1080:
641:
1405:
984:. Tight junctions are a pair of trans-membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane. Adherens junctions are a plaque (protein layer on the inside plasma membrane) which attaches both cells' microfilaments. Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein. Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section. They are made up of the integrin (a transmembrane protein) instead of cadherin. They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane. Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called
1393:
1381:
778:
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462:, Latin for "scale" – as on fish or snake skin. The cells fit closely together in tissues, providing a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened, nearly oval-shaped nuclei because of the thin, flattened form of the cell. Squamous epithelium is found lining surfaces such as
1088:
1369:
49:
1267:
660:, and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes. However, when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights, they can be confused with stratified epithelia. This kind of epithelium is therefore described as
1071:. Here, cells fated for elimination are seamlessly squeezed out by contracting a band of actin and myosin around and below the cell, preventing any gaps from forming that could disrupt their barriers. Failure to do so can result in aggressive tumors and their invasion by aberrant basal cell extrusion.
1066:
Epithelia turn over at some of the fastest rates in the body. For epithelial layers to maintain constant cell numbers essential to their functions, the number of cells that divide must match those that die. They do this mechanically. If there are too few of the cells, the stretch that they experience
764:
to punakoidal. They are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet with almost no intercellular spaces. All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane. The lining of the mouth, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue.
678:
Stratified or compound epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers. Cells flatten as the layers become more
519:
that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type. Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen, or passive depending on their location and specialisation. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to
1294:
Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics. Epithelial cells tend to cluster together, and have a "characteristic tight pavement-like appearance". But this is not always the case, such as when the cells are derived from a tumor. In these cases, it is
1231:
of the extracellular environment by playing "a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia
366:
There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous (scaly), columnar, and cuboidal. These can be arranged in a singular layer of cells as simple epithelium, either simple squamous, simple columnar, or simple cuboidal, or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified (layered), or
701:
In this particular case, the most apical layers (exterior) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm, instead contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin. This specialization makes the epithelium somewhat water-resistant, so is found in the mammalian skin. The lining of the
589:
are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus, which acts as a lubricant. Single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function. Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in
540:
Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped and have a height of at least four times their width. Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. The cells here may possess
630:, the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells (to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles) to flow in that direction (typically out of the body). Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and
1253:
with hematopoietic immune cells. The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the
2769:
728:
Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch, and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is relaxed, or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called
926:
and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue. The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium.
838:
stratified squamous epithelium. Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous, columnar, or pseudostratified epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the
625:
pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia. Cilia are capable of energy-dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes. In the
502:
Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube-like shape and appear square in cross-section. The cell nucleus is large, spherical and is in the center of the cell. Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the
620:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence "pseudo") impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
1058:. Additionally, the filaments that support these mesoderm-derived tissues are very distinct. Outside of the field of pathology, it is generally accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers.
371:, either squamous, columnar or cuboidal. In some tissues, a layer of columnar cells may appear to be stratified due to the placement of the nuclei. This sort of tissue is called pseudostratified. All
1050:(both derived from mesoderm) to be true epithelium. This is because such tissues present very different pathology. For that reason, pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium
434:
that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is found where absorption and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes.
918:
and the free/apical surface faces body fluid or outside. The basement membrane acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries. Epithelial tissue has a
2731:
648:
By layer, epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium, only one cell thick (unilayered), or stratified epithelium having two or more cells in thickness, or multi-layered – as
2801:
1142:
from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue. They may be specialized columnar or cuboidal tissues consisting of
93:
1475:
953:
are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the
1404:
1380:
1341:), "nipple". Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small "nipples" of tissue on the
2794:
1392:
3159:
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610:. This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells, which can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
1067:
rapidly activates cell division. Alternatively, when too many cells accumulate, crowding triggers their death by activation epithelial
290:
964:
Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells. There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions:
2787:
2534:
1295:
often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification. The intermediate filament proteins in the
458:
Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above. Their name comes from
17:
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1983:
1949:
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In this case, the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin, but they still retain their nuclei. These nuclei are
507:, or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas, the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. The
2938:
2083:"An epithelial cell destined for apoptosis signals its neighbors to extrude it by an actin- and myosin-dependent mechanism"
1773:
1162:
Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system.
661:
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2008:
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form the secretory and duct portions of glands. Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of
100:
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and function of the cells. The basic cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar, classed by their shape.
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653:
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283:
197:
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in the lungs. Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels (as
88:
2418:
Krausgruber T, Fortelny N, Fife-Gernedl V, Senekowitsch M, Schuster LC, Lercher A, et al. (July 2020).
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has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium.
508:
241:
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Stratified epithelia (of columnar, cuboidal, or squamous type) can have the following specializations:
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81:
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is covered with fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells. A specialised form of epithelium,
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1123:, as well as the secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts
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155:
132:
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30:
This article is about epithelium in animal anatomy. For the fungal structure of the same name, see
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group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells, so they are often used for this purpose.
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shown at (3); an uninfected cell shown at (2) and (4) showing the difference between an infected
723:
667:
582:
392:
228:
2711:
2138:
Eisenhoffer GT, Loftus PD, Yoshigi M, Otsuna H, Chien CB, Morcos PA, Rosenblatt J (April 2012).
3186:
2943:
2197:"KRas-transformed epithelia cells invade and partially dedifferentiate by basal cell extrusion"
2195:
Fadul J, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Slattum GM, Redd NM, Jin MF, Redd MJ, et al. (December 2021).
1685:
1208:
958:
844:
714:, meaning that they are highly condensed. Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the
569:. Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the
384:
218:
1937:
1748:
898:, or external "skin", consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the
1973:
1623:
765:
The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called
679:
apical, though in their most basal layers, the cells can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.
554:
223:
1677:
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1531:
2758:
2747:
2736:
2716:
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2208:
2151:
2094:
2037:
1942:
Lepidoptera, Moths and
Butterflies: Morphology, Physiology, and Development : Teilband
1873:
1743:
Permar's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy: a textbook for students in dental hygiene
1455:
1272:
1079:
954:
591:
438:
317:
213:
2252:
Gu Y, Shea J, Slattum G, Firpo MA, Alexander M, Mulvihill SJ, et al. (January 2015).
1650:
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8:
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2998:
2725:
2024:
Gudipaty SA, Lindblom J, Loftus PD, Redd MJ, Edes K, Davey CF, et al. (March 2017).
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1212:
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Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the
812:
403:
3583:
2435:
2212:
2155:
2140:"Crowding induces live cell extrusion to maintain homeostatic cell numbers in epithelia"
2098:
2041:
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2516:
2467:
2454:
2419:
2395:
2370:
2330:"Recent advances in the molecular pathology, cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies"
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In general, epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the
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2004:
1979:
1945:
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969:
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475:
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352:
3625:
363:. These tissues also lack blood or lymph supply. The tissue is supplied by nerves.
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of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium. Their secretions include
1166:
1151:
852:
804:
734:
595:
558:
333:
69:
3533:
2254:"Defective apical extrusion signaling contributes to aggressive tumor hallmarks"
1781:
1220:
702:
oesophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or "moist" stratified epithelium.
545:
for maximizing the surface area for absorption, and these microvilli may form a
3557:
3523:
3462:
3433:
3321:
3271:
3122:
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1113:
the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a
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3428:
3312:
3299:
3178:
3106:
3038:
1886:
1861:
1224:
1031:
977:
644:
Summary showing different epithelial cells/tissues and their characteristics.
562:
525:
491:
411:
356:
337:
2346:
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1258:
of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges.
3676:
3619:
3594:
3307:
3238:
3220:
3064:
3059:
2696:
2687:
2670:
2661:
2611:
2512:
2463:
2417:
2404:
2371:"Deciphering cell-cell interactions and communication from gene expression"
2355:
2289:
2238:
2181:
2116:
2067:
2026:"Mechanical stretch triggers rapid epithelial cell division through Piezo1"
1288:
1039:
981:
931:
864:
546:
341:
777:
3612:
3355:
3351:
3252:
3247:
3216:
3137:
2868:
2863:
1465:
1296:
1143:
1114:
1047:
1043:
997:
957:, or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the
880:
876:
860:
766:
715:
586:
566:
521:
487:
483:
479:
388:
329:
31:
2420:"Structural cells are key regulators of organ-specific immune responses"
2270:
2163:
2049:
1321:, sweat glands are also damaged, causing a frosty coating of the skin.
934:
is made up of laminin (glycoproteins) secreted by epithelial cells. The
3701:
3657:
3589:
3538:
3528:
3501:
3472:
3346:
3316:
3257:
3207:
2957:
2653:
2603:
1837:
Histology: A Text and Atlas: With
Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology
1530:
Freshney RI (2002). "Introduction". In
Freshney RI, Freshney M (eds.).
1436:
1350:
1266:
895:
888:
808:
757:
730:
607:
542:
463:
375:
are made up of epithelial cells. Functions of epithelial cells include
2590:
Green H (September 2008). "The birth of therapy with cultured cells".
1839:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 528, 604.
1386:
Human cheek cells (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500×
1087:
430:
is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the
3738:
3706:
3662:
3599:
3371:
3326:
3242:
3202:
3010:
2993:
1421:
1346:
1303:
1255:
1100:
1055:
973:
938:
beneath the basal lamina is made up of collagen proteins secreted by
823:
782:
578:
574:
570:
399:
380:
376:
321:
2779:
756:
Epithelial tissue cells can adopt shapes of varying complexity from
106:
3640:
3630:
3552:
3490:
3286:
3281:
3229:
3224:
3195:
3005:
1246:
1233:
1027:
1016:
1005:
985:
711:
2640:
Nagpal R, Patel A, Gibson MC (March 2008). "Epithelial topology".
48:
3496:
3276:
1307:
1051:
899:
835:
761:
742:
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of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the
1129:
Absorb water and digested food in the lining of digestive canal.
906:, the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition.
3517:
3342:
3118:
2369:
Armingol E, Officer A, Harismendy O, Lewis NE (February 2021).
2194:
1410:
Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium
1204:
1182:
1174:
1139:
1104:
903:
856:
831:
827:
786:
738:
622:
345:
2368:
2137:
3567:
3562:
3546:
2562:
Essential IVF : basic research and clinical applications
1190:
1170:
1147:
996:
Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological
923:
919:
868:
550:
512:
372:
789:, with luminal epithelial cells annotated near bottom right.
3604:
3359:
1975:
The nature of disease: pathology for the health professions
1625:
Color atlas of cytology, histology, and microscopic anatomy
1398:
Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium
840:
800:
471:
325:
2023:
1929:
1302:
Cancers originating from the epithelium are classified as
1138:
Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the
1814:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 110–115.
1680:
DiFiore's Atlas of
Histology with Functional Correlations
1342:
1178:
599:
474:, enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the
1862:"3D Organisation of Cells in Pseudostratified Epithelia"
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1215:
forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the
1197:
2766:
Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thick skin)
2668:
847:, the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the
2755:
Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thin skin)
2327:
1279:
The slide shows at (1) an epithelial cell infected by
344:. Epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of
2669:
Yamaguchi Y, Brenner M, Hearing VJ (September 2007).
1796:
2328:
Adams M, Smith UM, Logan CV, Johnson CA (May 2008).
2080:
1715:
From cells to organs: a histology textbook and atlas
1095:
Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions:
1476:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
871:, and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining
332:) tissues line the outer surfaces of many internal
2559:
2307:(4th ed.). New York : Garland. p. 1267.
2251:
2081:Rosenblatt J, Raff MC, Cramer LP (November 2001).
2003:(4th ed.). New York : Garland. p. 1067.
1740:
1563:
1317:When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from
988:(six of which come together to make a connexion).
914:The basal surface of epithelial tissue rests on a
2639:
2564:. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 3.
1978:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 55.
1935:
1707:
1705:
1150:. There are two major classifications of glands:
634:, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
3751:
1245:Epithelial cells express many genes that encode
395:. Compound epithelium has protective functions.
2770:Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus
1525:
1523:
1521:
1091:Different characteristics of glands of the body
822:Tissues that line the inside of the mouth, the
414:are especially abundant in epithelial tissues.
27:Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
2622:Basement membranes: cell and molecular biology
2618:
1809:
1702:
1684:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
1676:Eroschenko VP (2008). "Integumentary System".
1598:Color atlas of human anatomy: Locomotor system
1497:
1324:
3387:
3153:
2795:
1747:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1557:
1555:
1553:
1493:
1491:
1099:to protect the tissues that lie beneath from
1054:, whereas true epithelial cancers are called
284:
2744:Stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina
1936:Kristensen NP, Georges C (1 December 2003).
1570:(3rd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. pp.
1518:
1223:on epithelial cells provide chemosensation,
733:since it is almost exclusively found in the
718:and in the upper regions of the oesophagus.
398:Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels (
1860:Iber, Dagmar; Vetter, Roman (12 May 2022).
1834:
1812:Anatomy and Physiology from Science to Life
1669:
1501:Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
312:is a thin, continuous, protective layer of
3394:
3380:
3167:
3160:
3146:
2802:
2788:
1915:. Boston: Benjamin Cummings. p. 133.
1859:
1738:
1711:
1675:
1550:
1488:
291:
277:
47:
2686:
2502:
2453:
2443:
2394:
2345:
2321:
2279:
2269:
2228:
2171:
2106:
2057:
1971:
1895:
1885:
875:as lymphatic endothelium. Another type,
1529:
1265:
1261:
1211:, and they commonly exist as a sheet of
1086:
1078:
776:
673:
639:
557:. Other ciliated cells are found in the
402:), so they must receive nourishment via
2487:"A gene atlas of 'structural immunity'"
2302:
1998:
1594:
1240:
14:
3752:
3401:
2732:Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium
2484:
1910:
1621:
1561:
1107:, invasion by pathogens, and physical
1083:Forms of secretion in glandular tissue
336:, the corresponding inner surfaces of
3375:
3141:
2851:
2809:
2783:
2671:"The regulation of skin pigmentation"
2619:Kefalides NA, Borel JP, eds. (2005).
2589:
1498:Eurell JA, Frappier BL, eds. (2006).
1198:Sensing the extracellular environment
2939:Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2527:
1853:
1360:
909:
662:pseudostratified columnar epithelium
422:
2675:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1133:
1119:the secretion of hormones into the
799:Epithelium lines both the outside (
120:This article is part of a series on
24:
2724:Simple squamous epithelium of the
2582:
1944:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 484.
807:of bodies. The outermost layer of
795:Table of epithelia of human organs
265:Table of epithelia of human organs
25:
3776:
2705:
2560:Van Blerkom J, Gregory L (2004).
1771:
1739:Melfi RC, Alley KE, eds. (2000).
1648:
1427:Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
945:
585:which are similar to microvilli.
553:to move mucus in the function of
417:
3729:
3728:
2625:. Gulf Professional Publishing.
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1291:and an uninfected cell nucleus.
1061:
101:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2553:
2478:
2411:
2362:
2296:
2245:
2188:
2131:
2074:
2017:
1992:
1965:
1904:
1828:
1810:Jenkins GW, Tortora GJ (2013).
1765:
1504:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18.
654:stratified cuboidal epithelium
2919:Stratified columnar epithelium
2912:Stratified cuboidal epithelium
2905:Stratified squamous epithelium
1780:. Amirsys, Inc. Archived from
1732:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1270:Epithelial cell infected with
991:
803:) and the inside cavities and
658:stratified columnar epithelium
650:stratified squamous epithelium
13:
1:
2305:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2108:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00587-5
2001:Molecular biology of the cell
1481:
1337:), "on" or "upon", and θηλή (
324:, the outermost layer of the
1651:"Simple Cuboidal Epithelium"
1566:Human Anatomy and Physiology
1074:
1030:(e.g., the inner linings of
863:, forms the inner lining of
751:
340:, and the inner surfaces of
7:
2712:Epithelium Photomicrographs
2485:Minton K (September 2020).
2334:Journal of Medical Genetics
1835:Ross MH, Pawlina W (2015).
1533:Culture of epithelial cells
1415:
1353:senses; the plural form is
1325:Etymology and pronunciation
855:. The outer surface of the
772:
10:
3781:
2885:Simple columnar epithelium
2878:Simple cuboidal epithelium
2859:Simple squamous epithelium
2491:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2387:10.1038/s41576-020-00292-x
2221:10.1038/s41467-021-27513-z
1461:Retinal pigment epithelium
1333:uses the Greek roots ἐπί (
1203:Some epithelial cells are
792:
29:
3724:
3442:
3409:
3335:
3297:
3176:
3077:
3052:
3031:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2931:
2897:
2844:
2818:
2504:10.1038/s41577-020-0398-y
2445:10.1038/s41586-020-2424-4
1536:. John Wiley & Sons.
1249:and proteins involved in
1019:(e.g., the lining of the
879:, forms the walls of the
99:
87:
75:
63:
58:
46:
41:
2375:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1913:Anatomy & Physiology
1887:10.3389/fphy.2022.898160
1374:Squamous epithelium 100×
184:Cuboidal epithelial cell
156:Columnar epithelial cell
133:Squamous epithelial cell
3187:Cell adhesion molecules
2953:Transitional epithelium
2347:10.1136/jmg.2007.054999
1628:. Thieme. p. 102.
1451:Iris pigment epithelium
1446:outer enamel epithelium
1251:cell-cell communication
902:, an outer covering of
668:Transitional epithelium
511:that covers the female
393:transcellular transport
2944:Respiratory epithelium
2775:Microanatomy Web Atlas
2688:10.1074/jbc.R700026200
1712:van Lommel AT (2002).
1276:
1238:
1209:respiratory epithelium
1092:
1084:
1021:gastrointestinal tract
959:paracellular transport
845:gastrointestinal tract
790:
645:
18:Keratinized epithelium
2201:Nature Communications
1972:McConnell TH (2006).
1601:. Thieme. p. 8.
1269:
1262:Clinical significance
1201:
1090:
1082:
780:
674:Stratified epithelium
643:
555:mucociliary clearance
549:. Other cells may be
206:Specialised epithelia
1866:Frontiers in Physics
1456:Neuroepithelial cell
1345:. The word has both
1281:Chlamydia pneumoniae
1273:Chlamydia pneumoniae
1241:Host immune response
1126:to provide sensation
955:extracellular matrix
811:is composed of dead
320:. An example is the
318:extracellular matrix
3641:Meristematic tissue
2681:(38): 27557–27561.
2436:2020Natur.583..296K
2271:10.7554/eLife.04069
2213:2021NatCo..12.7180F
2164:10.1038/nature10999
2156:2012Natur.484..546E
2099:2001CBio...11.1847R
2050:10.1038/nature21407
2042:2017Natur.543..118G
1897:20.500.11850/547113
1878:2022FrP....10.8160I
1784:on 19 December 2012
1471:Sulcular epithelium
1432:Epithelial polarity
894:In arthropods, the
813:stratified squamous
517:germinal epithelium
509:germinal epithelium
476:alveolar epithelium
53:Types of epithelium
3403:Biological tissues
3085:Myoepithelial cell
2654:10.1002/bies.20722
2604:10.1002/bies.20797
2539:Cancer Research UK
2303:Alberts B (2002).
1999:Alberts B (2002).
1774:"Epithelial Cells"
1595:Platzer W (2008).
1562:Marieb EM (1995).
1277:
1121:circulatory system
1093:
1085:
970:adherens junctions
830:, and part of the
819:epithelial cells.
791:
646:
82:H2.00.02.0.00002
3765:Tissues (biology)
3747:
3746:
3534:Phloem parenchyma
3369:
3368:
3268:membrane proteins
3191:Adherens junction
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3073:
3072:
2968:
2967:
2927:
2926:
2893:
2892:
2759:Histology at KUMC
2748:Histology at KUMC
2737:Histology at KUMC
2717:Histology at KUMC
2632:978-0-12-153356-4
2571:978-1-4020-7551-3
2541:. 28 October 2014
2535:"Types of cancer"
2430:(7815): 296–302.
2150:(7395): 546–549.
2093:(23): 1847–1857.
2036:(7643): 118–121.
1985:978-0-7817-5317-3
1951:978-3-11-016210-3
1911:Marieb E (2011).
1821:978-1-118-12920-3
1758:978-0-683-30644-6
1725:978-1-4020-7257-4
1635:978-3-13-562404-4
1622:Kühnel W (2003).
1608:978-3-13-533306-9
1543:978-0-471-40121-6
1511:978-0-7817-4148-4
1361:Additional images
1312:connective tissue
940:connective tissue
916:basement membrane
910:Basement membrane
873:lymphatic vessels
749:
748:
638:
637:
628:respiratory tract
561:, the uterus and
432:basement membrane
428:Simple epithelium
423:Simple epithelium
408:basement membrane
353:connective tissue
310:epithelial tissue
301:
300:
115:
114:
110:
16:(Redirected from
3772:
3732:
3731:
3682:Vascular cambium
3568:Xylem parenchyma
3396:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3138:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2929:
2928:
2895:
2894:
2849:
2848:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2700:
2690:
2665:
2636:
2615:
2576:
2575:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
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2015:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1933:
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1851:
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1807:
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1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
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1585:
1569:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1285:inclusion bodies
1247:immune mediators
1229:mechanosensation
1207:, especially in
1187:digestive juices
1152:endocrine glands
1146:, which secrete
1134:Glandular tissue
1042:do not consider
936:reticular lamina
853:endocrine glands
834:are composed of
707:Parakeratinized
685:
684:
616:Pseudostratified
490:), and in other
444:
443:
293:
286:
279:
175:Pseudostratified
117:
116:
107:edit on Wikidata
104:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3720:
3653:Ground meristem
3512:Vascular tissue
3483:Subsidiary cell
3438:
3405:
3400:
3370:
3365:
3331:
3293:
3172:
3166:
3136:
3127:
3090:Serous demilune
3069:
3048:
3027:
2964:
2923:
2889:
2840:
2814:
2808:
2763:epithel-epith15
2752:epithel-epith14
2741:epithel-epith12
2721:epithel-epith02
2708:
2703:
2633:
2585:
2583:Further reading
2580:
2579:
2572:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2483:
2479:
2416:
2412:
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2326:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2250:
2246:
2193:
2189:
2136:
2132:
2087:Current Biology
2079:
2075:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1970:
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1956:
1954:
1952:
1934:
1930:
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1418:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1327:
1319:cystic fibrosis
1306:. In contrast,
1264:
1243:
1213:polarised cells
1200:
1156:exocrine glands
1136:
1103:, desiccation,
1077:
1064:
994:
966:tight junctions
948:
912:
797:
775:
754:
688:Specialization
676:
632:fallopian tubes
596:salivary glands
559:fallopian tubes
530:salivary glands
505:exocrine glands
425:
420:
297:
111:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3778:
3768:
3767:
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3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Vessel element
3555:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Companion cell
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Bulliform cell
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:Focal adhesion
3319:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3272:Tight junction
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
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3125:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3044:Alveolar gland
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2970:
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2915:
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2899:
2891:
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2880:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2855:
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2846:
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2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2729:
2714:
2707:
2706:External links
2704:
2702:
2701:
2666:
2648:(3): 260–266.
2637:
2631:
2616:
2598:(9): 897–903.
2586:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2552:
2526:
2497:(9): 518–519.
2477:
2410:
2361:
2340:(5): 257–267.
2320:
2313:
2295:
2244:
2187:
2130:
2073:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1984:
1964:
1950:
1928:
1922:978-0321616401
1921:
1903:
1852:
1846:978-1451187427
1845:
1827:
1820:
1795:
1764:
1757:
1731:
1724:
1701:
1694:
1668:
1657:. Amirsys, Inc
1641:
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1111:
1076:
1073:
1069:cell extrusion
1063:
1060:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1013:
993:
990:
978:hemidesmosomes
951:Cell junctions
947:
946:Cell junctions
944:
911:
908:
836:nonkeratinized
774:
771:
753:
750:
747:
746:
726:
720:
719:
708:
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703:
699:
693:
692:
689:
675:
672:
636:
635:
618:
612:
611:
538:
534:
533:
526:mammary glands
500:
496:
495:
456:
452:
451:
448:
424:
421:
419:
418:Classification
416:
412:Cell junctions
379:, filtration,
361:nervous tissue
328:. Epithelial (
299:
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3648:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:Ground tissue
3575:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
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3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Pavement cell
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:Dermal tissue
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:Hemidesmosome
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:Intercalated
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3065:Mucous glands
3063:
3061:
3060:Serous glands
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Tubular gland
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
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1218:
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1070:
1062:Cell turnover
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1032:body cavities
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
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1007:
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1002:
1001:
999:
989:
987:
983:
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865:blood vessels
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584:
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564:
563:central canal
560:
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544:
539:
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535:
531:
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523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
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492:body cavities
489:
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370:
364:
362:
358:
357:muscle tissue
354:
351:, along with
350:
347:
343:
342:blood vessels
339:
338:body cavities
335:
331:
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68:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3713:
3694:
3690:
3677:Cork cambium
3669:
3645:
3639:
3620:Sclerenchyma
3618:
3611:
3595:Chlorenchyma
3582:
3576:
3545:
3529:Phloem fiber
3516:
3510:
3489:
3455:
3451:
3423:
3308:Basal lamina
3239:Cytoskeleton
3221:Gap junction
3217:Ion channels
3169:
3168:Proteins of
3102:Intralobular
2810:
2761:
2750:
2739:
2719:
2678:
2674:
2645:
2641:
2621:
2595:
2591:
2561:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2381:(2): 71–88.
2378:
2374:
2364:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2304:
2298:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1974:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1941:
1938:"Integument"
1931:
1912:
1906:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1788:28 September
1786:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1777:
1767:
1742:
1734:
1718:. Springer.
1714:
1679:
1671:
1661:28 September
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1590:
1565:
1532:
1500:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1293:
1289:cell nucleus
1280:
1278:
1271:
1244:
1202:
1144:goblet cells
1137:
1094:
1065:
1040:pathologists
1037:
995:
963:
949:
932:basal lamina
929:
924:blood supply
920:nerve supply
913:
893:
821:
798:
755:
724:Transitional
691:Description
681:
677:
666:
647:
587:Goblet cells
547:brush border
522:sweat glands
459:
450:Description
436:
426:
397:
383:, selective
368:
365:
316:with little
309:
304:
303:
302:
229:Transitional
125:
36:
3613:Collenchyma
3563:Xylem fiber
3356:Stereocilia
3300:cell–matrix
3253:Plakoglobin
3248:Desmoplakin
2869:Mesothelium
2864:Endothelium
2207:(1): 7180.
1466:Skin cancer
1310:develop in
1297:cytokeratin
1115:body cavity
1048:mesothelium
1044:endothelium
1008:(e.g., the
998:germ layers
992:Development
881:pericardium
877:mesothelium
861:endothelium
817:keratinized
767:endothelium
716:oral mucosa
697:Keratinized
592:lobar ducts
583:stereocilia
567:spinal cord
488:mesothelium
484:pericardium
480:endothelium
389:germination
330:mesothelial
219:Respiratory
59:Identifiers
32:Pileipellis
3760:Epithelium
3754:Categories
3702:Endodermis
3658:Procambium
3590:Aerenchyma
3584:Parenchyma
3539:Sieve tube
3502:Phelloderm
3473:Guard cell
3424:Epithelial
3419:Connective
3352:Microvilli
3347:Kinocilium
3317:Tonofibril
3258:Tonofibril
3208:Desmoglein
3170:epithelium
3078:Components
2958:Urothelium
2898:stratified
2811:Epithelial
2726:glomerulus
2545:13 October
2264:: e04069.
1957:10 January
1778:AnatomyOne
1655:AnatomyOne
1482:References
1437:Glycocalyx
1331:epithelium
1304:carcinomas
1056:carcinomas
974:desmosomes
896:integument
889:peritoneum
809:human skin
793:See also:
758:polyhedral
731:urothelium
608:sex organs
579:inner ears
575:Hair cells
571:taste buds
543:microvilli
515:, and the
482:), in the
385:absorption
305:Epithelium
224:Intestinal
198:Stratified
170:Stratified
147:Stratified
42:Epithelium
3739:Histology
3707:Exodermis
3671:Secondary
3663:Protoderm
3600:Mesophyll
3457:Epidermis
3327:Costamere
3243:Desmosome
3203:Desmosome
3179:cell–cell
3107:Striated
3053:Secretion
3021:Meibomian
3016:Sebaceous
3011:Holocrine
2994:Merocrine
2987:Mechanism
2831:Cuboidal
2826:Squamous
2642:BioEssays
2592:BioEssays
2521:220491226
2472:220295181
1772:Pratt R.
1649:Pratt R.
1422:Dark cell
1355:epithelia
1329:The word
1256:epigenome
1181:(sebum),
1101:radiation
1075:Functions
1038:However,
1010:epidermis
986:connexins
922:, but no
824:esophagus
783:histology
762:scutoidal
752:Structure
537:Columnar
499:Cuboidal
455:Squamous
404:diffusion
400:avascular
381:secretion
377:diffusion
322:epidermis
238:Germinal
214:Olfactory
126:Epithelia
3734:Category
3631:Sclereid
3553:Tracheid
3491:Periderm
3429:Muscular
3287:MARVELD2
3282:Occludin
3230:Connexin
3225:Connexon
3196:Cadherin
3177:Lateral/
3006:Apocrine
2836:Columnar
2728:(kidney)
2697:17635904
2662:18293365
2612:18693268
2513:32661408
2464:32612232
2405:33168968
2356:18178628
2290:25621765
2239:34893591
2182:22504183
2117:11728307
2068:28199303
1416:See also
1308:sarcomas
1283:; their
1205:ciliated
1052:sarcomas
1028:mesoderm
1017:endoderm
1006:ectoderm
867:and the
849:exocrine
773:Location
712:pyknotic
623:Ciliated
551:ciliated
369:compound
3647:Primary
3497:Phellem
3468:Cuticle
3434:Nervous
3411:Animals
3277:Claudin
2999:Eccrine
2455:7610345
2432:Bibcode
2396:7649713
2281:4337653
2230:8664939
2209:Bibcode
2173:4593481
2152:Bibcode
2125:5858676
2095:Bibcode
2059:5334365
2038:Bibcode
1874:Bibcode
1572:103–104
900:cuticle
885:pleurae
785:of the
781:Normal
743:urethra
739:ureters
735:bladder
604:pharynx
594:in the
577:in the
565:of the
470:in the
468:alveoli
234:Vaginal
70:D004848
3696:Cortex
3518:Phloem
3444:Plants
3336:Apical
3298:Basal/
3266:other
3119:Acinus
2973:Glands
2852:Simple
2813:tissue
2695:
2660:
2629:
2610:
2568:
2519:
2511:
2470:
2462:
2452:
2424:Nature
2403:
2393:
2354:
2311:
2288:
2278:
2237:
2227:
2180:
2170:
2144:Nature
2123:
2115:
2066:
2056:
2030:Nature
2007:
1982:
1948:
1919:
1843:
1818:
1755:
1722:
1692:
1688:–234.
1632:
1605:
1578:
1540:
1508:
1234:motile
1227:, and
1193:, etc.
1183:enzyme
1175:saliva
1140:glands
1109:trauma
1105:toxins
980:, and
904:chitin
887:, and
857:cornea
843:, the
832:rectum
828:vagina
826:, the
805:lumina
787:breast
656:, and
606:, and
602:, the
598:, the
528:, and
460:squāma
391:, and
373:glands
349:tissue
346:animal
334:organs
242:female
193:Simple
165:Simple
142:Simple
3715:Stele
3691:Mixed
3626:Fiber
3547:Xylem
3343:Cilia
3097:Ducts
3032:Shape
2980:Types
2932:Other
2845:Types
2819:Cells
2517:S2CID
2468:S2CID
2258:eLife
2121:S2CID
1442:Inner
1351:count
1339:thēlē
1217:lumen
1191:sweat
1171:tears
1167:lumen
1148:mucus
1026:from
1015:from
1004:from
869:heart
841:lungs
581:have
513:ovary
447:Type
439:shape
314:cells
257:Other
105:[
3605:Pith
3360:STRC
3123:Lobe
2693:PMID
2658:PMID
2627:ISBN
2608:PMID
2566:ISBN
2547:2016
2509:PMID
2460:PMID
2401:PMID
2352:PMID
2309:ISBN
2286:PMID
2235:PMID
2178:PMID
2113:PMID
2064:PMID
2005:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1959:2013
1946:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1790:2012
1753:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1663:2012
1630:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1444:and
1349:and
1347:mass
1232:are
1154:and
1046:and
930:The
851:and
801:skin
741:and
486:(as
472:lung
464:skin
359:and
326:skin
247:male
94:9639
65:MeSH
2683:doi
2679:282
2650:doi
2600:doi
2499:doi
2450:PMC
2440:doi
2428:583
2391:PMC
2383:doi
2342:doi
2276:PMC
2266:doi
2225:PMC
2217:doi
2168:PMC
2160:doi
2148:484
2103:doi
2054:PMC
2046:doi
2034:543
1892:hdl
1882:doi
1686:212
1343:lip
1335:epi
1219:."
1179:oil
760:to
600:eye
466:or
308:or
89:FMA
3756::
3693::
3644::
3581::
3515::
3454::
3270::
3241::
3219::
3189::
2691:.
2677:.
2673:.
2656:.
2646:30
2644:.
2606:.
2596:30
2594:.
2537:.
2515:.
2507:.
2495:20
2493:.
2489:.
2466:.
2458:.
2448:.
2438:.
2426:.
2422:.
2399:.
2389:.
2379:22
2377:.
2373:.
2350:.
2338:45
2336:.
2332:.
2284:.
2274:.
2260:.
2256:.
2233:.
2223:.
2215:.
2205:12
2203:.
2199:.
2176:.
2166:.
2158:.
2146:.
2142:.
2119:.
2111:.
2101:.
2091:11
2089:.
2085:.
2062:.
2052:.
2044:.
2032:.
2028:.
1940:.
1890:.
1880:.
1872:.
1870:10
1868:.
1864:.
1798:^
1776:.
1751:.
1704:^
1653:.
1574:.
1552:^
1520:^
1490:^
1357:.
1314:.
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532:.
524:,
494:.
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3358:(
3354:/
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2040::
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292:e
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109:]
34:.
20:)
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