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1305:" were held on 14–15 July, in which voters were presented with a single list from a Communist-dominated alliance. The new "People's Saeima" met on 21 July with only one order of business—a resolution proclaiming Latvia a Soviet republic and seeking admission to the Soviet Union, which carried unanimously. This move violated the Latvian Constitution, which stipulated that a major change to the basic constitutional order could only be enacted after two-thirds of the electorate approved it via a plebiscite. Since Latvia
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1067:, the Farmers' Union only won 12.2 percent of the vote, an all-time low. Some historians believe that one of the chief motives for the coup was his fear of losing even more votes in the upcoming elections. From the time of his coup until his demise, for obvious reasons, no reliable voting or popularity statistics were available.
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In independent Latvia today, Ulmanis remains a popular, if also controversial figure. Many
Latvians view him as a symbol of Latvia's independence in pre-World War II Latvia, and historians are generally in agreement about his positive early role as prime minister during the country's formative years.
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with traditional Baltic German elites and Jewish entrepreneurial class. At the same time, the slogan "Latvia's sun shines equally over everyone" was used and no ethnic group was actively targeted. A limited number of German, Jewish and other minority press and organizations continued to exist as far
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Not much is known about the personal life of
Ulmanis. It is known that he never married and there are no records of him dating anyone. When once asked about why he was not married or did not have a significant other, his response was "I am married to Latvia, and that is enough for me." During his
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and soon died on 20 September 1942. For a long time, his burial place was unknown. In 2011 Georgian media reported that
Ulmanis may be buried in Gori City Cemetery, according to a former gravedigger who claimed that he was convoyed by KGB officers and had to dig the grave for Ulmanis. However, in
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Ulmanis is often believed to have been a popular leader especially among farmers and ethnic
Latvians. This is debatable. His party had never won more than 17 percent of the vote in any election and had seen its support steadily decline in the years since the 1922 constitutional convention. In the
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On 19 March 1936 Ulmanis' cabinet drafted a law that provided for
Ulmanis to become State President as well as Prime Minister upon the expiration of Kviesis' term. This clearly violated the Constitution, which stipulated that the chairman of the Saeima would become acting president pending new
1479:. The rumors were also fueled by Ulmanis' close relationships with two of his male employees. The rumors were also fueled by Ulmanis himself not giving any information about his personal life. He did not have any offspring, although his brother did, with Ulmanis' grandnephew
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The policy of
Ulmanis, even before his accession to power, was openly directed toward eliminating the minority groups from economic life and of giving Latvians of Latvian ethnicity access to all positions in the national economy. This was sometimes referred to as
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in 1990, it has argued on that basis that the resolution seeking admission to the Soviet Union was illegal. It further maintains that the People's Saeima was elected in accordance with an illegal and unconstitutional election law, rendering all of its acts void.
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With regard to the authoritarian period, opinions diverge, however. On the one hand, it is possible to credit
Ulmanis for the rise of ethnic Latvians' economic prosperity during the 1930s, and stress that under his rule there was not the same level of
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Also on 21 July, Ulmanis was forced to resign as president; Kirhenšteins took over the presidency and oversaw the final stages of integrating Latvia into the Soviet Union. Ulmanis asked the Soviet government for a pension and permission to emigrate to
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were suspended. All newspapers owned by political parties or organisations were closed and all publications were subjected to censorship and government oversight by the
Ministry of Public Affairs led by Alfrēds Bērziņš. The army and the
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dictatorship in which
Ulmanis—who called himself "the leader of the people"—claimed to do what he thought was best for Latvians. All political life was proscribed, while culture and economy were eventually organized into a type of
1282:, which contained a secret addendum (revealed only in 1945), dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. Latvia was thereby assigned to the Soviet sphere. Following a Soviet ultimatum in October 1939, Ulmanis signed the
1254:(1939) was a tale of a young fisherman who tries to free other local fishermen from the power of a middleman and shows them that the future lies in cooperative work. The movie was based on a widely popular novel written by
976:. Some 2,000 Social Democrats were initially detained by the authorities, including most of the Social Democratic members of the disbanded Saeima, as were members of various right-wing radical organisations, such as
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of 1919–1920, a constitutional convention established Latvia as a parliamentary democracy in 1920. Ulmanis served as Prime
Minister in several subsequent Latvian government administrations from 1918 to 1934.
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The Ulmanis regime was unique among other European dictatorships of the interwar period. Ulmanis did not create a ruling party, rubber-stamp parliament or a new ideology. It was a nonpartisan, personal, and
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many industries. This resulted in rapid economic growth, during which Latvia attained a very high standard of living. At a time when most of the world's economy was still suffering from the effects of the
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999:, had been cleared of weapons charges by the courts, most of those imprisoned began to be released over time. Those convicted by the courts of treasonous acts, such as the leader of Pērkonkrusts
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For the next four years, Ulmanis ruled by decree, without a parliament. A decree vested the Saeima's functions in the cabinet until a new constitution could be drafted. Although the incumbent
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region however, education was actively used as a tool of assimilation of minorities. Many new schools were built, but they were Latvian schools and minority children were thus assimilated.
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are of the view that someone who disbanded Parliament and adopted authoritarian rule cannot be regarded as a positive figure, even if that rule was in some terms a prosperous one.
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1290:. Rather than risk an unwinnable war, Ulmanis gave a nationwide radio address ordering no resistance to the Red Army, saying "I will remain in my place and you remain in yours".
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Economic historians are divided as whether Latvia experienced economic stagnation or prosperity during the Ulmanis regime. The state assumed a larger role in the economy and
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as the limitations of authoritarian dictatorship permitted. Yiddish newspapers were hit particularly hard. In practice only the religious party Agudat Israel's newspaper
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1206:". According to some estimates, about 90% of the banks and credit establishments in Latvia were state-owned or under Latvian management in 1939, against 20% in 1933.
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loyal to Ulmanis. They moved against key government offices, communications and transportation facilities. Many elected officials and politicians (almost exclusively
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policies were followed in the area of education, cutting and removing subsidies for minority education. During Ulmanis' rule, education was strongly emphasized and
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Upon the expiration of Kviesis's term, Prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis illegally merged the Presidency and the Premiership, holding both offices himself. After the
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For the next month, Ulmanis cooperated with the Soviets. He resigned as prime minister three days after the coup, and appointed a left-wing government headed by
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Among the postwar Latvian émigrés of Latvian cultural background in exile, Ulmanis was idealised by many of those who viewed his 6-year authoritarian rule as a
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from American exile in 1913, after being informed that it was now safe for political exiles to return due to the declaration of a general amnesty by
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as Karl August Ulmann, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in agriculture. After working briefly at that university as a lecturer, Ulmanis moved to
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2017, Ulmanis' grand-nephew, Guntis Ulmanis, announced that the search had been called off as it was apparent the site would be impossible to find.
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were closed. The official 1936 chamber of commerce list of newspapers and magazines does not list a single Yiddish, Hebrew or Jewish publication.
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elections. However, no one dared object. When Kviesis left office on 11 April 1936, Ulmanis combined the offices of president and prime minister.
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One sign that Ulmanis was still very popular in Latvia during the first years of regained independence was the election of his grand-nephew
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Latvian people are the only masters of this country; Latvians will themselves promulgate the laws and judge for themselves what justice is.
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was introduced by purchasing and uniting smaller competing private companies into larger state enterprises. This process was controlled by
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or mass political oppression that characterized other dictatorships of the day. On the other hand, historians such as Ulmanis' biographer
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Resolution of Five senators of Senate of Latvia on validity of Constitution of Latvia and authority of Saeima in conditions of occupation
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1153:, a state bank established in 1935. Many large-scale building projects were undertaken—new schools, administrative buildings,
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921:, one of the two most prominent political parties in Latvia at that time. Ulmanis was one of the principal founders of the
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1965:
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875:
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1826:
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530:
972:, as well as figures from the extreme right and left) were detained, as were any military officers who resisted the
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1399:, indistinguishable from the Nazis, accusing him of corruption and of bloody repressions against Latvian workers.
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1502:
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community, and a handful of politicians from other parties were interned in a prison camp established in the
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1943:
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Klimantas, Adomas; Norkus, Zenonas; Markevičiūtė, Jurgita; Grytten, Ola Honningdal; Šiliņš, Jānis (2023).
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Documents obtained and donated by Paul Berkay and transcribed by Sherri Goldberg and Margaret Kannensohn
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1198:) and in exports of Latvian goods overseas. This, however, came at the cost of liberty and civil rights.
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and allowed the formation of Soviet military bases in Latvia. On 17 June 1940 Latvia was completely
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2549:
2321:
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1873:"Reinventing perished "Belgium of the East": new estimates of GDP for inter-war Latvia (1920–1939)"
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as a writer, lecturer, and manager in agricultural positions. He was politically active during the
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to avoid incarceration by the Russian authorities. During this period of exile, he studied at the
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1003:, remained behind bars for the duration of their sentences, three years in the case of Celmiņš.
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made popular during those years by Mussolini. Chambers of Professions were created, similar to
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1403:
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898:
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2623:
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1079:, who espoused the slogan "Latvia for Latvians" which meant that Latvia was to be a Latvian
273:
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1991:
Roberts, Geoffrey (1995). "Soviet policy and the Baltic States, 1939–1940: a reappraisal".
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2018:
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964:(parliament). The bloodless coup was carried out by army and units of the national guard
8:
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1777:(in Latvian). Latvian chamber of commerce and industry. 1936. p. 295. Archived from
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lifetime, there were rumors over his sexuality, with some claims that he might have been
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Ultimate Freedom – No Choice: The Culture of Authoritarianism in Latvia from 1934–1940
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In all, 369 Social Democrats, 95 members of Pērkonkrusts, pro-Nazi activists from the
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827:. The legacy of his dictatorship continues to divide public opinion in Latvia today.
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One of the major traffic routes in Riga, the capital of Latvia, is named after him (
1325:"to Kārlis Ulmanis and all the people of Latvia resting in the land of Turkmenistan"
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Ultimate Freedom – No Choice: The Culture of Authoritarianism in Latvia, 1934–1940
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of independence from November 1918 to June 1940 and served as the country's first
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of the Latvian nation. Some traditions created by Ulmanis, such as the so-called
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Kārlis Ulmanis's legacy for Latvia and Latvians is a complex one. In the postwar
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did not support the coup, he remained in office and collaborated with Ulmanis.
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129:
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2004:
1844:"The Price of Free Lunches: Making the Frontier Latvian in the Interwar Years"
1801:"Subsidies to Jewish Schools in Latvia to Be Cancelled, Reports Yiddish Paper"
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On the night of 15–16 May 1934, Ulmanis, with the support of Minister of War
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on Stavropol, he and other inmates were evacuated to prison in Krasnovodsk,
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890:. The dairy business he had bought there ran into financial difficulties.
1466:). In 2003, a monument of Ulmanis was unveiled in a park in Riga centre.
1417:, a charitable donations to one's former school, continued to be upheld.
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1259:
1203:
1174:
1076:
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847:
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960:, proclaimed a state of war and dissolved all political parties and the
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He served four times as prime minister, the last time as the head of an
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992:
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was the illegitimate Acting President from 21 July to 25 August 1940
2019:"Karlis Ulmanis' grave may have been found in Georgian city of Gori"
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Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I
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1231:
1115:
1056:
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801:
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Grand Crosses with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great
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1194:, Latvia could point to increases in both gross national product (
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rates in Latvia reached high levels. Especially in eastern Latvia
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As the head of state after the restoration of Latvian independence
2084:"Aprit 75 gadi kopš Kārļa Ulmaņa rīkotā valsts apvērsuma Latvijā"
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1119:
988:
883:
30:
2045:"Search for grave of Latvia's pre-war prime minister called off"
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As a result, the economic and cultural influence of minorities—
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859:
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330:
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
804:. He was one of the most prominent Latvian politicians of pre-
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1624:
20. gadsimta Latvijas vēsture II: Neatkarīgā valsts 1918–1940
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who in 1940 became the Prime Minister of the Soviet-occupied
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604:
2079:
1227:
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became Latvia's major trade partners, while trade with the
1944:"Not Really a Blog: Zvejnieka Dels (The Fisherman's Son)"
1297:—which, in truth, had been chosen by the Soviet embassy.
1195:
912:
823:, during which he subsequently also adopted the title of
1626:(in Latvian). Riga: Latvijas Vēstures institūta apgāds.
1278:'s USSR signed a non-aggression agreement, known as the
1210:, the minister of agriculture, in a speech delivered in
2856:
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
2193:
Kārlis Ulmanis, Latvian, and Baltic History Collection
2981:
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
2109:"Monument to former Latvian President Kārlis Ulmanis"
1966:"Valsts Prezidenta Dr Kārla Ulmaņa norādījumi tautai"
846:
Born in a prosperous farming family, Ulmanis studied
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Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
2926:
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class
1560:. Lincoln, Nebraska: The Lincoln Star. 24 April 1908
2996:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1700:
1698:
1350:, he was imprisoned in July 1941. A year later, as
1342:, where he worked in his original profession as an
917:In the last stages of World War I, he founded the
2956:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
2806:Deputies of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia
2137:
2951:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
2742:
1695:
2971:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2881:Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 3rd class
1656:"Kārlis Ulmanis authoritarian regime 1934-1940"
2916:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
1819:Minority politics within the Europe of regions
1092:was not forbidden, while popular publications
1042:All political parties, including Ulmanis' own
796:; 4 September 1877 – 20 September 1942) was a
2548:
2534:
2408:
1134:50 lati banknote with the portrait of Ulmanis
765:
2901:Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2896:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
2138:Hanovs, Deniss; Tēraudkalns, Valdis (2013).
1673:
1157:. Due to an application of the economics of
1059:paramilitary were lavished with privileges.
852:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
2866:Latvian people who died in Soviet detention
1732:"The "Naier idisher teater" in Riga/Latvia"
1469:
909:was partially occupied by Germany in 1915.
793:[ˈkaːrlisˈɑuɡustsˈvilxɛlmsˈuɫmɑnis]
2541:
2527:
2415:
2401:
1589:. Archived from the original on 2017-09-19
995:. After several Social Democrats, such as
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758:
29:
2801:Members of the People's Council of Latvia
1173:was reduced. The economy, especially the
2931:Recipients of the Order of Saint Maurice
2422:
2210:Newspaper clippings about Kārlis Ulmanis
1972:. LATVIJAS NACIONĀLĀ DIGITĀLĀ BIBLIOTĒKA
1483:later becoming the president of Latvia.
1419:
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393:24 March 1931 – 4 December 1931
241:27 March 1931 – 5 December 1931
153:19 November 1918 – 18 June 1921
1990:
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1334:. Instead, he was arrested and sent to
1284:Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty
1265:
1241:Latvia's first full-length sound movie
1020:
2976:Collars of the Order of the White Lion
2886:Recipients of the Cross of Recognition
2786:Ministers of foreign affairs of Latvia
2743:
1912:
1910:
1317:A possible grave of Kārlis Ulmanis at
937:
913:Political career in independent Latvia
612:This article is part of a series about
438:17 March 1934 – 17 April 1936
343:4 May 1926 – 17 December 1926
196:24 December 1925 – 6 May 1926
2861:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
2522:
2396:
1395:the Soviet régime labelled Ulmanis a
791:
675:1918–1921, 1925–1926, 1931, 1934–1940
286:17 March 1934 – 17 June 1940
57:11 April 1936 – 21 July 1940
2078:
1841:
1374:
16:Dictator of Latvia from 1936 to 1940
2946:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
1963:
1907:
1580:"Nebraska State Historical Society"
1508:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
1366:). On the way there, he contracted
839:Kārlis Ulmanis as a student at the
13:
2891:Order of the White Rose of Finland
2831:Candidates for President of Latvia
2796:Ministers of agriculture of Latvia
2771:Latvian Farmers' Union politicians
1851:The Global Review of Ethnopolitics
1729:
1155:Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station
714:Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station
14:
3012:
3001:20th-century presidents in Europe
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1587:Nebraska State Historical Society
901:. This safety was short-lived as
2766:People from Courland Governorate
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2069:Concise Latvian SSR Encyclopedia
1530:
927:Provisional government of Latvia
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2941:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2911:Recipients of the Order of Vasa
2761:People from Dobele Municipality
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2011:
1984:
1957:
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1775:"1936 Chamber of Commerce list"
1513:European interwar dictatorships
1346:for a year. After the start of
785:Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
490:Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis
2876:Latvian independence activists
2851:World War II political leaders
2846:Latvian people of World War II
2791:Ministers of defence of Latvia
2205:Biography by Edgars Dunsdorfs
2197:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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1723:
1648:
1615:
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1503:Latvian Provisional Government
1385:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1185:to an extreme degree. Ulmanis
876:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
568:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1:
2841:Latvian people of World War I
2049:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
1692:. Retrieved 24 December 2006.
1622:Bērziņš, Valdis, ed. (2003).
1518:
1352:German armies were closing in
1307:seceded from the Soviet Union
1046:, were outlawed. Part of the
905:broke out one year later and
830:
2871:People who died in the Gulag
1821:. Bucharest: Editura ISPMN.
1558:"The graduates get diplomas"
1383:Commemorative plaque at the
1288:occupied by the Soviet Union
866:, was briefly imprisoned in
7:
2352:(interim, self-appointed)
2214:20th Century Press Archives
1942:Andrejs (25 October 2008).
1493:Latvian War of Independence
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1299:Soviet-controlled elections
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931:Latvian War of Independence
10:
3017:
2906:Order of Leopold (Belgium)
2826:Deputies of the 4th Saeima
2821:Deputies of the 3rd Saeima
2816:Deputies of the 2nd Saeima
2811:Deputies of the 1st Saeima
1993:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1885:10.1007/s11698-023-00275-y
1214:on 26 January 1936, said:
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133:As 5th President of Latvia
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2005:10.1080/09592299508405982
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1462:, previously named after
1424:Ulmanis on the 2001 stamp
1319:Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
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28:
21:
2322:Prime Minister of Latvia
2295:Prime Minister of Latvia
2268:Prime Minister of Latvia
2251:Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics
2241:Prime Minister of Latvia
1817:Horváth, István (2003).
1039:in other dictatorships.
1037:Chambers of Corporations
944:1934 Latvian coup d'état
870:, and subsequently fled
184:Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics
141:Prime Minister of Latvia
2836:Latvian anti-communists
2334:under Soviet occupation
1498:Freikorps in the Baltic
1280:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
321:under Soviet occupation
117:under Soviet occupation
1755:Cite journal requires
1425:
1388:
1326:
1220:
1135:
1075:Ulmanis was a Latvian
953:
919:Latvian Farmers' Union
843:
841:University of Nebraska
692:Provisional Government
555:Latvian Farmers' Union
2936:Order of Pope Pius IX
1423:
1382:
1316:
1216:
1159:comparative advantage
1133:
951:
899:Nicholas II of Russia
838:
2776:Presidents of Latvia
2424:Presidents of Latvia
2384:Augusts Kirhenšteins
2332:Augusts Kirhenšteins
2234:Position established
1918:"The Jews of Latvia"
1842:Purs, Aldis (2002).
1348:Operation Barbarossa
1323:commemorative plaque
1295:Augusts Kirhenšteins
1266:Later life and death
1144:Latvijas Kredītbanka
1048:Latvian Constitution
1021:Authoritarian regime
907:Courland Governorate
893:Ulmanis returned to
858:. He then worked in
821:authoritarian regime
721:Later life and death
507:Courland Governorate
319:Augusts Kirhenšteins
173:Position established
109:Augusts Kirhenšteins
70:Augusts Kirhenšteins
2921:Order of Saint Olav
2361:Anatolijs Gorbunovs
2350:President of Latvia
1730:Simeon, Ute Luise.
1455:of Latvia in 1993.
1408:Friendly invitation
1085:multinational state
938:Coup of 15 May 1934
825:President of Latvia
122:Anatolijs Gorbunovs
44:President of Latvia
2305:Marģers Skujenieks
2226:Political offices
2119:on 1 December 2021
2051:. 4 September 2017
1688:2007-02-24 at the
1660:latvianhistory.com
1460:Kārļa Ulmaņa gatve
1426:
1389:
1327:
1270:On 23 August 1939
1136:
954:
856:Leipzig University
844:
808:Latvia during the
274:Marģers Skujenieks
2738:
2737:
2516:
2515:
2380:Soviet occupation
2368:
2367:
2358:Succeeded by
2329:Succeeded by
2302:Succeeded by
2275:Succeeded by
2248:Succeeded by
2023:The Baltic Course
1964:Ulmanis, Kārlis.
1922:www.jewishgen.org
1375:Later assessments
1208:Alfrēds Birznieks
1033:corporate statism
800:politician and a
782:
781:
630:
629:
594:
593:
520:20 September 1942
459:Voldemārs Salnais
370:
3008:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2464:none (1940-1991)
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2340:Preceded by
2315:Ādolfs Bļodnieks
2312:Preceded by
2285:Preceded by
2278:Arturs Alberings
2258:Preceded by
2231:Preceded by
2223:
2222:
2203:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2113:www.liveriga.com
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1853:. Archived from
1848:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:on 21 April 2019
1771:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1702:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1619:
1613:
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1569:
1567:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:Enciklopedija.lv
1533:"Kārlis Ulmanis"
1528:
1443:
1435:Edgars Dunsdorfs
1416:
1252:
1192:Great Depression
1152:
1140:state capitalism
970:Social Democrats
923:People's Council
795:
790:
774:
767:
760:
749:
697:Independence War
687:People's Council
670:Leader of Latvia
626:
625:
624:
622:
614:
613:
607:
600:
599:
596:
595:
586:*Self-proclaimed
581:
523:
500:4 September 1877
499:
497:
481:Personal details
471:Vilhelms Munters
467:
455:
445:
436:
422:
410:
400:
391:
377:
368:
362:
354:Arturs Alberings
350:
341:
327:Foreign Minister
315:
307:Ādolfs Bļodnieks
303:
284:
270:
258:
239:
229:Arturs Alberings
225:
213:
194:
180:
170:
151:
134:
127:
118:
105:
93:
81:
74:
64:
55:
33:
19:
18:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2638:
2552:
2547:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2426:
2421:
2391:
2390:
2382:Prime Minister
2377:
2373:
2364:
2354:
2345:
2343:Alberts Kviesis
2335:
2325:
2317:
2307:
2298:
2290:
2280:
2271:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2236:
2201:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2082:(15 May 2009).
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1846:
1840:
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1829:
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1728:
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1696:
1690:Wayback Machine
1679:
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1410:
1377:
1303:People's Saeima
1274:'s Germany and
1268:
1246:
1244:Fishermans' Son
1146:
1128:
1073:
1052:civil liberties
1023:
1011:Alberts Kviesis
1008:State President
1001:Gustavs Celmiņš
952:Ulmanis in 1934
946:
940:
915:
864:1905 Revolution
833:
810:Interwar period
788:
778:
744:
731:
727:1940 occupation
718:
678:
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620:
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551:Political party
525:
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381:Felikss Cielēns
375:
366:Hermanis Albats
360:
348:
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313:
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294:Alberts Kviesis
285:
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97:Alberts Kviesis
91:
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2199:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2100:
2086:(in Latvian).
2071:
2062:
2036:
2010:
1999:(3): 672–700.
1983:
1956:
1934:
1906:
1863:
1860:on 2016-03-04.
1834:
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1809:
1792:
1766:
1757:|journal=
1722:
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1531:Sils, Kārlis.
1522:
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1488:
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1481:Guntis Ulmanis
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1468:
1464:Ernst Thälmann
1449:Guntis Ulmanis
1376:
1373:
1267:
1264:
1163:United Kingdom
1127:
1124:
1112:Latvianisation
1072:
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1044:Farmers' Union
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814:prime minister
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524:(aged 65)
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63:Prime Minister
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2151:9789004243552
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2110:
2104:
2089:
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2075:
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2050:
2046:
2040:
2025:. 6 June 2011
2024:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1938:
1923:
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1712:on 2017-12-03
1711:
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262:Hugo Celmiņš
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217:Hugo Celmiņš
205:Jānis Čakste
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162:Jānis Čakste
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104:Succeeded by
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2756:1942 deaths
2751:1877 births
2710:Dombrovskis
2609:Juraševskis
1877:Cliometrica
1438: [
1411: [
1393:Latvian SSR
1360:Türkmenbaşy
1356:Turkmen SSR
1332:Switzerland
1260:Latvian SSR
1256:Vilis Lācis
1247: [
1238:—declined.
1204:Lettization
1175:agriculture
1147: [
1077:nationalist
974:coup d'etat
903:World War I
848:agriculture
557:(1917–1934)
531:Turkmen SSR
527:Krasnovodsk
454:Preceded by
409:Preceded by
361:Preceded by
302:Preceded by
257:Preceded by
212:Preceded by
169:Preceded by
113:Acting, as
92:Preceded by
2745:Categories
2675:Krištopans
2624:Skujenieks
2604:Skujenieks
2579:Meierovics
2569:Meierovics
2469:G. Ulmanis
2458:K. Ulmanis
2355:1936-1940
2326:1934-1940
2272:1925-1926
2245:1918-1921
1716:2017-06-02
1564:10 October
1542:15 October
1519:References
1477:homosexual
1431:militarism
1404:Golden Age
831:Early life
681:Government
563:Alma mater
496:1877-09-04
2720:Kučinskis
2715:Straujuma
2629:Bļodnieks
2599:Alberings
2557:1918–1940
2499:Rinkēvičs
2363:(interim)
2183:Biography
2144:. BRILL.
1976:5 October
1901:261218861
1893:1863-2513
1785:22 August
1453:President
1387:from 1954
1368:dysentery
1336:Stavropol
1212:Ventspils
1102:Riger Tog
703:1934 coup
574:Signature
434:In office
389:In office
339:In office
291:President
282:In office
246:President
237:In office
201:President
192:In office
158:President
149:In office
53:In office
2705:Godmanis
2700:Kalvītis
2650:Godmanis
1686:Archived
1642:45570948
1603:cite web
1487:See also
1232:Russians
1116:literacy
1098:Frimorgn
1094:Dos Folk
1083:, not a
1071:Ideology
1057:Aizsargi
966:Aizsargi
802:dictator
789:Latvian:
369:(Acting)
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2655:Birkavs
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2619:Ulmanis
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2589:Celmiņš
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2574:Pauļuks
2564:Ulmanis
2489:Vējonis
2484:Bērziņš
2479:Zatlers
2452:Kviesis
2447:Zemgals
2441:Kalniņš
2216:of the
2212:in the
2195:at the
2123:3 April
2055:3 March
1949:3 April
1927:3 April
1665:3 April
1593:3 April
1397:fascist
1344:agronom
1321:with a
1301:for a "
1224:Germans
1167:Germany
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1120:Latgale
993:Liepāja
989:Karosta
884:Houston
878:in the
854:and at
850:at the
798:Latvian
448:Himself
403:Himself
296:Himself
67:Himself
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1161:, the
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962:Saeima
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860:Latvia
734:Family
331:Latvia
2695:Emsis
2690:Repše
2680:Šķēle
2665:Šķēle
2299:1931
2167:p. 96
2088:Diena
1897:S2CID
1858:(PDF)
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2146:ISBN
2125:2018
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2080:LETA
2057:2018
2031:2015
1978:2021
1951:2018
1929:2018
1889:ISSN
1823:ISBN
1787:2019
1761:help
1740:2019
1667:2018
1638:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1609:link
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