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Putnam. It was probably a typographical error. As a Quaker, his family's birth registry is recorded in the Quaker records of
Chesterfield, New Jersey Monthly Meeting. This registry lists the names and birth dates of the children of Aaron and Providence Hewes. Joseph Hewes was born, according to the family birth registry, on 28 April 1730. This birth registry was reprinted by Putnam but the typographer inserted 23rd day for 28th day. A few lines below this the date of birth is given as January 23. These typographical errors are one source of confusion. There are two other sources of confusion. Quakers avoided use of the pagan names of the months and days of the by simply numbering them as 1st month, 2nd month,...12th month and 1st day, 2nd day,...7th day. By the old Julian Calendar March was the first month of the year. This makes 4th month equal to June. A plaque at the Chowan County Court House in Edenton, North Carolina erected by the United States Congress has the birth date of April 28, 1730 engraved on it. April is the 4th month by the modern Gregorian Calendar. June was the 4th month by the
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was to pass a resolution affirming loyalty to the
British crown and the British Constitution and declaring that they sought only their rights as Englishmen. The hope was that reconciliation and compromise with England would resolve all disputes. On 27 October William Hopper, Joseph Hewes and Richard Caswell were named to attend the Philadelphia Congress. The three delegates shared the belief that reconciliation was unlikely, but they also believed that only when the evidence was abundantly clear that reconciliation was unobtainable should independence become an option. The Provincial Congress gave the delegates two instructions: (1) to contend for their rights as Englishmen, and (2) to agree with the colonies to prohibit all imports and exports to Great Britain. They had no authorization to advocate or even debate a call for independence.
341:& Manned for this Voyage...." At the time the ship was located on the York River in Virginia where It was to load tobacco and other Virginia Produce and then sail to ports in Europe to sell the Cargo and "shall receive on board any...Goods, Wares, Merchandize arms, & ammunition that the Agent or Factors of the said Secret Committee proceed with all Care & dilligence ..into some Safe Port or place between Connecticut and North Carolina...." The committee agreed to pay all port charges. For insurance purposes, the value of the brigantine was placed at 4 thousand 600 Spanish milled dollars. The committee insured the owners for this amount "against any Capture or seizure...by any Enemies of the said united Colonies."
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would destroy the strongest ties of Moral & Social Virtue, - would render doubtful every rule of
Evidence that has been hitherto held certain, -& would leave unconquerable Difficulties in the room of those which only seem such for want of due attention or a competent Knowledge of the Subject.-As a Man & Gentleman,-possessed of an excellent Understanding, -Blest with a good heart, - Mr. Hewes is deserving all the honor & respect universally shewn him. How happy am I in being intimately connected with that Family which is admired by all the World for their improved Minds, exemplary Conduct, & agreeable Deportment!
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positions for himself. He claimed that if Joseph Hewes were elected as a delegate to the
Continental Congress it would be in violation of the new North Carolina Constitution. The Constitution prohibited a person from holding two offices. Hewes served on the Marine Committee so according to Penn's argument, Hewes was not eligible to serve in the Continental Congress. Penn also suggested that Hewes had amassed a fortune from his work on the Marine Committee and that he was frequently absent from meetings of the Congress. On May 4, John Penn, Thomas Burke and Cornelius Harnett were elected as delegates to the Continental Congress.
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profits. By the legal and moral standards of today this relation between shipping merchants and government would be considered absolutely corrupt. During the
Revolution several members of the marine committee were privately engaged in the merchant shipping business. The level of corruption among them varied from the extreme to the minor. It appears that the firm of Hewes and Smith, while not averse to mixing their private shipping business with cargo carried under contract with the government, were closer to the minor end of the corruption continuum. They certainly maintained their profit margin throughout the war.
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all, was in favor of the measure, when he came to North
Carolina and produced letters and public proceedings that the majority in that colony was in favor of it, Mr. Hewes, who had hitherto constantly voted against it, started suddenly upright and lifting both hands to heaven as if he had been in a trance, cried out, "It is done and I will abide by it." I would give more for the perfect painting of the terror and horror upon the face of the old majority at that critical moment than for the best piece of Raphael. The question, however, was eluded by an immediate motion for adjournment".
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were to seek redress of grievances. On April 29 Hewes and
Caswell left together for Philadelphia. As they crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, they met the Virginia delegation led by George Washington. From then on to Philadelphia they were met at each county line by various companies of troops who marched with them to the next county line. It looked to Hewes that in comparison North Carolina lacked patriotic fervor and was far behind in military readiness. On May 11 he wrote to Samuel Johnston urging him to promote the training of the militia.
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o'clock, as mourners, with a crape round the left arm, and would continue in mourning for the space of one month.They further resolved, that Mr. Harnett, Mr. Sharpe and Mr. Griffin, be a
Committee to superintend the funeral; and that the Rev. Mr. White, the attending Chaplin should be notified to officiate on the occasion. They also directed the committee to invite the General Assembly, the President and Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, and other persons of distinction in town, to attend the funeral.
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into the Marine
Committee. Hewes was selected for these committees not only because of his marine experience but also for his business and accounting acumen. The following month two more vessels were ordered and the Naval Committee began adopting regulations for the conduct of Naval officers and seamen. The Naval Committee met from six in the evening sometimes to around midnight in a house they acquired for its meetings. Stephen Hopkins chaired the committee and Joseph Hewes kept its accounts as well as handling a good portion of it correspondence.
165:"there is a Gentleman in this Town, who is a very particular favourite of mine, as indeed he is of everybody, for he is one of the best and most agreeable Men in the World. His name is Mr. Hewes. He is a Merchant here and our Member for the Town; indeed the Patron and greatest honour of it. About 6 or 7 years ago he was within a very few days of being married to one of Mr. sisters who died rather suddenly; and this unhappy Circumstance for a long time embittered every Satisfaction in Life to him. He has continued ever since unmarried...."
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genius and a spirit of industry, his mind was constantly employed in the business of his exalted station, until his health, much impaired by intense application, sunk beneath it. His private life was mild and amicable as his public life was honorable and useful. Adorned with all the social virtues, esteemed by his acquaintance, beloved by his friends and resigned to his fate, unregretting, tho' deeply regretted, his last debt to nature was paid in the service of his country.
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reelected by the
Assembly to represent North Carolina to the Continental Congress. Still not feeling well, he took his seat in Philadelphia on July 22, 1779. On August 17 he wrote to Richard Caswell that "I have been much distressed with a continual head ach attended with a kind of stupor which renders me unfit for business of any kind and altho I do attend Congress yet I cannot pay that attention to business which the urgency of our affairs seem to require."
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and your Collegue J. Penn, with a few others of the same stamp, principle leaders in both houses, you will not expect that any thing good or great should proceed from the counsels of men of such narrow, contracted principle, supported by the most contemptable abilities. Hewes was supplanted of his seat in Congress by the most insidious arts and glaring falsehoods, and Hooper, though no competitor appeared to oppose him, lost a great number of votes."
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circulated for an inter-colonial congress to meet in Philadelphia in September 1774. In response to that call the North Carolina Committee of Correspondence consisting of John Harvey (the Speaker of the Assembly) Wiliam Hooper, Richard Caswell, Joseph Hewes and four others called for the Assembly to meet to select delegates to send to the Philadelphia congress. Members of the North Carolina Assembly met as an extra-legal body at New Bern on Aug 25, 1774.
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militants who early on supported independence, (2) a small group of anti-independents who never gave up hope for reconciliation and (3) the majority who gradually realized that reconciliation was impossible and so gradually came to see that a defense of their rights necessitated military operations which placed them in a state of rebellion. Hewes belonged firmly in this group, in the majority. Hewes experienced no sudden change of mind.
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till five, and sometimes Six in the afternoon without eating or drinking. My health is bad, such close attention made it worse. ...Duty, inclination and self preservation call on me now to make a little excursion in the County to see my mother. This is a duty which I have not allowed myself to perform during almost nine months that I have been here." Towards the end of September Hewes returned to Edenton for rest and recuperation.
270:. Late in 1775 Hewes was appointed to the Naval Board and to the Marine Committee. These committees drafted the regulations that would govern the navy and began the process of acquiring ships and the officers and men who would operate them. These acts laid the foundations for the American Navy. Hewes kept the accounts of the Naval Board, conducted the bulk of its correspondence and was responsible for getting
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157:, a prospering well protected port town on a small bay on the north side of Albemarle Sound he had visited while still apprenticed to Ogden, offered the best chance for his success. Hewes moved there in late 1754 and with Charles Blount formed "Blount, Hewes and Co." and he soon became Edenton's leading merchant. In a 1772 letter to a friend,
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the personal owner of a ship repair and ship building yard at the mouth of Pembroke Creek. In 1777 Hewes created a rope walk—a factory for braiding ropes, twine, hawsers and cables to be used in the rigging of ships. It became one of the main suppliers of high quality ropes and lines to the American shipping industry during the next decade.
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was on the prospects for reconciliation and organizing a defensive military force These were the two messages that Hewes emphasized in his letters. One June 19, Hooper, Hewes, and Caswell sent an address to the all the county committees of safety in North Carolina urging them quickly get ready to "stem Tyranny in its commencement."
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the colonies . The North Carolina delegation was instructed "not to consent to any plan of Confederation" in that any such "Confederacy ought only be adopted in Case of the last necessity". The creation of a confederation was considered one step too far, turning resistance into a move toward independence.
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birthright member of Chesterfield, N.J. Monthly Meeting, that he never resigned or was disowned, that he never formally connected himself with any other religious organization and that when he died his death was recorded in his old home meeting showing that they, at least, regarded him as one among them."
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Samuel Johnston wrote to Thomas Burke on June 26, 1777 to express his low opinion of the Assembly's actions: "... the fools and knaves, who by their low Arts have worked themselves into the good graces of the populace. When I tell you that I saw with indignation such men as G-th, R-d, T-s, P-S-N,
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Accordingly at three o'clock that evening the corpse was carried in procession to Christ Church; Mr. Carleton, Mr. Troup, Mr. Deane, Mr. Brown, Mr. Pennel and Col. Adams supported the pall. Beside the President and members of Congress as mourners, the General Assembly, a number of officers both civil
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Between July 8 and August 2 Hewes visited his mother near Princeton, New Jersey. In a letter from Philadelphia of July 8, 1776, Hewes wrote "I had the weight of North Carolina on my shoulders within a day or two of three months. The service was too severe. I have sat some days from Six in the morning
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The Continental Congress voted to politically separate from Britain on July 2, 1776. On July 4 the wording of the Declaration of Independence was ratified. An engrossed copy to be penned by a skilled calligrapher was ordered on July 19 and most of the signatures were appended to this copy on August 2
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was deferred for three weeks until July 1. On June 20 Hewes wrote to James Iredell "...On Monday the great question of independency and total separation from all political intercourse with Great Britain will come on. It will be carried, I expect, by a great majority, and then, I suppose we shall take
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Hewes had family in the area. His mother lived about 40 miles (64.37 km) away in New Jersey. She may have come to Philadelphia to stay with her daughter Sarah, who was married to the Philadelphia merchant Joseph Ogden. Or, she may have stayed with Hewes's younger brother Josiah, also a merchant,
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The first order of business, of this First North Carolina Provincial Congress, was Joseph Hewes reading some of the letters from the Committees of Correspondence from other colonies. After this reading, it was decided to send three delegates to the Philadelphia congress. The second order of business
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About 1749 or 1750 he moved to Philadelphia and joined Joseph Ogden's mercantile business at Chestnut and 2nd Street as an apprentice. Ogden was married to Hewes's first cousin Jimima Hewes. Part of his apprenticeship had him traveling by cargo ship either with Ogden or one of his assistants known as
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Mr. Hewes, having at an early period demonstrated his zealous attachment to the cause of American Freedom, he was appointed by the voice of his fellow citizens a Delegate to the First Congress, and from that time to his death enjoyed the fullest confidence of his country. Endued with strong decisive
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The 2nd North Carolina Provincial Congress convened in New Bern on April 3, 1775. Hewes, Hooper and Caswell were reappointed to serve as delegates from North Carolina to the 2nd Continental Congress. Their instructions remained as they were. The delegates were not authorized to seek independence but
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The Quaker historian Charles Francis Jenkins argued that Hewes remained a Quaker his entire life: "As to Joseph Hewes, who had thrown off most of the outward observances of a member of Meeting in good standing, the time has come to say whether he was or was not a Friend. The answer is that he was a
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The Quaker records tell us that Joseph Hewes, son of Aaron and Providence, was born on the 28th day of the 4th month in 1730. Three different false dates of birth have been attributed to Joseph Hewes. The most common false date is January 23, 1730. This date first appeared in 1913 in a book by Eben
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At the 3rd North Carolina Provincial Congress (Aug 20, 1775 - Sept 10, 1775) Hooper, Hewes, and Caswell were again selected to represent North Carolina as members of the Continental Congress. The Provincial Congress considered and rejected a Draft of Articles of Confederation proposed by several of
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establishing the end of all imports from England effective on December 1, 1774, and an end to all exports to England, Ireland, and the West Indies effective September 1, 1775. The North Carolina delegation voted in favor of both measures. Congress adjourned October 22, calling for a new congress to
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In 1763, "Blount, Hewes and Co.", was dissolved. Hewes joined with a local attorney, Robert Smith, to form "Hewes and Smith." In addition to the store at the NE corner of Main and King the firm possessed "offices, three warehouses, a wharf and five ships, three sloops and two brigs." Hewes was also
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wrote of the struggles that Hewes experienced as he set about serving in the Continental Congress: "For many days the majority depended on Mr. Hewes of North Carolina. While a member one day was speaking and reading documents from all the colonies to prove that public opinion, the general sense of
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Congress convened on the 10th. Hewes was appointed to three committees: the finance committee, the committee writing the rules and regulations for the army and a committee to inquire into the ore and lead resources of the colonies. For the first three months of the Congress, the focus of attention
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I took a Walk with Mr. Hewes to his Wharf, & spent a happy Afternoon with him afterwards at his own House - This Gentleman I greatly love & respect; & I feel much Concern that he has imbibed some Prejudices which cannot stand the Test of a fair Inquiry, & which , if justly founded,
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On February 14, 1776, Hewes leased one of the firm's brigantines to the Secret Marine Committee of the Continental Congress for the sum of 400 Spanish dollars per month. Hewes agreed that the "said Brigt shall be Tight, stiff, Strong & Staunch, well & sufficiently fitted, found, Victualed
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At the end of October 1775, the Continental Congress created a seven member committee to begin fitting out two vessels one with no more than 20 guns and the other with no more than 26 guns. Hewes was appointed to this committee and to two others that became the Naval Committee which later evolved
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As a practical matter, independence was declared on March 23, 1776, when Congress opened American ports to all countries except those under British control and in its declaration that British commercial shipping would be subject to attacks by American privateers and the American Navy. On April 12
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During the winter of 1776, Congress turned slowly towards independence. In February a resolution was proposed rejecting independence. Congress rejected the resolution. By March Hewes was beginning to think that independence was inevitable. Writing to Samuel Johnston on March 20 he said "I see no
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Hewes did not take independence lightly. There would be a human cost in pain and suffering. Yet, independence gradually came to be accepted as an inevitable consequence of their defense of American rights. Defense of these rights was of primary interest to Hewes. In April 1775, more than a year
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Corruption and graft are normal accompaniments to war. The Revolutionary War was no exception. The public was aware of corruption and except in the most egregious cases, it was tolerated. No one was surprised that merchants serving in government took advantage of their office to increase their
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In January 1779 Joseph Hewes was elected to represent Edenton in the lower house of the North Carolina Assembly. In 1779 the legislature increased the size of their delegation to the Continental Congress to five members and after a two year absence from Congress, on February 4, 1779, Hewes was
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On April 7, 1777, the first First North Carolina General Assembly met in New Bern. On April 18, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, William Hooper and Thomas Burke were nominated to serve as delegates from North Carolina to the Continental Congress. John Penn was eager to obtain one of the three delegate
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The claim that he never formally connected himself with another religious organization is contradicted by the records of St. Paul's Anglican Church in Edenton where he served as a vestryman. There is some evidence that Hewes was a deist—someone who believes in the existence of a supreme being,
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Joining the congregation of another church represents a de facto forfeiture of membership in the Religious Society of Friends. That Hewes was never disowned, i.e., that his membership was never involuntarily terminated, is irrelevant. In the 18th century Quakers were not permitted to maintain
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On the 10th of November instant, Congress being informed that Mr. JOSEPH HEWES, one of the Delegates for the State of North-Carolina, died that morning and that it was proposed to inter him to morrow evening, Resolved that Congress would in a body attend the funeral to morrow evening at three
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In November 1776 Hewes was again chosen along with Hopper and Thomas Bourke to represent North Carolina in the 2nd Continental Congress. This Provincial Congress wrote a new constitution for the province and called for the new Bicameral legislature to meet in April 1777 in New Bern. After the
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John Adams divided the Congress into two distinct factions: the militants who strongly supported independence from the beginning of the First Congress and those who did not support independence. The Adams view oversimplifies the situation. There were actually three camps: (1) a small group of
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Because these comments were written about 37 years after the event, there is reason to doubt the accuracy of Adams' memory. First, he is simply wrong about the vote for independence depending on Hewes' vote. Secondly, there is no evidence that Hewes changed his mind suddenly on the matter of
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In the American colonies) closing the Boston harbor and restricting town meetings in Massachusetts to one per year. While the act applied only to Massachusetts, the other colonies feared their rights would soon be in jeopardy as well. Through the Committees of Correspondence a proposal was
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specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.
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as they visited Boston, New York, Edenton (North Carolina), Charleston and Tortola in the British Virgin Islands to buy and sell goods to other traders in those port cities. During this time in Philadelphia, Hewes attended Quaker meetings at the Arch Street meeting house.
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before independence was declared, Hewes was promoting more training for the North Carolina militia. His work in the organization of the navy began well before the vote on independence indicating again his willingness to support a militant defense of American rights.
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This table is compiled from incomplete handwritten records based on information submitted by the taxpayer. Note the list of enslaved workers and the increase in the value of property and the amount of taxes paid in the years from 1777 to 1779.
703:. To get the correct date by the modern calendar, one must properly correlate the name of the month with the ordinal number of the month and then add 11 days to align the calendars. Thus, Joseph Hewes date of birth was July 9, 1730.
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In 1757 Hewes was appointed justice of the peace for Edenton. In 1760 he was elected to the North Carolina Assembly, where he served on important committees involving finance and treasury. He remained in the Assembly until 1775.
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a member of the Philadelphia committee of correspondence, a manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital and a director of the Library Company. Hewes also had relatives just a couple of miles south of Philadelphia in Chester County.
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A divine service had been performed by the Rev. Mr. White, Rector of the Episcopal Churches in this city and one of the Chaplins of Congress, the corpse was interred in the cemetery adjoining that of Mr. Drayton.
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Peg – 12 years old; Teny – 25 years old; Betty – about 40 years old; Mirtitta – 3 years; old Hannah – 2 years old; Rachel – 25 years old; Joan – 4 years old; Flora – about 40 years old; Mouminy – 7 years
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meet on May 10, 1775, if Britain did not adequately respond to redress American grievances and restore their rights. Hooper and Caswell returned to North Carolina. Hewes stayed on until 24 November 1775.
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Michael G. Martin Joseph Hewes, Reluctant Revolutionary? A Study of a North Carolina Whig and the War for American Independence, 1730-1779 M.A. Thesis University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 1969, p.
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The Congress reconvened in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Hewes and Hooper arrived on the 12th and presented their credentials on 14 September. Caswell arrived three days later.
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Provincial Congress, Hewes did not return to Philadelphia but returned to Edenton staying there through April 1777 until the General Assembly gathered on April 7.
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University but there is no record of his attendance. He did, in all probability, attend the grammar school set up by the Stonybrook Quaker Meeting near Princeton.
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Thomas Marshal "Introduction" to Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, Vol, I, ed. William Wade Hinshaw (Ann Arbor, MI Edwards Brothers inc., 1936), p. ix.
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W.P. Pruden, North Carolina State Dept of Archives and History, Joseph Hewes Papers. Referenced in Martin, Joseph Hewes: Reluctant Revolutionary?, p. 29.
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132:. Early biographies of Hewes falsely claim that his parents came from Connecticut. Hewes may have attended the College of New Jersey, known today as
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Frank – A Cripple; Cuff – A Cripple; Gun - abt 45 years old; Will - 50+ years old; Sam - abt 35 years old; Peter- 6 months old; Sam - 4 years old
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600:£27,700 - 120 Acres with house and kitchen, 2 Lots in town with warehouses and Wharf, 1 lot with store, kitchen and stable, 50 acres with house
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Putnam, Eben Lieutenant "Sketch of Joseph Hewes the Signer" in Joshua Hewes: a New England pioneer, (New York: J.F. Tapley Co., 1913), p. 273
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Chesterfield Monthly Meeting (Swarthmore, PA: Swarthmore College Quaker Meeting Records Friends Historical Library) Minutes, 1659-1885, p. 36.
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Joseph Hewes died on November 10, 1779, eight months short of his fiftieth birthday. The funeral was held the following day.
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Congress reconvened August 13, 1775. In November, it was learned that at the end of August, the king had officially declared
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780:"Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789, Vol. XV, 1979 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1909), p. 1252"
1231:"From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation: The North Carolina Deligation to the Continental Congress 1774-1776"
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Hewes was a member of Unanimity Lodge No. 7, visited in 1776, and was buried with Masonic funeral honors in the
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On September 8 Caswell resigned as a delegate to the Continental Congress. John Penn was named in his place.
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Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, Vol. 12, p. 66.
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128:, where he was born in 1730. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, commonly known as
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1964:"Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly" Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, Vol. 13, p.
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and military, and a large number of inhabitants and strangers of distinction attended the funeral.
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Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina Vol. 12, p.
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1989:"Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly" Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, Vol. 13,
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On October 25, 1779, his resignation from Congress was received by the North Carolina Assembly.
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On August 1, 1775, The Continental Congress adjourned, scheduling to reassemble on September 5.
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Completing his apprenticeship he determined that opportunities in the port in North Carolina at
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Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, Vol. 12,
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calling for the termination of trade with Great Britain. On October 15 the Congress adopted a
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E. James Ferguson, "Business, Government, and Congressional Investigation in the Revolution"
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Letter from Joseph Hewes to Richard Caswell, Colonial and State Records of North Carolina,
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Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, letter from William Hooper to Samuel
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North Carolina authorized its delegation to "concur...in declaring Independency.…"
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St. Paul's Church Records Edenton, NC 1701-1776, reel #1 May-Aug 1774, images 141-
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Morgan and Schmidt, "From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation", p. 217.
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Morgan and Schmidt, "From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation", p. 216.
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Cradle of the Colony: The History of Chowan County and Edenton, North Carolina
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Charles, Anthony, Rop, Harry, Frank, Peter, Jack, Polidone, Sandy, Isaac, Deny
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2383:
2357:
2275:
2229:
158:
1748:
Evolution of the Executive Departments of the Continental Congress 1774-1789
1002:. Raleigh, North Carolina: Division of Archives and History. pp. xliii.
802:
3169:
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1550:
Morgan and Schmidt, "From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation, p.
629:
printed an account of the funeral in the November 16th issue on page two:
239:
Second Continental Congress first session (May 10, 1775 – August 1, 1775)
100:
1733:
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1704:
1616:
1598:
1551:
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1246:
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1225:
1205:
1189:
1138:
1120:
912:"The Quaker Signer" in The Children of Light: In Honor of Rufus M. Jones
286:
of Virginia offered a resolution on June 7 for independence "that these
3134:
2768:
2255:
2182:
1790:
1484:
1437:
1384:
1358:
1345:
1275:"Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 1041"
312:
146:
2250:
1661:
Burnett, Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Vol, II, p.
1458:
Minutes of the Provincial Congress of North Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 20,
1750:(Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1935), p. 311-
278:
prospect of a reconciliation. Nothing is left but to fight it out.”
2260:
1882:. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 256.
970:"Philadelphia Arch Street Monthly Meeting Minutes 1744-1793, p. 62"
864:
Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, Vol. 5
1689:
Archives, Letter from John Adams to William Plumer March 28, 1813.
787:
290:
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The
195:
First Continental Congress (September 5, 1774 – October 22, 1774)
1932:
Michael Martin, "Joseph Hewes: Reluctant Revolutionary?", p. 78.
1805:
North Carolina State Archives, Chowan County Taxables 1770-1779.
129:
37:
898:
867:. Philadelphia: William Brown and Charles Peters. p. 131.
306:
3353:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
2646:
1209:
680:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
562:
Frank £400, Gun £450 Cuff £300, Will £120 Sam £400,Hardy £500
262:
Second Continental Congress, second session (August 13, 1775)
1109:
Martin, "Joseph Hewes: Reluctant Revolutionary?", pp. 33-36.
1033:
The Quaker Signer in Howard Brinton, ed., Children of Light
2568:
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
439:
Sam, Cuff, Will, Hanibal, Cato, James, Frank Mingo Abraham
344:
3439:
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
362:
353:
199:
The British Parliament responded to the December, 1773,
1928:
1926:
1541:
Martin, "Joseph Hewes: Reluctant Revolutionary?" p. 65.
881:
Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence
840:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–180.
1566:
Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Vol 1
374:
1923:
1763:
Sanders, Evolution of the Executive Departments, p.
661:
3454:
Members of the North Carolina Provincial Congresses
2659:
Physical history of the Declaration of Independence
2017:Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly, Vol 13, p.
1976:"Minutes of the North Carolina Assembly," Vol. 13,
995:
904:
203:by passing in 1774 the Coercive Acts (known as the
16:
American Founding Father and politician (1730-1779)
909:
112:(July 9, 1730– November 10, 1779) was an American
1941:Colonial and State Records of North Carolina
1319:
1317:
3449:Members of the North Carolina House of Burgesses
3385:
1846:Minutes of the Provincial Congress, Vol. 10, p.
1471:Minutes of the Provincial Congress, Vol. 10, p.
1359:"From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation
1175:Higginbotham, ed., The Papers of James Iredell,
884:. New York: William Reed & Co. p. 427.
834:"Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List"
1385:""Joseph Hewes and Independence: A Suggestion""
1346:From Economic Sanctions to Political Separation
1118:
460:Sam, David, Hanibal, Frank, George, Lewis, Cato
1879:Letters of Members of the Continental Congress
1646:Letters of Members of the Continental Congress
1449:Journals of Congress 1774-1789, Vo. II, p. 64.
1314:
2632:
2099:
2030:North Carolina State Archives, Chowan County
1718:"Joseph Hewes and Independence: A Suggestion"
1599:"Joseph Hewes and Independence: A Suggestion"
1413:Letter of May 11, 1775 from Hewes to Samuel
1259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1012:
822:
416:Wm Scarborough, Michael Pane, Thomas Longman
3424:Continental Congressmen from North Carolina
2113:
2079:Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856
1332:Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol.
419:Sam, Will, Tom,, Frank, Sondon, Mingo, Cuff
307:John Adams and his comments on Joseph Hewes
3229:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2639:
2625:
2106:
2092:
1819:Naval Documents of the American Revolution
1126:Bulletin of Friends Historical Association
996:Higginbotham, Don; Iredell, James (1976).
36:
2648:United States Declaration of Independence
1065:
860:
828:
88:United States Declaration of Independence
1227:Morgan, David T. and Schmidt, William J.
1119:Charles Francis, Jenkins (Spring 1929).
877:
1875:
1715:
1596:
1562:
1510:
1382:
1029:
3474:Signers of the Continental Association
3464:Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia
3386:
1585:Joseph Hewes: Reluctant Revolutionary?
1187:
345:5th North Carolina Provincial Congress
139:
3479:Founding Fathers of the United States
2620:
2087:
1815:
1221:
1219:
363:Reelected to the Continental Congress
354:First North Carolina General Assembly
3269:Journals of the Continental Congress
2578:Journals of the Continental Congress
1722:The North Carolina Historical Review
1630:Journals of the Continental Congress
1604:The North Carolina Historical Review
1389:The North Carolina Historical Review
1235:The North Carolina Historical Review
1194:The North Carolina Historical Review
224:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
218:On September 18 Congress passed the
3444:People from Edenton, North Carolina
3316:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
2604:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1514:The Navy of the American Revolution
13:
1860:Minutes of the Provincial Congress
1795:, Jul 1959, Vol 16, No. 3, p. 293.
1716:McCurry, Allan J. (October 1963).
1597:McCurry, Allan J. (October 1963).
1571:Carnegie Institution of Washington
1496:Minutes of the Provincial Congress
1383:McCurry, Allan J. (October 1963).
1371:Minutes of the Provincial Congress
1216:
1050:
999:The Papers of James Iredell Vol. 1
916:. The Macmillan Company. pp.
375:Chowan County property tax records
14:
3490:
3429:18th-century American politicians
3404:People from Princeton, New Jersey
2072:
940:
838:The Founding Fathers Reconsidered
756:See also records for Aaron Hewes
2003:Letters of Delegates to Congress
1097:"North Carolina History Project"
664:
331:
299:including that of Joseph Hewes.
122:U.S. Declaration of Independence
99:
3459:People from colonial New Jersey
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2011:
1996:
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1935:
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908:(1938). Brinton, Howard (ed.).
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3201:Virginia Declaration of Rights
1792:The William and Mary Quarterly
1279:Documenting the American South
871:
854:
795:
772:
761:
747:
692:
654:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
436:Wm Scarborough, Thomas Longman
185:Iredell wrote in his diary:
1:
3011:Charles Carroll of Carrollton
1701:Joseph Hewes and Independence
740:
1816:Clark, William Bell (1968).
1428:, 1774-1789, Vol. II, p. 80.
1030:Jenkins, Charles F. (1938).
274:his commission in the Navy.
78:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7:
3419:Princeton University alumni
3206:Second Continental Congress
1876:Burnett, Edmund C. (1923).
1563:Burnett, Edmund C. (1921).
1188:Watson, Alan (April 1996).
1074:Edenton Chamber of Commerce
1016:The Papers of James Iredell
657:
652:Christ Church Burial Ground
382:
76:Christ Church Burial Ground
10:
3495:
3359:Signers Monument (Georgia)
2664:Memorial to the 56 Signers
2563:First Continental Congress
1307:Minutes of the Provincial
1066:Parramore, Thomas (1967).
1013:Higginbotham, Don (1976).
878:Goodrich, Charles (1829).
18:
3301:
3222:All men are created equal
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627:American Daily Advertiser
98:
93:
82:
71:
59:
44:
35:
28:
1519:Burrows Brothers Company
1121:"The Two Quaker Signers"
1053:Reluctant Revolutionary?
861:Sanderson, John (1828).
685:
617:
573:Hewes, Smith & Allen
400:Taxable Enslaved Females
295:upon us a new name...."
124:. Hewes was a native of
3236:Consent of the governed
2115:Continental Association
1778:The Diary of John Adams
1483:Morgan and Schmidt, p.
1460:Letter of June 19, 1775
625:Dunlap and Claypoole's
228:Continental Association
118:Continental Association
1826:. pp. 1285–1286.
648:
397:Taxable Enslaved Males
226:and on 18 October the
192:
167:
3414:American slave owners
3052:Francis Lightfoot Lee
2713:President of Congress
2129:President of Congress
1746:Jennings B. Sanders,
1344:Morgan and Schmidt, "
830:Bernstein, Richard B.
631:
187:
163:
126:Princeton, New Jersey
52:Princeton, New Jersey
3166:Robert R. Livingston
2548:Virginia Association
2415:Thomas Johnson, Junr
1822:. Washington, D.C.:
1569:. Washington, D.C.:
1426:Journals of Congress
1357:Morgan and Schmidt,
1153:143 FamilySearch.org
268:the colonists rebels
116:and a signer of the
3469:Quaker slave owners
3293:American Revolution
2518:Christopher Gadsden
2451:Patrick Henry, Junr
1498:, Vol. 10, pp. 203-
943:"Genealogical Tree"
906:Jenkins, Charles F.
140:Mercantile business
19:For the ships, see
3355:(Washington, D.C.)
3346:Semiquincentennial
3249:Document's history
3104:Thomas Heyward Jr.
2774:Robert Treat Paine
2377:The Lower Counties
2307:William Livingston
2188:Robert Treat Paine
1736:– via JSTOR.
1438:Morgan and Schmidt
1403:– via JSTOR.
1249:– via JSTOR.
1141:– via JSTOR.
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3369:Trumbull portrait
3311:National Archives
3281:Independence Hall
3216:Committee of Five
3148:
3147:
3047:Thomas Nelson Jr.
3042:Benjamin Harrison
3032:Richard Henry Lee
2924:Benjamin Franklin
2888:Francis Hopkinson
2852:Philip Livingston
2821:Samuel Huntington
2614:
2613:
2599:National Archives
2536:
2535:
2461:Benjamin Harrison
2446:George Washington
2441:Richard Henry Lee
2348:Charles Humphreys
2271:Philip Livingston
2166:Massachusetts Bay
1521:. pp. 38ff.
615:
614:
284:Richard Henry Lee
107:
106:
63:November 10, 1779
3486:
3409:American Quakers
3336:Sesquicentennial
3323:Independence Day
3196:Halifax Resolves
3182:Matthew Tilghman
3155:for Independence
3153:Delegates voting
3114:Arthur Middleton
3109:Thomas Lynch Jr.
3037:Thomas Jefferson
2883:John Witherspoon
2878:Richard Stockton
2826:William Williams
2748:Matthew Thornton
2709:
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2694:Thomas Jefferson
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2669:Founding Fathers
2641:
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2583:Carpenters' Hall
2558:Suffolk Resolves
2553:Fairfax Resolves
2466:Edmund Pendleton
2410:Matthew Tilghman
2157:Nathaniel Folsom
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1944:Vol. 11, p. 504.
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220:Suffolk Resolves
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201:Boston Tea Party
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2478:
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2096:
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2073:External links
2071:
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2043:newspapers.com
2035:
2023:
2010:
2005:, Vol. 13, p.
1995:
1982:
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2150:
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2014:
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1517:. Cleveland:
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1229:(July 1975).
1228:
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1203:
1199:
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1127:
1122:
1115:
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1098:
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1076:. p. 27.
1075:
1071:
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1062:
1055:. p. 29.
1054:
1047:
1039:
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1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
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332:Naval affairs
329:
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159:James Iredell
156:
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119:
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111:
102:
97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
72:Resting place
70:
62:
58:
53:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
3341:Bicentennial
3173:
3170:Henry Wisner
3161:
3078:Joseph Hewes
3077:
3027:George Wythe
3006:Thomas Stone
3001:William Paca
2996:Samuel Chase
2949:James Wilson
2907:Pennsylvania
2862:Lewis Morris
2788:Rhode Island
2764:Samuel Adams
2721:John Hancock
2513:Thomas Lynch
2487:Joseph Hewes
2486:
2425:Samuel Chase
2420:William Paca
2331:Pennsylvania
2322:John De Hart
2302:James Kinsey
2286:Simon Boerum
2281:Henry Wisner
2197:Rhode Island
2178:Samuel Adams
2058:. Retrieved
2049:
2038:
2026:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1972:
1960:
1949:
1937:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1878:
1871:
1859:
1855:
1842:
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1811:
1800:
1791:
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1513:
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1479:
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1433:
1421:
1409:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1366:
1353:
1340:
1328:
1303:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1255:cite journal
1238:
1234:
1208:– via
1197:
1193:
1183:
1171:
1160:
1147:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1091:
1082:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1036:. New York:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1008:
998:
991:
979:. Retrieved
975:ancestry.com
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
946:
936:
926:
911:
900:
880:
873:
863:
856:
837:
824:
812:. Retrieved
806:
797:
786:
774:
763:
749:
728:
718:
708:
694:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
621:
594:Joseph Hewes
589:£258. 10. 4
551:Joseph Hewes
511:Joseph Hewes
490:Joseph Hewes
469:Joseph Hewes
449:Joseph Hewes
428:Joseph Hewes
408:Joseph Hewes
378:
370:
366:
357:
348:
339:
335:
326:
322:
318:
310:
301:
297:
280:
276:
265:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
233:
217:
214:
210:
198:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
152:
143:
110:Joseph Hewes
109:
108:
65:(1779-11-10)
48:July 9, 1730
30:Joseph Hewes
3399:1779 deaths
3394:1730 births
3178:John Rogers
2970:George Read
2954:George Ross
2939:James Smith
2929:John Morton
2809:Connecticut
2704:Signatories
2394:George Read
2368:George Ross
2363:John Morton
2266:James Duane
2235:Silas Deane
2218:Connecticut
2209:Samuel Ward
2122:Signatories
568:£97. 18. 4
3434:Foundrymen
3388:Categories
3331:Centennial
3304:and legacy
3135:Lyman Hall
2871:New Jersey
2769:John Adams
2295:New Jersey
2256:John Alsop
2183:John Adams
1728:(4): 457.
1652:, p. 514 .
1611:(4): 462.
1395:(4): 458.
1373:, p. 1178.
1361:," p. 220.
1348:", p. 219.
1311:, p. 1047.
1241:(3): 216.
1200:(2): 132.
741:References
565:Toney £400
546:£35. 4. 2
526:£12. 0. 2
313:John Adams
147:supercargo
3083:John Penn
2893:John Hart
2251:Isaac Low
2060:March 25,
1699:McCurry,
1687:National
1644:Burnett,
1440:, p. 222.
1334:1, p. 31.
1133:(1): 21.
1038:Macmillan
403:Tax Paid
134:Princeton
94:Signature
3174:Maryland
3162:New York
3020:Virginia
2989:Maryland
2963:Delaware
2840:New York
2434:Virginia
2403:Maryland
2261:John Jay
2244:New York
2032:Taxables
1780:, p. 85.
1734:23517596
1676:Johnston
1617:23517596
1587:, p. 71.
1583:Martin,
1415:Johnston
1401:23517596
1309:Congress
1247:23529692
1206:23521536
1139:41945422
1051:Martin.
832:(2009).
658:See also
311:In 1813
3302:Display
3254:signing
3189:Related
3123:Georgia
2592:Display
2541:Related
1648:, Vol.
918:213–239
788:loc.gov
537:£16,900
155:Edenton
130:Quakers
1991:p. 585
1907:p. iii
1895:p. 442
1830:
1732:
1615:
1525:
1399:
1284:23 Feb
1245:
1204:
1177:p. 185
1137:
981:18 Feb
954:18 Feb
888:
844:
814:18 Feb
517:£5,775
1730:JSTOR
1703:, 62-
1613:JSTOR
1397:JSTOR
1243:JSTOR
1210:JSTOR
1202:JSTOR
1135:JSTOR
783:(PDF)
686:Notes
618:Death
2062:2022
1828:ISBN
1634:425.
1552:228.
1523:ISBN
1500:204.
1485:224.
1473:189.
1286:2022
1261:link
983:2022
956:2022
886:ISBN
842:ISBN
816:2022
597:1779
576:1778
554:1778
534:1777
514:1777
493:1772
472:1771
452:1770
431:1769
411:1768
388:Year
120:and
60:Died
54:, US
45:Born
2019:853
2007:378
1978:vii
1966:626
1864:979
1848:918
1752:312
1705:63.
609:old
442:Nan
3390::
3180:,
3176::
3168:,
3164::
1925:^
1918:26
1765:20
1726:30
1724:.
1720:.
1609:40
1607:.
1601:.
1393:40
1391:.
1387:.
1316:^
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1257:}}
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1233:.
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1198:73
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1131:18
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1993:.
1980:.
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504:1
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498:3
483:0
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477:3
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