King Zhaoxiang of Qin

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replaced Wang Lin with Wang He and continued the siege. In 257 BC, the Qin army was suffering losses inflicted by reinforcements from the states of Chu and Wei. King Zhaoxiang then personally visited Bai Qi and attempted to coerce him into taking the command position with royal authority. When Bai Qi once again advised abandoning the siege, King Zhaoxiang was so angry that he stripped Bai Qi's titles and exiled him. Fan Ju then falsely accused to King Zhaoxiang that Bai Qi was cursing the King behind his back, so King Zhaoxiang decreed the

25: 1512:

King Zhaoxiang then ordered an attack on Zhao in late 259 BC, laying siege to Handan. He wanted Bai Qi to lead the attack, but the still angry Bai Qi bluntly refused to assume the position citing illness. Instead, he advised King Zhaoxiang to call off the siege as the window of opportunity for an easy victory was already gone, because Lord Pingyuan had managed to secure military reinforcements from Chu and Wei, led by the famous

538:) as well as a dozen other lords and court officials who were against King Zhaoxiang's ascension. The rebellion was quickly crushed by Wei Ran, who slaughtered all the conspirators except Queen Wu, who was exiled back to Wei. With the annihilation of the dissidents, King Zhaoxiang's hold to the throne was secured. In the same year, King Zhaoxiang had his coming-of-age ceremony, and began to personally attend state affairs. 1481:'s own mother. Zhao Kuo, an arrogant young man with great philosophical knowledge of military strategies but no real combat experience, immediately reversed all of Lian Po's strategic arrangements upon arriving at the frontline. He led the Zhao army away from the protection of Lian Po's defensive structures, and sought to actively engage Qin in pitched battles. 1508:'s brother) to bribe Fan Ju (范雎, or Fan Sui 范睢), who was then the Qin chancellor and jealous of Bai Qi's military achievement. Fan Ju persuaded King Zhaoxiang to halt the offensives, citing as the reason that the soldiers needed to rest after years of war. Qin agreed to an armistice in exchange of the states of Zhao and Han conceding lands. 1462:, and decided to wait out and exhaust the Qin supply lines (which were at least three times longer than Zhao's, hence more difficult to maintain). This strategy worked, as the Qin offensives could not effectively penetrate the well-entrenched Zhao positions for over a year. Logistically strained, the Qin army attempted to engage in 1100:. The following three decades were the pinnacle of Yiqu power, with its territory doubling to almost 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi). At this point, Yiqu had become a major threat to Qin, who had to solely focus on dealing with this north-western neighbour and thus became marginalised by other major 797:

In 266 BC, the Wei national Fan Ju (范雎) fled to Qin after being persecuted and tortured by the Wei chancellor, Wei Qi (魏齊), and vowed revenge upon his home state. He advised King Zhaoxiang about the strategy of "allying distant states while attacking nearby states" (遠交近攻). This advice impressed King

757:

In 289 BC, King Zhaoxiang sent Bai Qi and Sima Cuo to attack Wei, capturing 61 villages around Zhi. However, in 288 BC, Qin was forced to back down when the five eastern states allied together and threatened to attack Qin again. It did not take long for Qin to strike back, capturing Xinyuan (新垣) and

1725:

refused to declare kingship at the time, as he considered his state not being strong enough to handle the diplomatic fallout, and titled himself "Lord" (君) instead. By this point, nearly all major states had claimed royal status equivalent to that of the King of Zhou, and it effectively spelled the

1564:

In 256 BC, Qin struck back at Zhao again, with general Zhao Chan (趙摻) killing 90,000 men and capturing over 20 counties. Zhao would continue to be at war with Qin into the years following King Zhaoxiang's death, including participating in a fruitless anti-Qin offensive by the five-state alliance in

1511:

Bai Qi was furious at this because he believed Qin had just forfeited a chance to annihilate Zhao once and for all, and resigned his position in protest. However, Zhao soon changed its mind and refused to cede the lands it promised, and attempted to lobby an anti-Qin alliance with the other states.

1492:

to lure the overconfident Zhao Kuo into an ambush, trapping over 400,000 Zhao soldiers in a valley. Zhao Kuo's army, cut off from their base camp, were without supplies for 46 days and became severely demoralised. After multiple failed attempts to breach the Qin lines, Zhao Kuo led a final breakout

1235:

fur coat, which Lord Mengchang had already given to King Zhaoxiang as a gift when he first arrived and had to steal back from the royal vault. Thanks to the pleas of the concubine, Lord Mengchang was released within two days, and he quickly smuggled himself out of Qin, narrowly evading a small army

1079:

regarding ways to defeat the Xirong. Using You Yu's advice, Duke Mu sent women and musicians to the king Mianzhu, distracting him from domestic affairs. In 623 BC, Duke Wu led a well-prepared Qin army, invaded and conquered Mianzhu along with over 20 smaller Rong and Di states. Yiqu was among those

1431:

was fearful of Qin military power, and decided to concede Shangdang. However, the local commanders Jin Tao (靳黈) refused to do so, thus King Huaihui then replaced him with a new commander Feng Ting (馮亭), but he refused as well and instead suggested surrendering the region to the state of Zhao, with

1230:

to Qin with the intention of appointing him as chancellor. However, after hearing (perhaps ill-intended) warnings from his ministers that Lord Mengchang was still loyal to his home state of Qi (which had just soured its diplomatic relationship with Qin), King Zhaoxiang ordered Lord Mengchang to be

487:

territory, before endorsing him to return to Qin and contest for the throne. Furthermore, Prince Ji's maternal uncle, Wei Ran (魏冉), was a general in command of a significant Qin military forces, and helped suppressing most of his nephew's political opponents. This enabled Prince Ji to successfully

1187:

liaison that produced two sons with him. This completely removed the Yiqu King's hostility towards Qin, as the beguiled king had lost all cautiousness around the Queen Dowager. At the same time, King Zhaoxiang was aggressively acting to weaken rival warring states in the east and south, and Queen

1523:

Wang Ling's attack on Handan did not go well due to the fierce Zhao resistance, and King Zhaoxiang again decided to invite Bai Qi to command the siege, but Bai Qi again advised him that Qin had a very low chance of winning this campaign. King Zhaoxiang was unhappy to hear Bai Qi's counsel, so he

814:

was fearful of the Qin military prowess and decided to concede Shangdang, but the local commanders refused to do so and instead surrendered the region to the state of Zhao. The struggle for control of Shangdang triggered direct conflicts between Qin and Zhao, then the two largest military powers

2710:

In the Manga and Anime titled Kingdom, he was known as "King Sho/Zhao", and he was described as the God of War. He led the battles against rival kingdoms in every turn. Also established the "Six Greats Generals" military system in Qin, independent generals who are free to wage war against rival

1826:

Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late

1630:

to lay siege to the capital. King Xiang required military assistance by the vassal states to reinstate himself on both occasions, and was forced to increase their fiefs each time as commendations. This further weakened the image of the Eastern Zhou court in the eyes of the vassal states, and

1191:

Finally in 272 BC, Queen Dowager Xuan bared her fangs. She lured the unsuspecting Yiqu King to Ganquan Palace again, and had him assassinated on the spot. Shortly after, the Qin army invaded and overran the leaderless Yiqu, permanently annexing its entire territory into the newly established

1528:

of Bai Qi. This did not improve the situation for the Qin offensive, and the Qin sustained heavy casualties under the combined assault of Wei, Chu and Zhao, and the Qin army was routed and went into a general retreat. The three-state alliance then pursued and attacked Qin, reinforced by the

1569:), but it never recovered to its formal glory prior to the Battle of Changping. Meanwhile, Qin had fully regained its strength to become the only dominant military power, and went on to capture the Zhao capital Handan in 229 BC and eventually conquer the whole of Zhao in 222 BC. 1135:(上郡). At the time, Yiqu was having domestic disputes, so the Qin army, with its morale boosted by the recent victories, invaded Yiqu under the pretext of helping to quell Yiqu's chaos. They were able to subject Yiqu to Qin rule. In 327 BC, Qin attacked and seized the city of 1163:, forcing the Qin main force to leave its heartland. Yiqu took the opportunity and rebelled, and attacked Qin from the rear as part of a collaboration with the five-state alliance, defeating an undermanned Qin garrison at Libo (李帛). However, the allied five states were soon 1167:

by a Qin counter-offensive led by Chulizi (樗里子, King Huiwen's brother), suffering a loss of 82,000 men. The victorious Qin army then returned and retaliated against Yiqu in 314 BC by invading from three different directions, capturing 25 cities and greatly weakening Yiqu.

1058:

clan already with a bitter history with the Xirong tribes, the new noble state of Qin were greatly motivated by this royal promise, and successive generation of Qin rulers died in battle against their Xirong enemy, three of the largest being Mianzhu (綿諸, near modern-day

951:

region for themselves. This allowed the Yiqu population to prosper, and after learning agricultural techniques and city building from the Zhou people, became significantly influenced by Zhou culture. Yiqu hence transformed into a distinctly different branch from other

716:, killing 240,000 of the enemy and capturing (then executing) the enemy's supreme commander Gongsun Xi (公孫喜). This was the most devastating blow Qin delivered to the two eastern states to date. In 292 BC, Bai Qi again led the army and attacked Wei, capturing 1451:

between these two most powerful military states. After his vanguard forces suffered numerous setbacks, Lian Po recognized that the Zhao army were underpowered against their Qin enemies in field battles, so he readjusted the strategies and dug in with a 100

1179:. Knowing Qin could not focus on eradicating Yiqu when it had the hostile eastern states to deal with, and her son's rule was still shaky due to numerous rival princes keen to capture the throne, Queen Dowager Xuan decided to use an approach of pretended 1617:. King Huan himself was wounded in the shoulder by an arrow, and was forced to back down and negotiate peace with Duke Zhuang. This destroyed any remaining prestige and authority the Eastern Zhou royal court had over its vassals, and confirmed the 777:

In 276 BC, King Zhaoxiang once again sent Bai Qi to attack Wei. The following year in 275 BC, he sent his uncle Wei Ran to attack Daliang and killed 40,000 Han reinforcements sent to relieve the siege, forcing Wei to concede eight forts from

616:(黔中郡), he was detained as a hostage. King Zhaoxiang then proceeded to invade Chu the next year, capturing 16 cities and killing 50,000 Chu soldiers. King Huai of Chu did manage to escape in 297 BC, when Qin was distracted by a joint siege on 1497:, sparing only 240 of the youngest men to go back to Zhao to spread the news of the massacre of the Zhao army. The devastating defeat at Changping greatly shocked the state of Zhao, which descended into an atmosphere of despair and sorrow. 1799:(憚狐聚). Because the Zhou royal court had fallen from power and King Nan had died without a successor, the Eastern Zhou dynasty collapsed, ending 879 years of Zhou monarchy. The remaining East Zhou state was also conquered by Qin chancellor 1741:

ascended in 314 BC, he was expelled by the Duke of East Zhou, who no longer wanted to provide for a less than useful monarch. King Nan was forced to beg for protection from the Duke of West Zhou, and moved out of Chengzhou to Wangcheng.

523:. The plan was opposed by two other officials Xiang Shou (向壽) and Gongsun Shi (公孫奭), who both despised Gan Mao greatly and proceeded to badmouth him repeatedly. This led Gan Mao to flee Qin in fear of his life and defect to the state of 1070:

Around 650 BC, Yiqu had conquered most of its surrounding smaller tribes and began to expand eastwards, bringing it into direct conflict with the state of Qin. In 651 BC, one of the other larger Xirong tribes, Mianzhu, recruited a

647:(西陵), during which Bai Qi flooded the city of Yan with a redirected river, drowning hundreds of thousands of people. This successful Qin campaign paved the way for Bai Qi's subsequent siege and capture of the Chu capital city of 1621:

independence of the feudal states. The Zhou court was so impoverished after that defeat that, when King Huan died in 697 BC, it took the court seven years to get enough funding for a fitting royal funeral. During the reign of

1784:, with 240,000 men killed and their commander Gongsun Xi (公孫喜) captured and executed. After this loss, the East Zhou was unable to actively participate in future interstate struggles in any significant fashion. 1678:(趙成侯) and Marquess Gong of Han (韓共侯), naming it the "state of East Zhou" (東周國). This effectively splintered two separate vassal states out of the Eastern Zhou royal court, further decreasing the crown land. 1466:, but Lian Po consistently refused to meet them in open battles. At this point, both sides increased the size of their forces at Changping, with the Zhao numbering 450,000 and the Qin numbering 550,000. 1593:(王畿) was significantly smaller and less developed compared to the old capital. The royal Zhou court, which had been humiliated by Haojing's sacking, became increasingly reliant on the support of the 1670:, the 2nd duke of West Zhou, Duke Wei (西周威公) died, and one of his younger sons, Lord Gen (公子根), rebelled against his brother Duke Hui (西周惠公) and seceded a portion of his home state centred around 578:(臨晉), and agreed to return the seized lands in exchange for the two states denouncing their previous anti-Qin alliance. At the same time, the Chu crown prince secretly fled from Qin back to Chu. 373:

King Zhaoxiang reigned as the King of Qin for 57 years, and was responsible for the state of Qin achieving strategic dominance over the other six major states. During his reign, Qin captured the

935:

of the now renamed state of Zhou attacked and evicted the Di presence from lands north of Bin with the support from the Shang court, and made Yiqu subject to Zhou instead. During the reign of

1397:(趙奢) ambushed and decisively defeated the invading Qin army. In 265 BC, Qin struck back at Zhao and captured three cities, and King Huiwen of Zhao resorted to sending his son to the state of 475:, with a number of princes now eligible to claim the throne. At the time, Prince Ji was still a hostage in the state of Yan, and was generally considered unlikely to be a candidate. However, 507:. She was supported by her brothers, Wei Ran and Mi Rong (羋戎), as well as two other sons, Prince Yi (公子悝) and Prince Fu (公子巿), the four of them collectively known as the "Four Nobles" (四貴). 1050:, King Ping further promised Duke Xiang that any lands the Qin clan could seize from the Rong tribes west of Qishan (the former heartland of Zhou), they could keep permanently as their own 991:

dynasty collapsed. Yiqu took advantage of the chaos, rebelled and annexed the surrounding four smaller Xirong tribes, and established their own multi-city state centred around modern day

786:(華陽). King Zhaoxiang sent troops to relieve the siege, killing 130,000 Wei soldiers outside Huayang and drowning 20,000 Zhao prisoners, forcing Wei to seek an armistice as well as ceding 530:

In 305 BC, two of King Zhaoxiang's older half-brothers, Prince Zhuang (公子壯) and Prince Yong (公子雍), who a year ago were both rival contenders for the throne, conspired to carry out a

1473:

stationed within Zhao to spread rumours about Lian Po being old, cowardly and incompetent. King Xiaocheng believed the rumours, and decided to dismiss Lian Po and replace him with

3172: 1236:

that King Zhaoxiang had ordered to pursue him. In 298 BC, the disgruntled Lord Mengchang, who was now the newly appointed chancellor of Qi, lobbied for a combined force of Qi,

1729:

In 315 BC, the two splinter states of East Zhou and West Zhou declared autonomy and divided up the remaining crown lands between themselves, reducing the King of Zhou, whose

1366:(光狼城), killing 20,000 men, and forcing Zhao to agree to send hostages and concede lands in exchange for returning the captured cities. During the armistice meeting held at 627:

The next Chu king, King Qingxiang, was an even less competent ruler than his father. In 280 BC, Qin forces defeated the Chu army again, forcing them to cede Shangyong and

1075:

man in exile named You Yu (由余) as the ambassador to Qin in order to improve the strained diplomatic relationship. However, You Yu secretly defected and gave counsel to

1484:

At the same time, King Zhaoxiang of Qin secretly appointed the feared Bai Qi as the new general of the Qin army, and conscripted every Qin man over 15 years of age as

1795:

to beg for mercy, conceding all his lands. Both King Nan and Duke Wu would die later that year, and the subsequent Duke of West Zhou, Duke Wen (西周文公), was exiled to

1493:

assault where he was shot dead by Qin archers, along with 200,000 out of the 400,000 Zhao soldiers. Bai Qi then executed the remaining 200,000 Zhao prisoners by

558:(上庸) as a gesture. In 303 BC, the states of Qi, Wei and Han broke off their previous alliance with Chu and invaded Chu, forcing Chu to send its crown prince 1310:

were then sieged by the allied forces for five years. Qi eventually defeated the allied forces and recaptured lost lands after a routing victory at Jimo by

782:(溫城). Wei Ran attacked Wei again in 274 BC, capturing four cities and killing 40,000 men. In 273 BC, Wei and Zhao allied together to attack the Han city of 1389:. In 269 BC, King Huiwen of Zhao backflipped on his previous promise to send hostages and concede land. In response, Qin attacked Zhao and laid siege to 802:(陘城) and killing 50,000 of the enemy, enabling Qin to blockade the routes around southern Taihang Mountains. In 262 BC, Bai Qi attacked Han and captured 798:

Zhaoxiang so much that he appointed him as the chancellor of Qin. In 264 BC, King Zhaoxiang sent Bai Qi to attack Han, capturing nine cities including

143: 479:

decided to take advantage of the situation and intervene in the domestic politics of his western neighbour. King Wuling ordered his chancellor of the

1443:

This, as expected, did not go down well in Qin. So, the very next year (261 BC), Qin general Wang He (王齕) attacked Shangdang, and the Zhao general,

1561:. The Qin expeditionary force lost most of its men in the retreat. King Zhaoxiang's ignoring of Bai Qi's advice had sown bitter fruits at the end. 1370:(澠池), King Zhaoxiang attempted to humiliate King Huiwen, but was forced to back down when Lin Xiangru threatened to physically harm the Qin king. 3136: 515:

In his first year as ruler (306 BC), King Zhaoxiang accepted the counsel of the Right Chancellor, Gan Mao (甘茂), who advocated the return of the

1139:(郁郅), forcing Yiqu to again swear fealty, this time formally as a Qin county. However, nine years later, in 318 BC, the five eastern states of 693:(穰城). The city was later given to Wei Ran, who was made chancellor six years later, as his fief. However, in 298 BC, Qin suffered a setback at 1791:. In retaliation, King Zhaoxiang of Qin sent general Jiu to invade West Zhou, successfully breaking into Wangcheng. The Duke Wu was taken to 1080:

defeated and forced to claim fealty to Qin's military prowess. For his dominance in the western region, Duke Mu received a golden drum from

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of all Xirong tribes, Yiqu spent the next two centuries slowly building up its strength. In 430 BC, Yiqu invaded Qin territory, forcing

1815:

King Zhaoxiang died at age 75 in 251 BC, having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of

2835: 1252:(盐氏), forcing Qin to negotiate an armistice that involved returning the previously occupied Fengling and Wusui back to Wei and Han. 923:, and the Bin exodus resulted in the area being occupied by Di nomads hostile and stronger than Yiqu, who temporarily submitting to 89: 3206: 3201: 1231:

put under house arrest. Desperate, Lord Mengchang sent a messenger to bribe King's Zhaoxiang's favourite concubine, who demanded a

1689:, but instead used the occasion to declare himself king. This initially backfired and caused other states to turn hostile towards 61: 42: 1346:

back to Zhao. During the following three years (282 BC to 280 BC), Qin attacked Zhao multiple times, capturing cities such as

534:

with Queen Huiwen (惠文后, the mother of the late King Wu) and Queen Wu (悼武王后, King Wu's childless wife, who was a princess from

3152: 1385:(華陽). Qin offered military help to Han, defeating and killing 130,000 Wei soldiers, and drowning 20,000 Zhao soldiers in the 68: 1626:, his half-brother Prince Dai (王子帶) twice attempted to usurp the throne in 649 BC and 635 BC, both times by conspiring with 3124: 3120: 1318:. However, Qi never regained its former strength and influence, and could no longer create any geopolitical threat to Qin. 1846:, he was described as a "War God", which he led Qin through bloody battles alongside his 6 most elite generals, including 3112: 967:, Yiqu initially swore loyalty and participated in multiple Zhou campaigns against Di and other Rong tribes. In 771 BC, 405:

in 256 BC. These aggressive territorial expansions and the strategic weakening of other rival states paved the path for

1432:

the intention of bringing on a conflict between Qin and Zhao. Despite opposition from his brother Lord Pingyang (平陽君),

620:

by Wei and Han, but he was recaptured when he was seeking asylum in Wei, after unsuccessfully doing so in the state of

75: 1666:) to his brother Ji Xie (姬揭) in 440 BC, naming the fief "the state of West Zhou" (西周國). In 367 BC during the reign of 3018: 2913: 2004: 1761:. After the childless King Wu died, his hostage half-brother Ying Ji returned to claim the throne as King Zhaoxiang. 740:(鄧) from Han, before joining with Bai Qi to seize Yuanqu again. These successive victories forced Wei to concede 400 108: 1038:, provided military escort. To reward Duke Xiang's contribution, King Ping formally granted him a nobility rank and 436:

child, Prince Ji was given low priority in the royal line of succession, and as an underage child was not granted a

3116: 3108: 463:, unexpectedly died after breaking his shin bones while trying to show off his physical prowess by lifting a heavy 947:

to negotiate an alliance with Yiqu, who assisted Zhou in evicting their rival Guifang, while occupied the fertile

704:

In 293 BC, the states of Han, Wei and East Zhou allied together to attack Qin. King Zhaoxiang appointed the young

57: 1088:. However, after Duke Mu died, the subsequent Qin rulers were not as competent as their forebear. Being the most 1520:. King Zhaoxiang did not take in his advice and instead appointed Wang Ling (王陵) as the commander of the siege. 562:

to Qin as a hostage in exchange for Qin assistance. King Zhaoxiang sent troops to attack Wei and Han, capturing

635:(白起) and Zhang Ruo (張若) launched amphibious assaults on Chu from two different fronts, capturing the cities of 46: 1577:

The authority of the Zhou court had been declining since the very beginning of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. When

957: 3148: 2828: 1787:

In 256 BC, Duke Wu of West Zhou (西周武公) allied with other states to stop the Qin offensive on the Han city of

1500:

Bai Qi wanted to take advantage of the victory at Changping and immediately lay siege to the Zhao capital of

1116: 1832: 496: 406: 1200:(北地). The Xirong threat that had plagued the state of Qin for over five centuries was removed for good. 1697:

openly supported King Hui of Wei's crowning, and declared himself king as well, prompting the state of

1275:

title, and instead allied with other states to attack Qin, forcing King Zhaoxiang to also renounce his

1055: 944: 701:, Han and Wei, and was forced to concede the recently occupied Fengling and Wusui back to Wei and Han. 1749:, who just returned victorious against Han at the Battle of Yiyang. During the visit, King Wu, a keen 1565:

247 BC, and two major victories against Qin invasions in 240 BC and 231 BC (the latter won by general

876: 689:

In 301 BC, Qin again attacked Han, led by King Zhaoxiang's uncle, Wei Ran, and occupied the city of

3211: 3100: 2821: 1831:. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual 1713:

to claim kingship, who accepted the proposal and crowned himself in 323 BC along with the ruler of

1655: 1639: 1342:(藺相如) figured out that Qin never meant to hold up their end of the deal, and managed to return the 609: 594: 468: 82: 3092: 3048: 1804: 35: 121:"Zhaoxiang" redirects here. For the town in Qingpu District, Shanghai or its metro station, see 3196: 3191: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3096: 1757:" (龍紋赤鼎) in the Zhou palace. He died from the attempt, bleeding from his eyes and breaking his 1675: 1433: 822:

In 256 BC, a Qin general named Jiu (摎) attacked Han, killing 40,000 of the enemy and capturing

767: 1042:

him as a feudal lord, elevating the clan of Qin from a lowly "attached state" (附庸) to a major

3128: 3104: 3088: 1828: 1643: 1220: 1101: 559: 2690: 2677: 1772:, and sent troops to help attacking Qin. However, the combined forces of this alliance was 1765: 1602: 1530: 1424: 1378: 1237: 1144: 613: 520: 1737:, was within East Zhou, to more or less a puppet at the mercy of the duke's charity. When 1709:

also declared kingship and supported Qi's crowning, and King Hui of Wei openly encouraged

1183:. She invited the king of Yiqu to live long-term in the Ganquan Palace, and consummated a 8: 3043: 2805: 2721: 1906: 1820: 1807:, after Duke Jing of East Zhou attempted to form an anti-Qin alliance with other states. 1722: 1710: 1448: 1428: 1410: 1335: 1213: 1072: 816: 811: 476: 398: 390: 251: 199: 1027: 426:

Prince Ying Ji was born in 325 BC to one of King Huiwen's more lower-ranked concubines,

3028: 3008: 2983: 2878: 2703: 2603: 2168: 1929: 1730: 1706: 1623: 1477:(趙括), the son of the late Zhao She, despite objections from chancellor Lin Xiangru and 1172: 1120: 1081: 500: 427: 363: 331: 321: 1294:, to attack Qi. Over 70 cities were captured within six months, including its capital 624:. He died a year later in captivity, and Qin finally returned his corpse back to Chu. 2973: 2938: 2903: 1718: 1686: 1667: 1598: 1578: 1534: 1359: 1193: 1035: 1019: 999:, spanning an area of nearly 100,000 square kilometres (39,000 sq mi) from 779: 747: 725: 636: 582: 571: 472: 244: 157: 126: 3023: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2933: 2742:

The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China//The Cambridge History of Ancient China

2698: 2059: 1977: 1788: 1777: 1738: 1651: 1504:(邯鄲). This frightened the states of Zhao and Han greatly, so they sent Su Dai (蘇代, 1414: 1197: 1188:

Dowager Xuan was secretly planning with her son the eventual annihilation of Yiqu.

1136: 1132: 1108: 1004: 980: 968: 936: 904: 823: 713: 570:(封陵) from Wei, and re-capturing Wusui from Han. In 302 BC, King Zhaoxiang met with 547: 480: 445: 343: 122: 581:

In 301 BC, the four states of Qin, Han, Wei and Qi allied together to attack Chu,

2988: 2978: 2908: 1843: 1773: 1682: 1489: 1347: 1338:

was attracted by the offer and agreed to the trade. However, the Zhao ambassador

1128: 1093: 1031: 948: 932: 717: 709: 684: 656: 652: 567: 280: 2844: 3033: 2968: 2943: 2928: 2923: 2863: 2788: 1933: 1746: 1694: 1614: 1606: 1546: 1525: 1463: 1367: 1355: 1279:

title. At the same time, Qi took the opportunity to conquer its rival state of

1256: 1227: 1076: 928: 672: 640: 563: 555: 551: 460: 367: 267: 189: 1326:

In 283 BC, King Zhaoxiang offered to trade fifteen cities in exchange for the

1046:. Fearing another barbarian attack from the west and desperately in need of a 604:(武關) to negotiate terms with Qin, but along the way was abducted and taken to 3185: 3076: 3066: 2672: 1754: 1705:

with the intention of forcing Qi to abandon the kingship. However, in 325 BC

1610: 1513: 1494: 1437: 1390: 1363: 1351: 1307: 1295: 1085: 920: 884: 831: 721: 664: 660: 597:(襄城), killing 30,000 enemy and the Chu general Jing Que (景缺) in the process. 586: 516: 492: 464: 410: 1171:

In 306 BC, the young King Zhaoxiang ascended to the throne, with his mother

456:, a common diplomatic practice among vassal states throughout Zhou dynasty. 1594: 1558: 1517: 1386: 1331: 1280: 1264: 1180: 1148: 1047: 1043: 988: 964: 916: 835: 791: 787: 763: 621: 484: 432: 402: 394: 1803:

seven years later in 249 BC during the reign of King Zhaoxiang's grandson

1283:, which made itself a major immediate threat in the eyes of other states. 1248:. The allied army managed to penetrate past the Hangu Pass all the way to 655:. The greatly weakened state of Chu was forced to relocate its capital to 471:. King Wu died young and childless, hence placing the state of Qin into a 3058: 2895: 2795: 2759: 2607: 1816: 1769: 1714: 1698: 1690: 1663: 1485: 1374: 1339: 1299: 1287: 1241: 1156: 1152: 1140: 1124: 1064: 992: 912: 861: 857: 799: 575: 535: 449: 441: 374: 359: 311: 171: 149: 1800: 3071: 2685: 1836: 1702: 1632: 1590: 1447:(廉頗), led 200,000 men to reinforce and defend the region, starting the 1398: 1286:

In 284 BC, King Zhaoxiang sent troops in a five-state alliance of Qin,

1245: 1212:, but they nevertheless clashed with each other due to the complicated 1209: 1160: 1112: 1012: 940: 900: 880: 865: 759: 698: 694: 648: 617: 524: 378: 272: 1401:

in exchange for Qi assistance, which forced the Qin army to withdraw.

1208:

The state of Qin actually did not share any borders with the state of

887:, and were frequently at war with the surrounding nomadic tribes like 2873: 1758: 1734: 1638:

The situation only became worse for the Eastern Zhou court after the

1609:

and personally led an expedition in 707 BC to punish on the state of

1554: 1454: 1420: 1343: 1303: 1184: 1097: 1089: 1039: 908: 807: 741: 729: 628: 724:(垣邑). Then in 291 BC, Qin attacked Han again and seized the city of 24: 3013: 1792: 1750: 1627: 1550: 1533:

army that had recently joined them. The combined forces recaptured

1478: 1474: 1394: 1382: 1311: 1249: 1232: 1060: 972: 911:

in late Shang dynasty (around 12th century BC), faced with a large

827: 783: 737: 690: 605: 600:

Due to this defeat, in 299 BC King Huai of Chu was forced to go to

590: 1030:. When King Ping moved east, a minor vassal lord from the land of 593:(唐眜). In 300 BC, King Zhaoxiang sent his uncle Mi Rong to capture 2918: 1582: 1542: 1459: 1444: 1327: 976: 924: 888: 873: 803: 771: 732:(葉). In 290 BC, King Zhaoxiang sent Sima Cuo (司馬錯), who captured 644: 601: 453: 306: 296: 153: 2813: 651:(郢) in 278 BC, where Bai Qi burned the Chu ancestral mausoleums 488:

claim the throne as the King Zhaoxiang of Qin at the age of 18.

2868: 1847: 1796: 1781: 1764:

In 293 BC, East Zhou decided to ally itself with the states of

1671: 1650:

status equivalent of a minor vassal state. During the reign of

1538: 1505: 1501: 1470: 1291: 1268: 1176: 1119:

reforms that greatly strengthened the state of Qin. In 332 BC,

1000: 953: 896: 853: 830:(負黍). Two years later in 254 BC, Jiu attacked Wei and captured 733: 705: 632: 504: 382: 1404: 1298:(臨淄), leading to the murder of King Min of Qi by his supposed 2858: 1659: 1605:. The young King Huan decided to assert his authority as the 1601:, later had a falling out with one of the strongest vassals, 1586: 1566: 1023: 1008: 996: 892: 869: 444:

that demanded that even princes earn their own lands through

1315: 1259:

and proposed an alliance where both would claim the title "

1164: 1051: 984: 847: 758:

Quyang (曲陽) from Wei in 287 BC, and the former Wei capital

668: 531: 437: 386: 1263:", and planned to attack the newly strengthened state of 697:

under the combined attack from a three-state alliance of

1646:

held any respect and marginalized the Zhou court to the

1631:

progressively relegated it to the status of a neglected

659:(陳). Qin then permanently annexed the vast lands around 1018:

With the old capital city in ruins, the new Zhou king,

1084:

as commendation, and was later regarded as one of the

608:

instead. When he refused to cede the territory of the

815:

among the warring states, leading to the devastating

770:(安城) with its vanguard reaching near the Wei capital 483:, Zhao Gu (趙固), to smuggle Prince Ji out of Yan into 1440:

both decided to accept the annexation of Shangdang.

790:(南陽). Qin attacked Wei again in 268 BC and captured 1753:, decided to try lifting the "dragon-patterned red 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1393:(閼與). The siege was lifted after the Zhao general 2665: 1888:Known by his posthumous title, Crown Prince Dao ( 1850:, Wang He, Wang Yi, Liao, Sima Cuo and Hu Shang. 3183: 956:tribes, though still retaining the tradition of 1469:Unable to break the stalemate, Qin began using 1685:gathered other vassal lords to pay a visit to 440:because the state of Qin employed a system of 148:Relief tracing of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, with 2829: 1913: 1900: 1889: 1872: 1863: 1267:together. However, King Min was persuaded by 643:(鄢, Chu's secondary capital at the time) and 631:(漢北) to Qin control. In 279 BC, Qin generals 1654:, he decreed a portion of crown land around 1290:, Zhao, Wei and Han, led by the Yan general 1111:ascended as the ruler of Qin, and appointed 872:. They were historically an offshoot of the 864:people residing in the region from north of 1572: 1419:In 262 BC, Bai Qi attacked and cut off the 1405:Battle of Changping and the Siege of Handan 1244:and laid siege to the Qin fortification of 762:(安邑) in 286 BC. In 283 BC, Qin allied with 491:Because King Zhaoxiang had not yet legally 2836: 2822: 678: 409:three decades later by his great-grandson 407:Qin's eventual unification of China proper 142: 1871:Queen Dowager Tang, of the Tang lineage ( 499:of 20), his mother, who was now known as 459:In 307 BC, Ying Ji's older half-brother, 362:from 306 BC to 251 BC. He was the son of 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 834:(吳城), forcing Wei to submit to Qin as a 1932:(278–238 BC) in 271 BC, and had issue ( 1127:, killing 80,000 enemies and capturing 1123:dispatched Gongsun Yan (公孫衍) to attack 3184: 2612: 2511: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2293: 2189: 2185: 2173: 2076: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1912:Known by his prior title, Lord Anguo ( 574:and Crown Prince Yin of Han (韓太子嬰) in 554:(黃棘) to negotiate an alliance, ceding 2817: 2601: 2591: 2579: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2499: 2497: 2487: 2475: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2425: 2415: 2411: 2383: 2373: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2311: 2301: 2297: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2257: 2247: 2243: 2231: 2229: 2219: 2207: 2197: 2193: 2166: 2156: 2144: 2134: 2130: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2094: 2084: 2080: 2064: 2057: 2047: 2035: 2025: 2021: 2009: 2002: 1992: 1975: 1971: 1819:. He was succeeded by his second son 16:King of Qin, China from 307 to 251 BC 1721:. Out of all the major states, only 1255:In 288 BC, King Zhaoxiang contacted 919:led his clan south and relocated to 448:. He was dispatched to the state of 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 1745:In 307 BC, King Nan of Zhou hosted 1377:and Zhao allied together to attack 1321: 1115:in 359 BC, who enacted a series of 1022:, hastily relocated the capital to 975:(犬戎) to sack the Zhou capital city 841: 546:In 304 BC, King Zhaoxiang met with 350:; 325–251 BC), also abbreviated as 13: 2386:King Zhaoxiang of Qin (325–251 BC) 1949:Ancestors of King Zhaoxiang of Qin 1726:complete death of Zhou authority. 1302:ally. The two remaining Qi cities 1226:In 299 BC, King Zhaoxiang invited 895:(獯鬻), as well as the agricultural 766:and attacked Wei again, capturing 541: 14: 3223: 2843: 1877:), the mother of Crown Prince Zhu 1203: 589:(重丘) and killing the Chu general 519:(武遂) region back to the state of 1613:, but was badly defeated in the 1330:jade, which was in the state of 1096:to abandon lands north of lower 879:living on the grasslands around 23: 3207:4th-century BC Chinese monarchs 3202:3rd-century BC Chinese monarchs 1833:successful unification of China 963:After the establishment of the 915:invasion, the aged Duke of Bin 34:needs additional citations for 2734: 2666:In fiction and popular culture 1899:Second son, Crown Prince Zhu ( 1449:biggest and bloodiest conflict 852:Yiqu (義渠), also known as "the 810:region from the Han mainland. 750:lands, and Han to concede 200 1: 3137:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 2727: 1581:abandoned the old capital of 1159:allied together and attacked 1063:), Dali (大荔, near modern-day 710:defeated the two major states 452:at a young age to serve as a 401:in 260 BC, and overthrew the 1104:vassals states to the east. 907:). During the times of King 856:of Yiqu" (義渠之戎), was a semi- 421: 416: 7: 2715: 1940: 10: 3228: 2505: 2405: 2401: 2287: 2187: 2179: 2070: 1965: 1961: 1835:under his great-grandson, 1458:-long defensive line near 1408: 927:(獫狁). During the reign of 845: 682: 358:(嬴稷), was the king of the 120: 3086: 3057: 2894: 2885: 2851: 2802: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2753: 2585: 2567: 2559: 2535: 2517: 2513: 2481: 2463: 2455: 2431: 2413: 2409: 2367: 2349: 2341: 2317: 2299: 2295: 2263: 2245: 2237: 2213: 2195: 2191: 2150: 2132: 2124: 2100: 2082: 2078: 2041: 2023: 2015: 1986: 1969: 1914: 1901: 1890: 1873: 1864: 1853: 1810: 1780:by the young Qin general 1674:(鞏地) with the support of 381:in 278 BC, conquered the 347: 327: 317: 305: 295: 286: 279: 266: 261: 257: 243: 233: 225: 217: 213: 205: 195: 185: 177: 169: 141: 134: 1905:; 302–250 BC), ruled as 1640:Spring and Autumn period 1573:Conquest of Eastern Zhou 1003:grasslands to the west, 566:(蒲阪), Yangchun (陽春) and 510: 1928:A daughter who married 1723:Marquess Wuling of Zhao 754:of Wusui lands to Qin. 679:War against Han and Wei 366:and younger brother of 58:"King Zhaoxiang of Qin" 2755:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 1885:First son (d. 267 BC) 1676:Marquess Cheng of Zhao 1585:and relocated east to 1434:King Xiaocheng of Zhao 806:(野王), cutting off the 675:(南郡) was established. 583:defeating the Chu army 495:(traditionally at the 467:in the Zhou palace at 1829:Warring States period 1221:Warring States period 983:and his crown prince 903:(豳, the precursor to 667:and north up towards 340:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 135:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 2691:The Legend of Mi Yue 2678:Changping of the War 1603:Duke Zhuang of Zheng 1589:, the new capital's 1421:Shangdang Commandery 1028:Eastern Zhou dynasty 671:(安陸), where the new 614:Qianzhong Commandery 403:Eastern Zhou dynasty 287:King Zhaoxiang (昭襄王) 43:improve this article 2722:Battle of Changping 1907:King Xiaowen of Qin 1842:In manga and anime 1711:Marquess Wei of Han 1683:Marquess Hui of Wei 1642:ended. None of the 1597:. King Ping's son, 1488:. Bai Qi then used 1429:King Huanhui of Han 1411:Battle of Changping 1336:King Huiwen of Zhao 1026:(雒邑), starting the 817:Battle of Changping 812:King Huanhui of Han 477:King Wuling of Zhao 252:King Xiaowen of Qin 229:251 BC (aged 73–74) 200:King Xiaowen of Qin 160:stone-relief, from 2704:The Qin Empire III 2604:Queen Dowager Xuan 2169:King Huiwen of Qin 1930:King Kaolie of Chu 1707:Duke Huiwen of Qin 1658:(王城, the older of 1624:King Xiang of Zhou 1495:burying them alive 1173:Queen Dowager Xuan 1121:King Huiwen of Qin 1082:King Xiang of Zhou 501:Queen Dowager Xuan 332:Queen Dowager Xuan 322:King Huiwen of Qin 239:Queen Dowager Tang 3179: 3178: 2812: 2811: 2803:Succeeded by 2740:Nicola Di Cosmo, 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 1687:King Xian of Zhou 1668:King Xian of Zhou 1579:King Ping of Zhou 1011:to the north and 958:levirate marriage 899:settlements like 736:(軹) from Wei and 720:(魏城) and sacking 572:King Xiang of Wei 473:succession crisis 454:political hostage 413:(Qin Shi Huang). 393:a 450,000-strong 337: 336: 291: 290: 158:Wu Family Shrines 127:Zhaoxiang station 119: 118: 111: 93: 3219: 3079:(as king of Qin) 3049:King Zhuangxiang 2889: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2786:Preceded by 2776: 2769: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2699:Zhang Bo (actor) 2060:Duke Xiao of Qin 2005:Duke Xian of Qin 1978:Duke Ling of Qin 1955: 1954: 1946: 1945: 1917: 1916: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1805:King Zhuangxiang 1739:King Nan of Zhou 1693:, but in 334 BC 1652:King Kao of Zhou 1415:Battle of Handan 1322:War against Zhao 1271:to renounce his 1192:commanderies of 1133:Shang Commandery 1109:Duke Xiao of Qin 981:King You of Zhou 969:Marquess of Shen 943:sent ambassador 937:Duke Wen of Zhou 842:Conquest of Yiqu 708:as general, and 548:King Huai of Chu 446:national service 352:King Zhao of Qin 349: 259: 258: 249:Crown Prince Dao 146: 132: 131: 123:Zhaoxiang (town) 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3212:Monarchs of Qin 3182: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3082: 3053: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2847: 2842: 2808: 2799: 2791: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2718: 2668: 2663: 1943: 1856: 1813: 1575: 1490:feigned defeats 1464:pitched battles 1417: 1409:Main articles: 1407: 1334:'s possession. 1324: 1206: 1129:Xihe Commandery 1094:Duke Zao of Qin 971:conspired with 850: 844: 687: 685:Battle of Yique 681: 663:, south of the 544: 542:War against Chu 513: 465:bronze cauldron 424: 419: 281:Posthumous name 271: 250: 238: 165: 136: 130: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3177: 3176: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3039:King Zhaoxiang 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2864:Marquis of Qin 2861: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2781:Regnal titles 2778: 2777: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2746: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 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255: 254: 247: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 190:King Wu of Qin 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 167: 166: 147: 139: 138: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3224: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:251 BC deaths 3195: 3193: 3192:325 BC births 3190: 3189: 3187: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:Rulers of Qin 2839: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760:House of Ying 2752: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2697:Portrayed by 2696: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2684:Portrayed by 2683: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2671:Portrayed by 2670: 2669: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2315: 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1074: 1068: 1067:), and Yiqu. 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1007:to the east, 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 950: 946: 942: 939:, Chancellor 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:Shang dynasty 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 849: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 755: 753: 749: 745: 744: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 686: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:Yangtze River 662: 661:Dongting Lake 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Wu Commandery 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 508: 506: 503:, became the 502: 498: 494: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 345: 341: 333: 330: 326: 323: 320: 316: 313: 310: 308: 304: 300: 298: 294: 285: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 260: 256: 253: 248: 246: 242: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 168: 163: 159: 155: 152:handling the 151: 145: 140: 133: 128: 124: 113: 110: 102: 99:February 2018 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 3125:N. Dynasties 3121:S. Dynasties 3044:King Xiaowen 3038: 2896:State of Qin 2852:Early rulers 2806:King Xiaowen 2794: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2741: 2736: 2702: 2689: 2676: 2385: 2171:(356–311 BC) 2062:(381–338 BC) 2007:(424–362 BC) 1923: 1880: 1857: 1841: 1825: 1821:King Xiaowen 1814: 1786: 1763: 1744: 1728: 1680: 1647: 1637: 1618: 1576: 1563: 1522: 1518:Lord Xinling 1510: 1499: 1483: 1468: 1453: 1442: 1418: 1387:Yellow River 1372: 1325: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1260: 1254: 1225: 1214: 1207: 1190: 1181:conciliation 1170: 1106: 1069: 1048:buffer state 1044:vassal state 1017: 989:Western Zhou 965:Zhou dynasty 962: 917:Gugong Danfu 877:Qiang people 862:agricultural 851: 836:vassal state 821: 796: 776: 756: 751: 742: 703: 688: 626: 599: 580: 545: 529: 514: 490: 458: 431: 430:(羋八子). As a 425: 372: 355: 354:(秦昭王), born 351: 339: 338: 237:Queen Yeyang 161: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 3117:16 Kingdoms 3059:Qin dynasty 3029:King Huiwen 3009:Duke Hui II 2984:Duke Ligong 2879:Duke Zhuang 2800:306–251 BC 2796:King of Qin 2610:(d. 265 BC) 1980:(d. 415 BC) 1924:Daughters: 1681:In 344 BC, 1664:twin cities 1486:auxiliaries 1373:In 273 BC, 1340:Lin Xiangru 1219:during the 1175:serving as 1107:In 361 BC, 1065:Dali County 993:Ning County 945:Nangong Kuo 913:Northern Di 883:during the 868:to western 493:come of age 442:meritocracy 391:slaughtered 389:in 272 BC, 364:King Huiwen 186:Predecessor 150:Lin Xiangru 3186:Categories 3109:3 Kingdoms 2974:Duke Hui I 2939:Duke Cheng 2904:Duke Xiang 2728:References 2686:Zhu Yilong 2673:Bao Guo'an 1909:in 250 BC 1837:Ying Zheng 1759:shin bones 1701:to attack 1633:figurehead 1591:crown land 1427:mainland. 1246:Hangu Pass 1161:Hangu Pass 1131:(西河郡) and 1036:Duke Xiang 1013:Jing River 987:, and the 979:, killing 941:Jiang Ziya 866:Jing River 695:Hangu Pass 618:Hangu Pass 595:Xiangcheng 560:Xiong Heng 411:Ying Zheng 273:Given name 270:: Ying (嬴) 181:307–251 BC 69:newspapers 3067:Shi Huang 3024:Duke Xiao 3019:Duke Xian 3004:Duke Jian 2999:Duke Ling 2994:Duke Huai 2964:Duke Jing 2959:Duke Huan 2954:Duke Gong 2949:Duke Kang 2934:Duke Xuan 2914:Duke Xian 2874:Qin Zhong 1789:Yangcheng 1774:destroyed 1735:Chengzhou 1719:Zhongshan 1656:Wangcheng 1599:King Huan 1555:Shangdang 1460:Changping 1423:from the 1364:Guanglang 1217:diplomacy 1215:zong-heng 1185:seductive 1098:Wei River 1090:sinicized 1040:enfeoffed 1020:King Ping 933:Duke Jili 909:Geng Ding 891:(鬼方) and 826:(陽城) and 824:Yangcheng 808:Shangdang 800:Xingcheng 792:Huaicheng 728:(宛城) and 612:(巫郡) and 556:Shangyong 469:Wangcheng 422:Ascension 417:Biography 399:Changping 385:state of 360:Qin state 196:Successor 162:Jinshisuo 156:, and on 3014:Chuzi II 2989:Duke Zao 2979:Duke Dao 2909:Duke Wen 2744:, p. 961 2716:See also 1941:Ancestry 1858:Queens: 1801:Lü Buwei 1793:Xianyang 1755:cauldron 1751:wrestler 1648:de facto 1628:Quanrong 1619:de facto 1479:Zhao Kuo 1475:Zhao Kuo 1395:Zhao She 1362:(祁) and 1348:Shicheng 1312:Tian Dan 1233:snow fox 1117:legalist 1113:Wei Yang 1061:Tianshui 1005:Qiaoshan 973:Quanrong 949:Longdong 858:pastoral 780:Wencheng 718:Weicheng 606:Xianyang 591:Tang Mei 587:Zhongqiu 568:Fengling 397:army at 377:capital 275:: Ji (稷) 170:King of 3034:King Wu 2969:Duke Ai 2944:Duke Mu 2929:Duke De 2924:Duke Wu 2919:Chuzi I 2789:King Wu 2711:States. 1844:Kingdom 1797:Danhuju 1583:Haojing 1543:Taiyuan 1445:Lian Po 1383:Huayang 1368:Mianchi 1328:Heshibi 1056:marcher 1054:. As a 977:Haojing 925:Xianyun 889:Guifang 874:nomadic 860:, semi- 832:Wucheng 788:Nanyang 784:Huayang 772:Daliang 768:Ancheng 602:Wu Pass 552:Huangqi 461:King Wu 428:Lady Mi 368:King Wu 356:Ying Ji 344:Chinese 307:Dynasty 209:Wei Ran 154:Heshibi 83:scholar 3149:W. Xia 3077:Ziying 3072:Er Shi 2869:Gongbo 2775:251 BC 2771: 2768:325 BC 2707:(2017) 2694:(2015) 2681:(2004) 1881:Sons: 1874:唐太后唐氏 1854:Family 1848:Bai Qi 1811:Legacy 1782:Bai Qi 1539:Anyang 1535:Hedong 1506:Su Qin 1502:Handan 1358:(離石), 1350:(石城), 1292:Yue Yi 1269:Su Qin 1250:Yanshi 1194:Longxi 1177:regent 1165:routed 1034:(秦邑), 1001:Guyuan 954:Xirong 921:Qishan 897:Huaxia 804:Yewang 794:(懷城). 774:(大梁). 748:Hedong 722:Yuanqu 706:Bai Qi 653:Yiling 645:Xiling 633:Bai Qi 629:Hanbei 576:Linjin 505:regent 383:Xirong 346:: 328:Mother 318:Father 234:Spouse 221:325 BC 206:Regent 164:(金石索). 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 3093:Shang 2859:Feizi 2773:Died: 2766:Born: 1778:Yique 1660:Luoyi 1611:Zheng 1587:Luoyi 1567:Li Mu 1559:Runan 1551:Wu'an 1547:Pilao 1471:spies 1356:Lishi 1354:(藺), 1296:Linzi 1198:Beidi 1137:Yuzhi 1032:Qinyi 1024:Luoyi 1009:Hetao 997:Gansu 893:Xunyu 870:Hetao 828:Fushu 714:Yique 639:(鄧), 564:Puban 517:Wusui 511:Reign 297:House 262:Names 245:Issue 178:Reign 90:JSTOR 76:books 3165:Qing 3161:Ming 3157:Yuan 3145:Song 3141:Liao 3133:Tang 3097:Zhou 1976:16. 1768:and 1731:seat 1717:and 1672:Gong 1557:and 1516:and 1436:and 1413:and 1391:Yuyu 1344:jade 1332:Zhao 1316:oxen 1308:Jimo 1306:and 1281:Song 1265:Zhao 1240:and 1196:and 1155:and 1149:Zhao 1052:fief 985:Bofu 905:Zhou 854:Rong 848:Yiqu 764:Zhao 760:Anyi 738:Deng 691:Rang 669:Anlu 657:Chen 649:Ying 637:Deng 622:Zhao 532:coup 485:Zhao 438:fief 395:Zhao 387:Yiqu 379:Ying 348:秦昭襄王 301:Ying 226:Died 218:Born 137:秦昭襄王 125:and 62:news 3173:PRC 3169:ROC 3153:Jīn 3129:Sui 3113:Jìn 3105:Han 3101:Qin 3089:Xia 2701:in 2688:in 2675:in 2608:Chu 2606:of 2602:3. 2384:1. 2167:2. 2058:4. 2003:8. 1915:安國君 1902:太子柱 1891:悼太子 1865:葉陽后 1817:Wei 1776:at 1770:Wei 1766:Han 1715:Yan 1699:Chu 1691:Wei 1662:'s 1531:Han 1425:Han 1381:'s 1379:Han 1375:Wei 1352:Lin 1300:Chu 1288:Yan 1242:Wei 1238:Han 1157:Chu 1153:Yan 1145:Han 1141:Wei 1125:Wei 1073:Jin 901:Bin 746:of 734:Zhi 726:Wan 712:at 641:Yan 585:at 550:in 536:Wei 521:Han 497:age 450:Yan 433:shu 375:Chu 312:Qin 172:Qin 45:by 3188:: 3171:/ 3167:→ 3163:→ 3159:→ 3155:→ 3151:/ 3147:/ 3143:/ 3139:→ 3135:→ 3131:→ 3127:→ 3123:/ 3119:→ 3115:/ 3111:→ 3107:→ 3103:→ 3099:→ 3095:→ 3091:→ 1839:. 1823:. 1733:, 1703:Qi 1635:. 1553:, 1549:, 1545:, 1541:, 1537:, 1455:li 1399:Qi 1360:Qi 1304:Ju 1277:Di 1273:Di 1261:Di 1223:. 1210:Qi 1151:, 1147:, 1143:, 995:, 960:. 931:, 838:. 819:. 752:li 743:li 730:Ye 699:Qi 527:. 525:Qi 370:. 2888:秦 2837:e 2830:t 2823:v 1936:) 1918:) 1894:) 1868:) 342:( 129:. 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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King Zhaoxiang of Qin

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