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may nevertheless reach different conclusions." For this reason, the criteria still are not "objective" in the usual sense of the word because individual scientists reach different conclusions with the same criteria due to valuing one criterion over another or even adding additional criteria for selfish or other subjective reasons. Kuhn then goes on to say, "I am suggesting, of course, that the criteria of choice with which I began function not as rules, which determine choice, but as values, which influence it." Because Kuhn utilizes the history of science in his account of science, his criteria or values for theory choice are often understood as descriptive normative rules (or more properly, values) of theory choice for the scientific community rather than prescriptive normative rules in the usual sense of the word "criteria", although there are many varied interpretations of Kuhn's account of science.
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indices to the content of more elementary perceptions, and as such they are selected for the close scrutiny of normal research only because they promise opportunity for the fruitful elaboration of an accepted paradigm. Far more clearly than the immediate experience from which they in part derive, operations and measurements are paradigm-determined. Science does not deal in all possible laboratory manipulations. Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition of a paradigm with the immediate experience that that paradigm has partially determined. As a result, scientists with different paradigms engage in different concrete laboratory manipulations.
645:. Kuhn's work has also been used in the Arts and Humanities, such as by Matthew Edward Harris to distinguish between scientific and historical communities (such as political or religious groups): 'political-religious beliefs and opinions are not epistemologically the same as those pertaining to scientific theories'. This is because would-be scientists' worldviews are changed through rigorous training, through the engagement between what Kuhn calls 'exemplars' and the Global Paradigm. Kuhn's notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts have been influential in understanding the history of economic thought, for example the
727:. And even the changes that have to do with incommensurability were interpreted as taxonomic changes. As a consequence, a scientific revolution is not defined as a "change of paradigm" anymore, but rather as a change in the taxonomic structure of the theoretical language of science. Some scholars describe this change as resulting from a 'linguistic turn'. In their book, Andersen, Barker and Chen use some recent theories in cognitive psychology to vindicate Kuhn's mature philosophy.
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327:: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by
512:", when scientists attempt to enlarge the central paradigm by "puzzle-solving". Guided by the paradigm, normal science is extremely productive: "when the paradigm is successful, the profession will have solved problems that its members could scarcely have imagined and would never have undertaken without commitment to the paradigm".
508:" (although he did not coin the phrase, he did contribute to its increase in popularity), in which the nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed. In general, science is broken up into three distinct stages. Prescience, which lacks a central paradigm, comes first. This is followed by "
735:
evolutions, which produce new divisions between fields in scientific development, are much like episodes of speciation in biological evolution. The biological parallel to revolutionary change is not mutation, as I thought for many years, but speciation. And the problems presented by speciation (e.g.,
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Some philosophers claim that Kuhn attempted to describe different kinds of scientific change: revolutions and specialty-creation. Others claim that the process of specialisation is in itself a special case of scientific revolutions. It is also possible to argue that, in Kuhn's model, science evolves
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He then goes on to show how, although these criteria admittedly determine theory choice, they are imprecise in practice and relative to individual scientists. According to Kuhn, "When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice
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The operations and measurements that a scientist undertakes in the laboratory are not "the given" of experience but rather "the collected with difficulty." They are not what the scientist sees—at least not before his research is well advanced and his attention focused. Rather, they are concrete
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Apart from dropping the concept of a paradigm, Kuhn also began to look at the process of scientific specialisation. In a scientific revolution, a new paradigm (or a new taxonomy) replaces the old one; by contrast, specialisation leads to a proliferation of new specialties and disciplines. This
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the difficulty in identifying an episode of speciation until some time after it has occurred, and the impossibility even then, of dating the time of its occurrence) are very similar to those presented by revolutionary change and by the emergence and individuation of new scientific specialties.
51:
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in the late
Renaissance. The frequent use of the phrase "paradigm shift" has made scientists more aware of and in many cases more receptive to paradigm changes, so that Kuhn's analysis of the evolution of scientific views has by itself influenced that evolution.
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is the single most widely cited book in the social sciences. The enormous impact of Kuhn's work can be measured in the changes it brought about in the vocabulary of the philosophy of science: besides "paradigm shift", Kuhn popularized the word
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to speakers who present original views that are at odds with mainstream scientific understanding. The winner is selected based on the novelty of the viewpoint and its potential impact if it were to be widely accepted.
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results in relativism can be found in an essay by Kuhn called "Objectivity, Value
Judgment, and Theory Choice." In this essay, he reiterates five criteria from the penultimate chapter of
504:(on the possible influence of Fleck on Kuhn see), Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "
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339:; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon "objectivity" alone. Science must account for
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776:. Despite this intellectual alliance, Polanyi's work was constantly interpreted by others within the framework of Kuhn's paradigm shifts, much to Polanyi's (and Kuhn's) dismay.
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During the period of normal science, the failure of a result to conform to the paradigm is seen not as refuting the paradigm, but as the mistake of the researcher, contra
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Supporters of
Polanyi charged Kuhn with plagiarism, as it was known that Kuhn attended several of Polanyi's lectures, and that the two men had debated endlessly over
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in
Manhattan, which stressed independent thinking rather than learning facts and subjects. The family then moved 40 mi (64 km) north to the small town of
555:—that is, it is not possible to understand one paradigm through the conceptual framework and terminology of another rival paradigm. For many critics, for example
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perspectives as well, since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants.
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believed that scientists' subjective experiences made science a relativized discipline. Polanyi lectured on this topic for decades before Kuhn published
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Burman, J. T. (2007). "Piaget No 'Remedy' for Kuhn, But the Two Should be Read
Together: Comment on Tsou's 'Piaget vs. Kuhn on Scientific Progress'".
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614:" to refer to the relatively routine, day-to-day work of scientists working within a paradigm, and was largely responsible for the use of the term "
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569:: if rival theories cannot be directly compared, then one cannot make a rational choice as to which one is better. Whether Kuhn's views had such
536:, at which point a new paradigm, which subsumes the old results along with the anomalous results into one framework, is accepted. This is termed
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1511:, "Paradigms Lost: How Oxford Escaped the Paradigm Wars of the 1960s and 1970s', in Christopher Hood, Desmond King, & Gillian Peele, eds,
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In regard to experimentation and collection of data with a view toward solving problems through the commitment to a paradigm, Kuhn states:
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Thomas S. Kuhn Papers, MC 240. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1738:"Scientific revolutions, specialization and the discovery of the structure of DNA: toward a new picture of the development of the sciences"
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Thomas Kuhn was married twice, first to
Kathryn Muhs with whom he had three children, then to Jehane Barton Burns (Jehane B. Kuhn).
378:. It was here that, in sixth through ninth grade, he learned to love mathematics. He left Hessian Hills in 1937. He graduated from
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883:(Symposium on the History of Science, University of Oxford, July 9–15, 1961). New York and London: Basic Books and Heineman, 1963.
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he had dealt extensively with "meaning-changes". Later he spoke more of "terms of reference", providing each of them with a
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Kuhn taught a course in the history of science at
Harvard from 1948 until 1956, at the suggestion of university president
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the day before Bohr's death. At
Berkeley, he wrote and published (in 1962) his best known and most influential work:
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attention to the proliferation of specialties would make Kuhn's model less 'revolutionary' and more "evolutionary".
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aspects of scientific theories. In particular, Kuhn focuses on the taxonomic structure of scientific kind terms. In
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The
American Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn
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Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov
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The Notion of Papal Monarchy in the Thirteenth Century: The Idea of Paradigm in Church History.' Lampeter and
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as the M. Taylor Pyne Professor of Philosophy and History of Science. He served as the president of the
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The notion of papal monarchy in the thirteenth century : the idea of paradigm in church history
1250:"Last interview with Niels Bohr by Thomas S. Kuhn, Leon Rosenfeld, Aage Petersen, and Erik Rudinger"
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before either had achieved fame. After the charge of plagiarism, Kuhn acknowledged Polanyi in the
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N. M. Swerdlow, "Thomas S. Kuhn", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2013)
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1329:"The 'Aristotle Experience' Revisited: Thomas Kuhn Meets Ludwik Fleck on the Road to Structure"
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2161:, BOOK VI: Kuhn on Revolution and Feyerabend on Anarchy – with free downloads for public use.
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679:– a theory's consequences should extend beyond that which it was initially designed to explain
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The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970-1993, with an Autobiographical Interview
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1438:"What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?"
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1256:. Professor Bohr's Office, Carlsberg, Copenhagen, Denmark: Center for History of Physics
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Kuhn's 'Structure of Scientific Revolutions' at Fifty: Reflections on a Science Classic
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The Cohesive Energy of Monovalent Metals as a Function of Their Atomic Quantum Defects
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The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought
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and PhD degrees in physics in 1946 and 1949, respectively, under the supervision of
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From kindergarten through fifth grade, he was educated at Lincoln School, a private
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consequences is the subject of much debate; Kuhn himself denied the accusation of
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In honor of his legacy, the Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award is awarded by the
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540:. The difference between the normal and revolutionary science soon sparked the
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405:. As he states in the first few pages of the preface to the second edition of
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Kuhn's work has been extensively used in social science; for instance, in the
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Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science
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A defense Kuhn gives against the objection that his account of science from
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1977:. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Acumen Press, 2000.
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673:– internally consistent, but also externally consistent with other theories
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359:, to Minette Stroock Kuhn and Samuel L. Kuhn, an industrial engineer, both
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was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term
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The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
888:
The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
565:, 1982), this thesis seemed to entail that theory choice is fundamentally
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University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
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1795:"Revolution as Evolution: The Concept of Evolution in Kuhn's Philosophy"
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The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet: Tools of Scientific Revolutions
581:, and sought to clarify his views to avoid further misinterpretation.
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2181:"Objetividade e racionalidade na filosofia da ciência de Thomas Kuhn"
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Kuhn, T. S. The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science.
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715:, Kuhn dropped the concept of a paradigm and began to focus on the
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has quoted Kuhn as saying "I am not a Kuhnian!", referring to the
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Notes for Thomas Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
1081:(2nd ed.). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
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that determine (or help determine, more properly) theory choice:
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2190:"Thomas S. Kuhn e a Construção Social do Conhecimento Científico
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1600:"Whorfian variations on Kantian themes: Kuhn's linguistic turn"
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In 1994, Kuhn was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died in 1996.
210:
1014:"Transcendental nominalism" is a position ascribed to Kuhn by
500:. In this book, heavily influenced by the fundamental work of
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where, once again, he attended a private progressive school –
50:
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1215:
Kuhn, Thomas S. (2000). Conant, Jim; Haugeland, John (eds.).
293:
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Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
532:
criterion. As anomalous results build up, science reaches a
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MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
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1033:
A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography
667:– empirically adequate with experimentation and observation
638:. Kuhn is credited as a foundational force behind the post-
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82:
903:
Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912
753:
Although they used different terminologies, both Kuhn and
466:
2165:
Thomas S. Kuhn, post-modernism and materialist dialectics
2158:
1579:
The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993
918:
The Road Since Structure: Philosophical Essays, 1970–1993
890:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
589:
that some philosophers have developed based on his work.
129:
125:
121:
1799:
Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Revisited
1711:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–99.
1035:, Blackwell Publishing, 2011 : "Analytic Realism".
972:
Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50 Years On
415:
were crucial in allowing him to switch from physics to
463:
Professor of Philosophy, remaining there until 1991.
304:; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American
1706:
1286:. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.
995:. Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.
296:
290:
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Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
2044:
Meaning Changes: A Study of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy
323:
Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of
320:, which has since become an English-language idiom.
5575:
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
1713:(A collection of Kuhn’s last philosophical essays.)
1651:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1604:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1525:
1523:
1521:
1298:"Past Presidents of the History of Science Society"
879:pp. 347–369 in A. C. Crombie (ed.).
685:– the simplest explanation, principally similar to
346:
2159:History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science
1992:Thomas Kuhn: A Philosophical History for Our Times
1837:, The Polanyi Society. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
1404:
1958:The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1694:The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1557:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 153–168.
1248:Thomas S. Kuhn; et al. (November 17, 1962).
1130:
808:. He also received numerous honorary doctorates.
610:to its current broader meaning, coined the term "
411:, his three years of total academic freedom as a
5496:
1518:
1304:. The History of Science Society. Archived from
1539:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 320–39.
877:"The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research".
4699:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2065:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
2032:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
1994:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
1581:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
1274:
1247:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
983:
966:, "Kuhn and the Historiography of Science" in
920:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
906:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
865:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
842:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
486:) was originally printed as an article in the
5605:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5126:
4651:
4188:
3313:
2229:
2176:(Part 1 ), a critical view and memoir of Kuhn
1797:. In Vasso Kindi; Theodore Arabatzis (eds.).
1597:
1327:Jarnicki, Paweł; Greif, Hajo (June 8, 2022).
1326:
1191:"Thomas Kuhn - Biography, Facts and Pictures"
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
934:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
489:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
5560:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
5078:
4688:
4678:
4668:
4384:
1598:Irzik, Gürol; Grünberg, Teo (June 1, 1998).
999:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
702:
602:itself from a term used in certain forms of
551:, Kuhn also argues that rival paradigms are
435:. After leaving Harvard, Kuhn taught at the
331:criteria but is defined by a consensus of a
2062:The Ashtray (Or the Man Who Denied Reality)
1127:, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 47.
34:American philosopher of science (1922–1996)
5133:
5119:
4195:
4181:
3320:
3306:
2236:
2222:
1038:
954:, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 87.
49:
4602:Relationship between religion and science
3976:
3939:Relationship between religion and science
3327:
1792:
1763:1983/32dee9c6-622c-40ed-ae78-735c87060561
1761:
1549:
1496:The Structure of the Keynesian Revolution
1411:. Oxford University Press, Inc. pp.
455:from 1969 to 1970. In 1979 he joined the
5565:Deaths from lung cancer in Massachusetts
1691:Andersen, H., Barker, P., and Chen, X.,
1223:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
4923:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2512:
2243:
2145:p. 9 vol 116 no 28, June 26, 1996)
1852:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1724:Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology
1075:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1018:(see D. Ginev, Robert S. Cohen (eds.),
952:Kuhn's Evolutionary Social Epistemology
862:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
774:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
759:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
713:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
654:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
649:, and in debates in political science.
593:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
480:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
475:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
468:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
445:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
408:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
311:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
14:
5497:
4278:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2195:Thomas Kuhn on Information Philosopher
2149:Review in the New York Review of Books
2078:, The Myth of the Kuhnian Revolution.
1735:
1707:J. Conant; J. Haugeland, eds. (2000).
1461:
1356:
1136:
800:in 1979, and, in 1982 was awarded the
796:in 1974, elected to the United States
748:
5114:
4650:
4176:
3301:
2217:
1645:Bird, Alexander (September 1, 2002).
1435:
1399:
1336:Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie
790:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
457:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
335:. Competing paradigms are frequently
204:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1960:, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1831:"Polanyi vs. Kuhn: Worldviews Apart"
1644:
1529:
1254:Oral History Transcript – Niels Bohr
1241:
1214:
382:in Watertown, Connecticut, in 1940.
306:historian and philosopher of science
2125:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2112:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1726:, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1697:, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
1284:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
993:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
932:The Last Writings of Thomas S. Kuhn
24:
5535:20th-century American philosophers
5530:20th-century American male writers
4555:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
1947:
1923:"Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award"
1359:"Profile: Reluctant Revolutionary"
1173:"Jewish Philosophers and Thinkers"
437:University of California, Berkeley
196:University of California, Berkeley
25:
5666:
5650:Writers from Berkeley, California
5595:Jewish American social scientists
5545:American male non-fiction writers
4883:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
4867:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
4723:The Course in Positive Philosophy
3959:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3954:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3907:History and philosophy of science
2086:
1383:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-40
643:sociology of scientific knowledge
29:Thomas Kuhn (Michigan politician)
5550:American philosophers of science
5520:20th-century American historians
4156:
4144:
3281:
3272:
3271:
2097:
1956:, Peter Barker, and Xiang Chen.
1736:Politi, Vincenzo (May 1, 2018).
1515:, Oxford University Press, 2014.
819:
397:in 1943, where he also obtained
347:Early life, family and education
286:
4875:History and Class Consciousness
1915:
1890:
1865:
1840:
1823:
1801:. Routledge. pp. 134–152.
1793:Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti (2012).
1786:
1729:
1716:
1700:
1685:
1638:
1591:
1571:
1543:
1501:
1488:
1455:
1436:Green, Elliott (May 12, 2016).
1429:
1393:
1350:
1320:
1290:
1268:
1208:
1183:
830:
711:Years after the publication of
5540:American historians of science
4739:Critical History of Philosophy
4202:
3348:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2484:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1165:
1110:
1025:
1008:
977:
970:and William J. Devlin (eds.),
957:
944:
794:American Philosophical Society
13:
1:
4947:Knowledge and Human Interests
4283:Rankean historical positivism
2200:Works by or about Thomas Kuhn
2046:. AV Akademikerverlag, 2012.
1671:10.1016/S0039-3681(02)00028-6
1624:10.1016/S0039-3681(98)00003-X
938:
182:Historiographical externalism
5630:Princeton University faculty
5620:Philosophers from California
5065:
4731:A General View of Positivism
798:National Academy of Sciences
7:
4931:Conjectures and Refutations
4763:The Logic of Modern Physics
4580:Deductive-nomological model
3681:Hypothetico-deductive model
3656:Deductive-nomological model
3641:Constructivist epistemology
10:
5671:
5635:Scientists from Cincinnati
5590:Jewish American historians
5580:Historians from California
5525:20th-century American Jews
5306:Charles Coulston Gillispie
5217:Charles Albert Browne, Jr.
5143:History of Science Society
4891:The Poverty of Historicism
4787:The Universe in a Nutshell
4771:Language, Truth, and Logic
4755:The Analysis of Sensations
2383:Causal theory of reference
2179:Daniel Laskowski Tozzini,
2174:The Ashtray: The Ultimatum
2121:Thomas S. Kuhn (1922–1996)
2082:, Vol. 1, (1983), 293–305.
1022:, Springer, 2012, p. 313).
806:History of Science Society
472:
453:History of Science Society
372:Croton-on-Hudson, New York
26:
5570:Harvard University alumni
5417:
5268:
5157:Lawrence Joseph Henderson
5149:
5099:
5047:
4981:
4971:The Rhetoric of Economics
4858:
4797:
4714:
4661:
4657:
4652:Positivist-related debate
4646:
4473:
4442:
4357:
4301:
4245:
4214:
4210:
4135:
3967:
3869:
3799:
3742:Semantic view of theories
3661:Epistemological anarchism
3613:
3598:dependent and independent
3335:
3267:
3242:
3204:
3178:
3152:
3124:
3068:
3040:
2977:
2956:
2895:
2853:
2830:
2807:
2709:
2653:
2615:
2559:
2466:
2370:
2320:
2294:
2258:
2251:
2188:Maurício Cavalcante Rios,
2135:January 20, 2019, at the
1931:American Chemical Society
1754:10.1007/s11229-017-1339-6
1357:Horgan, John (May 1991).
813:American Chemical Society
779:
426:
275:
267:Transcendental nominalism
239:
223:
209:
187:
167:
150:
140:
136:
113:
90:
60:
48:
41:
5324:Lynn Townsend White, Jr.
4907:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
4624:Structural functionalism
4550:Naturalism in literature
3484:Intertheoretic reduction
3473:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3450:Functional contextualism
2443:Scientific structuralism
1709:The Road Since Structure
1462:Harris, Matthew (2010).
1151:10.1177/0959354307079306
792:in 1963, elected to the
788:in 1954, elected to the
577:in the third edition of
27:Not to be confused with
5655:Writers from Cincinnati
5390:Sally Gregory Kohlstedt
5241:Louis Charles Karpinski
5211:Harvey Williams Cushing
5034:Willard Van Orman Quine
4747:Idealism and Positivism
4339:Critique of metaphysics
4273:Sociological positivism
3969:Philosophers of science
3747:Scientific essentialism
3696:Model-dependent realism
3631:Constructive empiricism
3524:Evidence-based practice
2042:Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen,
2004:Matthew Edward Harris.
1807:10.4324/9780203103159-9
1139:Theory & Psychology
1072:Thomas S. Kuhn (1970).
636:International Relations
461:Laurance S. Rockefeller
145:20th-century philosophy
5625:Philosophers from Ohio
5079:
5048:Concepts in contention
4689:
4679:
4669:
4560:Objectivity in science
4458:Non-Euclidean geometry
4424:Methodological dualism
4385:
4052:Alfred North Whitehead
4042:Charles Sanders Peirce
2499:Reflective equilibrium
1647:"Kuhn's wrong turning"
1494:E.g. Ghanshyam Mehta,
1389:on September 20, 2011.
1344:10.1515/agph-2020-0160
1031:Aviezer Tucker (ed.),
738:
616:scientific revolutions
522:
5253:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
5205:J. Playfair McMurrich
4955:The Poverty of Theory
4575:Philosophy of science
4464:Uncertainty principle
4151:Philosophy portal
3902:Hard and soft science
3897:Faith and rationality
3766:Scientific skepticism
3546:Scientific Revolution
3329:Philosophy of science
3170:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2625:David Malet Armstrong
1530:Kuhn, Thomas (1977).
856:, 52 (1961): 161–193.
733:
620:scientific revolution
538:revolutionary science
517:
447:. In 1964, he joined
421:philosophy of science
413:Harvard Junior Fellow
230:Philosophy of science
5585:Historians from Ohio
5467:Angela N. H. Creager
5455:Paul Lawrence Farber
5259:John Farquhar Fulton
5163:James Henry Breasted
4963:The Scientific Image
4634:Structuration theory
4597:Qualitative research
4498:Criticism of science
4493:Critical rationalism
4429:Problem of induction
3877:Criticism of science
3752:Scientific formalism
3636:Constructive realism
3541:Scientific pluralism
3514:Problem of induction
2027:Paul Hoyningen-Huene
1877:search.amphilsoc.org
1873:"APS Member History"
1848:"Thomas Samuel Kuhn"
1513:Forging a Discipline
1308:on December 12, 2013
1195:famousscientists.org
647:Keynesian revolution
449:Princeton University
376:Hessian Hills School
333:scientific community
325:scientific knowledge
200:Princeton University
5600:Jewish philosophers
5342:Richard S. Westfall
4939:One-Dimensional Man
4387:Geisteswissenschaft
4370:Confirmation holism
3944:Rhetoric of science
3882:Descriptive science
3626:Confirmation holism
3519:Scientific evidence
3479:Inductive reasoning
3408:Demarcation problem
2992:Patricia Churchland
2923:Christine Korsgaard
2809:Logical positivists
2701:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2478:paradox of analysis
2245:Analytic philosophy
2080:Sociological Theory
1829:Moleski, Martin X.
1663:2002SHPSA..33..443B
1616:1998SHPSA..29..207I
1551:Borradori, Giovanna
1375:1991SciAm.264e..40H
1363:Scientific American
1098:on January 29, 2016
802:George Sarton Medal
749:Polanyi–Kuhn debate
494:logical positivists
492:, published by the
160:American philosophy
5640:Taft School alumni
5354:Frederic L. Holmes
5348:Robert P. Multhauf
5235:Richard H. Shryock
5169:David Eugene Smith
5141:Presidents of the
5014:Hans-Georg Gadamer
4815:Alexander Bogdanov
4691:Positivismusstreit
4486:Post-behavioralism
4450:history of science
4302:Principal concepts
4258:Logical positivism
4163:Science portal
4092:Carl Gustav Hempel
4047:Wilhelm Windelband
3934:Questionable cause
3757:Scientific realism
3578:Underdetermination
3413:Empirical evidence
3403:Creative synthesis
3165:William Lane Craig
2883:Friedrich Waismann
2840:Carl Gustav Hempel
2799:Timothy Williamson
2759:Alasdair MacIntyre
2617:Australian realism
2597:Russ Shafer-Landau
2458:Analytical Thomism
2413:Logical positivism
2119:James A. Marcum, "
2012:Edwin Mellen Press
2008:Lewiston, New York
1835:polanyisociety.org
1472:Edwin Mellen Press
1468:Lewiston, New York
1117:Robert J. Richards
542:Kuhn-Popper debate
368:progressive school
282:Thomas Samuel Kuhn
254:Incommensurability
234:History of science
192:Harvard University
155:Western philosophy
118:Harvard University
65:Thomas Samuel Kuhn
5492:
5491:
5408:Albert Van Helden
5402:Frederick Gregory
5396:David C. Lindberg
5229:Henry E. Sigerist
5223:Chauncey D. Leake
5108:
5107:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
4989:Theodor W. Adorno
4805:Richard Avenarius
4681:Werturteilsstreit
4642:
4641:
4590:Sense-data theory
4288:Polish positivism
4263:Positivist school
4170:
4169:
4012:
4011:
3924:Normative science
3781:Uniformitarianism
3536:Scientific method
3430:Explanatory power
3295:
3294:
3263:
3262:
2979:Pittsburgh School
2969:Peter van Inwagen
2903:Roderick Chisholm
2891:
2890:
2784:Richard Swinburne
2719:G. E. M. Anscombe
2555:
2554:
2453:Analytic theology
2428:Ordinary language
2366:
2365:
2071:978-0-226-51384-3
2020:978-0-7734-1441-9
1902:www.nasonline.org
1564:978-0-226-06647-9
1481:978-0-7734-1441-9
1422:978-0-19-512942-7
974:, Springer, 2015.
881:Scientific Change
786:Guggenheim Fellow
784:Kuhn was named a
608:Georg Lichtenberg
351:Kuhn was born in
279:
278:
16:(Redirected from
5662:
5479:Bernard Lightman
5449:Jane Maienschein
5384:Stephen G. Brush
5330:Erwin N. Hiebert
5300:Marshall Clagett
5294:I. Bernard Cohen
5193:William H. Welch
5175:Edgar Fahs Smith
5135:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5084:
5070:
4994:Gaston Bachelard
4915:Truth and Method
4899:World Hypotheses
4779:The Two Cultures
4694:
4684:
4674:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4647:
4390:
4344:Unity of science
4253:Legal positivism
4212:
4211:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4122:Bas van Fraassen
4077:Hans Reichenbach
4057:Bertrand Russell
3974:
3973:
3800:Philosophy of...
3583:Unity of science
3376:Commensurability
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3214:Nancy Cartwright
3055:Nicholas Rescher
3032:Bas van Fraassen
3022:Nicholas Rescher
2845:Hans Reichenbach
2828:
2827:
2794:Bernard Williams
2691:Bertrand Russell
2613:
2612:
2547:Rigid designator
2510:
2509:
2256:
2255:
2252:Related articles
2238:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2204:Internet Archive
2116:
2107:Zalta, Edward N.
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1898:"Thomas S. Kuhn"
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1748:(5): 2267–2293.
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1410:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1385:. Archived from
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1097:
1091:. Archived from
1080:
1069:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1006:
996:
981:
975:
961:
955:
948:
606:and the work of
562:Popper and After
385:He obtained his
308:whose 1962 book
303:
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299:
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97:
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53:
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38:
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5494:
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5488:
5413:
5372:William Coleman
5282:Dorothy Stimson
5264:
5199:Berthold Laufer
5145:
5139:
5109:
5104:
5087:
5043:
5009:Paul Feyerabend
5004:Wilhelm Dilthey
4977:
4854:
4793:
4710:
4653:
4638:
4585:Ramsey sentence
4540:Instrumentalism
4469:
4447:
4445:paradigm shifts
4438:
4375:Critical theory
4353:
4349:Verificationism
4297:
4293:Russian Machism
4241:
4206:
4201:
4171:
4166:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4131:
4112:Paul Feyerabend
4072:Michael Polanyi
4008:
3994:Galileo Galilei
3963:
3949:Science studies
3865:
3795:
3786:Verificationism
3691:Instrumentalism
3676:Foundationalism
3651:Conventionalism
3609:
3445:Feminist method
3331:
3326:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3259:
3250:Jan Łukasiewicz
3238:
3206:Stanford School
3200:
3186:Paul Feyerabend
3174:
3160:Alvin Plantinga
3148:
3134:James F. Conant
3120:
3064:
3036:
3027:Wilfrid Sellars
3017:Alexander Pruss
2997:Paul Churchland
2973:
2952:
2908:Donald Davidson
2887:
2849:
2826:
2803:
2729:Michael Dummett
2705:
2696:Frank P. Ramsey
2649:
2611:
2587:Jaakko Hintikka
2572:Keith Donnellan
2551:
2508:
2462:
2423:Neurophilosophy
2408:Logical atomism
2362:
2316:
2290:
2247:
2242:
2137:Wayback Machine
2099:Bird, Alexander
2089:
1950:
1948:Further reading
1945:
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1722:Wray, K. Brad,
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1474:. p. 120.
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1442:LSE Impact Blog
1434:
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1423:
1403:(May 6, 1999).
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949:
945:
941:
833:
822:
782:
755:Michael Polanyi
751:
709:
628:post-positivist
553:incommensurable
506:paradigm shifts
477:
471:
429:
395:Harvard College
380:The Taft School
349:
337:incommensurable
289:
285:
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178:Historical turn
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76:
70:
68:
67:
66:
56:
44:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5668:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5461:Lynn K. Nyhart
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5425:Ronald Numbers
5421:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5336:John C. Greene
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5312:C. D. O'Malley
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5276:Harcourt Brown
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5181:Lynn Thorndike
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5097:
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5093:
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5071:
5062:
5057:
5051:
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5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4830:Émile Durkheim
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4686:
4676:
4671:Methodenstreit
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4612:Social science
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4565:Operationalism
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4475:
4474:Related topics
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4382:
4380:Falsifiability
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:Antipositivism
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Postpositivism
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:W. V. O. Quine
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:Rudolf Steiner
4029:
4024:
4022:Henri Poincaré
4019:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Exact sciences
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3870:Related topics
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3829:Social science
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:Space and time
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3721:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
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3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
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3608:
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3601:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Scientific law
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Falsifiability
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:Mill's Methods
3361:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3234:Patrick Suppes
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3116:Michael Walzer
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Adolf Grünbaum
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Robert Brandom
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:W. V. O. Quine
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Nelson Goodman
2915:
2913:Daniel Dennett
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:Moritz Schlick
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Charles Taylor
2786:
2781:
2779:P. F. Strawson
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Norman Malcolm
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2645:J. J. C. Smart
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:David Chalmers
2627:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Giuseppe Peano
2589:
2584:
2582:Edmund Gettier
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Possible world
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Counterfactual
2486:
2481:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Paraconsistent
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2259:Areas of focus
2253:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:Color Portrait
2151:
2146:
2130:Thomas S. Kuhn
2127:
2117:
2095:
2088:
2087:External links
2085:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2054:
2052:978-3639444704
2040:
2038:978-0226355511
2024:
2002:
1985:
1971:Alexander Bird
1968:
1966:978-0521855754
1954:Hanne Andersen
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1914:
1889:
1864:
1839:
1822:
1815:
1785:
1728:
1715:
1699:
1684:
1657:(3): 443–463.
1637:
1610:(2): 207–221.
1590:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1517:
1500:
1498:, London, 1977
1487:
1480:
1454:
1428:
1421:
1401:Dyson, Freeman
1392:
1349:
1319:
1289:
1276:Alexander Bird
1267:
1240:
1233:
1207:
1182:
1164:
1145:(5): 721–732.
1129:
1109:
1087:
1037:
1024:
1007:
985:Alexander Bird
976:
968:Alisa Bokulich
964:Alexander Bird
956:
950:K. Brad Wray,
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
928:
914:
898:
884:
873:
857:
850:
832:
829:
821:
818:
781:
778:
750:
747:
708:
701:
696:
695:
689:
680:
674:
668:
634:debate within
612:normal science
530:falsifiability
510:normal science
473:Main article:
470:
465:
428:
425:
403:John Van Vleck
348:
345:
317:paradigm shift
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:Normal science
256:
251:
249:Paradigm shift
245:
243:
240:
237:
236:
227:
225:Main interests
224:
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
189:
185:
184:
171:
165:
164:
163:
162:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
115:
111:
110:
100:
98:(aged 73)
92:
88:
87:
77:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5667:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:Michael Sokal
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5360:Gerald Holton
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5288:Henry Guerlac
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:Isaiah Bowman
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:György Lukács
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4850:Vienna Circle
4848:
4846:
4845:Berlin Circle
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Eugen Dühring
4823:
4821:
4820:Auguste Comte
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:Contributions
4713:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Structuralism
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Phenomenalism
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:Behavioralism
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Human science
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Pseudoscience
4332:
4330:
4329:Justification
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Rudolf Carnap
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
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2855:Vienna Circle
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2103:"Thomas Kuhn"
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1302:hssonline.org
1299:
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1280:"Thomas Kuhn"
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989:"Thomas Kuhn"
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926:0-226-45798-2
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871:0-226-45808-3
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855:
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849:
848:0-674-17100-4
845:
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840:
835:
834:
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825:
820:Personal life
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745:revolutions.
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687:Occam's razor
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583:Freeman Dyson
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498:Vienna Circle
495:
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459:(MIT) as the
458:
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241:Notable ideas
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106:Massachusetts
103:
94:June 17, 1996
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:July 18, 1922
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
30:
19:
5484:Jan Golinski
5473:Janet Browne
5418:2000–present
5366:Edward Grant
5317:
5018:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4705:Science wars
4503:Epistemology
4434:Reflectivism
4394:Hermeneutics
4246:Declinations
4222:Antihumanism
4215:Perspectives
4127:Larry Laudan
4107:Imre Lakatos
4101:
4062:Otto Neurath
4037:Karl Pearson
4027:Pierre Duhem
3999:Isaac Newton
3929:Protoscience
3887:Epistemology
3761:Anti-realism
3759: /
3740: /
3731: /
3717: /
3715:Reductionism
3713: /
3686:Inductionism
3666:Evolutionism
3471:
3358:a posteriori
3357:
3353:
3190:
3144:Cora Diamond
3060:Morton White
2928:Thomas Nagel
2873:Otto Neurath
2822:Ernest Nagel
2769:Gilbert Ryle
2764:Derek Parfit
2724:J. L. Austin
2671:Casimir Lewy
2640:Peter Singer
2635:J. L. Mackie
2607:Barry Stroud
2567:Noam Chomsky
2560:Philosophers
2494:Natural kind
2378:Anti-realism
2338:Mathematical
2312:Performative
2271:Epistemology
2170:Errol Morris
2140:
2124:
2110:
2079:
2060:
2057:Errol Morris
2043:
2029:
2005:
1991:
1988:Steve Fuller
1974:
1957:
1934:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1851:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1798:
1788:
1745:
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1731:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1687:
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1640:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1578:
1577:Kuhn, T. S.
1573:
1554:
1545:
1532:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1406:
1395:
1387:the original
1369:(5): 40–49.
1366:
1362:
1352:
1335:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1301:
1292:
1283:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1218:
1210:
1200:November 30,
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1074:
1032:
1027:
1019:
1010:
1002:
998:
992:
979:
971:
959:
951:
946:
931:
930:Kuhn, T. S.
917:
916:Kuhn, T. S.
901:
900:Kuhn, T. S.
887:
886:Kuhn, T. S.
880:
875:Kuhn, T. S.
860:
859:Kuhn, T. S.
853:
837:
836:Kuhn, T. S.
831:Bibliography
826:
823:
810:
783:
773:
769:
766:epistemology
763:
758:
752:
742:
739:
734:
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697:
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682:
676:
670:
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657:
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651:
625:
597:
592:
591:
578:
571:relativistic
560:
548:
546:
537:
533:
523:
518:
514:
502:Ludwik Fleck
487:
483:
479:
478:
467:
444:
433:James Conant
430:
406:
384:
365:
350:
322:
315:
309:
281:
280:
216:
188:Institutions
96:(1996-06-17)
55:Kuhn in 1973
36:
5515:1996 deaths
5510:1922 births
5505:Thomas Kuhn
5475:(2016–2017)
5469:(2014–2015)
5463:(2012–2013)
5457:(2010–2011)
5451:(2008–2009)
5445:(2006–2007)
5443:Joan Cadden
5439:(2004–2005)
5433:(2002–2003)
5431:John Servos
5427:(2000–2001)
5410:(1998–1999)
5404:(1996–1997)
5398:(1994–1995)
5392:(1992–1993)
5386:(1990–1991)
5380:(1988–1989)
5378:Mary Jo Nye
5368:(1985–1986)
5362:(1983–1984)
5356:(1981–1982)
5350:(1979–1980)
5344:(1977-1978)
5338:(1975–1976)
5332:(1973–1974)
5326:(1971–1972)
5320:(1969–1970)
5318:Thomas Kuhn
5314:(1967–1968)
5308:(1965–1966)
5302:(1963–1964)
5296:(1961–1962)
5290:(1957–1960)
5284:(1953–1956)
5278:(1951–1952)
5261:(1947–1950)
5255:(1945–1946)
5243:(1943–1944)
5237:(1940–1942)
5225:(1937–1938)
5219:(1935–1936)
5159:(1924–1925)
5060:Objectivity
5029:Karl Popper
5019:Thomas Kuhn
4999:Mario Bunge
4750:(1879–1884)
4685:(1909–1959)
4419:Metaphysics
4399:Historicism
4314:Demarcation
4309:Consilience
4232:Rationalism
4117:Ian Hacking
4102:Thomas Kuhn
4087:Karl Popper
4067:C. D. Broad
3984:Roger Bacon
3912:Non-science
3854:Linguistics
3834:Archaeology
3729:Rationalism
3719:Determinism
3706:Physicalism
3671:Fallibilism
3621:Coherentism
3551:Testability
3504:Observation
3499:Objectivity
3460:alternative
3391:Correlation
3381:Consilience
3243:Lwow-Warsaw
3229:Ian Hacking
3196:Karl Popper
3191:Thomas Kuhn
3139:Alice Crary
3101:Saul Kripke
3096:Jaegwon Kim
3091:David Lewis
3081:Jerry Fodor
3050:Susan Haack
2964:Robert Audi
2774:John Searle
2744:Peter Geach
2734:Antony Flew
2681:G. E. Moore
2602:Ernest Sosa
2532:Possibility
2281:Mathematics
2266:Metaphysics
2139:(obituary,
2076:Sal Restivo
1975:Thomas Kuhn
1927:acscomp.org
1312:December 4,
1102:February 9,
1016:Ian Hacking
772:edition of
677:Broad Scope
604:linguistics
557:David Stove
526:Karl Popper
417:the history
43:Thomas Kuhn
5499:Categories
5187:Henry Crew
4840:Ernst Mach
4835:Ernst Laas
4810:A. J. Ayer
4798:Proponents
4617:Philosophy
4414:Humanities
4358:Antitheses
4227:Empiricism
4204:Positivism
4004:David Hume
3977:Precursors
3859:Psychology
3839:Economics
3733:Empiricism
3724:Pragmatism
3711:Positivism
3701:Naturalism
3571:scientific
3455:Hypothesis
3418:Experiment
3219:John Dupré
3086:Kurt Gödel
3042:Pragmatism
2957:Notre Dame
2948:John Rawls
2817:A. J. Ayer
2754:R. M. Hare
2749:Paul Grice
2661:Arif Ahmed
2448:Sense data
2433:Pragmatism
2307:Linguistic
1260:October 5,
1005:, 213–255.
939:References
707:philosophy
671:Consistent
632:positivist
587:relativism
575:relativism
567:irrational
441:Niels Bohr
389:degree in
353:Cincinnati
341:subjective
79:Cincinnati
71:1922-07-18
5269:1950–1999
5150:1924–1949
5081:Verstehen
5067:Phronesis
5055:Knowledge
5039:Max Weber
4859:Criticism
4607:Sociology
4545:Modernism
4523:pluralism
4508:anarchism
4404:Historism
4324:Induction
4237:Scientism
3844:Geography
3812:Chemistry
3771:Scientism
3566:ladenness
3386:Construct
3364:Causality
3069:Princeton
2868:Hans Hahn
2654:Cambridge
2527:Necessity
2522:Actualism
2393:Emotivism
2358:Predicate
2328:Classical
1907:August 4,
1882:August 4,
1857:August 4,
1780:255062115
1772:1573-0964
1679:0039-3681
1632:0039-3681
1509:Alan Ryan
1177:jinfo.org
1159:145497321
705:Structure
640:Mertonian
329:objective
263:Kuhn loss
114:Education
102:Cambridge
5102:Category
4518:nihilism
4513:idealism
4443:Related
4319:Evidence
4139:Category
3791:Vitalism
3614:Theories
3588:Variable
3509:Paradigm
3396:function
3354:A priori
3343:Analysis
3336:Concepts
3277:Category
3153:Reformed
3126:Quietism
2514:Modality
2474:Analysis
2467:Concepts
2438:Quietism
2398:Feminism
2371:Theories
2276:Language
2142:The Tech
2133:Archived
2014:, 2010.
1742:Synthese
1553:(1994).
1278:(2004).
1123:(eds.),
987:(2004).
725:taxonomy
717:semantic
692:Fruitful
665:Accurate
599:paradigm
174:Analytic
4982:Critics
4707:(1990s)
4701:(1980s)
4695:(1960s)
4675:(1890s)
4528:realism
4460:(1830s)
4448:in the
3849:History
3817:Physics
3807:Biology
3605:more...
3593:control
3489:Inquiry
3179:Science
2896:Harvard
2542:Realism
2418:Marxism
2333:Deviant
2302:Aretaic
2286:Science
2202:at the
2109:(ed.).
1659:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1371:Bibcode
804:by the
743:through
496:of the
391:physics
18:Kuhnian
5374:(1987)
5249:(1944)
5231:(1939)
5213:(1934)
5207:(1933)
5201:(1932)
5195:(1931)
5189:(1930)
5183:(1929)
5177:(1928)
5171:(1927)
5165:(1926)
4974:(1986)
4966:(1980)
4958:(1978)
4950:(1968)
4942:(1964)
4934:(1963)
4926:(1962)
4918:(1960)
4910:(1951)
4902:(1942)
4894:(1936)
4886:(1934)
4878:(1923)
4870:(1909)
4790:(2001)
4782:(1959)
4774:(1936)
4766:(1927)
4758:(1886)
4742:(1869)
4734:(1848)
4726:(1830)
4662:Method
4535:Holism
4466:(1927)
3561:choice
3556:Theory
3494:Nature
3423:design
2711:Oxford
2069:
2050:
2036:
2018:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1813:
1778:
1770:
1677:
1630:
1585:
1561:
1478:
1419:
1231:
1227:–245.
1157:
1085:
924:
910:
894:
869:
846:
780:Honors
770:Second
683:Simple
534:crisis
427:Career
361:Jewish
211:Thesis
169:School
151:Region
5074:Truth
3287:Index
2321:Logic
2295:Turns
2105:. In
1776:S2CID
1537:(PDF)
1507:E.g.
1332:(PDF)
1155:S2CID
1096:(PDF)
1079:(PDF)
703:Post-
393:from
3465:null
3435:Fact
3356:and
2067:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1938:2012
1909:2022
1884:2022
1859:2022
1811:ISBN
1768:ISSN
1675:ISSN
1628:ISSN
1583:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1449:2019
1417:ISBN
1314:2013
1262:2015
1229:ISBN
1202:2019
1104:2022
1083:ISBN
922:ISBN
908:ISBN
892:ISBN
867:ISBN
854:Isis
844:ISBN
419:and
357:Ohio
108:, US
91:Died
85:, US
83:Ohio
61:Born
2123:",
1803:doi
1758:hdl
1750:doi
1746:195
1667:doi
1620:doi
1413:144
1379:doi
1367:264
1340:doi
1225:242
1147:doi
721:SSR
658:SSR
579:SSR
549:SSR
547:In
528:'s
484:SSR
423:.
399:MSc
387:BSc
141:Era
130:PhD
126:MSc
122:BSc
5501::
2172:,
2101:.
2059:.
2010::
1990:.
1973:.
1929:.
1925:.
1900:.
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1334:.
1300:.
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1193:.
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1141:.
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761:.
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355:,
294:uː
128:,
124:,
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