227:
257:. Several individual tracks for unrelated groups of organisms form a generalized ('standard') track, where the individual components are relict fragments of an ancestral, more widespread biota fragmented by geological and/or climatic changes. A node arises from the intersection of two or more generalized tracks
252:
is a discipline based on the analysis of patterns of distribution of organisms. The method analyzes biogeographic distributions through the drawing of tracks, and derives information from the form and orientation of those tracks. A track is a line connecting collection localities or disjunct areas of
187:
Croizat died at Coro on 30 November 1982, of a heart attack. During his life, Croizat has published around 300 scientific papers and seven books, amounting to more than 15,000 printed pages. He was honoured by
Venezuela with the Henri Pittier Order of Merit in Conservation, and by the government of
283:
While some biologists have continued to apply panbiogeographic approaches, the theory has been highly criticised and has been dismissed by mainstream biologists. The theory was described as "almost moribund" in 2007, and as having "fallen by the wayside" in 2023. Robert H. Cowie, writing in a book
277:
biogeography is primarily concerned. However space necessarily interplays with time and form, therefore the three factors are one of biogeographic concern. Put another way, when evolution is considered to be guided by developmental constraints or by phylogenetic constraints, it is orthogenetic.
22:
276:
is a term used by
Croizat, in his words "... in a pure mechanistic sense", which refers to the fact that a variation in form is limited and constrained. Croizat considered organism evolution as a function of time, space and form. Of these three essential factors, space is the one with which
113:
Croizat and his family (wife Lucia and two children) emigrated to the United States in 1924; an avid artist, Leon worked selling his artwork for several years, but could not succeed economically as a working artist after the stock market crash of 1929. During the 1930s, Croizat found a job
271:
To explain disjunct distributions, Croizat proposed the existence of broadly distributed ancestors that established their range during a period of mobilism, followed by a form-making process over a broad front. Disjunctions are explained as extinctions in the previously continuous range.
134:
125:
Croizat became a prolific student and publisher, studying important aspects of the distribution and evolution of biological species. It was during this time that he began to formulate a novel current of thought in evolutionary theory, opposed in some respects to
114:
identifying plants as part of a topographic inventory performed in the public parks of New York City. During his visits to the Bronx
Botanical Gardens, he became acquainted with Dr. E. D. Merrill. When Merrill was appointed director of the
110:(aka Victor Croizat) and Maria (Marie) Chaley, who had emigrated to Turin from Chambéry, France. Despite his great aptitude for the natural sciences, Leon studied and received a degree in law from the University of Turin.
184:, a city approximately 400 kilometres West of Caracas. Jardin Botanico Xerofito was a botanical garden which they founded together. Croizat and Catalina worked for six years to establish Jardin Botanico Xerofito.
177:
280:
Some researchers consider
Croizat as one of the most original thinkers of modern comparative biology, whose contributions provided the foundation of a new synthesis between earth and life sciences.
928:
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stated "Panbiogeography seems to me at best to offer little new insight, at worst to be fundamentally flawed" criticising panbiogeographers for not placing enough emphasis on
733:
Waters, Jonathan M.; Trewick, Steven A.; Paterson, Adrian M.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Kennedy, Martyn; Craw, Dave; Burridge, Christopher; Wallis, Graham P. (2013).
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Panbiogeography or An
Introductory Synthesis of Zoogeography, Phytogeography, Geology; with notes on evolution, systematics, ecology, anthropology, etc.
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375:
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immigrant. In 1953 Croizat gave up all official academic positions to work full-time researching biology. Croizat and his wife
Catalina lived in
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Gray, Russell (1989). "Oppositions in panbiogeography: can the conflicts between selection, constraint, ecology, and history be resolved?".
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470:
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During his time in
Venezuela Croizat divorced his first wife. Croizat was later remarried to his second wife Catalina Krishaber, a
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Croizat, L (1982). "Vicariance/vicariism, panbiogeography, "vicariance
Biogeography," etc.: a clarification".
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157:. Between 1951 and 1952 he participated in the Franco-Venezuelan expedition to discover the sources of the
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Italy with the Order of Merit. Croizat is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard,
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803:. México, DF: Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología 37, Instituto de Biología, UNAM. (in Spanish).
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153:. In 1951 he was promoted and was awarded the title of Professor of Botany and Ecology at the
265:
137:
Croizat during the 1950-1951 Franco-Venezuelan
Expedition to the sources of the Orinoco River
903:
898:
456:
8:
523:
Page RDM (1987). "Graphs and generalized tracks: quantifying
Croizat's panbiogeography".
573:"Leon Croizat's biogeography and macroevolution, or ... 'out of nothing, nothing comes'"
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Wallis, Graham P.; Buckley, Thomas R. (2023). "Evolutionary biogeography of Aotearoa".
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149:. Croizat then obtained a position in the Faculty of the Department of Agronomy at the
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Historia del desarrollo y la recepción de las ideas panbiogeográficas de Leon Croizat
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synthesis of the evolution of biological form over space, in time, which he called
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Llorente J, Morrone J, Bueno A, Perez-Hernandez R, Viloria A, Espinosa D (2000). "
194:. Several plant and animal species (and one genus) have been named after Croizat.
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La Vita tra lo Spazio e il Tempo. Il Retaggio di Croizat e la Nuova Biogeografia
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Manual of Phytogeography or An Account of Plant Dispersal Throughout the World
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294:, which Cowie states is "the underpinning of any biogeographical analysis".
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Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales
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river. Croizat served with the expedition as a botanist with professor
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242:
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130:, on the evolution and dispersal of biota over space, through time.
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Entre el escarnio y el encomio: León Croizat y la panbiogeografía
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851:"Bibliography of the scientific work of Leon Croizat, 1932-1982"
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Homología Biogeográfica: las Coordenadas Espaciales de la Vida
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until 1976. In 1976 they took over as first directors of the
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99:
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404:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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in 1936, he hired Leon as a technical assistant (in 1937.)
810:. M. Zunino (Ed.). Palermo: Medical Books. (in Italian).
688:"Panbiogeography: Its origin, metamorphosis and decline"
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762:
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Academic staff of the Central University of Venezuela
424:"Never a serious scientist: the life of Leon Croizat"
879:. Revista Multidisciplinaria de Ciencia y Tecnología
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209:is used to indicate this person as the author when
318:. Published by the author, Caracas, 1961. 1821 pp.
312:. Published by the author, Caracas, 1958. 2755 pp.
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644:"Panbiogeography — Tracking the History of Life"
324:. Published by the author, Caracas, 1964. 881 pp
268:connecting all localities by the shortest path.
681:
679:
829:"Space, Time, Form: The Biological Synthesis"
768:
637:
635:
511:Panbiogeography: Tracking the History of Life
400:; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
145:after receiving an invitation from botanist
771:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
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561:. Caracas: Published by the author. p. 676.
559:Space, Time, Form: The Biological Synthesis
322:Space, Time, Form: The Biological Synthesis
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316:Principia Botanica or Beginnings of Botany
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815:"Comments on Leon Croizat's Biogeography"
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74:(16 July 1894 – 30 November 1982) was a
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944:Italian emigrants to the United States
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82:scholar and botanist who developed an
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509:Craw RC, Grehan JR, Heads MJ (1999).
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513:. New York: Oxford University Press.
438:from the original on 3 February 2023
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13:
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642:Cowie, Robert H. (December 1999).
155:University of the Andes, Venezuela
14:
955:
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692:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
402:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
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661:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.0670a.x
306:. Junk, The Hague, 1952. 696 pp.
488:International Plant Names Index
230:Panbiogeographic tracks of the
151:Central University of Venezuela
924:20th-century Italian botanists
686:Briggs, J. C. (October 2007).
626:10.1080/03014223.1989.10422935
614:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
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387:(93): 549-577. ISSN 0370-3908.
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871:References on Panbiogeography
783:10.1080/03036758.2023.2260539
735:"Biogeography Off the Tracks"
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884:Video documentary on Croizat
849:Heads, M.; Craw, R. (1984).
16:Italian botanist (1894–1982)
7:
240:, and the New Zealand frog
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72:Léon Camille Marius Croizat
10:
960:
234:birds, the southern beech
178:“Jardin Botanico Xerofito”
141:In 1947, Croizat moved to
704:10.1134/S106307400705001X
412:. ("Croizat", pp. 61-62).
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38:
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914:Harvard University staff
580:The Philippine Scientist
264:a track is equated to a
934:Non-Darwinian evolution
586:: 73–88. Archived from
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939:Scientists from Turin
752:10.1093/sysbio/syt013
266:minimum spanning tree
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593:on 27 September 2007
457:Morrone JJ (2000). "
98:Croizat was born in
806:Morrone JJ (2007).
799:Morrone JJ (2004).
571:Colacino C (1997).
200:author abbreviation
25:Léon Croizat (1964)
833:Systematic Zoology
819:Systematic Zoology
739:Systematic Biology
557:Croizat L (1964).
525:Systematic Zoology
473:2007-09-27 at the
330:Systematic Zoology
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163:Jose Maria Cruxent
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120:Harvard University
27:
813:Nelson G (1973).
410:978-1-4214-0135-5
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827:Rosen D (1974).
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61:30 November 1982
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63:(1982-11-30)
53:16 July 1894
43:Leon Croizat
33:Léon Croizat
18:
904:1982 deaths
899:1894 births
777:(13): 1–7.
531:(1): 1–17.
398:Beolens, Bo
893:Categories
442:3 February
358:References
284:review in
237:Nothofagus
49:1894-07-16
877:Croizatia
712:1063-0740
670:1365-2540
597:26 August
243:Leiopelma
170:Hungarian
143:Venezuela
128:Darwinism
861:: 67–75.
648:Heredity
471:Archived
436:Archived
287:Heredity
222:Concepts
855:Tuatara
720:1904931
545:2413304
468:: 41-47
434:: 5–7.
428:Tuatara
350:2413236
205:Croizat
174:Caracas
159:Orinoco
80:Italian
718:
710:
668:
543:
408:
348:
232:ratite
211:citing
100:Torino
76:French
716:S2CID
591:(PDF)
576:(PDF)
541:JSTOR
346:JSTOR
255:taxon
104:Italy
708:ISSN
666:ISSN
599:2007
444:2023
406:ISBN
182:Coro
94:Life
58:Died
39:Born
779:doi
747:doi
700:doi
656:doi
622:doi
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461:".
380:".
338:doi
260:In
180:in
118:of
106:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
