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397:
Although the group was fluid and largely informal, traditionally whoever occupied the Chair of the
Department of Modern Philosophy at the University of Kyoto was considered its leader. Nishida was the first, from 1913 to 1928. Hajime Tanabe succeeded him until the mid-1930s. By this time, Nishitani
249:
and religious ideas and used them to reformulate religious and moral insights unique to the East Asian philosophical tradition. However, it is also used to describe postwar scholars who have taught at the same university, been influenced by the foundational thinkers of Kyoto school philosophy, and
507:
It is 'intuitive and practical,' with its emphasis on religious aspects of experience not lending themselves readily to theoretical description. True wisdom is to be distinguished from intellectual understanding of the kind appropriate to the sciences. The 'appropriation' of
Nishida's
516:, developing more fully the religious implications of his work and philosophy through "Absolute Nothingness," which "contains its own absolute self-negation within itself." By this Nishida means that while the divine is dynamically paradoxical, it should not be construed as
334:
The group of philosophers involved with the Kyoto School in its nearly 100-year history is a diverse one. Members often come from very different social backgrounds. At the same time, in the heat of intellectual debate they did not hesitate to criticise each other's work.
508:
thought,...'embraces difficulties entirely different from those of intellectual understanding'...and those who 'pretend to understand much but do not really understand, no matter how much they intellectually understand' are the object of his scorn.
657:. Tanabe's notion is that the logical category of "species" and nation are equivalent, and each nation or "species" provides a fundamental set of characteristics which define and determine the lives and outlooks of those who participate in it.
437:
was closely connected to the Kyoto School and in some ways critical to the development of thought that occurred there — he personally knew
Nishida, Tanabe, and Nishitani — he is not considered a true member of the group.
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406:, and returned to a teaching post since 1928. From 1955 to 1963, Nishitani officially occupied the Chair. Since his departure, leadership of the school crumbled — turning the movement into a very
649:
Hajime Tanabe bears the greatest brunt of the criticism for bringing his work on the "Logic of
Species" into Japanese politics, which was used to buttress the militarist project to formulate
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The significance of the group continues to grow, especially in
American departments of religion and philosophy. Since the mid-1980s, there has been a growing interest in
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who have developed distinctive theories of
Japanese uniqueness. To disambiguate the term, therefore, thinkers and writers covered by this second sense appear under
394:
and identified common elements between the religions. For this reason, some scholars classify the intellectual products of the school as "religious philosophy."
894:
476:. The logic of basho is a non-dualistic 'concrete' logic, meant to overcome the inadequacy of the subject-object distinction essential to the subject logic of
1153:(Nanzan studies in religion and culture), Yoshinori Takeuchi, Valdo Viglielmo, and James W. Heisig (Translators), University of California Press, April 1987,
292:' of the school. Afterwards, the media and academic institutions outside Japan began to use the term. By the 1970s it had become a universally accepted term.
265:
to develop into a well-known and active movement. However, it is not a "school" of philosophy in the traditional sense of the phrase, such as with the
375:. In addition, many employed their cultural resources in formulating their philosophy and bringing it to play to add to the philosophical enterprise.
59:
1039:, John C. Maraldo (Ed.): "Rude Awakenings. Zen, the Kyoto School, & the Question of Nationalism", Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
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Nishitani and Abe spent much of their academic lives dedicated to this development of nothingness and the
Absolute, leading on occasion to
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Introduction to the philosophy of Tanabe: According to the
English translation of the seventh chapter of the demonstration of Christianity
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Nishida's work is notable for a few reasons. Chief among them is how much they are related to the German tradition of philosophy since
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469:). This brought him fame outside Japan and contributed largely to the attention later paid to philosophers from the Kyoto School.
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writes in his introduction to a new
English translation of Nishida's magnum opus that if one thinks of philosophy in terms of
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1202:, by Nishitani Keiji, translated by Yamamoto Sesaku and James Heisig. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
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Sharing some basic assumptions about using Asian thought in the framework of
Western philosophical tradition.
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Good early work, focuses mostly on Nishitani's relevance for the perspective of Buddhist-Christian dialogue.
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Generally, most were strongly influenced by the German philosophical tradition, especially the thought of
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Nishitani describes East Asian philosophy as something very different from what the Western tradition of
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Collection of essays dealing with the history of its name, and its members contributions to philosophy.
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According to James Heisig, the name "Kyoto School" was first used in 1932 by a student of Nishida and
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1182:, translated by Graham Parkes and Setsuko Aihara. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
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Excellent introduction to the School's history and content; includes rich multilingual bibliography.
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Today, there is a great deal of critical research into the school's role before and during the
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While their work was not expressly religious it was informed significantly by it. For example,
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1094:, translated by Masao Abe and Christopher Ives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987 (1921).
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Anthology of texts by Kyoto scholars themselves, with additional biographical essays.
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meeting place. Its founder, Nishida, steadfastly encouraged independent thinking.
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on professorships and lectured to many groups on Buddhist-Christian relations.
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1049:"The Religious Philosophy of the Kyoto School: An Overview," by James Heisig.
908:
Kyoto School Philosophy: A Call for a Paradigm Shift in Philosophical Thought
319:, then Japan has a rich philosophical history, composed of the great thinkers
26:, considered the founder of the Kyoto School of philosophical thought, c. 1943
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1218:, edited by Taitetsu Unno. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
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The following criteria roughly characterize the features of this school:
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273:. Instead, the group of academics gathered around Kyoto University as a
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is the name given to the Japanese philosophical movement centered at
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1070:"In Memoriam: Keiji Nishitani (1900-1990)," by E. Kawamura-Hanoka.
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Absolute Nothingness: Foundations for a Buddhist-Christian Dialogue
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465:" (Japanese: 場所; usually translated as "place," or the Greek τόπος
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455:, the school's founder, is most known for his groundbreaking work
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and James Heisig. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
1115:, translated by Makoto Ozaki, Rodopi Bv Editions, January 1990,
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Edited by Frederick Franck. New York: Crossroad Publishing, 1982.
584:
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89:
79:
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Expanding on the philosophical vocabulary introduced by Nishida.
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988:, by James Heisig. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.
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Teaching at Kyoto University or at a nearby affiliated school.
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The Kyoto University Research Centre for the Cultural Sciences
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2240:
1526:
1459:
911:, by HORO Atsuhiko. Nanzan Bulletin 16, 1992, pp. 15–32.
352:" and its importance in the history of philosophical debate.
16:
Japanese philosophical movement centered at Kyoto University
561:, one of Nishida's main disciples, became the doyen in the
2423:
836:"Nāgārjuna's Tetralemma in Yamauchi Tokuryū's Philosophy"
410:
group of philosophers with common beliefs and interests.
348:
Introducing and rationally investigating the meaning of "
69:
686:: 1900–1990 (KU Philosophy Dept. 1928–35, Chair 1935–63)
669:: 1870–1945 (KU Philosophy Dept. 1910–13, Chair 1913–28)
261:, it survived the serious controversy it garnered after
823:
The Kyoto School (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
413:
1247:
1084:
For further information, see the Nanzan Institute's
1242:
electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
1111:Tanabe, Hajime, "Demonstratio of Christianity", in
1108:, translated by Robert Schinzinger. Westport: 1958.
675:: 1885–1962 (KU Philosophy Dept.?, Chair, 1928–35?)
1168:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.
741:
739:
398:had graduated from Kyoto University, studied with
1106:Intelligibility and the Philosophy of Nothingness
1063:"Nishida's Philosophy of 'Place'," by Masao Abe,
1017:, Hans Waldenfels. New York: Paulist Press, 1980.
881:The Buddha Eye: An Anthology of the Kyoto School.
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807:The Buddha Eye: An Anthology of the Kyoto School
1234:The Fascist Next Door? Nishitani Keiji and the
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736:
461:and later for his elucidation of the "logic of
234:
959:Carter, Robert E.; Kasulis, Thomas P. (2013).
514:The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview
228:
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1279:
1189:, translated by James Heisig. New York: 1983.
958:
587:and the specifically Zen Buddhist concept of
571:, primarily dealt with the Western notion of
203:
1367:Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
1067:Vol.28, No.4 (Winter 1988), p. 355-371.
1216:The Religious Philosophy of Nishitani Keiji
1482:
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1146:, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1969, pp. 273–288.
210:
196:
1362:Research Centre for the Cultural Sciences
1229:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1206:The Religious Philosophy of Tanabe Hajime
1086:Bibliography for all Kyoto School members
1056:"Heidegger and Buddhism," by T. Umehara.
1382:Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics
1240:, Discussion Paper by Xiaofei Tu in the
18:
3558:
1078:
833:
422:, especially inter-faith scholarship.
288:considered himself to be part of the '
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1963:
1501:
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1065:International Philosophical Quarterly
1051:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
3571:Philosophical schools and traditions
1293:
917:, edited by Fujita Masakatsu. 2001.
745:D.S. Clarke, Jr. "Introduction" in
583:, as found in the Buddhist idea of
414:Significance of its notable members
13:
915:The Philosophy of the Kyoto School
626:
579:, and religious interpretation of
547:
14:
3597:
1372:Seto Marine Biological Laboratory
1222:
961:The Kyoto School: An Introduction
939:, edited by Ohashi Ryosuke. 2004.
605:
565:. Nishitani's works, such as his
441:
3539:
3538:
3525:
1250:
898:, on Zen and Pure Land Buddhism.
834:Jannel, Romaric (26 July 2022).
536:
1180:The Self-overcoming of Nihilism
937:The Thought of the Kyoto School
869:
426:traveled to both coasts of the
257:Beginning roughly in 1913 with
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34:The Kyoto School of Philosophy
1:
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767:Masao Abe, "Introduction" in
729:
3011:Ordinary language philosophy
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1194:Secondary sources on members
1053:Vol.17, No.1 (1990), p51-81.
892:Seventeen essays, most from
811:The Journal of Asian Studies
786:Demonstratio of Christianity
637:
594:
7:
3061:Contemporary utilitarianism
2976:Internalism and externalism
986:Philosophers of Nothingness
813:, Vol.42, No.4 (Aug.,1983).
235:
10:
3602:
2325:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1964:
1357:Primate Research Institute
1238:Discussions in Perspective
1074:, Vol.12 (1992), p241-245.
1072:Buddhist-Christian Studies
1060:, Vol.20 (1970), p271-281.
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1547:Philosophy of mathematics
1537:Philosophy of information
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1390:
1344:
1303:
1151:Philosophy as Metanoetics
782:Philosophy as Metanoetics
749:by Nishitani Keiji, 1991.
229:
1399:African Study Monographs
1166:Religion and Nothingness
1092:An Inquiry into the Good
1058:Philosophy East and West
790:Religion and Nothingness
769:An Inquiry into the Good
568:Religion and Nothingness
458:An Inquiry into the Good
3016:Postanalytic philosophy
2957:Experimental philosophy
805:Robert Lee, "Review of
3149:Social constructionism
2161:Hellenistic philosophy
1577:Theoretical philosophy
1552:Philosophy of religion
1542:Philosophy of language
510:
435:Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki
27:
3532:Philosophy portal
3051:Scientific skepticism
3031:Reformed epistemology
1557:Philosophy of science
1187:The Heart of Buddhism
505:
174:Nationalism and WW II
161:Historical background
22:
2952:Critical rationalism
2659:Edo neo-Confucianism
2503:Acintya bheda abheda
2482:Renaissance humanism
2193:School of the Sextii
1567:Practical philosophy
1562:Political philosophy
1185:Yoshinori Takeuchi,
895:The Eastern Buddhist
840:The Eastern Buddhist
3576:Japanese philosophy
2523:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2434:Korean Confucianism
2181:Academic Skepticism
1352:Kosobe Conservatory
1144:Monumenta Nipponica
1079:Readings by members
788:, and Nishitani in
522:transcendent theism
179:Occupation of Japan
143:Hisamatsu Shin’ichi
95:Interfaith dialogue
41:at Kyoto University
3144:Post-structuralism
3046:Scientific realism
3001:Quinean naturalism
2981:Logical positivism
2937:Analytical Marxism
2156:Peripatetic school
2068:Chinese naturalism
1595:Aesthetic response
1522:Applied philosophy
725:Takeuchi Yoshinori
710:Hisamatsu Shinichi
619:was a disciple of
420:East/West dialogue
247:Western philosophy
28:
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2932:Analytic feminism
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2903:
2866:Kierkegaardianism
2828:Transcendentalism
2788:Neo-scholasticism
2634:Classical Realism
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2610:
2383:
2382:
2198:Neopythagoreanism
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1572:Social philosophy
1457:
1456:
1449:Takigawa incident
1377:Yoshida dormitory
1258:Philosophy portal
1164:Keiji Nishitani,
1129:978-90-5183-205-1
1029:
1007:
978:978-1-4384-4541-0
951:
929:
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852:10.15070/00011240
575:, inherited from
402:for two years in
290:Marxist left-wing
245:that assimilated
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169:Meiji Restoration
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3581:Kyoto University
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3109:Frankfurt School
3056:Transactionalism
3006:Normative ethics
2986:Legal positivism
2962:Falsificationism
2947:Consequentialism
2942:Communitarianism
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2783:New Confucianism
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2429:Neo-Confucianism
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2188:Middle Platonism
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1804:Epiphenomenalism
1671:Consequentialism
1605:Institutionalism
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1296:Kyoto University
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1099:Art and Morality
1090:Kitaro Nishida,
1044:Journal articles
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965:Albany, New York
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842:. Third Series.
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758:Heisig 2001, p.4
756:
750:
743:
722:Yamauchi Tokuryū
719:Saneshige Komaki
679:Tomonaga Sanjūrō
644:Second World War
503:would indicate.
400:Martin Heidegger
267:Frankfurt School
243:Kyoto University
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3190:Russian cosmism
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3159:Western Marxism
3124:New Historicism
3089:Critical theory
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3071:Wittgensteinian
2967:Foundationalism
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2818:Social contract
2674:Foundationalism
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2573:Illuminationism
2558:Aristotelianism
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2533:Vishishtadvaita
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2146:Megarian school
2141:Eretrian school
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2043:Agriculturalism
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1716:Incompatibilism
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1423:Keiji Nishitani
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1244:, 27 July 2006.
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1037:James W. Heisig
979:
875:Scholarly books
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867:
866:
856:
854:
832:
828:
821:
817:
804:
800:
779:
775:
766:
762:
757:
753:
744:
737:
732:
684:Keiji Nishitani
663:
640:
635:
633:Eshin Nishimura
629:
627:Eshin Nishimura
621:Keiji Nishitani
614:
608:
603:
597:
563:post-war period
559:Keiji Nishitani
556:
554:Keiji Nishitani
550:
548:Keiji Nishitani
545:
539:
482:predicate logic
450:
444:
416:
384:Keiji Nishitani
298:
271:Plato's Academy
226:
216:
184:Post-occupation
153:Suzuki Daisetsu
138:Nishitani Keiji
128:Watsuji Tetsurō
17:
12:
11:
5:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3335:Middle Eastern
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Existentialism
3096:
3094:Deconstruction
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Applied ethics
2923:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:Nietzscheanism
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2833:Utilitarianism
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:Transcendental
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Existentialism
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Augustinianism
2454:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:Zoroastrianism
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2213:Church Fathers
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1728:Libertarianism
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:Metaphilosophy
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:Kitaro Nishida
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1224:
1223:External links
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1200:Nishida Kitaro
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
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996:
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912:
903:
902:
901:
900:
885:
884:
877:
876:
871:
868:
865:
864:
826:
815:
798:
773:
771:, 1987 (1921).
760:
751:
747:Nishida Kitaro
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
715:Shizuteru Ueda
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
676:
670:
667:Kitaro Nishida
662:
659:
639:
636:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
617:Shizuteru Ueda
612:Shizuteru Ueda
610:Main article:
607:
606:Shizuteru Ueda
604:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
552:Main article:
549:
546:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
512:Nishida wrote
453:Kitaro Nishida
448:Kitaro Nishida
446:Main article:
443:
442:Kitaro Nishida
440:
415:
412:
357:
356:
353:
346:
343:
331:, and others.
297:
294:
259:Kitarō Nishida
218:
217:
215:
214:
207:
200:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
163:
162:
158:
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140:
135:
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125:
120:
115:
113:Nishida Kitarō
107:
106:
102:
101:
100:
99:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
60:Logic of basho
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
24:Kitaro Nishida
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3598:
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3579:
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3574:
3572:
3569:
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3522:
3521:
3518:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:Miscellaneous
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:Miscellaneous
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Structuralism
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Postmodernism
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Phenomenology
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Vienna Circle
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Moral realism
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Phenomenology
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Individualism
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2603:Judeo-Islamic
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Shuddhadvaita
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Scholasticism
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2336:
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2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
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2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
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2237:
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2229:
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2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
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2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Conceptualism
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Particularism
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Functionalism
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Eliminativism
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
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1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
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1735:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Compatibilism
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Particularism
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
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1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
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690:Kuki Shūzō
655:propaganda
286:Jun Tosaka
123:Kuki Shūzō
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3041:Scientism
3036:Systemics
2896:Spinozism
2823:Socialism
2758:Modernism
2721:Objective
2629:Anarchism
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2404:Neotaoism
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2058:Logicians
1691:Free will
1653:Solipsism
1600:Formalism
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518:pantheism
493:Descartes
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386:wrote on
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369:Nietzsche
313:Augustine
301:Masao Abe
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3489:Romanian
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3272:Africana
3262:Egyptian
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3026:Rawlsian
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2706:Absolute
2701:Idealism
2689:Humanism
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2295:Buddhist
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1994:Medieval
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480:and the
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275:de facto
148:Abe Maso
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3196:more...
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2711:British
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2508:Advaita
2498:Vedanta
2472:Scotism
2467:Thomism
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2352:Persian
2340:Tibetan
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2256:Mīmāṃsā
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2026:Ancient
1989:Western
1984:Ancient
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1900:Reality
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1751:Dualism
1746:Atomism
1628:Fideism
1437:Related
1336:Science
1326:Letters
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497:Leibniz
404:Germany
325:Shinran
296:History
90:Sunyata
80:Kenosis
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2716:German
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2009:Modern
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