485:. Steward's interest in the evolution of society also caused him to examine processes of modernization. He was one of the first anthropologists to examine the way in which national and local levels of society were related to one another. He questioned the possibility of creating a social theory which encompassed the entire evolution of humanity; yet, he also argued that anthropologists are not limited to description of specific, existing cultures. Steward believed it is possible to create theories analyzing typical, common culture, representative of specific eras or regions. As the decisive factors determining the development of a given culture, he indicated technology and economics, while noting that there are secondary factors, such as political systems, ideologies, and religions. These factors cause a given society to evolve in several ways at the same time.
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contributions: "Cultural
Causality and Law: A Trial Formulation of the Development of Early Civilizations (1949b), "Area Research: Theory and Practice" (1950), "Levels of Sociocultural Integration" (1951), "Evolution and Process (1953a), and "The Cultural Study of Contemporary Societies: Puerto Rico" (Steward and Manners 1953). Clemmer writes, "Altogether, the publications released between 1949 and 1953 represent nearly the entire gamut of Steward's broad range of interests: from cultural evolution, prehistory, and archaeology to the search for causality and cultural "laws" to area studies, the study of contemporary societies, and the relationship of local cultural systems to national ones (Clemmer 1999: xiv)."
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477:. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, American anthropologists were suspicious of generalizations and often unwilling to generalize conclusions from the meticulously detailed monographs that they produced. Steward is notable for developing a more nomothetic, social-scientific style. His theory of "multilinear" cultural evolution examined the way in which societies adapted to their environment. This method was more nuanced than
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on the Great Basin
Shoshone for Kroeber's Culture Element Distribution (CED) survey; in 1935 he received an appointment to the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnography (BAE), which published some of his most influential works. Among them: Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups (1938), which "fully explicated" the paradigm of cultural ecology, and helped decrease the diffusionist emphasis of American anthropology.
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in South
America" (Clemmer 1999: xiv). Clemmer does mention two works that contradict his characteristic style and reveal a less familiar aspect to his work, which are "Aboriginal and Historic Groups of the Ute Indians of Utah: An Analysis and Native Components of the White River Ute Indians" (1963b) and "The Northern Paiute Indians" (Steward and Wheeler-Vogelin 1954; Clemmer 1999; xiv).
300:), high in the White Mountains had a significant influence on his academic and career interests. Steward's "direct engagement" with the land (specifically, subsistence through irrigation and ranching) and the Northern Paiute Amerindians that lived there became a "catalyst" for his theory and method of cultural ecology. (Kerns 1999; Murphy 1977)
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In regard to
Steward's Great Basin work, Clemmer writes, " ... might be characterized as a perspective that people are in large part defined by what they do for a living, can be seen in his growing interest in studying the transformation of slash-and-burn horticulturists into national proletariats
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Steward's research interests mainly concerned "subsistence"—- the dynamic interaction of man, environment, technology, social structure, and the organization of work—- which
Kroeber regarded as "eccentric", original, and innovative. (EthnoAdmin 2003) In 1931, Steward, needing money, began fieldwork
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Steward searched for cross-cultural regularities in an effort to discern principles of culture and culture change. His work explained variation in the complexity of social organization as being limited to within a range possibilities by the environment. In evolutionary terms, he described cultural
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Steward initially emphasized ecosystems and physical environments, but soon became interested in how these environments could influence cultures (Clemmer 1999: ix). It was during
Steward's teaching years at Columbia, which lasted until 1952, that he wrote arguably his most important theoretical
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ecology as "multi-linear", in contrast to the unilinear typological models popular during the 19th century, and Leslie White's "universal" model. Steward's most important theoretical contributions happened during his teaching years at
Columbia (1946–53).
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In addition to his role as a teacher and administrator, Steward is remembered most for his method and theory of
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The
Ceremonial Buffoon of the American Indian, a Study of Ritualized Clowning and Role Reversals
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Steward's most productive years theoretically were from 1946 to 1953, while teaching at
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to establish the Viru Valley project, an ambitious research program involved with
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Clemmer, Richard O., L. Daniel Myers, and Mary
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to attend boarding school in Deep Springs Valley, California, in the
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Julian Steward and the Great Basin: the Making of an Anthropologist.
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known best for his role in developing "the concept and method" of
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151 Scenes From The High Desert: Julian Steward's Life and Theory
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Steward later established an anthropology department at the
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in regional geography—- at Berkeley, where his dissertation
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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257:(January 31, 1902 – February 6, 1972) was an American
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303:As an undergraduate, Steward studied for a year at
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359:, which appealed to him for its proximity to the
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288:At age 16, Steward left an unhappy childhood in
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459:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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446:, and influenced other scholars such as
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618:20th-century American anthropologists
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378:Smithsonian Institution
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349:University of Michigan
339:was accepted in 1929.
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255:Julian Haynes Steward
125:Julian Haynes Steward
298:Deep Springs College
277:Steward was born in
188:Deep Springs College
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548:Steward, Julian H.
539:Manners, Robert A.
405:Columbia University
325:Columbia University
234:Jane Cannon Steward
483:Lewis Henry Morgan
469:Work and influence
357:University of Utah
321:Livingston Farrand
317:Cornell University
192:Cornell University
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230:Dorothy Nyswander
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290:Washington, D.C.
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170:(1972-02-06)
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41:Please help
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578:1972 deaths
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452:Puerto Rico
305:UC Berkeley
294:Great Basin
567:Categories
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216:Occupation
149:1902-01-31
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424:Eric Wolf
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