390:
vertical rollers are both alike, and are of a width a little greater than the extreme width of the flanges. They are arranged opposite the space between the horizontal ones, and work in close contact with the sides of the roller. In order to give the flanges and their beams, a taper or an elliptic, or other curved form, the vertical rollers have flanges, whose faces bear on the edges of the flanges of the beam, and cause the said rollers to receive such a movement in the direction of their axes, and apply such a force I that direction as bends the flanges of the beam to the desired form.
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distinguishable from yellow fever. Yellow fever is not a chronic disease. The victim has a single acute episode, with liver complications (hence the yellow skin color). If you survive the attack, you are immune to later episodes. Decompression sickness is acute, very painful, but would not show the fever or liver symptoms associated with malaria or yellow fever. The doctors at the time may not have known the precise causes of the three conditions, but it is inconceivable to me that they might confuse them."
357:
1863, he was directed to bring with him photographic equipment after spending one month being trained on their use by members of the U.S. Coast Survey in
Washington, DC. His personal effects enumerated at the time of his death included photographic supplies. His proficiency in photographic uses in 1851 was possible. No works are known to have survived.
718:. His duties appear to be varied, responding to Porter's needs at the time: First, working with the U.S. Coast Survey in developing navigation charts of the Mississippi to support naval operations. Second, developing strategies to use torpedoes to destroy enemy vessels and underwater obstructions. During the
538:
in the amount of $ 18,000. Julius H. Kroehl and Sidney D. Roberts served as sureties for the contract. However, monies appropriated for the project were spent elsewhere, so worked dragged through 1861, with work being performed with the assurance that the U.S. Congress will appropriate supplemental
1120:
Don't sell the doctors of the 1860s and 70s short. They knew the difference between malaria, decompression sickness, heart attack, stroke, etc. They didn't always know causality, but they were good diagnosticians. I also note that there is no description of Kroehl's last dive. Was he found dead
1109:
Email statement: "I do not see how they could have been confused. Malaria is a chronic fever, caused by a microorganism that is suppressed but not cured by quinine. Malaria attacks could easily become worse if the patient was reinfected by a trip to Panama. Even in the 1860s, malaria was easily
836:
assumed that the death was a result of the
Panamanian environment. Sophia had to prove that the death was malaria, and that the malaria resulted from his military service. Attempts in 1880 and 1890 generated much paperwork, with sworn statements from neighbors attesting to their marriage and that
416:
district, which would be situated on an outcropping of rock. On
January 14, 1856, the Commissioner of Repairs and Supplies received two bids. Bogardus submitted his usual design at a bid of $ 5,750, but Kroehl and his partner Peter V. Husted (H&K) won the contract with a lower bid of $ 2,300;
213:
His father was Jacob Kroehl. He was a merchant in Memel. From 1829 to 1833, the family residence was listed as
Hausvogteiplatz 11, Berlin, suggesting that the family relocated to the Prussian capitol around that time. His mother, Johann Philipine Dorothea, later immigrated to the United States in
424:
Comparing the structure and techniques of this tower with those designed and constructed by
Bogardus show many similarities, especially in the method of bolting joints together. In April 1857, Bogardus sued the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York, claiming a patent infringement
389:
an improvement in machinery for bending flanges on wrought iron beams. There is a pair of horizontal, and a pair of vertical rollers; the former pair has one roller with a face of the full depth of the beam, and the other has its face the depth of the beam minus the thickness of the flanges. The
356:
magazine describes the Fair of the
American Institute. One exhibit was of colored photographs by Messrs. Kroehl & Vetter, of No. 499 Broad Street. This does not necessarily mean this was Julius Kroehl. However, when Kroehl was ordered to support Union forces during the Vicksburg Campaign of
479:
vetoed the contract on August 7, 1855, citing that the
Council did not have the authority to award contracts, since such authority resides with the Street Commissioner. After appeals and new bidding, H&K was awarded the contract without further dispute, and proceeded to remove the underwater
1113:
And a follow-up email from the same day: "Decompression sickness, or caisson disease, or "the bends" was first documented in the 1840s. A competent doctor could not mistake this condition for malaria or some other tropical fever. I notice the article doesn't actually say malaria - - -it says
453:
and had to go back to dry dock for repairs, though no material damage was sustained. The area was then called "Vanderbilt Rock" with the expectation that City and State officials would arrange its removal as a hazard to navigation. For over a year, no action was taken. Later, H&K received a
828:
Sophia was in a financially desperate situation. With over $ 40,000 tied up in a submarine that was left on Isla San Telmo, there was essentially no income. Any royalties from patents were expiring. She wrote to
Admiral Porter for assistance. He provided her a letter of introduction, which
324:
as well as native-born nationalists. One of the aims of the society was to monitor political situations around Europe through committees of correspondence, and note any violation of the rights of naturalized
American citizens. Kroehl brought to the attention of the society that one Henry von
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was favored to win the contract based on his experience with underwater demolition and salvage. He attempted in 1851 to reduce this underwater obstacle by blasting. This effort was accomplished by lowering a canister of powder onto the rock at flood tide, then backing away a safe distance,
232:
William John Kroehl (1816–1879) resided in
England from 1836 through the remainder of his life. UK marriage records show a different father; his citizenship petition showed that he came from Memel, and is likely a cousin. He was naturalised a British citizen on 23 January 1849.
369:. Several assistant engineers were employed to oversee the construction of certain parts of this exhibition hall. He was responsible for the construction of the dome, the building's central feature. For three years after, he was noted as the "engineer of the Crystal Palace."
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when the sub surfaced? Was there a coroner's inquest? How long did it take "all the other divers" to die? How big was the crew? If it was powered by human muscle (like the Hunley), one man could not have moved it very far. Did anyone else die the day that Kroehl died?"
201:, he was referred to as "captain." Using the honorific title of "captain" was usually indicative of holding an officer's commission in foreign army or having served as an officer in a volunteer militia or fire company. In his letter of introduction to Brigadier General
240:
around 1854, was active in city politics, and served as an officer of the 5th New York State Militia in 1861 for the protection of the nation's capital during its three-month mobilization. He later served as a surveyor for New York City until the end of his life.
539:
funds. But the seizure of Norfolk by Confederate forces in April 1861 forestalled final completion of the project, with an amount owed to Parmenter. In 1874 and 1876, House Committee reports for private relief recommended that the outstanding amounts be paid.
475:
detonating it with a galvanic battery. However, this was not yet deemed sufficient, and another bid was undertaken a few years later. Kroehl & Husted was one among five bidders. The Common Council awarded the contract to H&K, but Mayor
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However, the symptoms of decompression sickness do not match that of malaria. His widow, Sophia, argued that his death was from service-related malaria, citing witnesses who knew him during the Vicksburg campaign as well as medical statements.
606:– the Astor Rifles – along with a corps of engineers and another of pontoniers. Julius Kroehl was proposed as the captain of the corps of pontoniers. However, Asboth's proposal was not accepted and the venture went no further.
197:. While residing in New York City, he became an American citizen on October 26, 1849, formally renouncing any loyalty to the King of Prussia and taking on the duties of American citizenship. During his civilian employment with the
495:, hired H&K to blast Merlin Rock, which lies at the western end of the narrows in St. John's Harbor, in June 1855. They were successful in accomplishing the work by August of that year, to the contracted clearance of 27 feet.
425:(#7,337). He cited that he was entitled to a royalty payment of $ 289, plus actual damages of $ 20,000. The jury agreed that he was entitled to the royalty payment, but not to the damages. Bogardus appealed the ruling to the
857:
While researching records about Kroehl, statements about him have varied from being "a good officer, and a fine man, and under any circumstances would have sacrificed his life in the cause of his country" (Admiral Porter in
630:
near Alexandria in 40 feet of water when a sudden squall caused the barge to shift its cargo. In early July 1861, Julius Kroehl, representing his firm of H&K, successfully recovered the locomotive and its tender.
288:
Sophia was the niece of the American portrait artist, James Alexander Simpson, and first cousin to another portrait artist, Charles S. Hein, and his brother, Lt. Col. Otto L. Hein. She was also a distant relative of
849:, to lobby personally with the bureau. At first, the Bureau turned down the appeals. However, a few months before she died, her pension was increased substantially, indicating that she at one time proved her case.
341:
during the 1850s. At this time, the term "submarine" referred to anything underwater, and not exclusively to diving vessels. During this time, he was involved in several engineering and technical projects.
722:
he sank a coal barge on his own initiative which allowed the Union ships to retreat from a tenuous position. Later, he was assigned to work with the U.S. Artillery of Lauman's division during the
236:
Otto Sackersdorff (1820–1879) also resided in New York City. Julius Kroehl thought highly of him as evidenced by his will in bequeathing many of his papers and reference books. Otto served in the
829:
probably resulted in her employment with the U.S. Department of the Treasury. However, attempts to collect on a pension for widows were thwarted by the circumstances of Julius' death.
816:
On October 11, 2018, Kroehl's remains were exhumed to confirm his identity and the reason for his death. As a Civil War veteran, his remains are expected to be re-interred in the
734:. He recuperated at his brother's home. He recovered well enough to continue his civilian occupation as a submarine engineer, but was still suffering from it when he left for
229:. Passenger lists and passport records suggest that Henry made a few trips to Germany throughout his life. No other siblings have been identified to this article at this time.
687:
requested his services. He received a commission as an Acting Volunteer Lieutenant in the United States Navy on December 12, 1862. He was first assigned to Admiral Lee's
325:
Rensche was arrested by Prussian authorities for crimes against the Crown despite being a naturalized citizen. The Society of Universal Democratic Republicanism included
837:
she had not remarried, from Henry Kroehl about Julius' condition upon his discharge, a doctor's statement that he was diagnosed with malaria, and a statement from
626:
contributed six locomotives. These had to be ferried on a barge from Washington, DC, to Alexandria. In June 1861, Locomotive No. 160 and its tender fell into the
1058:
Delgado, James P. 2006. "Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American-Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama"
225:, after 1870. He was a partner with Otto Dill, until he died in 1861. Henry was married to the former Cornelia Rogers Turfler. Their bodies were buried at
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810:
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in May 1861, military authorities requested the transfer of locomotives to that town in support of the upcoming campaign in northern Virginia. The
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Kroehl's first service for the Union was not as a soldier, but as a civilian contractor. On February 2, 1862, he received a contract to perform
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or supplement the blockade were stillborn. On January 1, 1863, he received orders to report to Admiral Porter for service in the
237:
503:
During the demolition of Diamond Reef, H&K provided underwater explosives to the U.S. Navy for clearing obstructions in the
417:
H&K pointed out that the tower need not be as tall, thus saving material and labor. This tower still stands in what is now
1278:
817:
758:. Later, in March 1867, he, with his crew and submarine, shipped out to Panama. He supervised its transport by rail once at
151:, technically advanced for its era. His achievements in architecture, civil and mechanical engineering were also significant.
921:
1141:
655:. This was not successful, due to trying to move the bomb-vessel upstream against a strong current. After the fall of
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Washington: Government Printing Office. - Service with the US Navy as both a contractor and as a commissioned officer.
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217:
His brother Henry (1819–1890) left to the U.S. in 1838. He had established himself as a merchant, with a business in
1268:
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250:
875:
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had militated many Americans to form societies supporting the U.S. government's interest against the claims of the
1263:
316:. One such committee, the Society of Universal Democratic Republicanism, grew out of a movement to present Capt.
568:
534:, contracted with the Navy Department to construct, erect and complete an iron roof for the victualling house at
273:. Julius and Sophia had no children. After Julius' death, his widow did not remarry, but continued to live in
1151:
408:
The City of New York, in order to improve safety during its growth, laid out a series of fire watch towers.
274:
1187:
592:
403:
105:
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777:, with death being attributed to "fever," and was buried there. It has been speculated that he died of
300:
Records of the Mount Morris Fire Watchtower also refer to a Nina Kroehl, of unknown relation to Julius.
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692:
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with her widowed mother, sisters, and brother until her death on September 29, 1916, and is buried in
1180:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies.
1173:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
842:
774:
1132:
730:, and was honorably discharged on August 8, 1863, after being sent back to New York City by way of
648:
1175:
Washington: Government Printing Office. - Assignment with the Army during the siege of Vicksburg.
644:
412:, an innovator of cast iron houses, introduced the first of these towers. One was needed in the
366:
222:
117:
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hazard. Blasting operations continued every year, except during the winter months, until 1860.
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535:
365:
From 1852 to 1853, Kroehl was employed as an assistant engineer during the construction of the
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726:(June 6, 1863) until the end of the siege on July 4, 1863. During this time, he contracted
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623:
326:
265:, and was a well-to-do merchant; her mother, Hellen Maria Simpson (1809–1890) came from the
1248:
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619:
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442:
266:
1202:
United States Bureau of Pensions, Widow's Pension File for Sophia Kroehl, Certificate 5096
8:
938:
908:
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751:
584:
471:
352:
258:
226:
148:
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1229:– various articles on Diamond Reef, New Orleans campaign and the Pacific Pearl Company.
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859:
798:
755:
723:
680:
552:
426:
320:, USN, a medal for protecting Kostza in the port of Smyrna, Turkey. Many members were
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198:
183:
1102:
Greenberg, Stephen. History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, NIH.
659:, his services were dismissed on May 20, 1862 He provided a report to Navy Secretary
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1071:
866:). He had been cited in several Northern newspapers from the 1850s until his death.
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was the United States Consul who inventoried his possessions and reported the death.
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450:
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1133:
Röbel, Sven. 2006. “The Secret of the Pearl Islands: Early Submarine Discovery”.
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735:
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652:
338:
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205:, his qualifications were described as having served "in the artillery abroad."
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His services were still in demand. First, he demonstrated the use of electric
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Official Records of the War of the Rebellion - Navies, vol. XVIII, p. 431
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762:(now ColĂłn), and the vessel's reassembly at the Pacific side of the country.
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on submarine operations on June 2, 1862, after his return to New York City.
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who served with him at Vicksburg. On top of that, she even had Archbishop
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515:, should the ships encounter any. The items were provided to the steamer
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1003:"Realizan la exhumaciĂłn a Julius Kroehl, inventor del submarino moderno"
711:
Kroehl served as a member of Admiral Porter's personal staff aboard the
171:
163:
37:
1090:
Cast-Iron Architecture in America: The Significance of James Bogardus.
806:
615:
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463:
647:. His primary task was to remove the chain barrier stretching between
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588:
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175:
144:
45:
1148:-Includes references to Kroehl while serving in the US Navy in 1863.
695:. Attempts to use his torpedoes either to remove obstructions near
572:
337:
Kroehl listed himself as a "submarine engineer" on Broad Street in
270:
1196:
Court of Common Pleas (NYC), B91, R57 – US Citizenship proceedings
727:
576:
262:
1199:
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Website search
462:
The maritime hazard of Diamond Reef lies at the entrance to the
1068:
Misadventures of a Civil War Submarine: Iron, Guns, and Pearls.
770:
706:
413:
378:
179:
110:
1166:
Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, Mayor of the City of New-York
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in 1865. He successfully tested his craft in May 1866 at the
951:
U.S. Department of Navy Instructions included in pension file
793:(Foreigners' Cemetery), located in the Chorrillo district of
498:
1081:
Kahn, David. 1976. "Bogardus, Fire and the Iron Tower."
249:
Julius married Sophia Rosa Lueber on November 25, 1858, at
261:. Her father, Francis Lueber (1791–1852), emigrated from
214:
1848, but as the wife of a British merchant, John Heanes.
746:
1864 Kroehl became chief engineer and shareholder of the
394:
Kroehl secured the patent as #12,133 on January 2, 1855.
269:
and was descended from the original English settlers in
257:. She was born on August 27. 1832, and was a native of
571:
for the formation of an all-arms brigade consisting of
143:
inventor and engineer. He invented and built the first
1029:"Remains of US submarine innovator exhumed in Panama"
898:
Widow's Naval Pension Application and Church records
454:
contract and they promptly removed the obstruction.
377:
Kroehl applied for a patent around March 1854 for a
1092:New York: WW Norton & Company. 272 pp.
1083:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1035:. Hearst Communications, Inc. AP. October 11, 2018
1152:Cornell University’s Making of America collection
530:On 1 July 1859, F.W. Parmenter, a machinist from
1235:
926:New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
332:
397:
329:, Hugh Forbes and Henry H. Morange as members.
1161:- articles relating to patent and Diamond Reef
1070:Texas A&M University Press. 184pp.
1060:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
707:Mississippi River and the Vicksburg Campaign
666:
862:application) to being a "failure" (Admiral
591:. The main portion would have consisted of
493:New York and Newfoundland Telegraph Company
147:able to dive and resurface on its own, the
1000:
741:
499:Outfitting the Paraguay Expedition of 1858
360:
1294:People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
1001:Castillero, VerĂłnica (October 11, 2018).
978:Consular papers, included in Pension file
604:29th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
599:– the Garibaldi Guards – and
597:39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
372:
139:) (1820 – September 9, 1867) was a
1088:Gayle, Margot and Gayle, Carol. 1998.
1274:Prussian emigrants to the United States
1236:
558:
845:of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of
781:, during experimental dives with the
765:Kroehl died on September 9, 1867, in
609:
542:
381:forming machine. It is described in
303:
16:German American inventor and engineer
801:. These cemeteries are reserved for
547:Julius Hermann Kroehl served in the
525:
57:September 9, 1867 (aged 46–47)
1164:b. MacLeod, Xavier Donald, 1856.
13:
823:
689:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
436:
429:, but Supreme Court Chief Justice
14:
1305:
251:Holy Trinity Church of Georgetown
1085:, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, October 1976
876:German inventors and discoverers
789:Kroehl's body was buried in the
1284:19th-century American inventors
1021:
994:
988:
457:
189:On 29 July 1844, he arrived in
1188:Kroehl-Olin Families Genealogy
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809:of any religious affiliation.
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483:
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1:
1279:19th-century German inventors
1129:New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
881:
852:
433:upheld the ruling on appeal.
333:Engineering and New York City
157:
1142:Theberge, Albert E. 1997.
404:Mount Morris Fire Watchtower
398:Mount Morris Fire Watchtower
106:Mount Morris Fire Watchtower
7:
1114:"fever." There are dozens.
987:see Greenberg email in the
869:
419:Marcus Garvey Memorial Park
244:
162:Kröhl was born in 1820, in
10:
1310:
1144:The Coast Survey 1807-1867
701:Mississippi River Squadron
693:Wilmington, North Carolina
675:(mines) to be used in the
401:
238:United States Coast Survey
1289:American marine engineers
1254:American naval architects
1138:(ON LINE), 21 April 2006.
1066:Delgado James P. 2012.
820:, near the Panama Canal.
818:Corozal American Cemetery
791:Cementerio de Extranjeros
775:United States of Colombia
720:Steele's Bayou Expedition
667:James River and Cape Fear
208:
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93:
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78:
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23:
1269:People from East Prussia
679:. Later, both Admirals
178:). His family moved to
742:Pearl fishing in Panama
645:Lower Mississippi River
367:New York Crystal Palace
361:New York Crystal Palace
223:Asbury Park, New Jersey
221:, and later resided in
118:New York Crystal Palace
1125:Hein, Otto L. 1925.
779:decompression sickness
536:Norfolk Naval Shipyard
491:, as president of the
470:and Lower Manhattan.
392:
373:Flange forming machine
1127:Memories of Long Ago.
1007:La Estrella de Panamá
969:Per widow's statement
748:Pacific Pearl Company
624:Pennsylvania Railroad
387:
327:Charles F. Henningsen
133:Julius Hermann Kroehl
25:Julius Hermann Kroehl
1264:People from KlaipÄ—da
1215:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
783:Sub Marine Explorer.
620:Alexandria, Virginia
443:Cornelius Vanderbilt
295:Mary Jenkins Surratt
267:District of Columbia
1159:Scientific American
1104:Technical Question.
939:Scientific American
909:Scientific American
847:St. Paul, Minnesota
752:Sub Marine Explorer
559:Corps of Pontoniers
472:Benjamin Maillefert
383:Scientific American
353:Scientific American
350:An 1851 article in
259:Frederick, Maryland
227:Green-Wood Cemetery
149:Sub Marine Explorer
101:Sub Marine Explorer
1259:Submarine pioneers
1223:– various articles
1217:– various articles
912:(November 1, 1851)
811:Thomas Kilby Smith
799:Republic of Panama
756:Brooklyn Navy Yard
724:siege of Vicksburg
681:David Dixon Porter
610:Locomotive No. 160
553:American Civil War
543:American Civil War
427:U.S. Supreme Court
308:In late 1853, the
304:Political activity
279:Holy Rood Cemetery
199:United States Navy
184:Kingdom of Prussia
94:Significant design
88:Engineering career
942:(August 16, 1856)
922:"Historical sign"
839:Alexander Strausz
526:Norfolk Navy Yard
468:Governor's Island
449:, ran aground on
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750:. He built the
567:proposed to the
565:Alexander Asboth
441:On 21 May 1853,
283:Washington, D.C.
44:(in present-day
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736:Central America
732:Cairo, Illinois
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653:Fort St. Philip
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601:von Steinwehr's
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513:Paraguay Rivers
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339:Lower Manhattan
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318:Duncan Ingraham
314:Austrian Empire
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113:forming machine
73:German American
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445:'s yacht, the
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410:James Bogardus
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1051:Bibliography
1050:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
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1011:. Retrieved
1009:(in Spanish)
1006:
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989:Bibliography
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843:John Ireland
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649:Fort Jackson
641:minesweeping
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551:during the
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458:Diamond Reef
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203:Jacob Lauman
194:
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168:East Prussia
161:
153:
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135:(in German,
132:
131:
87:
42:East Prussia
18:
1249:1867 deaths
1244:1820 births
1136:Der Spiegel
1039:October 12,
1013:October 12,
803:Protestants
795:Panama City
767:Panama City
677:James River
657:New Orleans
635:New Orleans
484:Merlin Rock
346:Photography
69:Nationality
61:Panama City
1238:Categories
1168:. 350 pp.
1146:. 623 pp.
882:References
853:Conclusion
807:Freemasons
715:Black Hawk
616:Union Army
614:After the
589:pontoniers
549:Union Navy
464:East River
447:North Star
275:Georgetown
158:Early life
79:Occupation
760:Aspinwall
673:torpedoes
618:occupied
585:engineers
581:artillery
195:Fairfield
176:Lithuania
145:submarine
46:Lithuania
870:See also
593:d'Utassy
573:infantry
466:between
271:Maryland
245:Marriage
172:KlaipÄ—da
82:Engineer
63:, Panama
928:website
728:malaria
643:in the
577:cavalry
519:Memphis
263:Austria
170:(today
1096:
1074:
1033:SFGATE
805:, and
771:Panama
509:Parana
505:Platte
414:Harlem
379:flange
209:Family
180:Berlin
111:Flange
991:below
887:Notes
164:Memel
137:Kröhl
38:Memel
1178:d.
1171:c.
1157:a.
1094:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1041:2018
1015:2018
832:The
713:USS
691:off
683:and
651:and
587:and
517:USS
511:and
293:and
285:.
54:Died
34:1820
31:Born
1190:on
924:on
595:'s
385:as
281:in
253:in
174:in
40:in
1240::
1154::
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797:,
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703:.
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522:.
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421:.
297:.
182:,
166:,
1078:.
1043:.
1017:.
48:)
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