1747:
197:
372:
212:
921:
There may be different answers given to the question of which elements of
Itelmen are original and which have been brought about by contact with other languages. To take the second hypothesis, Itelmen was at the very beginning an agglutinative language, with word structure (m) + R + (m) (where R is a
876:
descend from a common proto-language; the sharp differences of
Itelmen, noticed at all levels, are explained by the intense influence of other languages. It is suggested that Itelmen absorbed a different non-Chukotko-Kamchatkan language. According to the second theory, Itelmen is not related to other
1016:
Writing based on Latin graphemes was introduced in 1932 (an alphabet book and arithmetic textbook were published). Teaching from the alphabet book of 1932 (authored by ethnographer
Elizabeth Porfirevna Orlova and co-produced by a group of Itelmen students) lasted several years, but after alphabets
350:
era the process of assimilation intensified, as
Itelmen communities were moved by force and children were sent to boarding schools where they were required to speak Russian. By the end of the 1930s Russian was the medium of instruction in all schools, and children grew up speaking Russian as their
1333:
A labialisation sign (˚) and a glottal stop sign (ʼ) are also used in instructional works. In the sequence of instructionally published signs Ă ă, Ŏ ŏ, Ў ў are not considered separate letters. Also, most publications use original "Ԯ ԯ" (or "Ӆ ӆ") and "Ҳ ҳ" rather than the designs "Ԓ ԓ" and "Ӽ ӽ"
1148:
The modern
Itelmen alphabet was created in 1984 on a Cyrillic basis and in 1988 was confirmed by the Russian Ministry of Education. A second Itelmen alphabet book was created in 1988. An Itelmen-Russian/Russian-Itelmen dictionary and second-grade textbook were also published. In 1993 the Itelmen
354:
However it was also during this period that
Itelmen was written down for the first time. In 1930, a Latin-based alphabet was designed for all the native languages of northern Siberia, and in 1932, a 27-letter Itelmen alphabet was created. A few textbooks were written in this alphabet during the
1012:
Itelmen is not standardized and does not have a separate literary variety. A retelling of
Itelmen mythology was written in Russian by Krasheninnikov. Folk language (only recordings from the 20th century survive, in the western language) does not show special characteristics compared to the
933:. Incorporation goes against word structure (not more than one root morpheme), thus Itelmen did not take it on. Reduplication of a root, inherent to all the languages of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan group, was able to develop in Itelmen apart from the influence of contact.
880:
Initial comparisons of the basic
Itelmen lexicon to Chukotkan show that only a third of the word stock is cognate. This result is preliminary due to the incompleteness of Chukotko-Kamchatkan comparative phonetics. Arends et al. (1995) state that Itelmen is a
343:, and by the early nineteenth century all Itelmen were forced to adopt Russian names. Intermarriage with Russian settlers led to the development of a creole known as Kamchadal, traces of which remain in the Russian dialect now spoken in Kamchatka.
936:
Russian borrowings in
Itelmen already started to appear in the 17th century. Among the Russian words that were borrowed, in some cases replacing Itelmen words, adjectives and adverbs predominate and even preserve Russian morphology:
338:
From the time of
Atlasov, Russian fur traders began to settle in the region. There were frequent clashes between Cossacks and Itelmens, who rebelled against Russian domination. Many Itelmen were forcibly converted to
406:, and most speakers are aged over sixty and live in scattered communities. However, there is a movement to revive the language, and educational materials are being developed. One linguist working on this revival is
922:
root and (m) one of several word-changing morphemes), it was nominal, compounds were prohibited; it preserves all of these elements into the present. A difference in reported material origin with Chukotko-
1149:
alphabet book was republished. Itelmen has been taught as a subject in elementary grades, but teachers do not speak the language like the students. In 2002 a translation of the
335:, who gave the first detailed description of the Itelmen language and culture, identified the three main dialects, but explained that all Itelmens could understand each other.
989:
means 'to cook food'. To speak of Russian borrowings in Itelmen today is hardly possible, because all Itelmens speak Russian much better than their native language.
1649:
1025:
at the end of the 1930s, Itelmen writing was abolished. Itelmen became an unwritten language again and remained that way for almost a half-century.
331:, who annexed Kamchatka and established military bases in the region, estimated in 1697 that there were about 20,000 ethnic Itelmens. The explorer
849:. 's' and 'z' may be apical post-alveolar fricatives rather than alveolar fricatives. There may also be distinct labialised consonant phonemes.
1993:
1622:
1004:, numerals and demonstratives are placed before the noun they modify, although adjectives can be placed before or after the noun they modify.
222:
1978:
1973:
1642:
1597:
1478:Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
997:
The Itelmen language is an agglutinative language, it has affixes for nouns and verbs, and most of its affixes are suffixes.
651:
782:
244:
1401:
792:
585:
17:
1345:, which regularly publishes works in Itelmen, does not use the letters Ă ă, Ŏ ŏ, Ў ў but uses the deepening sign (˚).
1635:
1453:
1378:
1018:
926:
languages in declensional and conjugational paradigms is the result of convergent development under conditions of a
1968:
526:
1617:
872:
There are two points of view about where Itelmen belongs genetically. According to the first theory, Itelmen and
234:
1666:
927:
894:
277:
202:
108:
1988:
1983:
1393:
Bobaljik, Jonathan David. (2006). "Itelmen Reduplication: Edge-In Association and Lexical Stratification".
642:
632:
183:
857:
853:
846:
842:
838:
834:
425:
Itelmen has a larger phonological inventory than other Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages, and permits complex
1731:
1355:
1001:
444:
1857:
1724:
710:
673:
516:
506:
383:
1412:
700:
690:
663:
1518:
One of the few other languages that does this, though without the ejectives, is the Hill dialect of
1845:
1658:
1477:
546:
413:
Modern Itelmen has been heavily influenced by Russian lexically, phonologically and grammatically (
536:
285:
284:. Fewer than a hundred native speakers, mostly elderly, in a few settlements in the southwest of
909:. However, Fortescue (2005) partially reconstructed the Chukotko-Kamchatkan proto-language. See
311:. It has two dialects, the Southern dialect of Khayryuzovo and the Northern dialect of Sedanka.
1907:
1894:
1607:
575:
565:
1925:
815:
741:
731:
621:
332:
1710:
1431:
Tematičeskij slovarʹ i razgovornik severnogo (sedankinskogo) dialekta itelʹmenskogo jazyka"
910:
751:
605:
320:
308:
113:
8:
1900:
1755:
1675:
873:
616:
595:
495:
403:
289:
281:
71:
969:, etc. Borrowed verbs adapt in accordance with the demands of Itelmen morphology: Itel.
885:, with Chukotkan morphology and a lexicon from a separate language, possibly related to
1915:
1830:
1612:
761:
558:
468:
463:
833:
In addition to the consonants shown above, some sources also include the glottal stop
175:
1815:
1449:
1374:
1363:
774:
490:
473:
426:
407:
1746:
1153:
was published in Itelmen. All of these works are published in the Southern dialect.
240:
1688:
1683:
1575:
Y. P. Alkor. Languages and writing of peoples of the North. Moscow-Leningrad, 1934.
906:
483:
452:
434:
328:
301:
297:
1433:("A lexicon of words and conversation phrases for the Itelmen northern dialect").
1873:
1839:
1700:
1602:
923:
807:
725:
478:
438:
139:
100:
1416:
188:
1949:
1889:
1801:
1694:
1562:
1150:
898:
886:
882:
359:-based alphabet, designed in 1986 and consisting of 32 letters, has been used.
132:
1962:
1851:
1808:
1794:
1776:
1519:
430:
324:
1371:
Slovarʹ itelʹmensko—russkij i russko—itelʹmenskij
1770:
1627:
1441:
347:
340:
304:
the language, and it is being taught in a number of schools in the region.
196:
159:
447:(1997) gives the following consonant inventory, shown here with both the
371:
930:
1584:
K. N. Khaloymova. Itenmen'in Krvel'kh'atas 2. Saint Petersburg, 2001.
168:
152:
211:
1022:
902:
890:
877:
Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages; common elements are due to contact.
448:
356:
323:
were spoken throughout Kamchatka and possibly also in the northern
293:
252:
81:
1931:
1440:
248:
837:, as well as glottalised nasal and lateral phonemes, including
219:
61:
1422:
Dürr, Michael, Erich Kasten, and Klavdiya Khaloimova (2001).
861:
429:
in some environments. Itelmen also has a different system of
1369:
Volodin, Aleksandr P. & Klavdija N. Chalojmova. (1989).
1920:
251:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1505:
Harry van der Hulst, Pietro Cerrone, Roberto Petrosino,
1400:
Bobaljik, Jonathan David, and Wurmbrand, Susi (2002).
355:
1930s, but it was quickly abandoned. More recently, a
218:
Itelmen is classified as Critically Endangered by the
27:
Chukotko-Kamchatkan language of Kamchatka Krai, Russia
455:(VOT) distinction in fricatives but not in plosives.
414:
864:() also appears but its phonemic status is unclear.
916:
1507:From Sounds to Structures: Beyond the Veil of Maya
1603:The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
905:just as Kamchadal became a creole of Itelmen and
1960:
296:, virtually all of whom are now monolingual in
451:and IPA forms. Itelmen is unusual in having a
201:Pre-contact distribution of Itelmen and other
1643:
49:
43:
1657:
1531:V. G. Bogoraz, V. I. Jochelson, P. Y. Skorik
1650:
1636:
1490:Comparative Chukotko–Kamchatkan Dictionary
1429:Ono, Čikako, and Mėgumi Kurėbito (2003). "
210:
195:
307:(Western) Itelmen is the only surviving
223:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1540:D. Wort, A. P. Volodin, A. S. Asinovsky
1435:Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim
1033:Itelmen alphabet based on Latin letters
245:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
1961:
893:. Itelmen would thus be a creole of a
1631:
1549:Arends, Muysken, & Smith (1995),
1551:Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
366:
362:
280:spoken on the western coast of the
24:
1509:, De Gruyter,Germania, 2018.
1386:
38:Western Kamchadal, Western Itelmen
25:
2005:
1613:ИТЕЛЬМЕНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК (А. П. Володин)
1591:
867:
814:
791:
781:
760:
750:
740:
730:
709:
699:
689:
672:
662:
650:
641:
631:
604:
594:
584:
574:
564:
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
300:. However, there are attempts to
1745:
1598:How to save the Itelmen language
1563:"WALS Online - Language Itelmen"
1444:; Volodin, Alexander P. (1999).
917:External influence on morphology
370:
1979:Critically endangered languages
1578:
1348:
852:There are five vowel phonemes:
1623:Itelmen: Bibliographical guide
1569:
1555:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1496:23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1482:
1471:
1017:for "Northern" languages were
1007:
13:
1:
1994:Subject–object–verb languages
1974:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
1464:
1402:Notes on Agreement in Itelmen
203:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
1424:Itelmen language and culture
805:
772:
723:
682:
614:
555:
488:
420:
265:
7:
1448:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1373:. Leningrad: Prosveščenie.
10:
2010:
1488:Fortescue, Michael. 2005.
1417:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.21
314:
292:counted 2,596 ethnic
278:Chukotko-Kamchatkan family
44:
1943:
1882:
1866:
1829:
1786:
1763:
1754:
1743:
1709:
1674:
1665:
1437:, Series A2. Osaka: ELPR.
1013:conversational language.
992:
806:
773:
724:
615:
489:
460:
231:
209:
194:
182:
166:
150:
145:
129:
97:
87:
77:
67:
57:
42:
37:
32:
1659:Paleo-Siberian languages
1446:Die itelmenische Sprache
1000:Its basic word order is
977:) means 'to try', Itel.
402:Itelmen is now a highly
288:, remained in 1993. The
1969:Agglutinative languages
1360:Itelʹmenskij jazyk
1161:Modern Itelmen alphabet
286:Koryak Autonomous Okrug
276:, is a language of the
50:
1395:Journal of Linguistics
233:This article contains
93:808 (2020 census)
1494:Trends in Linguistics
1356:Volodin, Aleksandr P.
333:Stepan Krasheninnikov
1426:. Münster : Waxmann.
1406:Linguistic Discovery
911:Kamchatkan languages
321:Kamchatkan languages
272:, formerly known as
1989:Languages of Russia
1984:Kamchatka Peninsula
1667:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1343:Native of Kamchatka
1002:subject–object–verb
928:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
895:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
433:than its relatives
404:endangered language
309:Kamchatkan language
282:Kamchatka Peninsula
109:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
72:Kamchatka Peninsula
1732:Southern Kamchadal
1397:. 42, no. 1: 1-23.
1362:. Leningrad: Izd.
1338:publishing house.
610:⟨ӄʼ⟩
600:⟨кʼ⟩
590:⟨чʼ⟩
580:⟨тʼ⟩
570:⟨пʼ⟩
427:consonant clusters
382:. You can help by
18:Kamchadal language
1956:
1955:
1950:extinct languages
1858:Southern Yukaghir
1825:
1824:
1741:
1740:
1725:Eastern Kamchadal
1719:(Western) Itelmen
1608:Ительменский язык
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
985:) 'to deny,' It.
968:
960:
952:
944:
831:
830:
820:⟨р⟩
797:⟨љ⟩
787:⟨л⟩
766:⟨ӈ⟩
756:⟨њ⟩
746:⟨н⟩
736:⟨м⟩
715:⟨й⟩
705:⟨з⟩
695:⟨в⟩
686:
678:⟨ӽ⟩
668:⟨х⟩
656:⟨ԓ⟩
647:⟨с⟩
637:⟨ф⟩
628:
561:
551:⟨ӄ⟩
541:⟨к⟩
531:⟨ч⟩
521:⟨т⟩
511:⟨п⟩
502:
408:Jonathan Bobaljik
400:
399:
363:Present situation
274:Western Kamchadal
259:
258:
241:rendering support
237:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2001:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1645:
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854:/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,
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380:needs expansion
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351:main language.
319:Originally the
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270:Western Itelmen
239:Without proper
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205:
174:
158:
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140:Cyrillic script
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89:Native speakers
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1005:
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988:
984:
983:otkazyvat'sya
980:
976:
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964:
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932:
929:
925:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:language and
896:
892:
888:
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583:
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475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
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459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
431:vowel harmony
428:
418:
416:
411:
409:
405:
394:
385:
381:
378:This section
376:
373:
369:
368:
360:
358:
352:
349:
344:
342:
336:
334:
330:
326:
325:Kuril Islands
322:
312:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
250:
246:
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238:
236:
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224:
221:
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208:
204:
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193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
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171:
170:
165:
161:
157:
154:
149:
144:
141:
138:
134:
128:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1945:
1930:
1906:
1899:
1850:
1838:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1775:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1693:
1580:
1571:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1445:
1442:Stefan Georg
1434:
1430:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1394:
1370:
1359:
1349:Bibliography
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:invented by
1332:
1160:
1147:
1032:
1015:
1011:
999:
996:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
935:
920:
879:
871:
851:
832:
443:
424:
412:
401:
388:
384:adding to it
379:
353:
345:
341:Christianity
337:
318:
306:
273:
269:
261:
260:
232:
167:
118:
1336:Просвещение
1019:transformed
1008:Orthography
979:otkaza'lkas
967:NOM.MASC.SG
959:NOM.MASC.SG
951:NOM.MASC.SG
943:NOM.MASC.SG
622:Approximant
346:During the
290:2021 Census
247:instead of
1963:Categories
1711:Kamchatkan
1465:References
975:starat'sya
971:stara'lkas
931:Sprachbund
391:April 2022
264:(Itelmen:
114:Kamchatkan
1948:indicate
1756:Yeniseian
1676:Chukotkan
874:Chukotkan
627:voiceless
617:Fricative
501:voiceless
496:Affricate
421:Phonology
415:see below
169:Glottolog
153:ISO 639-3
78:Ethnicity
1916:Eskaleut
1908:Sakhalin
1895:Hokkaido
1831:Yukaghir
1816:Pumpokol
1787:Southern
1764:Northern
1358:(1976).
1023:Cyrillic
987:napraves
955:sinny-oy
947:krasn-oy
939:vostr-oy
903:Wakashan
891:Wakashan
559:ejective
469:Alveolar
464:Bilabial
449:Cyrillic
357:Cyrillic
294:Itelmens
253:Help:IPA
176:itel1242
82:Itelmens
1946:Italics
1932:Sirenik
1689:Chukchi
1684:Alyutor
963:svez-oy
907:Russian
775:Lateral
491:Plosive
474:Palatal
453:voicing
445:Volodin
435:Chukchi
315:History
298:Russian
266:Itənmən
262:Itelmen
249:Unicode
189:Itelmen
119:Itelmen
51:Itənmən
45:итэнмэн
33:Itelmen
1926:Naukan
1883:Others
1840:Chuvan
1701:Koryak
1452:
1377:
1294:Чʼ чʼ
1268:Тʼ тʼ
1256:Пʼ пʼ
1250:О̆ о̆
1219:Ӄʼ ӄʼ
1213:Кʼ кʼ
993:Syntax
981:(Rus.
973:(Rus.
965:fresh-
941:sharp-
924:Koryak
845:, and
685:voiced
484:Uvular
439:Koryak
348:Soviet
302:revive
220:UNESCO
68:Region
62:Russia
1901:Kuril
1874:Nivkh
1867:Nivkh
1802:Assan
1695:Kerek
1411:(1).
1364:Nauka
1021:into
957:blue-
899:Nivkh
887:Nivkh
862:Schwa
808:Trill
726:Nasal
479:Velar
268:) or
1921:Yuit
1890:Ainu
1852:Omok
1809:Kott
1795:Arin
1777:Yugh
1520:Mari
1450:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1323:Я я
1320:Ю ю
1317:Э э
1314:Ә ә
1311:Ь ь
1308:Ы ы
1305:Ъ ъ
1302:Щ щ
1297:Ш ш
1291:Ч ч
1288:Ц ц
1285:Ӽ ӽ
1282:Х х
1279:Ф ф
1276:Ў ў
1271:У у
1265:Т т
1262:С с
1259:Р р
1253:П п
1245:О о
1242:Ӈ ӈ
1239:Њ њ
1236:Н н
1233:М м
1230:Ԓ ԓ
1227:Љ љ
1224:Л л
1216:Ӄ ӄ
1210:К к
1207:Й й
1204:И и
1201:З з
1198:Ж ж
1193:Ё ё
1190:Е е
1187:Д д
1184:Г г
1181:В в
1178:Б б
1175:Ӑ ӑ
1172:А а
1128:Z z
1125:X x
1122:W w
1117:U u
1114:T t
1111:S s
1108:R r
1105:Q q
1102:P p
1099:O o
1096:Ŋ ŋ
1091:N n
1088:M m
1085:Ł ł
1082:L l
1079:K k
1076:J j
1073:Ь ь
1070:I i
1065:H h
1062:G g
1059:F f
1056:E e
1053:D d
1050:C c
1047:B b
1044:А а
949:red-
856:and
847:/lˀ/
843:/nˀ/
839:/mˀ/
619:and
586:t͡ʃʼ
493:and
437:and
1771:Ket
1413:doi
889:or
858:/u/
835:/ʔ/
527:t͡ʃ
417:).
386:.
235:IPA
184:ELP
160:itl
1965::
1492:.
1404:.
961:,
953:,
945:,
913:.
860:.
841:,
649:,
606:qʼ
596:kʼ
576:tʼ
566:pʼ
441:.
410:.
327:.
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1565:.
1522:.
1458:.
1419:.
1415::
1409:1
1381:.
1366:.
901:/
816:r
793:ʎ
783:l
762:ŋ
752:ɲ
742:n
732:m
711:j
701:z
691:β
674:χ
664:x
652:ɬ
643:s
633:ɸ
547:q
537:k
517:t
507:p
393:)
389:(
255:.
20:)
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