38:
78:
1742:
216:
during the transfer maneuver. While most satellite operators plan to perform such a maneuver at the end of their satellites' operational lives, through 2005 only about one-third succeeded. Given the economic value of the positions at geosynchronous altitude, unless premature spacecraft failure
403:
is the aspect area to mass ratio of the satellite. This formula includes about 200 km for the GEO-protected zone to also permit orbit maneuvers in GEO without interference with the graveyard orbit. Another 35 kilometres (22 mi) of
342:
470:
Uncontrolled objects in a near geostationary orbit (GEO) exhibit a 53-year cycle of orbital inclination due to the interaction of the Earth's tilt with the lunar orbit. The orbital inclination varies ± 7.4°, at up to 0.8°pa.
495:
for launch by 2022 necessitates new approaches for deorbiting to assure earlier removal of the objects once they have reached end-of-life. Contrary to GEO graveyard orbits requiring three months' worth of fuel
427:(FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002, to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational lives. U.S. government regulations require a boost,
401:
254:
208:
beyond the operational orbit. The transfer to a graveyard orbit beyond geostationary orbit requires the same amount of fuel as a satellite needs for about three months of
450:
373:
266:
928:
193:
of about 1,500 metres per second (4,900 ft/s), whereas re-orbiting it to a graveyard orbit only requires about 11 metres per second (36 ft/s).
545: – nuclear reactor satellite, remaining in a 700-nautical-mile (1,300 km; 810 mi) sub-synchronous Earth orbit for an expected 4,000 years
480:
221:
875:
500:
of 11 m/s) to reach, large satellite networks in LEO require orbits that passively decay into the Earth's atmosphere. For example, both
802:
720:
833:
1619:
695:
1679:
913:
424:
1674:
1554:
973:
488:
1639:
1393:
1712:
1351:
1342:
1079:
777:
37:
1766:
1659:
1129:
857:
696:"Method for re-orbiting a dual-mode propulsion geostationary spacecraft – Patent # 5651515 – PatentGenius"
1781:
1604:
213:
1584:
1411:
409:
17:
378:
1722:
54:
1707:
1232:
464:
413:
66:
483:
of millions of years, the increasing number of satellites, the launch of microsatellites, and the
233:
1717:
1025:
405:
209:
186:
430:
1771:
1579:
1181:
1101:
1089:
809:
509:
154:
1776:
1702:
1644:
1614:
1402:
1279:
1247:
1217:
1176:
1161:
1040:
492:
412:(primarily solar and lunar). The remaining part of the equation considers the effects of the
350:
162:
843:
77:
1727:
1549:
1333:
1222:
1191:
1119:
1094:
1069:
1030:
1011:
966:
751:
337:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}=235{\mbox{ km}}+\left(1000C_{R}{\frac {A}{m}}\right){\mbox{ km}}}
201:
158:
8:
1589:
1384:
1124:
548:
525:
257:
197:
28:
755:
1262:
1151:
1049:
904:
42:
739:
1629:
1527:
1457:
1212:
1166:
1084:
420:
181:
A graveyard orbit is used when the change in velocity required to perform a de-orbit
153:
that lies away from common operational orbits. One significant graveyard orbit is a
1609:
1541:
1305:
1267:
1141:
1111:
1064:
521:
517:
479:
While the standard geosynchronous satellite graveyard orbit results in an expected
182:
50:
699:
217:
precludes it, satellites are moved to a graveyard orbit prior to decommissioning.
1649:
1242:
1146:
1035:
959:
150:
46:
1745:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1569:
1564:
1495:
1475:
1466:
1059:
1045:
1021:
1016:
991:
781:
537:
62:
512:
that decommissioned satellites will decay to a lower orbit – a
1760:
1599:
1594:
1513:
1156:
1074:
1664:
1574:
1448:
1431:
1289:
1186:
1054:
933:
457:
453:
170:
1669:
1504:
1274:
1254:
1171:
1237:
951:
929:"SpaceX and OneWeb broadband satellites raise fears about space debris"
744:
Proceedings of the 4th
European Conference on Space Debris (ESA SP-587)
166:
130:
116:
102:
1654:
1006:
838:
205:
456:
received the first-ever fine by the FCC for failing to de-orbit its
803:"Report of the IADC Activities on Space Debris Mitigation Measures"
542:
228:
1559:
906:
497:
225:
190:
161:. Some satellites are moved into such orbits at the end of their
568:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
778:"Broadcast 1666 (Special Edition) – Topic: Space debris issues"
721:"ESA – Space debris mitigation: the case for a code of conduct"
505:
501:
1364:
983:
416:, which depends on the physical parameters of the satellite.
70:
528:
the atmosphere and burn up within one year of end-of-life.
82:
463:
A spacecraft moved to a graveyard orbit will typically be
776:
Johnson, Nicholas (2011-12-05). Livingston, David (ed.).
484:
876:"DISH gets first-ever space debris fine over EchoStar-7"
165:
to reduce the probability of colliding with operational
328:
285:
738:
Jehn, R.; Agapov, V.; Hernández, C. (20 April 2005).
433:
381:
353:
269:
236:
737:
740:"End-of-Life Disposal of Geostationary Satellites"
444:
395:
367:
336:
248:
858:"US Government Orbital Debris Standard Practices"
635:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
460:satellite according to the terms of its license.
1758:
375:is the solar radiation pressure coefficient and
222:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
898:
896:
452:, of about 300 km (186 mi). In 2023
967:
606:is the gravitational constant, approximately
893:
920:
1741:
974:
960:
916:. Jerusalem, Israel. IAC-15,A6,7,3,x27478.
873:
655:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
392:
364:
245:
981:
902:
618:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
419:In order to obtain a license to provide
76:
36:
926:
775:
204:, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred
14:
1759:
1620:Transposition, docking, and extraction
516: – where the satellite
955:
914:International Astronautical Congress
903:Anderson, Paul; et al. (2015).
874:Shepardson, David (2 October 2023).
423:services in the United States, the
408:must be allowed for the effects of
43:medium altitude orbits around Earth
24:
834:"FCC Enters Orbital Debris Debate"
598:is the orbital period in seconds;
594:is the radius of orbit in metres;
434:
270:
237:
81:An example of a graveyard orbit –
25:
1793:
1680:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
474:
425:Federal Communications Commission
1740:
1675:Interplanetary Transport Network
1555:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
396:{\displaystyle {\frac {A}{m}}\,}
1640:Astronomical coordinate systems
1394:Longitude of the ascending node
927:Brodkin, Jon (4 October 2017).
867:
1713:Retrograde and prograde motion
850:
826:
795:
769:
731:
713:
688:
629:
562:
212:. It also requires a reliable
41:Clickable image, highlighting
13:
1:
681:
602:is the orbital speed in m/s;
1660:Equatorial coordinate system
249:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}\,}
185:is too large. De-orbiting a
34:Spacecraft end-of-life orbit
7:
531:
410:gravitational perturbations
176:
10:
1798:
1412:Longitude of the periapsis
508:have committed to the FCC
445:{\displaystyle \Delta {H}}
26:
1736:
1723:Specific angular momentum
1628:
1540:
1484:
1420:
1373:
1313:
1304:
1200:
1110:
999:
990:
67:Van Allen radiation belts
555:
414:solar radiation pressure
27:Not to be confused with
1718:Specific orbital energy
368:{\displaystyle C_{R}\,}
187:geostationary satellite
63:Moon's orbital distance
1130:Geostationary transfer
551:, in the Pacific Ocean
510:regulatory authorities
446:
397:
369:
338:
250:
155:supersynchronous orbit
134:
74:
61:, at one ninth of the
1703:Orbital state vectors
1645:Characteristic energy
1615:Trans-lunar injection
1403:Argument of periapsis
1080:Prograde / Retrograde
1041:Hyperbolic trajectory
447:
398:
370:
339:
251:
202:geosynchronous orbits
80:
40:
1550:Bi-elliptic transfer
1070:Parabolic trajectory
431:
379:
351:
267:
234:
159:geosynchronous orbit
1767:Derelict satellites
1590:Low-energy transfer
756:2005ESASP.587..373J
549:Spacecraft cemetery
524:and then naturally
520:would decay due to
258:geostationary orbit
224:(IADC) the minimum
198:geostationary orbit
55:geostationary orbit
29:Spacecraft cemetery
1782:Spacecraft endings
1585:Inclination change
1233:Distant retrograde
489:megaconstellations
487:approval of large
442:
421:telecommunications
393:
365:
334:
332:
289:
246:
196:For satellites in
135:
75:
1754:
1753:
1728:Two-line elements
1536:
1535:
1458:Eccentric anomaly
1300:
1299:
1167:Orbit of the Moon
1026:Highly elliptical
846:on March 8, 2005.
784:. 1:03:05–1:06:20
750:. ESA/ESOC: 373.
622:10 kg (1.318
390:
331:
320:
288:
220:According to the
83:Earth fixed frame
16:(Redirected from
1789:
1744:
1743:
1685:Lagrangian point
1580:Hohmann transfer
1525:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1311:
1310:
1280:Heliosynchronous
1229:Lagrange points
1182:Transatmospheric
997:
996:
976:
969:
962:
953:
952:
946:
945:
943:
941:
924:
918:
917:
911:
900:
891:
890:
888:
886:
871:
865:
864:
862:
854:
848:
847:
842:. Archived from
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
814:
808:. Archived from
807:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
773:
767:
766:
764:
762:
735:
729:
728:
717:
711:
710:
708:
707:
698:. Archived from
692:
675:
674:
672:
670:
669:
666:
663:
654:
652:
650:
649:
646:
643:
633:
627:
625:
621:
613:
611:
566:
522:atmospheric drag
518:orbital altitude
491:of thousands of
481:orbital lifetime
451:
449:
448:
443:
441:
402:
400:
399:
394:
391:
383:
374:
372:
371:
366:
363:
362:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
321:
313:
311:
310:
290:
286:
277:
255:
253:
252:
247:
244:
214:attitude control
163:operational life
141:, also called a
133:
128:
119:
114:
105:
100:
91:
89:
51:High Earth orbit
21:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1732:
1650:Escape velocity
1631:
1624:
1605:Rocket equation
1532:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:Semi-minor axis
1347:
1343:Semi-major axis
1338:
1329:
1323:
1296:
1218:Areosynchronous
1202:
1196:
1177:Sun-synchronous
1162:Near-equatorial
1106:
986:
980:
950:
949:
939:
937:
925:
921:
909:
901:
894:
884:
882:
872:
868:
860:
856:
855:
851:
832:
831:
827:
818:
816:
812:
805:
801:
800:
796:
787:
785:
774:
770:
760:
758:
736:
732:
719:
718:
714:
705:
703:
694:
693:
689:
684:
679:
678:
667:
664:
662:405,696 km
661:
660:
658:
656:
647:
644:
642:363,104 km
641:
640:
638:
636:
634:
630:
623:
619:
609:
607:
567:
563:
558:
534:
477:
437:
432:
429:
428:
382:
380:
377:
376:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
327:
312:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
273:
268:
265:
264:
240:
235:
232:
231:
179:
169:and generating
139:graveyard orbit
126:
125:
112:
111:
98:
97:
87:
86:
85:
59:graveyard orbit
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1746:List of orbits
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Orbit equation
1695:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:Gravity assist
1567:
1565:Delta-v budget
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1496:Orbital period
1488:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1476:True longitude
1469:
1467:Mean longitude
1460:
1451:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:Areostationary
1220:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1192:Very low Earth
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:Geosynchronous
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1102:Transfer orbit
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Lagrange point
1057:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
994:
988:
987:
982:Gravitational
979:
978:
971:
964:
956:
948:
947:
919:
892:
866:
849:
825:
794:
782:The Space Show
768:
730:
712:
686:
685:
683:
680:
677:
676:
668:42,164 km
648:42,164 km
628:
560:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
546:
540:
538:List of orbits
533:
530:
514:disposal orbit
476:
475:Disposal orbit
473:
440:
436:
389:
386:
361:
357:
345:
344:
325:
319:
316:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
283:
280:
276:
272:
243:
239:
210:stationkeeping
178:
175:
147:disposal orbit
49:to the lowest
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Astrodynamics
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:-body problem
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Oberth effect
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:Orbital speed
1508:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:Earth's orbit
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Geostationary
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
989:
985:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
957:
954:
936:
935:
930:
923:
915:
908:
907:
899:
897:
881:
877:
870:
859:
853:
845:
841:
840:
835:
829:
815:on 2015-04-02
811:
804:
798:
783:
779:
772:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
726:
722:
716:
702:on 2013-11-10
701:
697:
691:
687:
632:
617:
612:10 Nm/kg
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586: =
585:
582:
578:
575:
572: =
571:
565:
561:
550:
547:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
438:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
387:
384:
359:
355:
323:
317:
314:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
278:
274:
263:
262:
261:
259:
241:
230:
227:
223:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
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109:
104:
95:
84:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
1777:Earth orbits
1708:Perturbation
1690:
1665:Ground track
1575:Gravity turn
1526:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1449:True anomaly
1447:
1432:Mean anomaly
1430:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1334:Eccentricity
1332:
1290:Lunar cycler
1263:Heliocentric
1203:other points
1152:Medium Earth
1136:
1050:Non-inclined
938:. Retrieved
934:Ars Technica
932:
922:
905:
883:. Retrieved
879:
869:
852:
844:the original
837:
828:
817:. Retrieved
810:the original
797:
786:. Retrieved
771:
759:. Retrieved
747:
743:
733:
724:
715:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
690:
631:
626:10 lb).
615:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
564:
513:
478:
469:
462:
458:EchoStar VII
418:
346:
219:
195:
180:
171:space debris
157:well beyond
146:
142:
138:
136:
121:
107:
93:
90: Earth
65:), with the
58:
1670:Hill sphere
1505:Mean motion
1385:Inclination
1374:Orientation
1275:Mars cycler
1213:Areocentric
1085:Synchronous
780:(podcast).
761:November 6,
725:www.esa.int
256:beyond the
189:requires a
1761:Categories
1610:Rendezvous
1306:Parameters
1142:High Earth
1112:Geocentric
1065:Osculating
1022:Elliptical
819:2015-03-07
788:2015-01-05
706:2012-10-28
682:References
657:(that is,
637:(that is,
493:satellites
465:passivated
206:kilometers
167:spacecraft
143:junk orbit
131:Spaceway-3
117:Spaceway-2
103:Spaceway-1
18:Junk orbit
1655:Ephemeris
1632:mechanics
1542:Maneuvers
1485:Variation
1248:Libration
1243:Lissajous
1147:Low Earth
1137:Graveyard
1036:Horseshoe
885:3 October
839:Space.com
435:Δ
406:tolerance
271:Δ
238:Δ
47:Low Earth
1421:Position
1046:Inclined
1017:Circular
940:28 April
590:, where
543:SNAP-10A
532:See also
330: km
287: km
229:altitude
183:maneuver
177:Overview
149:, is an
73:to scale
69:and the
57:and its
1630:Orbital
1600:Phasing
1560:Delta-v
1365:Apsides
1359:,
1157:Molniya
1075:Parking
1012:Capture
1000:General
912:. 66th
880:Reuters
752:Bibcode
671:
659:
651:
639:
526:reenter
498:delta-V
226:perigee
191:delta-v
129:
115:
101:
45:, from
1286:Other
1187:Tundra
1055:Kepler
1031:Escape
984:orbits
506:SpaceX
502:OneWeb
347:where
127:
122:·
120:
113:
108:·
106:
99:
94:·
92:
88:
1528:Epoch
1317:Shape
1255:Lunar
1209:Mars
1201:About
1172:Polar
992:Types
910:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
806:(PDF)
608:6.673
556:Notes
151:orbit
124:
110:
96:
71:Earth
1320:Size
1259:Sun
1238:Halo
1090:semi
942:2019
887:2023
763:2022
579:and
504:and
454:DISH
300:1000
260:is:
200:and
1095:sub
1007:Box
748:587
485:FCC
282:235
145:or
1763::
1443:,
1439:,
1048:/
1024:/
931:.
895:^
878:.
836:.
746:.
742:.
723:.
614:;
588:GM
577:GM
467:.
173:.
137:A
1691:n
1523:0
1520:t
1510:v
1501:n
1492:T
1472:l
1463:L
1454:E
1445:f
1441:θ
1437:ν
1428:M
1408:ϖ
1399:ω
1390:Ω
1381:i
1361:q
1357:Q
1348:b
1339:a
1330:e
975:e
968:t
961:v
944:.
889:.
863:.
822:.
791:.
765:.
754::
727:.
709:.
673:)
665:/
653:)
645:/
624:×
620:×
616:M
610:×
604:G
600:V
596:T
592:R
584:R
581:V
574:T
570:R
496:(
439:H
388:m
385:A
360:R
356:C
324:)
318:m
315:A
308:R
304:C
296:(
292:+
279:=
275:H
242:H
53:(
31:.
20:)
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