591:
549:
525:
513:
1111:
968:
537:
98:
1034:, who then eat the fruit and disperse the seed elsewhere. One 2008 study in the New Zealand Journal of Ecology found a mean retention time of kahikatea seeds in kererū of 44.5 minutes. It was suggested in a 1989 study that the high water content of the receptacle may also help protect the seeds, which are vulnerable to drying out, from dry conditions. It may also serve as a storage vessel for water. The bluish seeds have very strong UV reflectance, which is visible to some species of birds.
951:
239:
1151:, and contains trees up to 600 years old. Reservation of stands may not totally protect kahikatea, however, because the alluvial plains that they favour are prone to upheaval and erosion and so trees may still become damaged. Forest remnants outside of South Westland face the threat of never returning to their natural states, as a result of their small size, threats from weed species, and grazing by livestock. Despite this, kahikatea has been classified as
73:
1123:, there still remained large remnant forests which European settlers came upon in the 18th and 19th centuries. Prospects for use as timber were accelerated by the vast numbers of straight and tall trees, but because the wood is soft and odourless, it was made into pulp, barrels and boxes–butter boxes in particular were made mostly out of kahikatea. Kahikatea's usually flat habitat, with its damp and
49:
498:. Male cones, which occur on different trees to female ones, are 1 cm long and rectangular. The pollen is a pale yellow colour and has a three-pored or trisaccate shape that is distinctive in the New Zealand flora and so can be identified easily. The fruit is highly modified with a yellow-orange fleshy
1075:
competition between kahikatea trees was found in a 1999 study to be an important factor in their survival and overall success, affecting both the rates of growth and of mortality. Older trees have a particularly large advantage over resources compared to newer ones, and also have higher growth rates.
2242:
1190:
have thrived in the deforested areas where kahikatea was previously dominant. The willows are fast-growing and have obstructed streams, displaced native vegetation, and contributed to a loss in native biodiversity. Kahikatea are considered a light-demanding species that struggles to progress beyond
482:
and grooved. Adult trees that grow in clusters develop interlocking root islands that may help prevents individual trees from falling during high winds. The wood itself is odourless and white. The majority of the trunk is branchless—in adults around three quarters—and has grey or dark grey coloured
1261:
all recorded the fruit of kahikatea being eaten, and that it was given its own name: koroī. Best described berries being collected in a basket and then hoisted down using a cord. J. H. Kerry-Nicholls and
William Colenso both recorded a blue or black dye being obtained from the soot of burning
601:
The banks were completely clothed with the finest timber my eyes ever beheld, of a tree we had before seen, but only at a distance . Thick woods of it were everywhere upon the banks, every tree as straight as a pine, and of immense size, and the higher we went the more numerous they
477:
tree reaching a height of 50–65 m (164–213 ft), making it the tallest New
Zealand tree, with a trunk 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) through. It has a 600 year life span and gains maturity after between 250 and 450 years. Near the base of the tree, the roots are typically
1243:, the god of forests and birds, and Hine-wao-riki. It served as an important source of wood for the making of tools, of dye, and of food from its berries. To collect the latter, Māori had to climb sometimes more than 100 ft (30 m) to reach them.
486:
In juveniles the leaves are 3–7 (reaching 4 mm in young adults) by 0.5–1 mm and a dark green to red colour that come to a marked point. They are narrow, arranged in almost opposite pairs spreading away from a wider base, and curved like a
1021:
Under optimal circumstances a mature kahikatea can produce 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) of fruit, equivalent to 4.5 million seeds, in a year. The fruit contains a special fleshy structure called a receptacle which helps attract birds such as the
2860:"Art. I.—Maori Medical Lore: Notes on the Causes of Disease and Treatment of the Sick among the Maori People of New Zealand, as believed and practised in Former Times, together with some Account of Various Ancient Rites connected with the Same"
1273:. The heartwood was far stronger and R. H. Matthews described it as being used in tools and weapons such as spears. Medicinal applications were described by W. H. Goldie, who recorded the leaves being used to cure "internal complaints" as a
1127:
soil, was also a prime location for dairy farming. Together this led to the felling of much of the remaining forests in the North and South
Islands during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today they are confined mostly to the
1118:
Prior to the arrival of humans in New
Zealand around 75% of the country was covered in trees, and kahikatea dominated its own and once widespread kahikatea forest type. Even after the burning of many forests by early
2104:"Distribution, abundance and biomass of epiphyte-lianoid communities in a New Zealand lowland Nothofagus-podocarp temperate rain forest: tropical comparisons: Epiphytic-lianoid communities in temperate rainforest"
2725:"Maori Forest Lore: being some Account of Native Forest Lore and Woodcraft, as also of many Myths, Rites, Customs, and Superstitions connected with the Flora and Fauna of the Tuhoe or Ure-wera District.—Part I."
461:
to eat them and disperse the seeds. The water storage ability of these structures may also act to protect seeds from drying out. It supports many smaller plants in its own branches, which are called
2757:
1646:"Semipreparative Isolation and Structure Determination of Pelargonidin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and Other Anthocyanins from the Tree Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
1195:
has been successful in thinning mature grey willow canopies and providing a window for reestablishing native sedges, treated willows can rapidly reestablish their populations in an area due to
502:
that is 2.5–6.5 mm long. The purple-black seed is roughly spherical and 4–6 mm in diameter. Both the seed and the ovary are covered with a thin layer of wax. Kahikatea has a
2864:
2806:
2728:
2671:
1862:
1170:, a swamp-fen-bog complex south of Auckland on the North Island, was identified as an area of priority restoration as an ecosystem; the wetland is connected to the
1080:
in order to re-establish. Because of the consistency of these events in South
Westland however, many forested areas don't progress beyond regaining kahikatea and
2753:"The Origin, Physical Characteristics, and Manners and Customs of the Maori Race, from Data Derived During a Recent Exploration of the King Country, New Zealand"
1098:
1202:
The trees are also threatened by diminished seed availability and distribution due to a reduction in native bird species that dispersed the seeds, such as the
2528:"Vegetation recovery in rural kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest fragments in the Waikato region, New Zealand, following retirement from grazing"
1262:
kahikatea's resin or heart wood, called kāpara or māpara. This was described as then being used in tattooing. This resin was also used as chewing gum.
491:. In adulthood the leaves change dramatically and are a brown-green colour and just 1–2 mm long, waxy, and grow overlapping one another tightly.
393:, it is New Zealand's tallest tree, gaining heights of 60 m over a life span of 600 years. It was first described botanically by the French botanist
2500:
3321:
3052:
1147:
by them in 1914, and subsequently formally protected in the
Riccarton Bush Bill. It is the only surviving kahikatea forest remnant in the entire
1464:
Sukias, James P. S.; Tanner, Chris C.; Clarkson, Beverley R.; Bodmin, Kerry A.; Woodward, Simon; Bartlam, Scott; Costley, Kerry (January 2024).
572:
3’,5’-di-O-/β-glucopyranoside and 3’-0-β-xylopyranoside have been found only in kahikatea. The receptacles and seeds have been found to contain
1156:
3091:
3411:
1416:"The dispersal unit of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A. Rich.) de Laubenfels (Podocarpaceae) and the significance of the fleshy receptacle"
3166:
1507:"Pollen morphology of the New Zealand species of Dacrydium Selander, Podocarpus L'Heritier, and Dacrycarpus Endlicher (Podocarpaceae)"
548:
2835:
3269:
3000:
2385:
1420:
1160:
3426:
3334:
3282:
3065:
3013:
2364:
1385:
524:
483:
bark which falls off thickly in flakes. Young adults have no branches in a third to a half of the trunk and have a conic shape.
438:
and making of tools, of food in the form of its berries, and of dye. Its use for timber and its damp fertile habitat, ideal for
3114:
1363:
996:
Islands of New
Zealand. It inhabits mostly lowland forests between 0 and 600m above sea level, though may in rare cases reach
3436:
2306:
1965:
1899:
719:
3339:
3070:
1199:. Exclusive use of glyphosate to control willow populations would require periodic herbicide application into perpetuity.
1210:, are also prolific seed-spreaders, survival of the kahikatea seeds are further threatened by introduced mice and rats.
2942:
580:, which it was suggested in one 1988 paper make the fruit as a whole more attractive to prospective animal dispersers.
297:
2424:
512:
3096:
1691:
3308:
3039:
1747:
1552:
590:
3119:
2646:
2535:
2342:
2024:
1999:
3362:
3184:
3431:
3421:
2065:
1848:
1827:
1806:
1721:
1511:
1139:
is one notable example of forest remnant protection. The near 16-acre (6.47 ha) reserve was held in the
1114:
The
Palmerston Cooperage and Box Factory was one of many factories used to produce boxes from kahikatea wood.
973:
The kahikatea can support many other plants, such as those seen here up the trunk and in the higher branches.
2194:"Flood Disturbance and the Coexistence of Species in a Lowland Podocarp Forest, South Westland, New Zealand"
439:
2389:
1717:
Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe : exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829
1250:
651:
3018:
97:
3357:
3287:
3179:
2859:
2830:
2801:
2724:
2298:
1269:, but Best recorded that because of the softness of the wood they were far inferior to those made from
3145:
1893:
1596:
1046:. One 2002 study identified between 90 and 100 species occurring on one mature tree. This included 49
3349:
3106:
2802:"Art. XLVII.—Vestiges: Reminiscences: Memorabilia of Works, Deeds, and Sayings of the Ancient Maoris"
2638:
2334:
1650:
1506:
655:
536:
17:
2666:
31:
1738:
1601:
1358:
677:
412:
2586:
1894:"New insights into the phylogeny and evolution of Podocarpaceae inferred from transcriptomic data"
1318:
1135:
Conservation efforts have focused on protecting and fencing kahikatea forests around the country.
3171:
2469:
2108:
319:
287:
3326:
3057:
2904:
857:
815:
415:. Analysis of DNA has confirmed its evolutionary relationship with other species in the genera
301:
1042:
Kahikatea can support a vast number of non-parasitic plants that live in its branches, called
744:. They suggested it diverged from a common ancestor around 60 million years ago, in the early
3207:
1152:
798:
208:
2667:"Essay on the Botany, Geographic and Economic, of the North Island of the New Zealand Group"
2020:"Seed retention times in the New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaezeelandiae novaeseelandiae)"
3416:
3132:
3083:
2974:
1697:
1610:
1548:"Karyotypes, chromosome bands and genome size variation in New Zealand endemic gymnosperms"
1167:
1140:
1031:
898:
2890:
8:
3140:
1743:"A Revision Of The Melanesian And Pacific Rainforest Conifers, I. Podocarpaceae, In Part"
1711:
499:
450:
62:
3158:
2445:
2103:
1614:
1465:
1187:
1076:
Following flooding or other natural events, kahikatea has been found to require an open
1008:
soils with low levels of drainage, which in
Westland occur from post glaciation events.
709:
include: katea, kaikatea, koroī, kōaka, kahika, and the name kāī (for the young tree).
3383:
3215:
2966:
2782:
2698:
2223:
2198:
2174:
2149:
2125:
2041:
1932:
1842:
1782:
1774:
1597:"Unique flavonoid glycosides from the new zealand white pine, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
1577:
1466:"Jump‐starting podocarp forest establishment in a wetland dominated by invasive willow"
1433:
1390:
1110:
1056:
1051:
997:
881:
254:
92:
2292:
1951:
1622:
1236:
1230:—Māori proverb or Whakataukī that illustrates the dangers of gathering the fruit,
3256:
3127:
2951:
2774:
2642:
2544:
2420:
2338:
2302:
2265:
2215:
2166:
2121:
2084:
2033:
1961:
1936:
1924:
1916:
1870:
1766:
1669:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1569:
1528:
1487:
1437:
1415:
1148:
1129:
967:
643:
2563:
2129:
2061:"A test for ultraviolet reflectance from fleshy fruits of New Zealand plant species"
1786:
1295:
702:
370:
3388:
3261:
3220:
2956:
2766:
2704:
2581:
2455:
2430:
2312:
2273:
2257:
2243:"A checklist of New Zealand Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), excluding Lamiinae"
2207:
2158:
2117:
2079:
2074:
1971:
1908:
1756:
1659:
1618:
1581:
1561:
1524:
1520:
1477:
1429:
1313:
1207:
1077:
2261:
1000:
areas. It used to dominate a swamp forest type that now exists almost only on the
431:
3247:
2662:
2505:
2060:
1821:
1800:
1715:
1258:
1196:
734:. This group of species that share a common ancestor also gave rise to the other
620:
394:
315:
273:
225:
1912:
1120:
3153:
2927:
1171:
1136:
1124:
1047:
1001:
993:
443:
122:
2527:
2414:
1991:
1132:
region of the South Island, though small remnants still exist in some places.
3405:
3078:
2778:
2572:
2548:
2269:
2219:
2170:
2088:
2037:
1920:
1770:
1673:
1630:
1573:
1532:
1491:
1441:
1304:
1183:
1072:
669:
479:
405:
390:
175:
82:
77:
1191:
the sapling stage in areas with high willow density. Although the herbicide
950:
3375:
3197:
2451:
2359:
1957:
1928:
1761:
1687:
1266:
1144:
1061:
989:
985:
957:
611:
607:
495:
435:
311:
165:
2277:
2102:
Hofstede, Robert G. M.; Dickinson, Katharine J. M.; Mark, Alan F. (2002).
1414:
Fountain, David W.; Holdsworth, Jacqueline M.; Outred, Heather A. (1989).
238:
3295:
3026:
2936:
2873:
2844:
2815:
2758:
The
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
2737:
2680:
2608:
2485:
1254:
1247:
706:
665:
573:
417:
386:
185:
2045:
2019:
1778:
1742:
3274:
3005:
2786:
2752:
2227:
2193:
2178:
2144:
1826:. Vol. 1. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 213 – via the
1565:
1192:
577:
135:
3300:
2145:"Competition and the Coexistence of Species in a Mixed Podocarp Stand"
1891:
Chen, Luo; Jin, Wei-Tao; Liu, Xin-Quan; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2022-01-01).
1482:
1054:, which the authors identified as comparable to the number found on a
3031:
2987:
1547:
1274:
745:
739:
724:
697:
565:
423:
378:
283:
2898:
2770:
2211:
2162:
1270:
1203:
1085:
1023:
454:
3370:
3241:
3192:
2921:
2609:"Assessment Details for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich.) de Laub"
2501:"Riccarton Bush a precious remnant of Canterbury's ecological past"
1992:"The kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest of South Westland"
1805:. Vol. 13. Paris: G. Dufour. 1825. p. 75 – via the
1043:
1027:
1005:
981:
727:, or evolutionary tree, in which kahikatea is found to be within a
569:
462:
458:
382:
229:
3313:
3044:
2992:
503:
474:
155:
145:
2979:
2865:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2807:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2729:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2672:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1240:
30:"Kahikatea" redirects here. For Kahikatea statistical area, see
2454:: The Lyttleton Times Co., Ltd. pp. 39–40 – via the
660:
488:
465:; 100 different species have been recorded on one tree alone.
731:
705:, and white pine. Other Māori names recorded by 19th century
619:
Kahikatea was first described in 1832 by the French botanist
109:
2555:
48:
2526:
Smale, Mark C.; Ross, Craig W.; Arnold, Gregory C. (2005).
2240:
1163:, which gives it an estimated population of above 100,000.
1081:
1720:(in French). Paris: J. Tastu. p. 358 – via the
1463:
1096:
This species plays host to the New Zealand endemic beetle
1088:, need the environment to improve before they can return.
434:, it is an important source of timber for the building of
2059:
Lee, W.G.; Hodgkinson, I.J.; Johnson, P.N. (1990-01-01).
1004:
region of the South Island. Kahikatea prefers flooded or
1546:
Davies, B. J.; O'Brien, I. E. W.; Murray, B. G. (1997).
1413:
634:. There is an earlier record given in the 1825 issue of
2476:. Vol. I, no. 226. 28 October 1914. p. 3
1545:
494:
As a conifer, kahikatea has no flowers and instead has
2384:
2018:
Wotton, Debra M.; Clout, Mick N.; Kelly, Dave (2008).
442:, have led to its decimation almost everywhere except
2101:
1225:
The champion kahikatea climber is food for the roots
2058:
2241:Stephanie L. Sopow; John Bain (14 September 2017).
1595:Markham, Kenneth R.; Whitehouse, Lynley A. (1984).
2700:Te ika a maui, or New Zealand, and its inhabitants
1892:
691:means tear shaped fruit, and the specific epithet
1594:
1221:He toa piki rākau kahikatea, he kai na te pakiaka
3403:
2017:
1953:A field guide to the native trees of New Zealand
695:is after its similarity to species in the genus
453:attached to them, which encourage birds such as
2525:
1693:The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771
2750:
1890:
1206:. Although some non-native birds, such as the
1157:International Union for Conservation of Nature
748:. This is represented in the cladogram below.
449:Kahikatea seeds have fleshy structures called
2831:"Reminiscences of Maori life fifty years ago"
2587:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42443A2980535.en
1737:
1710:
1319:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42443A2980535.en
594:A stand of kahikatea in the Pohangina Valley.
1143:family for 70 years before it was gifted to
610:, possibly describing a former stand on the
1265:The wood could be made into canoes, called
940:
701:. Common names include kahikatea, from the
2561:
1819:
1293:
237:
71:
47:
2836:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
2703:. Wertheim and Macintosh – via the
2585:
2078:
1760:
1663:
1481:
1317:
2828:
2613:New Zealand Threat Classification System
2498:
1643:
1504:
1421:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1356:
1161:New Zealand Threat Classification System
1109:
625:Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle Zélande
589:
568:have been isolated from the leaves; the
2799:
2661:
1950:Salmon, John T. (John Tenison) (1986).
1802:Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle
1386:"NZ's tallest tree growing ever taller"
636:Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle
627:(Essay On The Flora of New Zealand) as
14:
3404:
2857:
2722:
2696:
2447:The story of Christchurch, New Zealand
2443:
2412:
2357:
2290:
2191:
2142:
1989:
1949:
1840:
1690:(1962). Beaglehole, John Cawte (ed.).
1383:
1364:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
738:species as well as those in the genus
32:Frankton, Hamilton § Demographics
27:Coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand
2903:
2902:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2692:
2690:
2324:
2322:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1900:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1847:. Leipzig: A. Felix – via the
1733:
1731:
1686:
1091:
720:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
642:, but it lacks a description. It was
3350:14896907-9bef-4fca-9d79-4df710babba2
3107:95ee1063-4e1e-4b6b-9e56-86bc30bb9385
2632:
2328:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1409:
1407:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
3412:IUCN Red List least concern species
2573:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1305:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1213:
24:
2711:
2687:
2319:
1978:
1728:
1434:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00399.x
668:in 1891. It was given its current
554:Young adult's conical growth habit
25:
3448:
2884:
1448:
1404:
1333:
559:
411:in 1969 by the American botanist
3363:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263469-1
3185:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:687947-1
2122:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00613.x
1665:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.42b-0462
966:
949:
547:
535:
523:
511:
96:
2851:
2822:
2793:
2744:
2655:
2626:
2601:
2519:
2492:
2462:
2437:
2406:
2378:
2351:
2284:
2234:
2185:
2136:
2095:
2052:
2011:
1943:
1884:
1855:
1834:
1813:
1793:
1748:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
1704:
1680:
1553:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1105:
658:, and transferred to the genus
530:Female cones beginning to fruit
3427:Trees of mild maritime climate
2751:Kerry-Nicholls, J. H. (1886).
2536:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2080:10.1080/0028825X.1990.10412340
2025:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2000:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
1637:
1588:
1539:
1525:10.1080/0028825x.1981.10425191
1498:
1377:
1287:
1067:
468:
13:
1:
2499:Fletcher, Jack (2018-09-13).
2419:. Wairau Press. p. 229.
2262:10.1080/00779962.2017.1357423
2066:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1863:"Kahikatea Plant Use Details"
1849:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1828:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1807:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1722:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1623:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84944-4
1512:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1384:Benson, Nigel (23 Jan 2014).
1280:
676:in 1969 by American botanist
3437:Endemic flora of New Zealand
1644:Andersen, Øyvind M. (1988).
1159:and "Not Threatened" by the
1084:, as other species, such as
1037:
1016:
712:
683:
404:, and was given its current
7:
2390:"Podocarp-hardwood forests"
2192:Duncan, Richard P. (1993).
2143:Duncan, Richard P. (1991).
1913:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107341
1698:Angus and Robertson Limited
583:
10:
3453:
2386:Department of Conservation
2299:Cambridge University Press
1820:Cunningham, Allan (1838).
1359:"Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"
1177:
1011:
29:
3231:
2911:
2800:Colenso, William (1891).
2639:Victoria University Press
2444:Wigram, Henry F. (1916).
2335:Victoria University Press
2294:Vegetation of New Zealand
1844:Revisio generum plantarum
1823:Annals of natural history
1651:Acta Chemica Scandinavica
895:
878:
871:
854:
847:
812:
795:
788:
770:
763:
756:
674:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides,
656:Annals of Natural History
260:
253:
245:
236:
214:
207:
93:Scientific classification
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
3146:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2967:Dacrycarpus_dacrydioides
2943:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2913:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2893:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2829:Matthews, R. H. (1910).
2697:Taylor, Richard (1855).
2566:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
2250:New Zealand Entomologist
1867:Māori Plant Use Database
1357:de Lange, P. J. (2004).
1298:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
1239:kahikatea is a child of
941:Distribution and habitat
774:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
409:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
362:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
218:Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
3233:Podocarpus dacrydioides
2109:Journal of Biogeography
1739:de Laubenfels, David J.
1712:d'Urville, Jules Dumont
1505:Pocknall, D.T. (1981).
506:chromosome count of 20.
326:Dacrycarpus ferrugineum
270:Podocarpus dacrydioides
2891:Gymnosperm Database -
2858:Goldie, W. H. (1904).
2843:: 598–605 – via
2736:: 180–200 – via
2413:Hadden, Peter (2014).
2291:Wardle, Peter (1991).
1990:Wardle, Peter (1974).
1762:10.5962/bhl.part.24691
1227:
1115:
858:Falcatifolium taxoides
816:Dacrycarpus imbricatus
617:
595:
518:Male cones with pollen
56:Mature kahikatea tree
2723:Eldson, Best (1907).
1841:Kuntze, Otto (1891).
1246:19th century British
1218:
1113:
1099:Agapanthida pulchella
799:Dacrycarpus compactus
654:in the 1838 issue of
599:
593:
308:Dacrycarpus thuioides
3432:Least concern plants
3422:Trees of New Zealand
2633:Park, Geoff (1995).
2580:: e.T42443A2980535.
2360:"Rimu and kahikatea"
2329:Park, Geoff (1995).
2297:. Cambridge :
1312:: e.T42443A2980535.
1277:or in a steam bath.
1168:Whangamarino Wetland
899:Dacrydium pectinatum
640:Podocarpus thujoides
365:, commonly known as
294:Podocarpus thujoides
280:Dacrycarpus excelsum
248:D. dacrydioides
200:D. dacrydioides
2872:: 1–20 – via
2562:Thomas, P. (2013).
2358:Wassilieff, Maggy.
2337:. pp. 35, 49.
1700:. pp. 435–436.
1615:1984PChem..23.1931M
1470:Restoration Ecology
1294:Thomas, P. (2013).
1052:non-vascular plants
678:David de Laubenfels
413:David de Laubenfels
347:Podocarpus excelsus
334:Nageia dacrydioides
63:Conservation status
2814:: 449 – via
2474:Sun (Christchurch)
2199:Journal of Ecology
2150:Journal of Ecology
1566:10.1007/BF00985440
1391:New Zealand Herald
1172:Waikato Tainui iwi
1116:
1092:Pests and diseases
1057:Prumnopitys exigua
882:Dacrydium balansae
648:Dacrydium excelsum
596:
564:Several different
3399:
3398:
3128:Open Tree of Life
2905:Taxon identifiers
2679:: 31 – via
2416:North New Zealand
2308:978-0-521-25873-9
1967:978-0-474-00122-2
1871:Landcare Research
1483:10.1111/rec.14031
1149:Canterbury Plains
937:
936:
928:
927:
919:
918:
910:
909:
836:
835:
827:
826:
358:
357:
351:
343:
330:
322:
304:
290:
276:
264:Alphabetical list
246:Natural range of
86:
16:(Redirected from
3444:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2900:
2899:
2878:
2877:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2705:Internet Archive
2694:
2685:
2684:
2663:Colenso, William
2659:
2653:
2652:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:Internet Archive
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:Internet Archive
2429:– via the
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2313:Internet Archive
2311:– via the
2288:
2282:
2281:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2157:(4): 1073–1084.
2140:
2134:
2133:
2116:(8): 1033–1049.
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1972:Internet Archive
1970:– via the
1947:
1941:
1940:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1764:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1609:(9): 1931–1936.
1592:
1586:
1585:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1354:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1291:
1231:
1214:In Māori culture
1208:common blackbird
1197:epicormic shoots
970:
953:
874:
873:
850:
849:
791:
790:
766:
765:
759:
758:
752:
751:
717:A 2022 study in
652:Allan Cunningham
615:
551:
539:
527:
515:
349:
341:
329:Houttee ex Gord.
328:
310:
296:
282:
272:
241:
220:
101:
100:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2907:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2856:
2852:
2827:
2823:
2798:
2794:
2771:10.2307/2841577
2749:
2745:
2721:
2712:
2695:
2688:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2637:. New Zealand:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2560:
2556:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2479:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2394:www.doc.govt.nz
2383:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2333:. New Zealand:
2327:
2320:
2309:
2289:
2285:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2212:10.2307/2261519
2190:
2186:
2163:10.2307/2261099
2141:
2137:
2100:
2096:
2057:
2053:
2016:
2012:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1968:
1948:
1944:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1839:
1835:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1736:
1729:
1709:
1705:
1685:
1681:
1642:
1638:
1593:
1589:
1544:
1540:
1503:
1499:
1462:
1449:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1355:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1259:William Colenso
1237:Māori mythology
1233:
1229:
1216:
1182:The introduced
1180:
1108:
1094:
1070:
1048:vascular plants
1040:
1019:
1014:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
971:
962:
961:
960:
954:
943:
938:
929:
920:
911:
837:
828:
715:
686:
621:Achille Richard
616:
606:
598:
597:
586:
562:
555:
552:
543:
540:
531:
528:
519:
516:
473:Kahikatea is a
471:
395:Achille Richard
354:
350:(D. Don.) Druce
266:
265:
232:
222:
216:
203:
95:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:wfo-0000485084
3380:
3367:
3354:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:wfo-0000636634
3212:
3202:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2984:
2971:
2964:Conifers.org:
2961:
2948:
2933:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2885:External links
2883:
2880:
2879:
2850:
2821:
2792:
2743:
2710:
2686:
2654:
2647:
2641:. p. 35.
2625:
2600:
2554:
2543:(2): 261–269.
2518:
2491:
2470:"City Council"
2461:
2436:
2425:
2405:
2377:
2350:
2343:
2318:
2307:
2301:. p. 10.
2283:
2233:
2206:(3): 403–416.
2184:
2135:
2094:
2051:
2010:
1977:
1966:
1942:
1883:
1854:
1833:
1812:
1792:
1755:(3): 315–369.
1727:
1703:
1679:
1636:
1602:Phytochemistry
1587:
1560:(3): 169–185.
1538:
1497:
1447:
1428:(3): 197–207.
1403:
1376:
1332:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1251:Richard Taylor
1217:
1215:
1212:
1179:
1176:
1137:Riccarton Bush
1130:South Westland
1107:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1069:
1066:
1039:
1036:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1002:South Westland
972:
965:
964:
963:
955:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
942:
939:
935:
934:
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829:
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787:
784:
783:
780:
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769:
764:
762:
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755:
750:
714:
711:
703:Māori language
685:
682:
604:
588:
587:
585:
582:
561:
560:Phytochemistry
558:
557:
556:
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546:
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541:
534:
532:
529:
522:
520:
517:
510:
470:
467:
444:South Westland
356:
355:
353:
352:
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339:Nageia excelsa
336:
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323:
305:
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277:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3433:
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3306:
3302:
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3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
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3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2919:
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2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
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2894:
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2866:
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2846:
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2838:
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2832:
2825:
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2809:
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2776:
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2719:
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2715:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
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2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2650:
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2640:
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2629:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
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2542:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2508:
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2502:
2495:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2426:9781927158319
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2367:
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2361:
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2213:
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2110:
2105:
2098:
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2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:. p. 6.
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
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1713:
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1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:Banks, Joseph
1683:
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1103:
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1073:Intraspecific
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440:dairy farming
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432:Māori culture
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406:binomial name
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176:Podocarpaceae
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123:Tracheophytes
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99:
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84:
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78:Least Concern
68:
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45:
40:
37:
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2727:
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2676:
2670:
2657:
2634:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2577:
2571:
2565:
2557:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2484:– via
2478:. Retrieved
2473:
2464:
2452:Christchurch
2446:
2439:
2415:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2380:
2369:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:
2330:
2293:
2286:
2256:(2): 55–71.
2253:
2249:
2236:
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2197:
2187:
2154:
2148:
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2113:
2107:
2097:
2073:(1): 21–24.
2070:
2064:
2054:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1958:Reed Methuen
1956:. Auckland:
1952:
1945:
1904:
1898:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1843:
1836:
1822:
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1551:
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1519:(1): 67–95.
1516:
1510:
1500:
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1469:
1425:
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1395:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1362:
1323:. Retrieved
1309:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1264:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1201:
1188:crack willow
1181:
1165:
1145:Christchurch
1134:
1117:
1106:Conservation
1097:
1095:
1071:
1062:cloud forest
1060:in Bolivian
1055:
1050:and over 50
1041:
1020:
979:
958:Lake Brunner
897:
896:
880:
879:
856:
855:
814:
813:
797:
796:
777:— Kahikatea
773:
772:
771:
740:
735:
728:
718:
716:
696:
693:dacrydioides
692:
688:
687:
673:
659:
647:
639:
635:
632:dacrydioides
631:
628:
624:
618:
612:Waihou River
608:Joseph Banks
600:
574:anthocyanins
563:
493:
485:
472:
448:
429:
422:
416:
408:
402:dacrydioides
401:
398:
374:
366:
361:
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346:
338:
333:
325:
307:
293:
279:
269:
247:
217:
215:
199:
198:
186:
166:Araucariales
136:Gymnospermae
129:
116:
36:
3417:Dacrycarpus
3296:iNaturalist
3159:kew-2755036
3027:iNaturalist
2937:Wikispecies
2874:Papers Past
2845:Papers Past
2816:Papers Past
2765:: 187–209.
2738:Papers Past
2681:Papers Past
2593:19 November
2486:Papers Past
1658:: 462–468.
1325:19 November
1255:Eldson Best
1184:grey willow
1068:Competition
736:Dacrycarpus
689:Dacrycarpus
666:Otto Kuntze
578:gymnosperms
469:Description
451:receptacles
418:Dacrycarpus
397:in 1832 as
387:New Zealand
187:Dacrycarpus
3406:Categories
3154:Plant List
2648:0864732910
2635:Ngā Uruora
2512:2022-07-19
2399:2022-07-02
2371:2022-07-02
2344:0864732910
2331:Ngā Uruora
2032:(1): 1–6.
1907:: 107341.
1397:2022-02-20
1370:2022-02-12
1281:References
1193:glyphosate
729:Darcydioid
723:, found a
629:Podocarpus
576:, rare in
566:glycosides
542:Ripe fruit
500:receptacle
480:buttressed
475:coniferous
399:Podocarpus
379:coniferous
375:white pine
142:Division:
42:Kahikatea
3248:Q14947698
2779:0959-5295
2549:0110-6465
2278:Q56166058
2270:0077-9962
2220:0022-0477
2171:0022-0477
2089:0028-825X
2038:0110-6465
1937:243482772
1921:1055-7903
1771:0004-2625
1674:0904-213X
1631:0031-9422
1574:1615-6110
1533:0028-825X
1492:1061-2971
1442:0024-4074
1275:decoction
1044:epiphytes
1038:Epiphytes
1017:Dispersal
746:paleogene
741:Dacrydium
725:phylogeny
713:Evolution
698:Dacrydium
684:Etymology
463:epiphytes
424:Dacrydium
367:kahikatea
194:Species:
156:Pinopsida
146:Pinophyta
106:Kingdom:
18:Kahikatea
3376:25600183
3371:Tropicos
3327:10597640
3314:263469-1
3242:Wikidata
3198:25600137
3193:Tropicos
3058:11160146
3045:687947-1
2928:Q1981615
2922:Wikidata
2665:(1868).
2274:Wikidata
2130:85726530
2046:24058095
2007:: 62–71.
1929:34740782
1787:88784997
1779:43781661
1741:(1969).
1714:(1832).
1032:bellbird
1006:alluvial
605:—
584:Taxonomy
570:tricetin
391:podocarp
316:Solander
255:Synonyms
230:de Laub.
172:Family:
83:IUCN 3.1
3275:5286243
3208:5863322
3006:2687859
2980:1033665
2787:2841577
2480:19 July
2228:2261519
2179:2261099
1876:6 March
1611:Bibcode
1582:5624551
1178:Threats
1155:by the
1125:fertile
1012:Ecology
998:montane
994:Stewart
984:to the
982:endemic
623:in his
504:diploid
383:endemic
377:, is a
302:Bennett
274:A.Rich.
226:A.Rich.
182:Genus:
162:Order:
152:Class:
110:Plantae
81: (
3347:NZOR:
3340:519277
3301:405060
3205:uBio:
3167:PLANTS
3104:NZOR:
3071:505861
3019:101861
2785:
2777:
2645:
2618:2 July
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2423:
2365:Te Ara
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1271:tōtara
1257:, and
1204:kererū
1086:kāmahi
1078:canopy
1030:, and
1024:kererū
992:, and
661:Nageia
646:named
614:, 1769
489:scythe
455:kererū
373:) and
369:(from
342:Kuntze
3322:IRMNG
3288:29108
3262:6VR8L
3172:DADA2
3133:54153
3115:NZPCN
3097:56888
3084:42443
3053:IRMNG
3032:52390
2993:PODDA
2957:33T93
2783:JSTOR
2531:(PDF)
2506:Stuff
2246:(PDF)
2224:JSTOR
2175:JSTOR
2126:S2CID
2042:JSTOR
1995:(PDF)
1933:S2CID
1783:S2CID
1775:JSTOR
1578:S2CID
1476:(1).
1141:Deans
1121:Māori
990:South
986:North
732:clade
602:were.
496:cones
381:tree
371:Māori
320:Carr.
312:Banks
298:R.Br.
288:Lamb.
284:D.Don
130:Clade
117:Clade
3358:POWO
3335:ITIS
3309:IPNI
3283:GRIN
3270:GBIF
3180:POWO
3141:PfaF
3120:2099
3092:NCBI
3079:IUCN
3066:ITIS
3040:IPNI
3014:GRIN
3001:GBIF
2988:EPPO
2775:ISSN
2643:ISBN
2620:2022
2595:2021
2578:2013
2545:ISSN
2482:2022
2421:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2266:ISSN
2216:ISSN
2167:ISSN
2085:ISSN
2034:ISSN
1962:ISBN
1925:PMID
1917:ISSN
1878:2022
1767:ISSN
1670:ISSN
1627:ISSN
1570:ISSN
1529:ISSN
1488:ISSN
1438:ISSN
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1310:2013
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1241:Tāne
1186:and
1166:The
1082:rimu
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389:. A
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3216:WFO
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2952:CoL
2767:doi
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650:by
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385:to
318:ex
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