182:
158:
170:
221:
197:
245:
209:
233:
54:. As with several previous changes of dynasty in China, this was a protracted and painful period of civil war. Though the start date of Qing rule is customarily given as 1644, when the last Ming emperor hanged himself as the capital fell, the war had really begun in 1618 and Ming resistance continued until 1683. During this period, the Ming system of large-scale manufacturing in the imperial porcelain factories, with orders and payments coming mainly from the imperial court, finally collapsed, and the officials in charge had to turn themselves from obedient civil servants into businessmen, seeking private customers, including foreign trading companies from Europe, Japanese merchants, and new domestic customers.
36:
981:
261:
989:
285:
273:
512:
297:
28:
111:
potted and painted, with a deep blue compared to "violets in milk". Many pieces have groups of figures in an extravagant landscape with mountains, clouds, and the moon. Although very much in the "Chinese taste", the pieces also appealed to buyers from Japan and Europe, and many were immediately exported. Other types of wares were made in the
Japanese taste, such as the
157:
77:
had become a civil war. From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang
Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were
150:
Palace-ware or imperial-ware has traditionally found many admirers in Europe and
America. Kangxi reign marks on porcelain are few throughout the ceramic period, but a few can be identified with the pre‑1677 decades. Earlier Ming period marks can frequently be found. Their styles closely match
142:
and his use of western perspective. The influence of the artist Dong
Qichang can be readily seen on ceramic ware of the period with its heavily accented light and dark tones. The change to Shen Shitung can be seen in generous vertical washes that create a definite foreground and background contrast.
110:
The term "transitional" is usually and most correctly used for one characteristic style made in the period 1620â1683, and arguably for some time afterwards. Other styles of porcelain continued to be made, including rather uninspired continuations of Ming styles. The true transitional style is finely
101:
regime took the capital in 1644. For those many intervening years, and for years after, a variety of porcelain wares were created in private kilns for domestic use and export to client markets such as Japan. Prior to the reinstatement of the imperial kilns at
Jingdezhen the private use of the
61:
cobalt blue on white. A much more free approach was taken to painting, influenced by other
Chinese genres of painting. Woodblock illustrations to books were often used as sources for images, or their style copied. An exhibition of porcelain from the period was called "The Liberated Brush".
181:
244:
169:
196:
94:(1573–1620), although the most characteristic style probably began from about 1628. During the Wanli reign ceramics under government sponsorship slowly degenerated in quality until production itself was abandoned. The
220:
208:
260:
980:
102:
dynastic reign name on ceramics was officially forbidden in the 16th year of the reign of the Kangxi
Emperor in the Qing dynasty (around 1677).
139:
17:
1238:
1140:
1125:
988:
272:
468:
232:
163:
Detail of late Ming vase, 1627â1644, with battle scene from literature. Despite the
Chinese subject, the vase was exported to Europe.
1579:
1550:
1150:
1585:
1442:
858:
425:
69:, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the
134:
The transitional ware of the early Kangxi decades witnessed a move away from designs and aesthetic standards of the painter
1370:
1603:
1310:
818:
1524:
1514:
1292:
1597:
1546:
1262:
959:
704:
434:
1328:
74:
35:
1316:
1013:
461:
418:
1376:
73:(r. 1662â1722). The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the
1286:
953:
1561:
1406:
1087:
51:
1436:
121:(ć€æä»ă) or "old blue-and white" (the same term is used for Japanese-made versions of the style). The term
1519:
1643:
1424:
1244:
284:
1609:
1226:
1018:
596:
454:
440:
406:
143:
The informality of design and shape appealed to
Japanese taste and especially those involved in the
853:
685:
642:
296:
1648:
811:
1364:
1334:
1110:
923:
78:
appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when
Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao.
50:, manufactured at China's principle ceramic production area, in the years during and after the
1573:
1304:
1250:
1232:
1184:
1412:
1591:
1555:
1509:
1478:
1468:
1463:
917:
501:
47:
1256:
151:
the few Kangxi marks that are found and aid in delineating Kangxi transitional porcelain.
57:
These new customers led to major changes in the style of porcelain, most of it painted in
8:
1430:
1220:
1208:
1621:
1615:
1274:
1268:
804:
1529:
1488:
1346:
1298:
1190:
430:
414:
1400:
1358:
1340:
1214:
1196:
1172:
1145:
965:
947:
848:
743:
662:
657:
541:
511:
477:
123:
1567:
1388:
1280:
1178:
1040:
935:
632:
627:
496:
441:"The Stenbeck Collection of Ming, Transitional & Kangxi Porcelain @ Bonhams"
1483:
1352:
1045:
929:
763:
128:
70:
86:
The start of the period is conventionally taken as being 1620, under the late
1637:
1394:
1155:
881:
863:
756:
749:
491:
95:
91:
1493:
911:
622:
536:
144:
135:
117:
98:
87:
66:
1202:
1104:
1060:
1055:
941:
737:
732:
652:
591:
586:
571:
546:
1473:
1035:
647:
188:
58:
905:
899:
827:
709:
617:
612:
566:
561:
551:
1322:
1050:
893:
576:
526:
446:
1418:
1382:
887:
777:
770:
581:
556:
531:
429:(fully available online), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
127:
is mostly used of these types for the Japanese market, from the
27:
784:
715:
698:
679:
691:
251:
796:
361:. Fuliang county: Fuliang Xianzhi. p. chapter 3, 62b.
411:
Chinese Ceramics; Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty 1644â1911
266:
Covered jar, 1620â1640, probably for the Japanese market
65:
This situation lasted from 1620 to 1683, when the new
278:
Kangxi vase, about 1700, showing the style living on.
1635:
984:Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi
413:, 1986, reprinted 1998, V&A Publications,
389:Masahiko Sato (Hanakoka and Barberri trans.),
812:
462:
393:, New York and Tokyo, 1981, pp. 206â209.
819:
805:
469:
455:
187:Brush pot with episode from the story of
34:
26:
138:to newer tastes typified by the artist
14:
1636:
1151:Chinese porcelain in European painting
356:
859:Chinese influences on Islamic pottery
800:
450:
476:
520:Earthenwares, stonewares and others
24:
1515:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
987:
979:
25:
1660:
960:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
705:Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
1574:Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics
992:Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735
510:
295:
283:
271:
259:
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
180:
168:
156:
31:Vase with landscape, mid-century
359:The Gazetteer of Fuliang County
75:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
39:Dragon dish, Late Ming, c. 1640
426:A handbook of Chinese ceramics
383:
374:
365:
350:
341:
332:
323:
314:
175:Brush Holder, Jingdezhen, 1628
13:
1:
1580:SĂšvres â CitĂ© de la cĂ©ramique
1525:François Xavier d'Entrecolles
826:
400:
250:Early Qing vase, c. 1650 AD,
214:Jingdezhen vase, c. 1625â1644
18:Kangxi transitional porcelain
1562:Dresden Porcelain Collection
226:Jingdezhen, Plum Blossom Cup
202:Hexagonal garlic-headed vase
52:transition from Ming to Qing
7:
10:
1665:
1604:Victoria and Albert Museum
81:
1610:Museum of Royal Worcester
1586:Musée des Arts Décoratifs
1551:Percival David Foundation
1545:British Museum (London):
1538:
1502:
1456:
1165:
1133:
1124:
1097:
1080:
1073:
1028:
1019:Japanese export porcelain
1006:
999:
977:
874:
841:
834:
725:
671:
628:Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
605:
519:
508:
484:
1520:Johann Friedrich Böttger
854:Chinese export porcelain
307:
105:
90:, with the death of the
423:Valenstein, S. (1998).
993:
985:
357:Tingji, Cheng (1682).
44:Transitional porcelain
40:
32:
991:
983:
38:
30:
1556:The David Collection
1479:Overglaze decoration
1469:Hard-paste porcelain
1464:Soft-paste porcelain
502:Green-glazed pottery
48:Jingdezhen porcelain
1413:Bing & GrĂžndahl
1377:Dihl & Guérhard
1275:Villeroy & Boch
380:Valenstein, 199-200
371:Valenstein, 199-200
1622:Ludwigsburg Palace
1616:Walters Art Museum
1014:Japanese porcelain
994:
986:
884:(16th century BCE)
238:Charger, 1644â1661
41:
33:
1644:Chinese porcelain
1631:
1630:
1530:Dmitry Vinogradov
1452:
1451:
1425:Wagner & Apel
1141:List of companies
1120:
1119:
1069:
1068:
975:
974:
932:(14th century on)
926:(14th century on)
920:(11th century on)
849:Chinese porcelain
794:
793:
597:Tang tomb figures
302:Early Kangxi mark
16:(Redirected from
1656:
1239:Saint Petersburg
1146:French porcelain
1131:
1130:
1088:Korean porcelain
1078:
1077:
1004:
1003:
839:
838:
821:
814:
807:
798:
797:
744:Five Great Kilns
542:Longquan celadon
514:
478:Chinese ceramics
471:
464:
457:
448:
447:
394:
391:Chinese Ceramics
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
363:
362:
354:
348:
345:
339:
336:
330:
327:
321:
318:
299:
287:
275:
263:
247:
235:
223:
211:
199:
184:
172:
160:
131:(r. 1620â1627).
124:Tianqi porcelain
21:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1568:Gardiner Museum
1547:Asia Department
1534:
1498:
1448:
1389:Hutschenreuther
1161:
1158:
1116:
1093:
1090:
1065:
1024:
1021:
995:
971:
870:
867:
830:
825:
795:
790:
721:
667:
601:
515:
506:
497:Terracotta Army
485:Ancient pottery
480:
475:
403:
398:
397:
388:
384:
379:
375:
370:
366:
355:
351:
346:
342:
337:
333:
328:
324:
319:
315:
310:
303:
300:
291:
290:Ming-style mark
288:
279:
276:
267:
264:
255:
248:
239:
236:
227:
224:
215:
212:
203:
200:
191:
185:
176:
173:
164:
161:
108:
84:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1649:Kangxi Emperor
1646:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1598:Topkapı Palace
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1484:China painting
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1113:(14th century)
1108:
1107:(10th century)
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1001:
997:
996:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
969:
968:(18th century)
963:
962:(17th century)
957:
956:(17th century)
951:
950:(17th century)
945:
944:(16th century)
939:
938:(16th century)
933:
930:Blanc de Chine
927:
924:Blue and white
921:
915:
914:(12th century)
909:
908:(10th century)
903:
897:
891:
885:
878:
876:
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
836:
832:
831:
824:
823:
816:
809:
801:
792:
791:
789:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
740:
735:
729:
727:
723:
722:
720:
719:
712:
707:
702:
695:
688:
686:Blue and white
683:
675:
673:
669:
668:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
607:
603:
602:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
521:
517:
516:
509:
507:
505:
504:
499:
494:
488:
486:
482:
481:
474:
473:
466:
459:
451:
445:
444:
437:
421:
402:
399:
396:
395:
382:
373:
364:
349:
340:
331:
322:
312:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
301:
294:
292:
289:
282:
280:
277:
270:
268:
265:
258:
256:
249:
242:
240:
237:
230:
228:
225:
218:
216:
213:
206:
204:
201:
194:
192:
186:
179:
177:
174:
167:
165:
162:
155:
129:Tianqi Emperor
115:wares and the
107:
104:
83:
80:
71:Kangxi Emperor
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1624:(Ludwigsburg)
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:Palace Museum
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1156:Armorial ware
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
990:
982:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
902:(6th century)
901:
898:
896:(2nd century)
895:
892:
890:(1st century)
889:
886:
883:
882:Proto-celadon
880:
879:
877:
873:
865:
864:Fonthill Vase
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
822:
817:
815:
810:
808:
803:
802:
799:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
766:
765:
761:
759:
758:
754:
752:
751:
747:
745:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
726:Kilns, shapes
724:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:
677:
676:
674:
670:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
604:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
518:
513:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Proto-celadon
490:
489:
487:
483:
479:
472:
467:
465:
460:
458:
453:
452:
449:
442:
439:Wirgin, Jan,
438:
436:
435:9780870995149
432:
428:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
404:
392:
386:
377:
368:
360:
353:
344:
335:
326:
317:
313:
298:
293:
286:
281:
274:
269:
262:
257:
253:
246:
241:
234:
229:
222:
217:
210:
205:
198:
193:
190:
183:
178:
171:
166:
159:
154:
153:
152:
148:
146:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
119:
114:
103:
100:
97:
93:
92:Wanli Emperor
89:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
37:
29:
19:
1558:(Copenhagen)
1494:Factory mark
1457:Technologies
1365:Clignancourt
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
714:
697:
690:
678:
638:Transitional
637:
424:
410:
390:
385:
376:
367:
358:
352:
343:
334:
325:
316:
149:
145:tea ceremony
140:Shen Shitong
136:Dong Qichang
133:
122:
118:ko sometsuke
116:
112:
109:
99:Qing dynasty
88:Ming dynasty
85:
67:Qing dynasty
64:
56:
43:
42:
1618:(Baltimore)
1612:(Worcester)
1539:Collections
1305:Ludwigsburg
1287:Frankenthal
1263:Nymphenburg
1257:FĂŒrstenberg
1233:Capodimonte
1185:Saint-Cloud
738:Mantou kiln
733:Dragon kiln
347:Kerr, 18â19
1638:Categories
1600:(Istanbul)
1474:Bone china
1359:Copenhagen
1353:Loosdrecht
1335:Wallendorf
918:Jingdezhen
672:Decoration
419:1851772642
407:Kerr, Rose
401:References
189:Sima Guang
59:underglaze
1594:(Beijing)
1570:(Toronto)
1564:(Dresden)
1437:Porsgrund
1431:Rosenthal
1371:HollĂłhĂĄza
1281:Worcester
1221:Vincennes
1209:Chantilly
1203:Rörstrand
1046:Nabeshima
828:Porcelain
710:Ash glaze
606:Porcelain
254:technique
1606:(London)
1576:(Moscow)
1510:Chinamen
1443:Augarten
1323:Wedgwood
1269:Plymouth
1134:General:
1081:General:
1051:Kakiemon
1007:General:
842:General:
338:Kerr, 16
1588:(Paris)
1582:(Paris)
1489:Biscuit
1419:Zsolnay
1395:Doulton
1383:Mintons
1347:Limoges
1245:Mennecy
1227:Chelsea
1191:Meissen
912:Qingbai
888:Celadon
778:Meiping
771:Hunping
623:Qingbai
537:Yaozhou
532:Celadon
113:shonsui
82:History
1503:People
1445:(1923)
1439:(1885)
1433:(1879)
1427:(1877)
1421:(1853)
1415:(1853)
1409:(1826)
1407:Herend
1403:(1822)
1401:Lichte
1397:(1815)
1391:(1814)
1385:(1793)
1379:(1781)
1373:(1777)
1367:(1775)
1361:(1775)
1355:(1774)
1349:(1771)
1343:(1768)
1337:(1764)
1331:(1763)
1329:Berlin
1325:(1759)
1319:(1760)
1317:Retiro
1313:(1759)
1307:(1758)
1301:(1757)
1295:(1756)
1293:SĂšvres
1289:(1755)
1283:(1751)
1277:(1748)
1271:(1748)
1265:(1747)
1259:(1747)
1253:(1747)
1247:(1745)
1241:(1744)
1235:(1743)
1229:(1743)
1223:(1740)
1217:(1735)
1215:Doccia
1211:(1730)
1205:(1726)
1199:(1718)
1197:Vienna
1193:(1710)
1187:(1693)
1181:(1673)
1175:(1575)
1173:Medici
1166:Types:
1126:Europe
1111:Joseon
1105:Goryeo
1098:Types:
1061:Hirado
1056:Kutani
1029:Types:
966:Canton
954:Kangxi
948:Tianqi
942:Swatow
875:Types:
866:(1338)
785:Gaiwan
716:An hua
699:Doucai
680:Sancai
663:Canton
658:Tianqi
653:Swatow
643:export
592:Shiwan
587:Yixing
572:Jizhou
547:Cizhou
443:, 2010
433:
417:
329:Wirgin
320:Wirgin
96:Manchu
1341:Revol
1311:Weesp
1299:Derby
1179:Rouen
1074:Korea
1041:Imari
1036:Arita
1000:Japan
936:Kraak
835:China
764:Guang
692:Wucai
648:Kraak
633:Dehua
308:Notes
252:wucai
106:Style
906:Ding
900:Xing
757:Ding
750:Cong
742:The
618:Ding
613:Xing
567:Jian
562:Guan
552:Ding
431:ISBN
415:ISBN
1251:Bow
894:Yue
577:Jun
527:Yue
147:.
46:is
1640::
1549:/
582:Ru
557:Ge
409:.
820:e
813:t
806:v
470:e
463:t
456:v
20:)
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