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763:. Traditional Khond religion involved the worship mountains, Rivers, Sun, Earth. Baredi is place of worship. Traditional Khond religion involved different rituals such as Jhagadi or Kedu or Meriah Puja, Sru Penu Puja, Dharni Penu Puja, Guruba Penu Puja, Turki Penu Puja, and Pitabali Puja. Matiguru involved worship of earth through before sowing seeds. Other rituals connected with land fertility were 'Guruba Puja', 'Turki Puja' and in some cases 'Meriah Puja (human sacrifice)' to appease Dharni (earth). Saru penu puja involved the sacrifice of fowls and feast. In Dehuri sacrifice goat and chicken were sacrificed. Gurba Penu Puja and Turki penu puja performed outside the village. Pitabali Puja was performed by offering flowers, fruits, sandal paste, incense, ghee-lamps, ghee, sundried rice, turmeric, buffalo or a he-goat and fowl.
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resurrection when ancestors are also venerated and given offerings, although the church officially rejects the traditional beliefs as pagan. Many Khonds have also converted to Islam and a great diversity of religious practices can be seen among the members of the tribe. There is widespread religious diversity within the tribe, and often within the same family. However, the Khond tribal identity and affiliation predominates the social and ethical culture far more than individual religious faith.
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nature and respect for ancestors is deeply embedded. This is in stark contrast to non tribal, materialistic, economics-centred, resource extractive worldview that may not prioritise the primacy of the land or acknowledge environment as a spiritual and cultural resource and thereby promote deforestation, strip-mining etc. for development projects. This divergence in worldviews of the Khonds with the Policy makers has led to a situation of conflict in many instances.
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Khond and Pano communities. It was widely believed by the Khonds that Panos were purchasing tribal land by forged documents wherein they were shown to be Khonds. The clash was predominantly ethnic, as both Hindu Kondhs and
Protestant Christian Kondhs were on the same side, fighting against Catholic and Hindu Panos.
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dated 18 April 2013, upheld the ban on
Vedanta's project in the Niyamgiri Hills, ruling that development projects can not be at the cost of constitutional, fundamental cultural and religious rights of the Khonds and directed that the consent of the Khond community affected by the Vedanta project must
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They go out for collective hunts as well collect the seasonal fruits and roots in the forest. They usually cook food with oil extracted from sal and mahua seeds. They also use medicinal plants. These practices make them mainly dependent on forest resources for survival. The Khonds smoke fish and meat
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rebels took responsibility for the multiple murders. This led to large-scale riots between the Kandha tribe and the Pano communities. The underlying causes are complex, and cross political and religious boundaries. Land encroachment, perceived or otherwise, was the main source of tension between the
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Significantly, as with many indigenous peoples, the conceptual worldview of the natural environment and its sacredness subscribed to by the Khond reinforce the social and cultural practices that define the tribe. Here, the sacredness of the earth perpetuates tribal socio-ethics, wherein harmony with
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as it is locally called, as part of agriculture for growing lentils, beans and millets retaining the most primitive features of agricultural underdevelopment. Millets and beans along with game and fish form the staple diet of the Khonds. A dietary shift from millets to carbohydrate-rich, processed
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on the hill slopes where they grow different varieties of rice, lentils and vegetables. Women usually do all the household work from fetching water from the distant streams, cooking, serving food to each member of the household to assisting the men in cultivation, harvesting and sale of produce in
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The Kondhs have a dormitory for adolescent girls and boys which forms a part of their enculturation and education process. The girls and boys sleep at night in their respective dormitory and learn social taboos, myths, legends, stories, riddles, proverbs amidst singing and dancing the whole night,
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The Khond family is often nuclear, although extended joint families are also found. Female family members are on equal social footing with the male members in Khond society, and they can inherit, own, hold, and dispose of property without reference to their parents, husband or sons. Women have the
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In
Traditional Khond religion, a breach of accepted religious conduct by any member of their society invited the wrath of spirits in the form of lack of rain fall, soaking of streams, destruction of forest produce, and other natural calamities. Hence, the customary laws, norms, taboos, and values
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The Khond commonly practice clan exogamy. By custom, marriage must cross clan boundaries (a form of incest taboo). The clan is strictly exogamous, which means marriages are made outside the clan (yet still within the greater Khond population). The form of acquiring mate is often by negotiation.
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Many Khonds converted to
Protestant Christianity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to the efforts of the missionaries of the Serampore Mission. The influence of Khond traditional beliefs on Christianity can be seen in some rituals such as those associated with Easter and
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or slash-and-burn cultivation, locally called Podu. The Khonds are excellent fruit farmers. The most striking feature of the Khonds is that they have adapted to horticulture and grow pineapple, oranges, turmeric, ginger and papaya in plenty. Forest fruit trees like
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to seek an opportunity to prove their bravery. Modern education has facilitated the entry of a large number of Khonds into
Government Civil Service, and adaptation to modern life has ensured that the tribe is one of the most politically dominant in Odisha.
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611:. Remarriage is common for divorced or widowed women and men. Children are never considered illegitimate in Khond society and inherit the clan name of their biological or adoptive fathers with all the rights accruing to natural born children.
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thus learning the way of the tribe. The girls are usually instructed in good housekeeping and in ways to bring up good children while the boys learn the art of hunting and the legends of their brave and martial ancestors.
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Saraswati (who was said to have worked among the Khond tribals for their educational upliftment) was murdered along with four others, including a boy, by a team of Maoist gunmen which allegedly included
Catholic Panos.
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Children of the Earth
Goddess:Society, Sacrifice and Marriage in the Highlands of Orissa in Transformations in Sacrificial Practices: From Antiquity to Modern Times ...By Eftychia Stavrianopoulou, Axel Michaels, Claus
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is worshipped as a manifestation of
Bhatbarsi Deota with tribal rituals not seen in Hinduism. Jagganath, Ram, Krishna and Balram are other popular deities who have been "tribalised" in Khond adaptation of Hinduism.
774:, the hunting god. To them once a year a buffalo was sacrificed. Before hunting they would worship the spirit of the hills and valleys they would hunt in lest they hide the animals the hunter wished to catch.
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were greatly adhered to and enforced with high to heavy punishments, depending upon the seriousness of the crimes committed. The practice of traditional Khond religion has practically become extinct today.
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595:, usually of a male wild animal. Each clan usually has a common surname and is led by the eldest male member of the most powerful family of the clan. All the clans of the Khonds owe allegiance to the "
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India: Generalisations, omissions, assumptions: The failings of
Vedanta’s Environmental Impact Assessments for its bauxite mine and alumina refinery in India’s state of Odisha (Executive Summary)
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The
Dongria clan of Khonds inhabit the steep slopes of the Niyamgiri Range of Koraput district and over the border into Kalahandi. They work entirely on the steep slopes for their livelihood.
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However, marriage by capture or elopement is also rarely practiced. For marriage bride price is paid to the parents of the bride by the groom, which is a striking feature of the Khonds. The
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Traditionally the Khond religious beliefs were syncretic combining totemism, animism, ancestor worship, shamanism and nature worship. British writers also note that the Khonds practiced
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The Traditional Khond religion gave highest importance to the Earth goddess, who is held to be the creator and sustainer of the world. The gender of the deity changed to male and became
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Later the conflict assumed communal overtones, as it was projected by western media to be a persecution of "Christian Minorities" rather than an ethnic conflict for land resources.
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897:, Mahua, Guava, Tendu and Custard apples are collected, which fulfill the major dietary chunk of the Khonds. Besides, the Khonds practice shifting cultivation, or
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in Odisha has a fifty-five per cent Khond population, and is named after the tribe they revolted against the Britishers in 1846 due to the fear of being annaxed.
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The Khonds maintained a formidable reputation that involved multiple revolts. From 1753 to 1856 in the century long Ghumsar uprising the Khonds rebelled against
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foods has led to obesity and diabetes among tribals. Turmeric grown in the Kandhamal district by the Khonds is a registered Geographical Indication product.
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agriculture in the forests as a symbol of their connection to, and as an assertion of their ownership of the forests wherein they dwell. Khonds speak the
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Bravery and skill in hunting determine the respect that a man gets in the Khond tribe. A large number of Khonds were recruited by the British during the
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458:, they are divided into the hill-dwelling Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds for census purposes, but the Khonds themselves identify by their specific
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The Niyamgiri movement and the resultant decision of the Supreme Court is considered a major milestone in indigenous rights jurisprudence in India.
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The Khonds are adept land dwellers of the forest and hill environment. However, due to development interventions in education, medical facilities,
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and were prized as natural jungle warfare experts and fierce warriors. Even today a large proportion of the Khond men join the State police or
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and Hindu culture. The contact with the Hindus led the Khonds to adopt Hindu deities into their pantheon and rituals. For example, the
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In April 2010, a special "fast track" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people. Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
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According to the 2011 census, the Khond population of eight states accounts for 1,743,406 individuals. Among them, 90.19% are
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They have an economy based on hunting and gathering, trapping game, collecting wild fruits, tubers and honey apart from
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was traditionally paid in tiger pelts though now land or gold sovereigns are the usual mode of payment of bride price.
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On 25 December 2007, ethnic conflict broke out between Khond tribals and Pano Scheduled Caste people in Kandhamals.
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are worshiped as manifestations of Dharani, but always with the sacrifice of buffaloes, goats, or fowl. Similarly,
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The Khonds grow several native cultivars of fragrant and coloured rice. Parboiled rice is preferred as a staple.
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on 27 November 2010, blowing up an ambulance. A patient, a paramedic, and the vehicle's driver were killed.
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Forest Tribes of Orissa: Lifestyles and Social Conditions of selected Orissan Tribes, Vol.1
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also threatened the source and potability of the perennial streams in the Niyamgiri Hills.
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and carried out sustained guerrilla warfare as well as pitched combat against the British.
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pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces
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Extended contact with the Oriya speaking Hindus made Khonds to adopt many aspects of
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A 5 minute video about the tribe and the challenges they face from Vedanta Resources
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1344:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from
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clan of this tribe who reside in the Niyamgiri Hills which has rich deposits of
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1171:"A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix"
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1623:"Indian tribe's Avatar-like battle against mining firm reaches supreme court"
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The Khonds voted against the project in August 2013, and in January 2014 the
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right to choose their husbands, and to seek divorce. However, the family is
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of India, an area with significant Maoist insurgency activity. Suspected
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1459:"Against the British: Kandha Leadership in Ghumsar Uprising (1753–1856)"
1232:(Report). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. August 2022. pp. 33–34.
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2019:
1964:
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608:
591:, each consisting of a large group of related families identified by a
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1008:, a UK-based mining company, threatened the future of homeland of the
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Religion among Khond/Kondh people of eight scheduled states of India.
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The men usually forage or hunt in the forests. They also practice the
599:", who is usually the leader of the most powerful clan of the Khonds.
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1939:
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1063:
Orissa Mining Corporation Ltd vs Ministry Of Environment & Forest
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refinery in Odisha. As part of its Demand Dignity campaign, in 2011
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The traditional Khond society is based on geographically demarcated
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1269:"ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha"
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1046:(the Booker prize-winning author), as well as the British actors
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444:
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1564:"India blocks Vedanta mine on Dongria-Kondh tribe's sacred hill"
1342:"ST-14: Scheduled Tribe population by religious community, 2011"
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as their native languages. They are most closely related to the
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published a report concerning the rights of the Dongria Kondh.
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1731:"83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme"
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1586:"India puts stop to expansion of Vedanta aluminium plant"
1328:, Man and Forest Series 2, New Delhi, 2002, pages -13-18.
622:
1672:"Majority of Maoist supporters in Orissa are Christians"
1645:"Vedanta Resources lawsuit (re Dongria Kondh in Orissa)"
1200:"Estimated Population by Castes, 5. Assam – Census 1951"
477:
The Khonds are the largest tribal group in the state of
1227:
Population and Housing Census 2022 – Preliminary Report
492:
Distribution of Khond/Kondh tribe in India, 2011 census
748:), and 2,578 did not state any religious affiliation.
1704:
999:
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1757:"Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India"
1733:. IntelliBriefs. 11 December 2009. Archived from
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1205:. Office of the Registrar General, India. 1954.
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1612:
1377:"Shifting Cultivation by the Juangs of Orissa"
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1112:Kandhamal district is currently a part of the
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1566:. Guardian News and Media Ltd. 24 August 2010
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1650:Business & Human Rights Resource Centre
1625:. Guardian News and Media Ltd. 8 April 2012
1509:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 266.
1216:
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984:Kandha (Khond) Chief with weapons from 1864
848:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2246:
2232:
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2099:
1822:
1808:
1042:Celebrities backing the campaign included
744:, 3,151 follow other religions (primarily
246:
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968:Learn how and when to remove this message
868:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2514:National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
2509:National Commission for Scheduled Castes
2504:National Commission for Backward Classes
1023:The tribe's plight was the subject of a
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487:
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1713:"7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases"
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1423:, Lit Verlag Muster, 2005, pages -134.
568:and are written with the Odia script.
2441:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
2227:
2094:
1803:
1502:
2620:2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
1789:Dongria Kondh Survival International
1139:Naxalite-Maoist Insurgency in India
1071:Ministry for Environment and Forests
924:
846:adding citations to reliable sources
813:
540:, their population was 1,898 in the
277:Regions with significant populations
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1694:"India's remote faith battleground"
1686:
1531:"Tribe takes on global mining firm"
1294:"List of notified Scheduled Tribes"
1066:be obtained prior to commencement.
909:Traditional Rice cultivar of Khonds
13:
2681:Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh
2385:2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
2365:Mandal Commission protests of 1990
2309:Court Cases related to Reservation
2253:
1212:from the original on 8 March 2024.
940:tone or style may not reflect the
349:
177:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2712:
1771:
1506:Essays on Social Reform Movements
1365:. Macmillan and Company, limited.
1257:from the original on 8 July 2024.
1093:On 23 August 2008, Hindu ascetic
1000:Social and environmental concerns
34:This article has multiple issues.
2676:Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh
2319:Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
1463:Tribe British Relations in India
950:guide to writing better articles
929:
818:
358:
295:
283:
187:guide to writing better articles
166:
64:
23:
2691:Scheduled Tribes of West Bengal
2686:Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra
2656:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
2284:Caste-related violence in India
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1723:
1664:
1637:
1600:
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1556:
1545:
1523:
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1412:
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1027:short film narrated by actress
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2375:2006 anti-reservation protests
1711:Sib Kumar Das (1 April 2010).
1465:. Springer. pp. 237–257.
1457:Behera, Maguni Charan (2021).
1369:
1352:
1318:
1299:. Census India. Archived from
1286:
1261:
1080:Communal unrest and insurgency
1:
2625:2022 Bihar caste-based survey
2294:Vandalism of Ambedkar statues
1359:Russell, Robert Vane (1916).
1151:
1073:stopped the Vedanta project.
470:language and write it in the
266:
1471:10.1007/978-981-16-3424-6_15
1120:rebels detonated a roadside
1086:Religious violence in Odisha
920:
7:
2289:Economically Weaker Section
1763:. London. 28 November 2010.
1127:
670:
547:
10:
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2701:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
2380:1996 Bathani Tola Massacre
2122:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha
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809:
618:A traditional Khond house.
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2671:Scheduled Tribes of Bihar
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2566:Republican Party of India
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16:Tribal community in India
2613:Caste Census and Surveys
1146:Lakshmanananda Saraswati
1061:in a landmark decision,
500:status in eight states:
270: 1.74 million
2651:Social groups of Odisha
2410:Bhima Koregaon protests
2329:Dalit Buddhist movement
2279:Caste politics in India
1785:Sinlung - Indian tribes
882:subsistence agriculture
2646:Ethnic groups in India
2597:Other Backward Classes
2447:Other Backward Classes
2314:IIT reservation policy
1609:Amnesty International.
1588:. BBC. 21 October 2010
1552:Survival International
1025:Survival International
985:
910:
756:
755:Meriah sacrifice post.
627:
619:
493:
2405:Maratha Kranti Morcha
2390:2008 Gurjar agitation
2324:Self-Respect Movement
2274:Caste system in India
2262:Caste and reservation
1678:. PTI. Archived from
1037:Amnesty International
983:
908:
754:
644:Armed Forces of India
625:
617:
496:They have designated
491:
411:Related ethnic groups
2602:Including Muslim OBC
2304:Reservation in India
1700:. 26 September 2008.
1418:Hardenberg, Roland,
1348:on 14 November 2019.
1095:Swami Lakshmanananda
886:shifting cultivation
842:improve this section
656:shifting cultivation
443:) are an indigenous
84:improve this article
2546:Bahujan Samaj Party
2494:Kalelkar Commission
2415:April 2018 protests
1831:Scheduled tribes of
1533:. BBC. 17 July 2008
1503:Kumar, Raj (2004).
1324:Jena M. K., et.al.
1177:on 20 November 2017
1057:In April 2013, the
770:. His companion is
714: Other (0.37%)
566:Dravidian languages
564:language. Both are
423: •
419: •
242:
2458:Affirmative action
1737:on 27 October 2011
1682:on 8 October 2008.
1434:"Kandha Hand Book"
1306:on 7 November 2013
994:East India Company
986:
917:for preservation.
911:
757:
728:, while 2,578 are
628:
620:
534:tea garden workers
494:
483:Kandhamal district
293: •
240:
2666:Dravidian peoples
2633:
2632:
2499:Mandal Commission
2395:Patidar agitation
2221:
2220:
2088:
2087:
1791:(Includes Images)
1719:. Chennai, India.
1516:978-8-17141-792-6
1239:978-984-352-977-0
1006:Vedanta Resources
978:
977:
970:
944:used on Knowledge
942:encyclopedic tone
878:
877:
870:
640:Second World Wars
552:The Khonds speak
430:
429:
252:A Khond woman in
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
207:
181:used on Knowledge
179:encyclopedic tone
160:
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134:
57:
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2592:Scheduled Tribes
2587:Scheduled Castes
2370:Namantar Andolan
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456:hunter-gatherers
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73:This article
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41:
40:
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2463:Creamy layer
2177:
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1885:Bodo-Kachari
1761:The Guardian
1760:
1751:
1741:17 September
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1725:
1716:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1680:the original
1675:
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1654:. Retrieved
1648:
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1440:. Retrieved
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1402:. Retrieved
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1381:. Retrieved
1371:
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1346:the original
1325:
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1308:. Retrieved
1301:the original
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1175:the original
1141:Red Corridor
1114:Red Corridor
1111:
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864:
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840:Please help
828:
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771:
768:Dharni Deota
767:
765:
758:
745:
724:, 9.28% are
719:
696:Christianity
677:
661:
659:the market.
649:
633:
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551:
510:Chhattisgarh
495:
476:
440:
436:
435:(also spelt
432:
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425:Gondi people
405:Christianity
348:9,936 (1951
334:Chhattisgarh
237:Ethnic group
234:
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120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2561:Ranvir Sena
2487:Commissions
2443:(SC and ST)
1442:22 December
1310:15 December
1278:12 February
665:bride price
652:podu system
605:patrilineal
542:2022 census
530:West Bengal
518:Maharashtra
472:Odia script
2640:Categories
2571:Karni Sena
2360:Poona Pact
1656:4 December
1383:22 October
1248:1378729652
1181:3 November
1152:References
1136:, district
958:April 2022
899:podu chasa
858:March 2017
736:, 181 are
732:, 437 are
626:Khond Girl
609:patrilocal
582:plantation
578:irrigation
538:Bangladesh
366:Bangladesh
303:Bangladesh
195:March 2024
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1717:The Hindu
1676:The Hindu
1592:13 August
1489:239219992
1134:Kandhamal
1122:land mine
1033:aluminium
921:Uprisings
895:jackfruit
829:does not
740:, 89 are
726:Christian
526:Jharkhand
403:and some
375:Languages
324:Telengana
314:1,627,486
45:talk page
2478:Gramanya
2163:Dangaria
2138:Bhottada
1778:Pictures
1698:BBC News
1629:21 April
1570:21 April
1404:18 March
1252:Archived
1207:Archived
1128:See also
990:the rule
783:Hinduism
734:Buddhist
688:(90.19%)
686:Hinduism
671:Religion
548:Language
401:Hinduism
395:Religion
99:"Khonds"
2431:Adivasi
2348:History
2339:Periyar
2153:Bhunjia
2133:Bathudi
2080:Tripuri
2030:Mudugar
2010:Mishing
1905:Chenchu
1783:Sinlung
1537:17 July
1399:"konds"
1014:bauxite
992:of the
850:removed
835:sources
810:Economy
708:(0.16%)
698:(9.28%)
572:Society
445:Adivasi
328:103,290
322:(incl.
124:scholar
2213:Shabar
2203:Santal
2193:Kurukh
2178:Kandha
2168:Gadaba
2148:Bhuiya
2143:Bhumij
2065:Santal
2050:Rabari
1980:Lepcha
1960:Khonds
1945:Irulas
1930:Hajong
1915:Dimasa
1910:Dhanka
1900:Chakma
1875:Birhor
1870:Bhutia
1865:Bhumij
1855:Bharia
1513:
1487:
1477:
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1118:Maoist
1100:Maoist
1016:. The
730:Muslim
712:
706:Muslim
704:
702:
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692:
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528:, and
522:Odisha
479:Odisha
448:tribal
441:Kandha
437:Kondha
433:Khonds
363:
338:10,991
310:Odisha
300:
288:
272:(2011)
254:Odisha
241:Khonds
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2580:Lists
2449:(OBC)
2436:Dalit
2424:Terms
2269:Caste
2208:Saura
2198:Munda
2183:Kisan
2158:Bonda
2060:Reang
2055:Rabha
2040:Oraon
2025:Munda
1995:Mahli
1990:Lodha
1985:Limbu
1970:Korwa
1955:Khasi
1950:Karbi
1925:Gondi
1895:Bonda
1890:Boksa
1850:Baiga
1834:India
1485:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1421:Ambos
1304:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1230:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
891:mango
884:i.e.
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791:Durga
722:Hindu
636:First
593:Totem
589:clans
562:Gondi
536:. In
506:Bihar
460:clans
452:India
370:1,898
344:Assam
291:India
131:JSTOR
117:books
2523:Laws
2473:Jāti
2188:Koya
2173:Gond
2075:Toda
2070:Sora
2045:Pnar
2035:Naga
2015:Mizo
2005:Mech
2000:Mara
1975:Kuki
1935:Hmar
1920:Garo
1880:Bodo
1860:Bhil
1845:Asur
1743:2011
1658:2016
1631:2012
1594:2011
1572:2012
1539:2008
1511:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1444:2021
1406:2020
1385:2022
1312:2013
1280:2020
1244:OCLC
1234:ISBN
1183:2017
1050:and
893:and
833:any
831:cite
789:and
787:Kali
742:Jain
738:Sikh
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558:Kuvi
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389:Odia
385:Kuvi
350:est.
103:news
2020:Mog
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