standard moments, the latter (estimation) is more commonly done using
2361:{\displaystyle \ell _{4}={\frac {1}{\ 4\cdot {\tbinom {n}{4}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 2012:{\displaystyle \ell _{3}={\frac {1}{\ 3\cdot {\tbinom {n}{3}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 1733:{\displaystyle \ell _{2}={\frac {1}{\ 2\cdot {\tbinom {n}{2}}\ }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\ {\Bigl }\ x_{(i)}\ } 1052: 1017: 317: 6350: 6118: 5839: 5764: 5693: 5622: 5542: 5530: 5400: 5388: 5381: 5089: 4810: 4478: 2957:
As an example consider a dataset with a few data points and one outlying data value. If the ordinary
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methods; however using L-moments provides a number of advantages. Specifically, L-moments are more
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Distributional analysis with L-moment statistics using the R environment for statistical computing
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Serfling, R.; Xiao, P. (2007). "A contribution to multivariate L-moments: L-comoment matrices".
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Ulrych, T. J.; Velis, D. R.; Woodbury, A. D.; Sacchi, M. D. (2000). "L-moments and C-moments".
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Jones, M. C. (2004). "On some expressions for variance, covariance, skewness and L-moments".
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Tighter bounds can be found for some specific L-moment ratios; in particular, the L-kurtosis
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The sample L-moments can be computed as the population L-moments of the sample, summing over
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Hosking, J.R.M. (2006). "On the characterization of distributions by their L-moments".
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Grouping these by order statistic counts the number of ways an element of an
1173:{\displaystyle \left\{x_{1}<\cdots <x_{j}<\cdots <x_{r}\right\},} 4023: 3978: 3903: 6785: 6718: 6695: 6610: 5940: 5236: 5134: 5069: 5011: 4996: 4933: 4888: 4506: 4411: 4320: 4355: 4328: 2432:{\displaystyle \ {\tbinom {\boldsymbol {\cdot }}{\boldsymbol {\cdot }}}\ } 6828: 6790: 6473: 6374: 6236: 6049: 6016: 5508: 5425: 5420: 5064: 5021: 5001: 4981: 4971: 4740: 4305:
Royston, P. (1992). "Which measures of skewness and kurtosis are best?".
3741: 3272: 2545:{\displaystyle \tau _{r}=\lambda _{r}/\lambda _{2},\qquad r=3,4,\dots ~.} 53: 5674: 5154: 4854: 4785: 4735: 4710: 4630: 4518: 3911: 3824: 3789: 2974:), they are less affected by extreme values than conventional moments. 399:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=\operatorname {\mathbb {E} } \,\!\{\ X\ \}} 33: 4377:
Elamir, Elsayed A. H.; Seheult, Allan H. (2003). "Trimmed L-moments".
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Greenwood, J.A.; Landwehr, J.M.; Matalas, N.C.; Wallis, J.R. (1979).
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Valbuena, R.; Maltamo, M.; Mehtätalo, L.; Packalen, P. (2017).
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are a sequence of statistics used to summarize the shape of a
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Statistical sequence characterizing probability distributions
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Wang, Q.J. (1996). "Direct sample estimators of L-moments".
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Regional Frequency Analysis: An Approach Based on L-moments
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The first two of these L-moments have conventional names:
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Jones, M.C. (2002). "Student's simplest distribution".
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Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
2874:{\displaystyle \ \tau =\lambda _{2}/\lambda _{1}\ ,} 5974: 3891:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D 3868:, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, , 3778:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 2941:to the L-moments rather than conventional moments. 2873: 2809: 2671: 2623: 2583: 2544: 2431: 2360: 2011: 1732: 1523: 1389: 1172: 1074: 1039: 977: 737: 546: 398: 334: 269: 2331: 2111: 1982: 1832: 1703: 1623: 1362: 1341: 964: 930: 890: 847: 804: 788: 730: 696: 656: 613: 597: 539: 505: 465: 449: 380: 211: 190: 6927: 6060:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) 4223: 3680: 3669: 3598: 3576: 3499: 3342: 3264: 3192: 2824:, but based on L-moments, can also be defined: 4424:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4046:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3426: 4615: 4451: 4422:reference manual, vol. 1, auxiliary chapter. 4253:Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 4196: 4134: 4100: 3840:Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 2419: 2406: 2319: 2298: 2284: 2263: 2252: 2231: 2214: 2193: 2182: 2161: 2144: 2123: 2072: 2059: 1970: 1949: 1935: 1914: 1903: 1882: 1865: 1844: 1793: 1780: 1691: 1670: 1656: 1635: 1584: 1571: 1465: 1452: 1239: 1226: 4379:Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 4199:Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 4159: 956: 931: 916: 891: 873: 848: 830: 805: 722: 697: 682: 657: 639: 614: 531: 506: 491: 466: 393: 381: 258: 227: 2933:To derive estimators for the parameters of 4660: 4622: 4608: 4458: 4444: 3953: 3951: 3883: 3881: 5273: 4173: 4107:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. 4065: 4063: 4005: 4003: 3923: 3921: 1047:is the "mean", "L-mean", or "L-location", 929: 924: 889: 884: 846: 841: 803: 798: 695: 690: 655: 650: 612: 607: 504: 499: 464: 459: 379: 374: 325: 219: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 2638:L-moment ratios lie within the interval 4304: 3948: 3878: 3837: 3802: 3775: 87: 14: 6928: 6586:Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) 4135:David, H. A.; Nagaraja, H. N. (2003). 4060: 4000: 3918: 6659: 6226: 5973: 5272: 5042: 4659: 4603: 4439: 4277: 4250: 3887: 3831: 3796: 3754: 2896: 2463:, or scaled L-moments, is defined by 76:). Standardised L-moments are called 6896: 6596:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model 3927: 3000:continuous probability distributions 2994:Values for some common distributions 6908: 6191:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova) 5043: 1180:hence averaging by dividing by the 1093: 1008:(finite analog to the derivative). 992:th L-moment are the same as in the 24: 6286:Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics 4912:Pearson product-moment correlation 2454: 2447:, which leads to a more efficient 2410: 2302: 2267: 2235: 2197: 2165: 2127: 2063: 1953: 1918: 1886: 1848: 1784: 1674: 1639: 1575: 1456: 1345: 1230: 988:Note that the coefficients of the 194: 25: 6952: 4401: 4101:Hosking, JRM; Wallis, JR (2005). 1086:The L-scale is equal to half the 6907: 6895: 6883: 6870: 6869: 6660: 4505: 4491:cumulative distribution function 4162:Journal of Multivariate Analysis 2414: 2411: 1404: element sample can be the 1075:{\displaystyle \ \lambda _{2}\ } 1040:{\displaystyle \ \lambda _{1}\ } 335:{\displaystyle \ \mathbb {E} \ } 6545:Least-squares spectral analysis 4578:probability-generating function 4370: 4335: 4298: 4271: 4244: 4217: 4190: 4153: 4128: 4094: 2514: 1102:-element subsets of the sample 5526:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 4629: 4030: 3858: 2624:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{4}\ ,} 2584:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{3}\ ,} 2350: 2344: 2001: 1995: 1722: 1716: 1513: 1507: 1323: 1313: 178: 168: 13: 1: 6839:Geographic information system 6055:Simultaneous equations models 4391:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00250-5 4076:Remote Sensing of Environment 3747: 3719: 2672:{\displaystyle \ \tau _{4}\ } 2555:The most useful of these are 6022:Coefficient of determination 5633:Uniformly most powerful test 4485:probability density function 4426:, 2006. Accessed 2010-05-25. 4292:10.1016/j.stamet.2008.04.001 4238:10.1016/j.stamet.2008.10.001 2820:A quantity analogous to the 2445:probability weighted moments 56:) analogous to conventional 7: 6591:Proportional hazards models 6535:Spectral density estimation 6517:Vector autoregression (VAR) 5951:Maximum posterior estimator 5183:Randomized controlled trial 3735: 3679: 3668: 3597: 3575: 3498: 3495: 3425: 3422: 3341: 3338: 3263: 3260: 3191: 3188: 3157: 3152: 10: 6957: 6351:Multivariate distributions 4771:Average absolute deviation 4567:moment-generating function 4265:10.1016/j.jspi.2003.09.001 4211:10.1016/j.csda.2007.05.021 4184:10.1016/j.jmva.2007.01.008 3852:10.1016/j.jspi.2004.06.004 100:th population L-moment is 6865: 6819: 6756: 6709: 6672: 6668: 6655: 6627: 6609: 6576: 6567: 6525: 6472: 6433: 6382: 6373: 6339:Structural equation model 6294: 6251: 6247: 6222: 6181: 6147: 6101: 6068: 6030: 5997: 5993: 5969: 5909: 5818: 5737: 5701: 5692: 5675:Score/Lagrange multiplier 5660: 5613: 5558: 5484: 5475: 5285: 5281: 5268: 5227: 5201: 5153: 5108: 5090:Sample size determination 5055: 5051: 5038: 4942: 4897: 4871: 4853: 4809: 4761: 4681: 4672: 4668: 4655: 4637: 4562: 4514: 4503: 4479:probability mass function 4474: 4468:probability distributions 4088:10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.024 3805:The American Statistician 3710:Euler–Mascheroni constant 3017:generalized extreme value 2935:probability distributions 310:from the distribution of 299:th smallest value) in an 6834:Environmental statistics 6356:Elliptical distributions 6149:Generalized linear model 6078:Simple linear regression 5848:Hodges–Lehmann estimator 5305:Probability distribution 5214:Stochastic approximation 4776:Coefficient of variation 4012:Water Resources Research 3967:Water Resources Research 3930:Water Resources Research 2980:Student's t distribution 2917: 2889:and is identical to the 2822:coefficient of variation 1416: observations are: 1088:Mean absolute difference 42:probability distribution 6494:Cross-correlation (XCF) 6102:Non-standard predictors 5536:Lehmann–ScheffĂŠ theorem 5209:Adaptive clinical trial 4573:characteristic function 4410:Jonathan R.M. Hosking, 4280:Statistical Methodology 4226:Statistical Methodology 4139:(3rd ed.). Wiley. 4024:10.1029/WR015i005p01055 3979:10.1029/WR015i005p01049 3904:10.1111/1467-9884.00297 2972:higher-order statistics 2451:for their computation. 6890:Mathematics portal 6711:Engineering statistics 6619:Nelson–Aalen estimator 6196:Analysis of covariance 6083:Ordinary least squares 6007:Pearson product-moment 5411:Statistical functional 5322:Empirical distribution 5155:Controlled experiments 4884:Frequency distribution 4662:Descriptive statistics 4321:10.1002/sim.4780110306 4308:Statistics in Medicine 2875: 2811: 2673: 2625: 2585: 2546: 2433: 2362: 2105: 2013: 1826: 1734: 1617: 1525: 1498: 1391: 1174: 1076: 1041: 979: 739: 548: 400: 336: 271: 167: 92:For a random variable 6806:Population statistics 6748:System identification 6482:Autocorrelation (ACF) 6410:Exponential smoothing 6324:Discriminant analysis 6319:Canonical correlation 6183:Partition of variance 6045:Regression validation 5889:(Jonckheere–Terpstra) 5788:Likelihood-ratio test 5477:Frequentist inference 5389:Location–scale family 5310:Sampling distribution 5275:Statistical inference 5242:Cross-sectional study 5229:Observational studies 5188:Randomized experiment 5017:Stem-and-leaf display 4819:Central limit theorem 4356:10.1007/s004770050004 3864:Asquith, W.H. (2011) 2876: 2812: 2674: 2626: 2586: 2547: 2434: 2363: 2085: 2014: 1806: 1735: 1597: 1526: 1478: 1392: 1175: 1077: 1042: 980: 740: 549: 401: 337: 272: 141: 80:and are analogous to 6936:Moment (mathematics) 6729:Probabilistic design 6314:Principal components 6157:Exponential families 6109:Nonlinear regression 6088:General linear model 6050:Mixed effects models 6040:Errors and residuals 6017:Confounding variable 5919:Bayesian probability 5897:Van der Waerden test 5887:Ordered alternative 5652:Multiple comparisons 5531:Rao–Blackwellization 5494:Estimating equations 5450:Statistical distance 5168:Factorial experiment 4701:Arithmetic-Geometric 3713:0.5772 1566 4901 ... 3021:generalized logistic 2968:resistant statistics 2964:extreme value theory 2828: 2713: 2650: 2599: 2559: 2470: 2441:binomial coefficient 2396: 2024: 1745: 1536: 1423: 1191: 1182:binomial coefficient 1106: 1053: 1018: 752: 561: 413: 356: 318: 107: 88:Population L-moments 82:standardized moments 6801:Official statistics 6724:Methods engineering 6405:Seasonal adjustment 6173:Poisson regressions 6093:Bayesian regression 6032:Regression analysis 6012:Partial correlation 5984:Regression analysis 5583:Prediction interval 5578:Likelihood interval 5568:Confidence interval 5560:Interval estimation 5521:Unbiased estimators 5339:Model specification 5219:Up-and-down designs 4907:Partial correlation 4863:Index of dispersion 4781:Interquartile range 3730:Cauchy distribution 3698:Gumbel distribution 2767: 46:linear combinations 6941:Summary statistics 6821:Spatial statistics 6701:Medical statistics 6601:First hitting time 6555:Whittle likelihood 6206:Degrees of freedom 6201:Multivariate ANOVA 6134:Heteroscedasticity 5946:Bayesian estimator 5911:Bayesian inference 5760:Kolmogorov–Smirnov 5645:Randomization test 5615:Testing hypotheses 5588:Tolerance interval 5499:Maximum likelihood 5394:Exponential family 5327:Density estimation 5287:Statistical theory 5247:Natural experiment 5193:Scientific control 5110:Survey methodology 4796:Standard deviation 4539:standard deviation 4408:The L-moments page 3675:(3) - 3 = 0.1699 3013:generalized Pareto 2984:degrees of freedom 2959:standard deviation 2947:maximum likelihood 2928:summary statistics 2897:Related quantities 2871: 2807: 2753: 2737: 2669: 2621: 2581: 2542: 2429: 2424: 2358: 2324: 2289: 2257: 2219: 2187: 2149: 2077: 2009: 1975: 1940: 1908: 1870: 1798: 1730: 1696: 1661: 1589: 1521: 1470: 1387: 1309: 1244: 1170: 1072: 1037: 998:binomial transform 975: 735: 544: 396: 332: 267: 62:standard deviation 6923: 6922: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6796:National accounts 6766:Actuarial science 6758:Social statistics 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6578:Survival function 6563: 6562: 6425:Granger causality 6266:Contingency table 6241:Survival analysis 6218: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6070:Linear regression 5965: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5936:Credible interval 5905: 5904: 5688: 5687: 5504:Method of moments 5373:Parametric family 5334:Statistical model 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5178:Random assignment 5100:Statistical power 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 4879:Contingency table 4849: 4848: 4716:Generalized/power 4597: 4596: 4497:quantile function 4146:978-0-471-38926-2 4044:(documentation). 4040:. NIST Dataplot. 3942:10.1029/96WR02675 3936:(12): 3617–3619. 3725:Trimmed L-moments 3692: 3691: 2939:method of moments 2867: 2833: 2803: 2776: 2752: 2746: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2668: 2655: 2617: 2604: 2577: 2564: 2538: 2428: 2417: 2401: 2357: 2338: 2328: 2317: 2282: 2250: 2212: 2180: 2142: 2118: 2108: 2083: 2081: 2070: 2048: 2008: 1989: 1979: 1968: 1933: 1901: 1863: 1839: 1829: 1804: 1802: 1791: 1769: 1729: 1710: 1700: 1689: 1654: 1630: 1620: 1595: 1593: 1582: 1560: 1520: 1501: 1476: 1474: 1463: 1447: 1408:th element of an 1383: 1370: 1360: 1312: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1237: 1215: 1082:is the "L-scale". 1071: 1058: 1036: 1023: 1006:finite difference 1000:, as used in the 971: 961: 955: 936: 915: 896: 872: 853: 829: 810: 795: 784: 779: 773: 727: 721: 702: 681: 662: 638: 619: 604: 593: 588: 582: 536: 530: 511: 490: 471: 456: 445: 440: 434: 392: 386: 331: 323: 263: 257: 232: 209: 139: 134: 128: 16:(Redirected from 6948: 6911: 6910: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6887: 6873: 6872: 6776:Crime statistics 6670: 6669: 6657: 6656: 6574: 6573: 6540:Fourier analysis 6527:Frequency domain 6507: 6454: 6420:Structural break 6380: 6379: 6329:Cluster analysis 6276:Log-linear model 6249: 6248: 6224: 6223: 6165: 6139:Homoscedasticity 5995: 5994: 5971: 5970: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5873:(Kruskal–Wallis) 5858: 5843: 5798:Cross validation 5783: 5765:Anderson–Darling 5712: 5699: 5698: 5670:Likelihood-ratio 5662:Parametric tests 5640:Permutation test 5623:1- & 2-tails 5514:Minimum distance 5486:Point estimation 5482: 5481: 5433:Optimal decision 5384: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5252:Quasi-experiment 5202:Adaptive designs 5053: 5052: 5040: 5039: 4917:Rank correlation 4679: 4678: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4656: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4509: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4395: 4394: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4205:(3): 1661–1673. 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4168:(9): 1765–1781. 4157: 4151: 4150: 4137:Order Statistics 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4048:. 6 January 2006 4038:"L moments" 4034: 4028: 4027: 4018:(5): 1055–1064. 4007: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3989:. Archived from 3973:(5): 1049–1054. 3964: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3885: 3876: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3773: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3665: 3651: 3644: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3530: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3467: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3389: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3078: 3067: 3056: 3045: 3028: 3027: 2891:Gini coefficient 2888: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2831: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2793: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2766: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2645: 2643: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2602: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2562: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2482: 2481: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2409: 2399: 2387: 2383: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2301: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2278: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2246: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2196: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2176: 2164: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2062: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1964: 1952: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1917: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1885: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1847: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1820: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1783: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1673: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1638: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1574: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1356: 1344: 1337: 1336: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1288: 1287: 1269: 1268: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1229: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1142: 1141: 1123: 1122: 1094:Sample L-moments 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1021: 1003: 995: 991: 984: 982: 981: 976: 969: 968: 967: 959: 953: 952: 951: 934: 928: 927: 913: 912: 911: 894: 888: 887: 870: 869: 868: 851: 845: 844: 827: 826: 825: 808: 802: 801: 793: 792: 791: 785: 780: 777: 771: 769: 764: 763: 744: 742: 741: 736: 734: 733: 725: 719: 718: 717: 700: 694: 693: 679: 678: 677: 660: 654: 653: 636: 635: 634: 617: 611: 610: 602: 601: 600: 594: 589: 586: 580: 578: 573: 572: 553: 551: 550: 545: 543: 542: 534: 528: 527: 526: 509: 503: 502: 488: 487: 486: 469: 463: 462: 454: 453: 452: 446: 441: 438: 432: 430: 425: 424: 405: 403: 402: 397: 390: 384: 378: 377: 368: 367: 341: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 321: 313: 309: 298: 290: 286: 276: 274: 273: 268: 261: 255: 254: 253: 230: 223: 222: 216: 215: 214: 205: 193: 186: 185: 166: 155: 140: 135: 132: 126: 124: 119: 118: 99: 95: 50:order statistics 21: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6882: 6853: 6815: 6752: 6738:quality control 6705: 6687:Clinical trials 6664: 6639: 6623: 6611:Hazard function 6605: 6559: 6521: 6505: 6468: 6464:Breusch–Godfrey 6452: 6429: 6369: 6344:Factor analysis 6290: 6271:Graphical model 6243: 6210: 6177: 6163: 6143: 6097: 6064: 6026: 5989: 5988: 5957: 5901: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5856: 5841: 5820:Rank statistics 5814: 5793:Model selection 5781: 5739:Goodness of fit 5733: 5710: 5684: 5656: 5609: 5554: 5543:Median unbiased 5471: 5382: 5315:Order statistic 5277: 5256: 5223: 5197: 5149: 5104: 5047: 5045:Data collection 5026: 4938: 4893: 4867: 4845: 4805: 4757: 4674:Continuous data 4664: 4651: 4633: 4628: 4598: 4593: 4558: 4510: 4501: 4470: 4464: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4375: 4371: 4340: 4336: 4303: 4299: 4276: 4272: 4249: 4245: 4222: 4218: 4195: 4191: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4068: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3926: 3919: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3836: 3832: 3817:10.2307/2685210 3801: 3797: 3774: 3755: 3750: 3738: 3722: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3462: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3384: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3158: 3153: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3023:distributions. 2996: 2937:, applying the 2920: 2914:distributions. 2899: 2884: 2882: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2789: 2785: 2762: 2757: 2743: 2739: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2461:L-moment ratios 2457: 2455:L-moment ratios 2418: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390:order statistic 2385: 2382: 2372: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2318: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2143: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2089: 2071: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1934: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1864: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1821: 1810: 1792: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1701: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1655: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1601: 1583: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1506: 1502: 1493: 1482: 1464: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1375: 1371: 1361: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1326: 1322: 1302: 1298: 1283: 1279: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1238: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1212: 1207: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1156: 1152: 1137: 1133: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1001: 996:th term of the 993: 989: 963: 962: 941: 937: 923: 922: 901: 897: 883: 882: 858: 854: 840: 839: 815: 811: 797: 796: 787: 786: 770: 768: 759: 755: 753: 750: 749: 729: 728: 707: 703: 689: 688: 667: 663: 649: 648: 624: 620: 606: 605: 596: 595: 579: 577: 568: 564: 562: 559: 558: 538: 537: 516: 512: 498: 497: 476: 472: 458: 457: 448: 447: 431: 429: 420: 416: 414: 411: 410: 373: 372: 363: 359: 357: 354: 353: 324: 319: 316: 315: 311: 307: 296: 293:order statistic 288: 285: 281: 237: 233: 218: 217: 210: 195: 189: 188: 187: 181: 177: 156: 145: 125: 123: 114: 110: 108: 105: 104: 97: 93: 90: 78:L-moment ratios 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6954: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6879: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6684: 6682:Bioinformatics 6678: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6487:partial (PACF) 6478: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6434:Specific tests 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6334:Classification 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6281:McNemar's test 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6245: 6244: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6119:Semiparametric 6116: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5915: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5860: 5857:(Mann–Whitney) 5852: 5851: 5850: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5824: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5785: 5782:(Shapiro–Wilk) 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5714: 5702: 5696: 5694:Specific tests 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5145:Standard error 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Optimal design 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4872:Summary tables 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4706:Contraharmonic 4703: 4698: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4666: 4665: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4524:central moment 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4403: 4402:External links 4400: 4397: 4396: 4385:(3): 299–314. 4369: 4334: 4315:(3): 333–343. 4297: 4270: 4243: 4232:(3): 262–279. 4216: 4189: 4175:10.1.1.62.4288 4152: 4145: 4127: 4114:978-0521019408 4113: 4093: 4059: 4029: 3999: 3996:on 2020-02-10. 3947: 3917: 3877: 3857: 3830: 3811:(3): 186–189. 3795: 3784:(1): 105–124. 3752: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3721: 3718: 3704: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3686:(3) = 0.1504 3683: 3678: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3596: 3574: 3552: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3497: 3494: 3471: 3468: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3424: 3421: 3393: 3390: 3382: 3369: 3368: 3340: 3337: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3276: 3262: 3259: 3235: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3123: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 2995: 2992: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2919: 2916: 2898: 2895: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2818: 2817: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2663: 2659: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2456: 2453: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2376: 2369: 2368: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2113: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2019: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1740: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1625: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1566: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1531: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1467: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1398: 1397: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1095: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1066: 1062: 1048: 1031: 1027: 986: 985: 974: 966: 958: 950: 947: 944: 940: 933: 926: 921: 918: 910: 907: 904: 900: 893: 886: 881: 878: 875: 867: 864: 861: 857: 850: 843: 838: 835: 832: 824: 821: 818: 814: 807: 800: 790: 783: 776: 767: 762: 758: 746: 745: 732: 724: 716: 713: 710: 706: 699: 692: 687: 684: 676: 673: 670: 666: 659: 652: 647: 644: 641: 633: 630: 627: 623: 616: 609: 599: 592: 585: 576: 571: 567: 555: 554: 541: 533: 525: 522: 519: 515: 508: 501: 496: 493: 485: 482: 479: 475: 468: 461: 451: 444: 437: 428: 423: 419: 407: 406: 395: 389: 383: 376: 371: 366: 362: 344:expected value 327: 283: 278: 277: 266: 260: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 236: 229: 226: 221: 213: 208: 204: 201: 198: 192: 184: 180: 176: 173: 170: 165: 162: 159: 154: 151: 148: 144: 138: 131: 122: 117: 113: 89: 86: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6953: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Geostatistics 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6811:Psychometrics 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6674:Biostatistics 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6636: 6635:Log-rank test 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6506:(Box–Jenkins) 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6459:Durbin–Watson 6457: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Dickey–Fuller 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:Cointegration 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Decomposition 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261:Cohen's kappa 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114:Nonparametric 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5877: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863:Nonparametric 5861: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5833:Sample median 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5438:loss function 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Questionnaire 5138: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:Control chart 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4259:(1): 97–106. 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3875: 3874:1-463-50841-7 3871: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3699: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3568: 3553: 3546: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3491: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3402: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3335: 3316: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3291:- 9 = 0.1226 3280: 3279: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3183: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3031:Distribution 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2892: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2823: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2661: 2657: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2594: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2391: 2380: 2375: 2347: 2340: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2224: 2221: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2154: 2151: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2067: 2064: 2052: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2020: 1998: 1991: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1875: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1788: 1785: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1719: 1712: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1663: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1579: 1576: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1510: 1503: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1460: 1457: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1319: 1316: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1234: 1231: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1064: 1060: 1049: 1029: 1025: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1007: 999: 972: 948: 945: 942: 938: 919: 908: 905: 902: 898: 879: 876: 865: 862: 859: 855: 836: 833: 822: 819: 816: 812: 781: 774: 765: 760: 756: 748: 747: 714: 711: 708: 704: 685: 674: 671: 668: 664: 645: 642: 631: 628: 625: 621: 590: 583: 574: 569: 565: 557: 556: 523: 520: 517: 513: 494: 483: 480: 477: 473: 442: 435: 426: 421: 417: 409: 408: 387: 369: 364: 360: 352: 351: 350: 348: 345: 305: 302: 294: 264: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 234: 224: 206: 202: 199: 196: 182: 174: 171: 163: 160: 157: 152: 149: 146: 142: 136: 129: 120: 115: 111: 103: 102: 101: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6912: 6900: 6881: 6874: 6786:Econometrics 6736: / 6719:Chemometrics 6696:Epidemiology 6689: / 6662:Applications 6504:ARIMA model 6451:Q-statistic 6400:Stationarity 6296:Multivariate 6239: / 6235: / 6233:Multivariate 6231: / 6171: / 6167: / 5941:Bayes factor 5840:Signed rank 5752: 5726: 5718: 5706: 5401:Completeness 5237:Cohort study 5135:Opinion poll 5070:Missing data 5057:Study design 5012:Scatter plot 4934:Scatter plot 4927:Spearman's ρ 4889:Grouped data 4833: 4553: 4412:IBM Research 4382: 4378: 4372: 4350:(1): 50–68. 4347: 4343: 4337: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4286:(1): 70–81. 4283: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4136: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4103: 4096: 4079: 4075: 4050:. Retrieved 4042:itl.nist.gov 4041: 4032: 4015: 4011: 3991:the original 3970: 3966: 3933: 3929: 3898:(1): 41–49. 3895: 3889: 3865: 3860: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3781: 3777: 3724: 3723: 3695: 3657: 3640: 3566: 3544: 3489: 3463: 3452: 3400: 3385: 3374: 3333: 3271: 3226: 3146: 3142: 3118: 3114: 3072: 3070:L-kurtosis, 3061: 3059:L-skewness, 3050: 3039: 2997: 2988: 2976: 2956: 2944: 2921: 2908:Tukey lambda 2900: 2819: 2637: 2632: 2592: 2554: 2460: 2458: 2378: 2373: 2370: 1399: 1099: 1097: 1085: 1010: 987: 287:denotes the 279: 91: 77: 54:L-statistics 37: 31: 29: 6914:WikiProject 6829:Cartography 6791:Jurimetrics 6743:Reliability 6474:Time domain 6453:(Ljung–Box) 6375:Time-series 6253:Categorical 6237:Time-series 6229:Categorical 6164:(Bernoulli) 5999:Correlation 5979:Correlation 5775:Jarque–Bera 5747:Chi-squared 5509:M-estimator 5462:Asymptotics 5406:Sufficiency 5173:Interaction 5085:Replication 5065:Effect size 5022:Violin plot 5002:Radar chart 4982:Forest plot 4972:Correlogram 4922:Kendall's τ 4082:: 437–446. 3846:: 193–198. 3742:L-estimator 3682:16 - 10 log 3524:Exponential 3034:Parameters 2591:called the 301:independent 44:. They are 6930:Categories 6781:Demography 6499:ARMA model 6304:Regression 5881:(Friedman) 5842:(Wilcoxon) 5780:Normality 5770:Lilliefors 5717:Student's 5593:Resampling 5467:Robustness 5455:divergence 5445:Efficiency 5383:(monotone) 5378:Likelihood 5295:Population 5128:Stratified 5080:Population 4899:Dependence 4855:Count data 4786:Percentile 4763:Dispersion 4696:Arithmetic 4631:Statistics 4519:raw moment 4466:Theory of 4417:L Moments. 4120:22 January 4052:19 January 3748:References 3720:Extensions 3451:Student's 3373:Student's 3005:log-normal 2910:, and the 2633:L-kurtosis 2593:L-skewness 34:statistics 6162:Logistic 5929:posterior 5855:Rank sum 5603:Jackknife 5598:Bootstrap 5416:Bootstrap 5351:Parameter 5300:Statistic 5095:Statistic 5007:Run chart 4992:Pie chart 4987:Histogram 4977:Fan chart 4952:Bar chart 4834:L-moments 4721:Geometric 4589:combinant 4364:120542594 4170:CiteSeerX 3987:121955257 3615:= 0.1667 3593:= 0.3333 3516:= 0.2168 3492:= 0.7363 3419:= 1.111 3365:= 0.2357 3209:= 0.1667 3048:L-scale, 2982:with low 2930:for data. 2885:( 0, 1 ) 2857:λ 2842:λ 2835:τ 2787:τ 2783:≤ 2769:− 2755:τ 2658:τ 2642:( −1, 1 ) 2607:τ 2567:τ 2534:… 2503:λ 2488:λ 2475:τ 2459:A set of 2449:algorithm 2415:⋅ 2412:⋅ 2308:− 2292:− 2273:− 2241:− 2203:− 2171:− 2152:− 2133:− 2087:∑ 2053:⋅ 2029:ℓ 1959:− 1924:− 1892:− 1873:− 1854:− 1808:∑ 1774:⋅ 1750:ℓ 1680:− 1664:− 1645:− 1599:∑ 1565:⋅ 1541:ℓ 1480:∑ 1428:ℓ 1351:− 1331:− 1317:− 1293:⋯ 1274:⋯ 1257:∑ 1220:⋅ 1196:λ 1147:⋯ 1128:⋯ 1061:λ 1026:λ 920:− 834:− 757:λ 643:− 566:λ 495:− 418:λ 361:λ 242:− 225:⁡ 200:− 172:− 161:− 143:∑ 112:λ 38:L-moments 6876:Category 6569:Survival 6446:Johansen 6169:Binomial 6124:Isotonic 5711:(normal) 5356:location 5163:Blocking 5118:Sampling 4997:Q–Q plot 4962:Box plot 4944:Graphics 4839:Skewness 4829:Kurtosis 4801:Variance 4731:Heronian 4726:Harmonic 4584:cumulant 4554:L-moment 4549:kurtosis 4544:skewness 4534:variance 4420:Dataplot 3736:See also 3443:= 0.375 3408: 2 3166:Logistic 2685:⁠− 2679:lies in 347:operator 342:denotes 306:of size 70:kurtosis 66:skewness 6902:Commons 6849:Kriging 6734:Process 6691:studies 6550:Wavelet 6383:General 5550:Plug-in 5344:L space 5123:Cluster 4824:Moments 4642:Outline 4329:1609174 3912:3650389 3825:2685210 3790:2345653 3707:is the 3613:⁠ 3601:⁠ 3591:⁠ 3579:⁠ 3571:⁠ 3556:⁠ 3549:⁠ 3535:⁠ 3514:⁠ 3502:⁠ 3487:⁠ 3475:⁠ 3441:⁠ 3429:⁠ 3417:⁠ 3410:√ 3397:⁠ 3363:⁠ 3356:√ 3345:⁠ 3331:⁠ 3319:⁠ 3299:Laplace 3289:⁠ 3268:⁠ 3256:⁠ 3249:√ 3239:⁠ 3207:⁠ 3195:⁠ 3139:⁠ 3127:⁠ 3111:⁠ 3099:⁠ 3084:Uniform 2887:  2883:  2700:⁠ 2681:  2640:  2384:is the 1004:-order 58:moments 18:L-scale 6771:Census 6361:Normal 6309:Manova 6129:Robust 5879:2-way 5871:1-way 5709:-test 5380:  4957:Biplot 4748:Median 4741:Lehmer 4683:Center 4362:  4327:  4172:  4143:  4111:  3985:  3910:  3872:  3823:  3788:  3623:Gumbel 3217:Normal 3037:mean, 3019:, and 2951:robust 2912:Wakeby 2906:, the 2904:Gumbel 2866:  2832:  2802:  2775:  2751:  2745:  2730:  2724:  2717:  2702:, 1 ) 2667:  2654:  2616:  2603:  2595:, 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4109:ISBN 4054:2013 3870:ISBN 3664:(3) 3505:111 3466:= 4 3458:d.f. 3456:, 4 3388:= 2 3380:d.f. 3378:, 2 2796:< 2706:and 2631:the 2392:and 1296:< 1290:< 1277:< 1271:< 1150:< 1144:< 1131:< 1125:< 314:and 74:mean 68:and 5808:BIC 5803:AIC 4430:Lmo 4387:doi 4352:doi 4317:doi 4288:doi 4261:doi 4257:126 4234:doi 4207:doi 4180:doi 4084:doi 4080:194 4020:doi 3975:doi 3938:doi 3900:doi 3848:doi 3844:136 3813:doi 3660:log 3511:512 3478:15 3266:30 2926:As 2388:th 291:th 284:k:n 48:of 32:In 6932:: 4383:43 4381:. 4358:. 4348:14 4346:. 4323:. 4313:11 4311:. 4282:. 4255:. 4228:. 4203:52 4201:. 4178:. 4166:98 4164:. 4078:. 4074:. 4062:^ 4016:15 4014:. 4002:^ 3981:. 3971:15 3969:. 3965:. 3950:^ 3934:32 3932:. 3920:^ 3906:. 3896:51 3894:. 3880:^ 3842:. 3819:. 3809:46 3807:. 3782:52 3780:. 3756:^ 3732:. 3700:, 3639:+ 3630:, 3604:1 3582:1 3565:2 3496:0 3484:64 3438:8 3432:3 3423:0 3354:3 3339:0 3328:4 3322:3 3306:, 3286:π 3261:0 3224:, 3198:1 3189:0 3173:, 3159:0 3154:0 3149:) 3145:– 3130:1 3121:) 3117:+ 3102:1 3091:, 3015:, 3011:, 3007:, 2893:. 2691:1 2683:[ 2635:. 1184:: 1090:. 64:, 36:, 5753:G 5727:F 5719:t 5707:Z 5426:V 5421:U 4623:e 4616:t 4609:v 4459:e 4452:t 4445:v 4393:. 4389:: 4366:. 4354:: 4331:. 4319:: 4294:. 4290:: 4284:6 4267:. 4263:: 4240:. 4236:: 4230:6 4213:. 4209:: 4186:. 4182:: 4149:. 4124:. 4090:. 4086:: 4056:. 4026:. 4022:: 3977:: 3944:. 3940:: 3914:. 3902:: 3854:. 3850:: 3827:. 3815:: 3792:. 3715:. 3705:e 3702:Îł 3684:2 3673:2 3662:2 3658:β 3650:β 3646:e 3643:Îł 3637:Îź 3632:β 3628:Îź 3610:6 3607:/ 3588:3 3585:/ 3567:Îť 3562:/ 3559:1 3545:Îť 3541:/ 3538:1 3529:Îť 3508:/ 3490:π 3481:/ 3470:0 3464:ν 3453:t 3435:/ 3412:2 3405:/ 3401:π 3392:0 3386:ν 3375:t 3358:2 3351:/ 3348:1 3334:b 3325:/ 3313:Îź 3308:b 3304:Îź 3283:/ 3277:m 3274:θ 3251:π 3245:/ 3242:σ 3233:Îź 3227:σ 3222:Îź 3204:6 3201:/ 3185:s 3180:Îź 3175:s 3171:Îź 3147:a 3143:b 3141:( 3136:6 3133:/ 3119:b 3115:a 3113:( 3108:2 3105:/ 3093:b 3089:a 3076:4 3073:τ 3065:3 3062:τ 3054:2 3051:Îť 3043:1 3040:Îť 2869:, 2861:1 2852:/ 2846:2 2838:= 2805:. 2799:1 2791:4 2779:) 2772:1 2764:2 2759:3 2748:5 2741:( 2734:4 2727:1 2704:, 2697:4 2694:/ 2687:+ 2662:4 2644:. 2619:, 2611:4 2579:, 2571:3 2540:. 2531:, 2528:4 2525:, 2522:3 2519:= 2516:r 2512:, 2507:2 2498:/ 2492:r 2484:= 2479:r 2420:) 2407:( 2386:i 2381:) 2379:i 2377:( 2374:x 2351:) 2348:i 2345:( 2341:x 2332:] 2320:) 2315:3 2311:i 2305:n 2299:( 2285:) 2280:2 2276:i 2270:n 2264:( 2253:) 2248:1 2244:1 2238:i 2232:( 2225:3 2222:+ 2215:) 2210:1 2206:i 2200:n 2194:( 2183:) 2178:2 2174:1 2168:i 2162:( 2155:3 2145:) 2140:3 2136:1 2130:i 2124:( 2112:[ 2102:n 2097:1 2094:= 2091:i 2073:) 2068:4 2065:n 2060:( 2050:4 2043:1 2038:= 2033:4 2002:) 1999:i 1996:( 1992:x 1983:] 1971:) 1966:2 1962:i 1956:n 1950:( 1943:+ 1936:) 1931:1 1927:i 1921:n 1915:( 1904:) 1899:1 1895:1 1889:i 1883:( 1876:2 1866:) 1861:2 1857:1 1851:i 1845:( 1833:[ 1823:n 1818:1 1815:= 1812:i 1794:) 1789:3 1786:n 1781:( 1771:3 1764:1 1759:= 1754:3 1723:) 1720:i 1717:( 1713:x 1704:] 1692:) 1687:1 1683:i 1677:n 1671:( 1657:) 1652:1 1648:1 1642:i 1636:( 1624:[ 1614:n 1609:1 1606:= 1603:i 1585:) 1580:2 1577:n 1572:( 1562:2 1555:1 1550:= 1545:2 1514:) 1511:i 1508:( 1504:x 1495:n 1490:1 1487:= 1484:i 1466:) 1461:1 1458:n 1453:( 1442:1 1437:= 1432:1 1414:n 1410:r 1406:j 1402:n 1385:. 1377:j 1373:x 1363:) 1358:j 1354:1 1348:r 1342:( 1334:j 1328:r 1324:) 1320:1 1314:( 1304:r 1300:x 1285:j 1281:x 1266:1 1262:x 1240:) 1235:r 1232:n 1227:( 1217:r 1210:1 1205:= 1200:r 1168:, 1164:} 1158:r 1154:x 1139:j 1135:x 1120:1 1116:x 1111:{ 1100:r 1065:2 1030:1 1002:r 994:r 990:r 973:. 965:) 957:} 949:4 946:: 943:1 939:X 932:{ 925:E 917:} 909:4 906:: 903:2 899:X 892:{ 885:E 880:3 877:+ 874:} 866:4 863:: 860:3 856:X 849:{ 842:E 837:3 831:} 823:4 820:: 817:4 813:X 806:{ 799:E 789:( 782:4 775:1 766:= 761:4 731:) 723:} 715:3 712:: 709:1 705:X 698:{ 691:E 686:+ 683:} 675:3 672:: 669:2 665:X 658:{ 651:E 646:2 640:} 632:3 629:: 626:3 622:X 615:{ 608:E 598:( 591:3 584:1 575:= 570:3 540:) 532:} 524:2 521:: 518:1 514:X 507:{ 500:E 492:} 484:2 481:: 478:2 474:X 467:{ 460:E 450:( 443:2 436:1 427:= 422:2 394:} 388:X 382:{ 375:E 370:= 365:1 326:E 312:X 308:n 297:k 295:( 289:k 282:X 265:, 259:} 251:r 248:: 245:k 239:r 235:X 228:{ 220:E 212:) 207:k 203:1 197:r 191:( 183:k 179:) 175:1 169:( 164:1 158:r 153:0 150:= 147:k 137:r 130:1 121:= 116:r 98:r 94:X 52:( 20:)

Index

L-scale
statistics
probability distribution
linear combinations
order statistics
L-statistics
moments
standard deviation
skewness
kurtosis
mean
standardized moments
order statistic
independent
sample
expected value
operator
binomial transform
finite difference
Mean absolute difference
binomial coefficient
order statistic
binomial coefficient
probability weighted moments
algorithm
coefficient of variation
Gini coefficient
Gumbel
Tukey lambda
Wakeby

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