554:. Mirza Kuchak Khan's return to Rasht was not easy since he had been expelled from Gilan by the Russian consulate for five years. His cause seems to have been a mixture of that of the newly emerging national bourgeoisie and downtrodden peasants and therefore gained momentum soon after it started. The Jangal forces (locally referred to as 'Jangalis' i.e., 'People of the Jungle' in Persian) defeated the local governmental and Russian troops which added to their reputation as potential saviors of the ideas of the constitutional revolution.
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706:) overran the dispersed forces of the Jungle Republic. There is however, a different point of view that believes Mirza Kuchak Khan and his inner circles were not at the advantage to deal with and to accomplish major radical social changes such as abandoning feudalism in Gilan which would have served the republic tremendously paving the way for its final victory.
801:(minister of Culture in Mirza's Cabinet of the Red Republic) suggest a role for both extremist actions taken by the Communist (Edalat) Party that provoked opposing religious sentiment among the public, and Mirza Koochak Khan's religious and at times somewhat conservative views on collaboration with the Communist Party as possible factors.
808:) versus establishing and protecting the Soviet Union was the main reason for them to withdraw support from the Gilan republic. The second option got more support and therefore Soviets signed a treaty with British in London (1921) which necessitated withdrawing from Northern Iran. Correspondence between
586:
and Baku, are transcribed from the original by
General Dunsterville's great granddaughter, and are co-located on the Great War Primary Documents Archive. Mirza Koochek Khan's troops were defeated in this war because of the use of artillery, armored car and airplanes by the joint forces. Mirza's field
527:
Unfortunately, given the shortcomings of the advanced social thinkers and activists of the time on one hand and the stronger establishment of the old autocracy on the other hand, again the same privileged class and their political representatives took control of the new regime. The freedom fighters
520:
812:, the Soviet ambassador in Tehran, and Mirza Koochak Khan supports this view (Ebrahim Fakhrayi). As part of his peace making efforts, Rothstein had also sent a message to the Soviet officers among Ehsanollah Khan's one thousand strong force that had made its way towards
569:
forces. The latter force (led by
General Dunsterville and Colonel Lazar Bicherakhov) although formally just trying to organize the return of Russian soldiers back home, in reality was planning to pass through Manjil as the only passage to the Caspian in order to reach
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Leaders of regional movements like Ra'is Ali
Dilvari, Mirza Kuchik Khan, Muhammad Khiyabani and others or revered politically active intellectuals such as Mirza Hassan Khan Pir Nia Mushir al-Dawlah or Hassan Mudarris have become unquestioned national heroes
1217:(The Commander of the Jangalis), Tehran: Javidan,1983, and Shaban Khan Jangali (Mirza's nephew), His name was not mentioned as the writer or researcher. He was always with Mirza in all battles and brought Mirza's head to Rasht. He is buried next to Mirza.
816:, not to obey his orders and as a result that campaign was defeated however, this view has been challenged by other historians emphasizing Kuchak Khan's limited view of revolution given his socio-economic and ideological position.
742:, 1920. The tone and the terminology used in the letter shows the revolutionary fervor of the time and, contrary to the suggestion of conservatism on Mirza's side by some historians, his devotion to the ideas of socialism.
769:. His body was decapitated by a local landlord and his head was displayed in Rasht to establish the government's new hegemony over revolution and revolutionary ideas. They buried his body in
450:
serving the Shah bombarded the parliament and arrested pro-democracy leaders, activists, journalists, and members of
Parliament. Uprisings all over the country followed in particular in
402:. This uprising started in 1914 and remained active against internal and foreign enemies until 1921 when the movement was completely abandoned after the demise of Mirza Kuchak Khan.
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for exile, friends of Mirza Kuchak brought his head back from Tehran and buried it in his tomb. The tomb of Mirza kuchak in Rasht was reconstructed after the
Islamic revolution.
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did not result in a resolution. By 1921 and particularly after the agreement achieved between the Soviet Union and
Britain the Soviets decided not to further support the
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were not satisfied and were in fact disarmed, in some cases using force. Meanwhile, the direct and indirect manipulation of the country's internal politics by
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in the internal affairs of the republic. However, soon disagreements arose between Mirza and his group of advisors on one side and the
Soviets and the
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in Rasht and sent his severed head to
Cossack commander Reza Khan (who later became the first Pahlavi King of Iran) in Tehran. During the
470:'s forces, but was unable to actively participate due to an illness. He was injured in the Constitutionalist war, and had to travel to
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501:. Mirza Kuchak Khan was one of the lower rank commanders of the force that invaded the capital from the North (under the command of
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is appointed as the Chair of the
Revolutionary Council (Commissar) of the forces missioned to Mazandaran Province, to promote the
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It has been suggested also that the change of policy on the Soviet side regarding pursuing global revolution (as advocated by
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Mirza Kuchak Khan agreed to cooperate with the Soviet revolutionaries on some conditions including the announcement of the
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382:) (October 12, 1880 – December 2, 1921) was an Iranian twentieth-century revolutionary leader and the president of the
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614:. This mission was declared to be only in pursue of the Russian vessels and ammunition taken to Anzali by the
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Afary, Janet (1995). "The
Contentious Historiography of the Gilan Republic in Iran: A Critical Exploration".
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Mirza and his companion named Gaouk, a Russian-German revolutionary adventurer, left alone in
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1224:(The Soviet Union and the Jangali Movement), Editor: Borzouyeh Dehgan, Tehran: Novin, 1984.
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1249:(Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994),
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It was during such tumultuous period that Mirza Kuchak Khan, in collaboration with the
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Historians have tried to analyze the factors that contributed to the demise of the
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in that province. The letter is signed by Mirza Kuchak Khan (his usual signature
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Socialist Republic of Gilan: The First Offensive Move of the October Revolution
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After going through a period of renewed and bloody dictatorship nicknamed the
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386:. He was the founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of
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Milāde Zakhm: Jonbesh-e Jangal va Jomhuri-ye Shoravi-ye Socialist-e Iran
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The Jangal movement was further boosted and gained gravity after the
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The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-21: Birth of the Trauma
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in Persian, first edition, 715 p. (Akhtarān Press, Tehran, 2007).
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was the site of a battle between the Jangali troops and the joint
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General Dunstervill's diary - Great War Primary Documents Archive
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982:"11 Azar, Iran Peringati Mirza Kuchak Khan Jangali - Pars Today"
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equivalent of "Sr"), and was thus nicknamed Mirza "Kuchak" (the
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Iran in the 20th Century: Historiography and Political Culture
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Mirza Kuchak Khan before starting the rebellion (around 1914).
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446:. The Russian Cossack Brigade under the command of Colonel
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489:), in July 1909 the national revolutionary forces from
462:. During the Tabriz uprising Kuchak Khan tried to join
550:). Initially, the headquarters of the movement was in
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tribes) were united to attack and conquer the capital
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and as a result the government forces led by colonel
438:In June 1908 the parliament was shut down during a
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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546:, started his uprising in the northern forests (
793:. Some of the main studies including those by
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602:in Russia. In May 1920 the Soviet Navy led by
206:Chairman of Council of People's Commissars of
740:Revolutionary Council of The Republic of Iran
503:Sepahdar Aazam Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
1106:"مقدمه ای بر قضیه ی نهضت جنگل (3) :روند نو"
426:in northern Iran in 1880. His father was a
948:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic
943:
539:increased the social unrest within Iran.
346:: مئرزا کۊجي خان or ميرزا کۊچي خؤن ;
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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912:Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy
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422:equivalent of "Jr"), in the city of
177:8 May 1921 – September 1921
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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902:[Unity of Islam in Gilan].
574:and fight against the newly formed
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220:5 June 1920 – 31 July 1920
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898:Mazinani, Mohammad-Sadegh (2002).
879:from the original on 8 August 2017
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836:Iranian Constitutional Revolution
632:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
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165:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
27:Iranian revolutionary (1880–1921)
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754:Mirza Kuchik Khan Mausoleum in
384:Gilan Socialist Soviet Republic
45:needs additional citations for
1153:"مقدمه ای بر قضیه ی نهضت جنگل"
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618:counter-revolutionary general
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1222:Shooravi and Jonbesh-e Jangal
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686:(evolved from the Baku-based
414:, son of Mirza "Bozorg" (the
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988:. 2020-12-01. Archived from
719:signed by Mirza Koochak Khan
658:reads: Rasht June 27, 1920,
610:entered the Caspian port of
442:ordered by the new monarch,
7:
1242:. Published in English as
1130:. The Iranian. 2002-09-06.
1081:"Mirza Koochak Khan, Lenin"
1056:"Lionel Dunsterville Diary"
944:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993).
819:
777:and after the departure of
738:) and other members of the
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672:Socialist Republic of Gilan
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410:Mirza Kuchak Khan was born
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1328:People from Gilan province
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1192:10.1080/00210869508701827
1058:. Gwpda.org. 2005-03-02.
716:Comrade Saadollah Darvish
684:Communist Party of Persia
468:Haj Baba Khan-e- Ardabili
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841:Jungle Movement of Gilan
713:Letter of assignment of
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544:Society of Islamic Union
515:Jungle Movement of Gilan
1333:Iranian revolutionaries
478:for medical attention.
208:Persian Soviet Republic
200:Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
188:Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
161:Revolutionary Committee
1157:www.farhangetowsee.com
1014:. I.B.Tauris. p.
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660:Long Live Mirza Kuchek
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1358:People of Qajar Iran
736:Kuchek of the Jungle
434:Political activities
302:Unity of Islam Party
54:improve this article
1220:Gregor Yaghikiyan,
785:Historical analysis
606:and accompanied by
398:The Jungle Movement
69:"Mirza Kuchik Khan"
1308:Iranian communists
1213:Ebrahim Fakhrayi,
810:Theodore Rothstein
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604:Fyodor Raskolnikov
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493:and central Iran (
483:Short Dictatorship
1353:History of Talysh
1338:People from Rasht
1240:978-964-8897-27-2
795:Gregory Yeghikian
724:Saadollah Darvish
557:On June 12, 1918
444:Mohammad Ali Shah
396:Nehzat-e Jangal (
340:Mirza Kuchik Khan
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76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1303:1921 deaths
1298:1880 births
910:(111–112).
464:Sattar Khan
440:coup d'état
226:Preceded by
183:Preceded by
18:Kuchik Khan
1292:Categories
1138:2013-05-20
1091:2013-05-20
1066:2013-05-20
1043:Afary 1995
956:. p.
930:2018-02-02
914:: 50–105.
883:2 February
847:References
600:Bolsheviks
430:merchant.
406:Early life
80:newspapers
920:1735-3173
779:Reza Shah
767:frostbite
704:Reza Shah
700:Reza Khan
495:Bakhtiari
322:Signature
304:(1915–18)
216:In office
173:In office
1278:irib.irg
1132:Archived
1085:Archived
1060:Archived
1006:(2009).
924:Archived
877:Archived
820:See also
641:Red Iran
535:and the
533:Russians
288:Khalkhal
157:Chairman
1200:4310915
806:Trotsky
680:Soviets
656:Russian
652:Persian
620:Denikin
598:of the
596:victory
563:British
537:British
530:Tsarist
476:Tbilisi
456:Ardabil
448:Liakhov
420:Persian
416:Persian
376:Koochak
372:Kouchak
360:Koochek
356:Kouchek
348:Persian
317:(1910s)
94:scholar
1253:
1238:
1198:
1128:"Quiz"
1022:
964:
918:
904:Ḥawzah
814:Qazvin
763:Talesh
734:i.e.,
612:Anzali
584:Persia
559:Manjil
499:Tehran
466:&
452:Tabriz
428:Gilani
368:Kuchek
364:Kuchak
344:Gilaki
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1196:JSTOR
1031:(...)
826:Gilan
756:Rasht
692:Lenin
552:Kasma
491:Gilan
460:Rasht
424:Rasht
412:Yunes
388:Gilan
380:Kuçek
268:Rasht
262:Yunes
101:JSTOR
87:books
1251:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1020:ISBN
962:ISBN
916:ISSN
885:2018
797:and
654:and
576:Baku
572:Baku
565:and
485:(or
474:and
472:Baku
458:and
392:Iran
292:Iran
278:Died
258:Born
155:2nd
73:news
1188:doi
646:of
505:).
163:of
159:of
56:by
1294::
1230:,
1194:.
1184:28
1182:.
1155:.
1108:.
1028:.
1018:.
1016:63
984:.
960:.
958:98
922:.
908:19
875:.
871:.
855:^
454:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
350::
290:,
270:,
1257:.
1209:)
1205:(
1202:.
1190::
1141:.
1094:.
1069:.
970:.
933:.
887:.
666:.
400:)
342:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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