Jomo Kenyatta - Knowledge

1707:, as armed guerrilla groups began targeting the white minority and members of the Kikuyu community who did not support them. By 1959, the Mau Mau had killed around 1,880 people. For many young Mau Mau militants, Kenyatta was regarded as a hero, and they included his name in the oaths they gave to the organisation; such oathing was a Kikuyu custom by which individuals pledged allegiance to another. Kenyatta publicly distanced himself from the Mau Mau. In April 1952, he began a speaking tour in which he denounced the Mau Mau to assembled crowds, insisting that independence must be achieved through peaceful means. In August he attended a much-publicised mass meeting in Kiambu where—in front of 30,000 people—he said that "Mau Mau has spoiled the country. Let Mau Mau perish forever. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it." Despite Kenyatta's vocal opposition to the Mau Mau, KAU had moved towards a position of greater militancy. At its 1951 AGM, more militant African nationalists had taken senior positions and the party officially announced its call for Kenyan independence within three years. In January 1952, KAU members formed a secret Central Committee devoted to direct action, formulated along a 2249: 2521: 1741:, northwest Kenya, one of the most remote locations in the country. From there he wrote to his family to let them know of his situation. Kenya's authorities believed that detaining Kenyatta would help quell civil unrest. Many white settlers wanted him exiled, but the government feared this would turn him into a martyr for the anti-colonialist cause. They thought it better that he be convicted and imprisoned, although at the time had nothing to charge him with, and so began searching his personal files for evidence of criminal activity. Eventually, they charged him and five senior KAU members with masterminding the Mau Mau, a proscribed group. The historian John M. Lonsdale stated that Kenyatta had been made a "scapegoat", while the historian A. B. Assensoh later suggested that the authorities "knew very well" that Kenyatta was not involved in the Mau Mau, but that they were nevertheless committed to silencing his calls for independence. 2440: 2583:, located in Luo territory, to open a hospital. On being greeted by a crowd shouting KPU slogans, he lost his temper. When members of the crowd started throwing stones, Kenyatta's bodyguards opened fire on them, killing and wounding several. In response to the rise of KPU, Kenyatta had introduced oathing, a Kikuyu cultural tradition in which individuals came to Gatundu to swear their loyalty to him. Journalists were discouraged from reporting on the oathing system, and several were deported when they tried to do so. Many Kenyans were pressured or forced to swear oaths, something condemned by the country's Christian establishment. In response to the growing condemnation, the oathing was terminated in September 1969, and Kenyatta invited leaders from other ethnic groups to a meeting in Gatundu. 1995:, where he maintained his innocence of the charges but told reporters that he bore no grudges. He reiterated that he had never supported violence or the illegal oathing system used by the Mau Mau, and denied having ever been a Marxist, stating: "I shall always remain an African Nationalist to the end". In August, he was moved to Gatundu in Kikuyuland, where he was greeted by a crowd of 10,000. There, the colonial government had built him a new house to replace that they had demolished. Now a free man, he travelled to cities like Nairobi and Mombasa to make public appearances. After his release, Kenyatta set about trying to ensure that he was the only realistic option as Kenya's future leader. In August he met with Renison at Kiambu, and was interviewed by the 2106: 2371:

the number of expatriates in those positions. In 1965, the government introduced free medical services for out-patients and children. By Kenyatta's death, the majority of Kenyans had access to significantly better healthcare than they had had in the colonial period. Before independence, the average life expectancy in Kenya was 45, but by the end of the 1970s it was 55, the second-highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. This improved medical care had resulted in declining mortality rates while birth rates remained high, resulting in a rapidly growing population; from 1962 to 1979, Kenya's population grew by just under 4% a year, the highest rate in the world at the time. This put a severe strain on social services; Kenyatta's government promoted

2384: 1599:(Ghanaian) who arrived in Britain earlier that year. Kenyatta spoke at the conference, although made no particular impact on the proceedings. Much of the debate that took place centred on whether indigenous Africans should continue pursuing a gradual campaign for independence or whether they should seek the military overthrow of the European imperialists. The conference ended with a statement declaring that while delegates desired a peaceful transition to African self-rule, Africans "as a last resort, may have to appeal to force in the effort to achieve Freedom". Kenyatta supported this resolution, although was more cautious than other delegates and made no open commitment to violence. He subsequently authored an IASB pamphlet, 2327:, a white farmer, the Minister of Agriculture and Land. Kenyatta's government encouraged the establishment of private land-buying companies that were often headed by prominent politicians. The government sold or leased lands in the former White Highlands to these companies, which in turn subdivided them among individual shareholders. In this way, the land redistribution programs favoured the ruling party's chief constituency. Kenyatta himself expanded the land that he owned around Gatundu. Kenyans who made claims to land on the basis of ancestral ownership often found the land given to other people, including Kenyans from different parts of the country. Voices began to condemn the redistribution; in 1969, the MP 2186:. Over the course of 1965 and 1966, several constitutional amendments enhanced the president's power. For instance, a May 1966 amendment gave the president the ability to order the detention of individuals without trial if he thought the security of the state was threatened. Seeking the support of Kenya's second largest ethnic group, the Luo, Kenyatta appointed the Luo Oginga Odinga as his vice president. The Kikuyu—who made up around 20 percent of population—still held most of the country's important government and administrative positions. This contributed to a perception among many Kenyans that independence had simply seen the dominance of a British elite replaced by the dominance of a Kikuyu elite. 2056:, believing that it served entrenched interests and denied equal opportunities across Kenya; they also insisted on an elected head of government. At Kenyatta's prompting, KANU conceded to some of KADU's demands; he was aware that he could amend the constitution when in office. The new constitution divided Kenya into six regions, each with a regional assembly, but also featured a strong central government and both an upper and a lower house. It was agreed that a temporary coalition government would be established until independence, several KANU politicians being given ministerial posts. Kenyatta accepted a minor position, that of the Minister of State for Constitutional Affairs and Economic Planning. 1375: 2132:. He reassured them that they would be safe and welcome in an independent Kenya, and more broadly talked of forgiving and forgetting the conflicts of the past. Despite his attempts at wooing white support, he did not do the same with the Indian minority. Like many indigenous Africans in Kenya, Kenyatta bore a sense of resentment towards this community, despite the role that many Indians had played in securing the country's independence. He also encouraged the remaining Mau Mau fighters to leave the forests and settle in society. Throughout Kenyatta's rule, many of these individuals remained out of work, unemployment being one of the most persistent problems facing his government. 2768:

become crises, tolerance as long as the other side is only talking". Donald Savage noted that Kenyatta believed in "the importance of authority and tradition", and that he displayed "a remarkably consistent view of development through self-help and hard work". Kenyatta was also an elitist and encouraged the emergence of an elite class in Kenya. He wrestled with a contradiction between his conservative desire for a renewal of traditional custom and his reformist urges to embrace Western modernity. He also faced a contradiction between his internal debates on Kikuyu ethics and belief in tribal identity with his need to create a non-tribalised Kenyan nationalism.

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launched a mutiny in Nairobi, and Kenyatta called on the British Army to put down the rebellion. Similar armed uprisings had taken place that month in neighboring Uganda and Tanganyika. Kenyatta was outraged and shaken by the mutiny. He publicly rebuked the mutineers, emphasising the need for law and order in Kenya. To prevent further military unrest, he brought in a review of the salaries of the army, police, and prison staff, leading to pay rises. Kenyatta also wanted to contain parliamentary opposition and at Kenyatta's prompting, in November 1964 KADU officially dissolved and its representatives joined KANU. Two of the senior members of KADU,

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promoted the reversal of this rural-to-urban migration, but in this was unsuccessful. Kenyatta's government was eager to control the country's trade unions, fearing their ability to disrupt the economy. To this end it emphasised social welfare schemes over traditional industrial institutions, and in 1965 transformed the Kenya Federation of Labour into the Central Organization of Trade (COT), a body which came under strong government influence. No strikes could be legally carried out in Kenya without COT's permission. There were also measures to Africanise the civil service, which by mid-1967 had become 91% African. During the 1960s and 1970s the

1815:, to be followed by indefinite restriction preventing them from leaving a given area without permission. In addressing the court, Kenyatta stated that he and the others did not recognise the judge's findings; they claimed that the government had used them as scapegoats as a pretext to shut down KAU. The historian Wunyabari O. Maloba later characterised it as "a rigged political trial with a predetermined outcome". The government followed the verdict with a wider crackdown, banning KAU in June 1953, and closing down most of the independent schools in the country, including Kenyatta's. It appropriated his land at Gatundu and demolished his house. 57: 2822:"Ever a showman, could appear one moment in gaily coloured shirts, decorated with the cock of KANU, and the next in elegant suits from Savile Row, seldom without a rose in his buttonhole; he could be photographed in leopard-skin hat and cloak waving a silver fly-whisk or in old slacks on his farm tending his shrubs; he was equally at home in academic robes at a university function and in sandals and shorts on the beach at Mombasa. African exuberance and love of display found perfect expression in Kenyatta's flair alongside the dignity and respect due to 'His Excellency, the President, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta'." 749:

keeping with Kikuyu tradition, Wambui then married her late husband's younger brother, Ngengi. Kenyatta then took the name of Kamau wa Ngengi ("Kamau, son of Ngengi"). Wambui bore her new husband a son, whom they also named Muigai. Ngengi was harsh and resentful toward the three boys, and Wambui decided to take her youngest son to live with her parental family further north. It was there that she died, and Kenyatta—who was very fond of the younger Muigai—travelled to collect his infant half-brother. Kenyatta then moved in with his grandfather, Kongo wa Magana, and assisted the latter in his role as a

2312: 2863:. Kenyatta had no racist impulses regarding white Europeans, as can, for instance, be seen through his marriage to a white English woman. He told his daughter "the English are wonderful people to live with in England." He welcomed white support for his cause, so long as it was generous and unconditional, and spoke of a Kenya in which indigenous Africans, Europeans, Arabs, and Indians could all regard themselves as Kenyans, working and living alongside each other peacefully. Despite this, Kenyatta exhibited a general dislike of Indians, believing that they exploited indigenous Africans in Kenya. 2171: 2979:

since 1945". Kenneth O. Nyangena characterised him as "one of the greatest men of the twentieth century", having been "a beacon, a rallying point for suffering Kenyans to fight for their rights, justice and freedom" whose "brilliance gave strength and aspiration to people beyond the boundaries of Kenya". In 2018, Maloba described him as "one of the legendary pioneers of modern African nationalism". In their examination of his writings, Berman and Lonsdale described him as a "pioneer" for being one of the first Kikuyu to write and publish; "his representational achievement was unique".

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party vice president—was divided among eight different politicians, greatly limiting his power and ending his position as Kenyatta's automatic successor. Between 1964 and 1966, Kenyatta and other KANU conservatives had been deliberately trying to push Odinga to resign from the party. Under growing pressure, in 1966 Odinga stepped down as state vice president, claiming that Kenya had failed to achieve economic independence and needed to adopt socialist policies. Backed by several other senior KANU figures and trade unionists, he became head of the new

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Trans-Nzoia Districts, where under Kenyatta's government they had not regained the land taken by European settlers and more of it had been sold to those regarded as "foreigners"—Kenyans from other tribes. Among these groups there were widespread calls for restitution and in 1991 and 1992 there were violent attacks against many of those who obtained land through Kenyatta's patronage in these areas. The violence continued sporadically until 1996, with an estimated 1500 killed and 300,000 displaced in the Rift Valley.

2850:. During the 1920s and 1930s, Kenyatta cultivated the image of a "colonial gentleman"; in England, he displayed "pleasant manners" and a flexible attitude in adapting to urban situations dissimilar to the lands he had grown up in. A. R. Barlow, a member of the Church of Scotland Mission at Kikuyu, met with Kenyatta in Britain, later relating that he was impressed by how Kenyatta could "mix on equal terms with Europeans and to hold his end up in spite of his handicaps, educationally and socially." The South African 758:"Missionaries have done a lot of good work because it was through the missionary that many of the Kikuyu got their first education ... and were able to learn how to read and write ... Also, the medical side of it: the missionary did very well. At the same time I think the missionaries ... did not understand the value of the African custom, and many of them tried to stamp out some of the customs without knowing the part they play in the life of the Kikuyu ... They upset the life of the people." 2125:, agreeing that this would be accomplished by the end of the year. Privately, Kenyatta was more reluctant regarding the arrangement and as 1964 came around the federation had not come to pass. Many radical voices in Kenya urged him to pursue the project; in May 1964, Kenyatta rejected a back-benchers resolution calling for speedier federation. He publicly stated that talk of a federation had always been a ruse to hasten the pace of Kenyan independence from Britain, but Nyerere denied that this was true. 3004:

alike so many expressions of anger, denigration and fury as did Kenyatta." As the historian Keith Kyle put it, for many whites Kenyatta was "Satan Incarnate". This white animosity reached its apogee between 1950 and 1952. By 1964, this image had largely shifted, and many white settlers referred to him as "Good Old Mzee". Murray-Brown expressed the view that for many, Kenyatta's "message of reconciliation, 'to forgive and forget', was perhaps his greatest contribution to his country and to history."

1913: 2992: 3060:. Simon Gikandi noted that Kenyatta, like Nkrumah, was remembered for "initiating the discourse and process that plotted the narrative of African freedom", but at the same time both were "often remembered for their careless institution of presidential rule, one party dictatorship, ethnicity and cronyism. They are remembered both for making the dream of African independence a reality and for their invention of postcolonial authoritarianism." In 1991, the Kenyan lawyer and human rights activist 1904: 2299:, the casino business, the charcoal trade—which was causing significant deforestation—and the ivory trade. The Kenyan press, which was largely loyal to Kenyatta, did not delve into this issue; it was only after his death that publications appeared revealing the scale of his personal enrichment. Kenyan corruption and Kenyatta's role in it was better known in Britain, although many of his British friends—including McDonald and Brockway—chose to believe Kenyatta was not personally involved. 453: 2303:

high rate of economic growth that it came to be widely regarded as something of an economic "miracle." According to World Bank figures, Kenya's economy attained an average growth rate of 6.4 percent per year from 1965 to 1980. Among the 40 or more independent countries in sub-Saharan Africa, only 3 exceeded that growth rate; Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Botswana. Kenyatta's success can be attributed to his focus on the agricultural sector, particularly on cash crops such as tea and coffee.

2558:. The Luo increasingly rallied around the KPU, which experienced localized violence that hindered its ability to campaign, although Kenyatta's government officially disavowed this violence. KANU retained the support of all national newspapers and the government-owned radio and television stations. Of the 29 defectors, only nine were re-elected on the KPU ticket; Odinga was among them, having retained his Central Nyanza seat with a high majority. Odinga was replaced as vice president by 997:(roughly translated as "The Reconciler" or "The Unifier"), in which it published news, articles, and homilies. Its purpose was to help unify the Kikuyu and raise funds for the KCA. Kenyatta was listed as the publication's editor, although Murray-Brown suggested that he was not the guiding hand behind it and that his duties were largely confined to translating into Kikuyu. Aware that Thuku had been exiled for his activism, Kenyatta's took a cautious approach to campaigning, and in 1630:

construction of school buildings and the number of boys in attendance rose from 250 to 900. It was also beset with problems, including a decline in standards and teachers' strikes over non-payment of wages. Gradually, the number of enrolled pupils fell. Kenyatta built a friendship with Koinange's father, a Senior Chief, who gave Kenyatta one of his daughters to take as his third wife. They had another child, but she died in childbirth. In 1951, he married his fourth wife,

1539:"In the last war 300,000 of my people fought in the British Army to drive the Germans from East Africa and 60,000 of them lost their lives. In this war large numbers of my people have been fighting to smash fascist power in Africa and have borne some of the hardest fights against the Italians. Surely if we are considered fit enough to take our rifles and fight side by side with white men we have a right to a direct say in the running of our country and to education." 2937: 1584:, in which he called for his tribe's political independence. He also began—although never finished—a novel partly based on his life experiences. He continued to give lectures around the country, including to groups of East African soldiers stationed in Britain. He became frustrated by the distance between him and Kenya, telling Edna that he felt "like a general separated by 5000 miles from his troops". While he was absent, Kenya's authorities banned the KCA in 1940. 13950: 13940: 1346:(LSE). Kenyatta lacked the qualifications normally required to join the course, but Malinowski was keen to support the participation of indigenous peoples in anthropological research. For Kenyatta, acquiring an advanced degree would bolster his status among Kenyans and display his intellectual equality with white Europeans in Kenya. Over the course of his studies, Kenyatta and Malinowski became close friends. Fellow course-mates included the anthropologists 2351: 2529:

the entrenchment of ethnic power bases. He argued that centralised control of the government was needed to deal with the growth in demands for local services and to assist quicker economic development. In 1966, it launched a commission to examine reforms to local government operations, and in 1969 passed the Transfer of Functions Act, which terminated grants to local authorities and transferred major services from provincial to central control.

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and John M. Lonsdale argued that Marxist frameworks for analysing society influenced some of his beliefs, such as his view that British colonialism had to be destroyed rather than simply reformed. Kenyatta nevertheless disagreed with the Marxist attitude that tribalism was backward and retrograde; his positive attitude toward tribal society frustrated some of Kenyatta's Marxist Pan-Africanist friends in Britain, among them Padmore, James, and

2624: 725: 13961: 2736:"Kenyatta possessed the common touch and great leadership qualities. He was essentially a moderate trying to achieve the radical revolution of a nationalist victory in a colonialist society, and his ambivalence over many issues can best be explained by his need to contain or use his militants—and he had plenty of them. They were impatient and wanted to see effective action. Kenyatta certainly knew how to appeal to African sentiments." 1861:; Kenyatta befriended him, and gave him English lessons. By 1957, the inmates had formed into two rival cliques, with Kenyatta and Itote on one side and the other KAU members—now calling themselves the "National Democratic Party"—on the other. In one incident, one of his rivals made an unsuccessful attempt to stab Kenyatta at breakfast. Kenyatta's health had deteriorated in prison; manacles had caused problems for his feet and he had 990:, these Land Boards would hold all land in native reserves in trust for each tribal group. Both the KCA and the Kikuyu Association opposed these Land Boards, which treated Kikuyu land as collectively-owned rather than recognising individual Kikuyu land ownership. Also in February, his daughter, Wambui Margaret, was born. By this point he was increasingly using the name "Kenyatta", which had a more African appearance than "Johnstone". 2013: 12772: 1270:, with which both Padmore and Kenyatta were affiliated. Padmore resigned from the Soviet Communist Party in protest, and was subsequently vilified in the Soviet press. Both Padmore and Kenyatta left the Soviet Union, the latter returning to London in August 1933. The British authorities were highly suspicious of Kenyatta's time in the Soviet Union, suspecting that he was a Marxist-Leninist, and following his return the 12994: 2714:

president for a 90-day interim period. In October he was unanimously elected KANU President and subsequently declared President of Kenya itself. Moi emphasised his loyalty to Kenyatta—"I followed and was faithful to him until his last day, even when his closest friends forsook him"—and there was much expectation that he would continue the policies inaugurated by Kenyatta. He nevertheless criticised the corruption,

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from Kikuyu figures at home. This deviousness was sometimes interpreted as dishonesty by those who met him. Referring to Kenyatta's appearance in 1920s Kenya, Murray-Brown stated the leader presented himself to Europeans as "an agreeable if somewhat seedy 'Europeanized' native" and to indigenous Africans as "a sophisticated man-about-town about whose political earnestness they had certain reservations".

1978:(KADU), which was led largely by members of smaller ethnic groups like the Kalenjin and Maasai. In May 1960, KANU nominated Kenyatta as its president, although the government vetoed it, insisting that he had been an instigator of the Mau Mau. KANU then declared that it would refuse to take part in any government unless Kenyatta was freed. KANU campaigned on the issue of Kenyatta's detainment in the 880:; the suspension was in response to his drinking and his relations with Wahu out of wedlock. The church insisted that a traditional Kikuyu wedding would be inadequate, and that he must undergo a Christian marriage; this took place on 8 November 1922. Kenyatta had initially refused to cease drinking, but in July 1923 officially renounced alcohol and was allowed to return to Holy Communion. 2988:

There had been an expansion in primary, secondary, and higher education, and the country had taken what Maxon called "giant steps" toward achieving its goal of universal primary education for Kenyan children. Another significant success had been in dismantling the colonial-era system of racial segregation in schools, public facilities, and social clubs peacefully and with minimal disruption.

1159:, had been due to the issue. As Secretary of the KCA, Kenyatta met with church representatives. He expressed the view that although personally opposing FGM, he regarded its legal abolition as counter-productive, and argued that the churches should focus on eradicating the practice through educating people about its harmful effects on women's health. The meeting ended without compromise, and 905: 2287:

prohibited non-citizens from involvement in the rice, sugar, and maize trade. During the 1970s, this expanded to cover the trade in soap, cement, and textiles. Many Asians who had retained British citizenship were affected by these measures. Between late 1967 and early 1968, growing numbers of Kenyan Asians migrated to Britain; in February 1968 large numbers migrated quickly before

2139:—representing the British monarchy—formally handed over control of the country to Kenyatta. Also in attendance were leading figures from the Mau Mau. In a speech, Kenyatta described it as "the greatest day in Kenya's history and the happiest day in my life." He had flown Edna and Peter over for the ceremony, and in Kenya they were welcomed into Kenyatta's family by his other wives. 2403:. Despite his reservations about any immediate East African Federation, in June 1967 Kenyatta signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation. In December he attended a meeting with Tanzanian and Ugandan representatives to form the East African Economic Community, reflecting Kenyatta's cautious approach toward regional integration. He also took on a mediating role during the 2359:

government's emphasis should be on secondary and higher education to facilitate the training of indigenous African personnel to take over the civil service and other jobs requiring such an education. Between 1964 and 1966, the number of primary schools grew by 11.6%, and the number of secondary schools by 80%. By the time of Kenyatta's death, Kenya's first universities—the

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Coast Provinces aroused great anger among landless Kenyans. His family used his presidential position to circumvent legal or administrative obstacles to acquiring property. The Kenyatta family also heavily invested in the coastal hotel business, Kenyatta personally owning the Leonard Beach Hotel. Other businesses they were involved with included ruby mining in

2367:—had been established. Although Kenyatta died without having attained the goal of free, universal primary education in Kenya, the country had made significant advances in that direction, with 85% of Kenyan children in primary education, and within a decade of independence had trained sufficient numbers of indigenous Africans to take over the civil service. 1135:. Kenyatta told Shiels that he was not affiliated with communist circles and was unaware of the nature of the newspaper which published his articles. Shiels advised Kenyatta to return home to promote Kikuyu involvement in the constitutional process and discourage violence and extremism. After eighteen months in Europe, Kenyatta had run out of money. The 3053:." Ngũgĩ was among Kenyan critics who claimed that Kenyatta treated Mau Mau veterans dismissively, leaving many of them impoverished and landless while seeking to remove them from the centre stage of national politics. In other areas Kenyatta's government also faced criticism; it for instance made little progress in advancing women's rights in Kenya. 864:, where he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi, before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. In the evenings, he took classes in a church mission school. Several months later he returned to Thika before obtaining employment building houses for the Thogota Mission. He also lived for a time in 2855:

occasions. Berman and Lonsdale described his life as being preoccupied with "a search for the reconciliation of the Western modernity he embraced and an equally valued Kikuyuness he could not discard". Gikandi argued that Kenyatta's "identification with Englishness was much more profound than both his friends and enemies have been willing to admit".

1880:, a book which raised the profile of the case. In 1958, Rawson Macharia, the key witness in the state's prosecution of Kenyatta, signed an affidavit swearing that his evidence against Kenyatta had been false; this was widely publicised. By the late 1950s, the imprisoned Kenyatta had become a symbol of African nationalism across the continent. 1561:. Kenyatta remained there for the duration of the war, renting a flat and a small plot of land to grow vegetables and raise chickens. He settled into rural Sussex life, and became a regular at the village pub, where he gained the nickname "Jumbo". In August 1940, he took a job at a local farm as an agricultural worker—allowing him to evade 1173:"With the support of all revolutionary workers and peasants we must redouble our efforts to break the bonds that bind us. We must refuse to give any support to the British imperialists either by paying taxes or obeying any of their slave laws! We can fight in unity with the workers and toilers of the whole world, and for a Free Africa." 1967:. An agreement was reached that an election would be called for a new 65-seat Legislative Council, with 33 seats reserved for black Africans, 20 for other ethnic groups, and 12 as 'national members' elected by a pan-racial electorate. It was clear to all concerned that Kenyatta was going to be the key to the future of Kenyan politics. 2542:(KPU). In its manifesto, the KPU stated that it would pursue "truly socialist policies" like the nationalisation of public utilities; it claimed Kenyatta's government "want to build a capitalist system in the image of Western capitalism but are too embarrassed or dishonest to call it that." The KPU were legally recognised as the 832:, where he worked for an engineering firm run by the Briton John Cook. In this position, he was tasked with fetching the company wages from a bank in Nairobi, 25 miles (40 km) away. Kenyatta left the job when he became seriously ill; he recuperated at a friend's house in the Tumutumu Presbyterian mission. At the time, the 1982:, where it gained a majority of votes. KANU nevertheless refused to form a government, which was instead created through a KADU-led coalition of smaller parties. Kenyatta had kept abreast of these developments, although he had refused to back either KANU or KADU, instead insisting on unity between the two parties. 736:, Kenyatta was born with the name Kamau in the small rural village of Ngenda. Birth records were not then kept among the Kikuyu, and Kenyatta's date of birth is not known. One biographer, Jules Archer, suggested he was likely born in 1890 or 1891, although a fuller analysis by Jeremy Murray-Brown suggested a birth 2566: 1155:, but the KCA rallied to its defence, claiming that its abolition would damage the structure of Kikuyu society. Anger between the two sides had heightened, several churches expelling KCA members from their congregations, and it was widely believed that the January 1930 killing of an American missionary, 3072:

accused Kenyatta of using his authority as president to allocate large tracts of land to himself and his family across Kenya. The Kenyatta family is among Kenya's biggest landowners. During the 1990s, there was still much frustration among tribal groups, namely in the Nandi, Nakuru, Uasin-Gishu, and

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had made of post-colonial leaders throughout Africa. Drawing upon Marxist theory, Jay O'Brien, for instance, argued that Kenyatta had come to power "as a representative of a would-be bourgeoisie", a coalition of "relatively privileged petty bourgeois African elements" who wanted simply to replace the

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In 1974, Arnold referred to Kenyatta as "one of the outstanding African leaders now living", someone who had become "synonymous with Kenya". He added that Kenyatta had been "one of the shrewdest politicians" on the continent, regarded as "one of the great architects of African nationalist achievement

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After 1963, Maloba noted, Kenyatta became "about the most admired post-independence African leader" on the world stage, one who Western countries hailed as a "beloved elder statesman." His opinions were "most valued" both by conservative African politicians and by Western leaders. On becoming Kenya's

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Kenyatta has also been described as a talented orator, author, and editor. He had dictatorial and autocratic tendencies, as well as a fierce temper that could emerge as rage on occasion. Murray-Brown noted that Kenyatta could be "quite unscrupulous, even brutal" in using others to get what he wanted,

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Murray-Brown noted that Kenyatta had the ability to "appear all things to all men", also displaying a "consummate ability to keep his true purposes and abilities to himself", for instance concealing his connections with communists and the Soviet Union both from members of the British Labour Party and

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government through his many years in Britain. He appears to have had no further involvement with the communist movement after 1934. As Kenya's leader, Kenyatta rejected the idea that Marxism offered a useful framework for analysing his country's socio-economic situation. The academics Bruce J. Berman

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in February 1965. Kenyatta condemned the assassination of the prominent leftist politician, although UK intelligence agencies believed that his own bodyguard had orchestrated the murder. Relations between Kenyatta and Odinga were strained, and at the March 1966 party conference, Odinga's post—that of

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as its head of state. In November 1963, Kenyatta's government introduced a law making it a criminal offence to disrespect the Prime Minister, exile being the punishment. Kenyatta's personality became a central aspect of the creation of the new state. In December, Nairobi's Delamere Avenue was renamed

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that would be detrimental to the economy. He was also aware that the confidence of the white minority would be crucial to securing Western investment in Kenya's economy. Kenyatta made it clear that when in power, he would not sack any white civil servants unless there were competent black individuals

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After British victory in World War II, Kenyatta received a request to return to Kenya in September 1946, sailing back that month. He decided not to bring Edna—who was pregnant with a second child—with him, aware that if they joined him in Kenya their lives would be made very difficult by the colony's

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During much of his life, Kenya's white settlers had regarded Kenyatta as a malcontent and an agitator; for them, he was a figure of hatred and fear. As noted by Arnold, "no figure in the whole of British Africa, with the possible exception of , excited among the settlers and the colonial authorities

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rather than the Kikuyu—from automatically becoming acting president, but their attempts failed amid sustained popular and parliamentary opposition. After Kenyatta's death, the transition of power proved smooth, surprising many international commentators. As vice president, Moi was sworn in as acting

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in London, but they refused his petition without providing an explanation. He later noted that this was despite the fact his case was one of the strongest he had ever presented during his career. According to Murray-Brown, it is likely that political, rather than legal considerations, informed their

1694:

with great suspicion. The white Electors' Union put forward a "Kenya Plan" which proposed greater white settlement in Kenya, bringing Tanganyika into the British Empire, and incorporating it within their new British East African Dominion. In April 1950, Kenyatta was present at a joint meeting of KAU

1681:

of the new Indian republic. Nehru's response was supportive, sending a message to Kenya's Indian minority reminding them that they were the guests of the indigenous African population. Relations with the white minority remained strained; for most white Kenyans, Kenyatta was their principal enemy, an

1507:

framework, he promoted the idea that traditional Kikuyu society had a cohesion and integrity that was better than anything offered by European colonialism. In this book, Kenyatta made clear his belief that the rights of the individual should be downgraded in favour of the interests of the group. The

1301:

and published in 1934. In these, he took a more radical position than he had in the past, calling for complete self-rule in Kenya. In doing so he was virtually alone among political Kenyans; figures like Thuku and Jesse Kariuki were far more moderate in their demands. The pro-independence sentiments

2919:

through books supplied to him by Stock. The Israeli diplomat Asher Naim visited him in this period, noting that although Kenyatta was "not a religious man, he was appreciative of the Bible". Despite portraying himself as a Christian, he found the attitudes of many European missionaries intolerable,

2854:

met Kenyatta in London, noting that of all the black men involved in the city's Pan-Africanist movement, he was "the most relaxed, sophisticated and 'westernized' of the lot of us". As President, Kenyatta often reminisced nostalgically about his time in England, referring to it as "home" on several

2776:

While in Britain, Kenyatta made political alliances with individuals committed to Marxism and to radical Pan-Africanism, the idea that African countries should politically unify; some commentators have posthumously characterised Kenyatta as a Pan-Africanist. Maloba observed that during the colonial

2755:

Murray-Brown noted that "Kenyatta had always kept himself free from ideological commitments", while the historian William R. Ochieng observed that "Kenyatta articulated no particular social philosophy". Similarly, Assensoh noted that Kenyatta was "not interested in social philosophies and slogans".

2586:

Kenyatta's government resorted to un-democratic measures to restrict the opposition. It used laws on detention and deportation to perpetuate its political hold. In 1966, it passed the Public Security (Detained and Restricted Persons) Regulations, allowing the authorities to arrest and detain anyone

2553:

The new party was a direct challenge to Kenyatta's rule, and he regarded it as a communist-inspired plot to oust him. Soon after the KPU's creation, the Kenyan Parliament amended the constitution to ensure that the defectors—who had originally been elected on the KANU ticket—could not automatically

2370:

Another priority for Kenyatta's government was improving access to healthcare services. It stated that its long-term goal was to establish a system of free, universal medical care. In the short-term, its emphasis was on increasing the overall number of doctors and registered nurses while decreasing

2302:

Despite Kenyatta's shortcomings on economic policy, compared with the economic performance of the vast majority of countries in independent Africa, Kenya's economic success during Kenyatta's tenure was outstanding. During the years following its independence in December, 1963, Kenya attained such a

2244:

as opposed to equitable redistribution. The government passed laws to encourage foreign investment, recognising that Kenya needed foreign-trained specialists in scientific and technical fields to aid its economic development. Under Kenyatta, Western companies regarded Kenya as a safe and profitable

1702:

By 1952, Kenyatta was widely recognized as a national leader, both by his supporters and by his opponents. As KAU leader, he was at pains to oppose all illegal activity, including workers' strikes. He called on his supporters to work hard, and to abandon laziness, theft, and crime. He also insisted

895:

neighbourhood of Nairobi, although he financed the construction of a second home at Dagoretti; he referred to this latter hut as the Kinyata Stores for he used it to hold general provisions for the neighborhood. He had sufficient funds that he could lend money to European clerks in the offices, and

3064:

noted that in abolishing the federal system, banning independent candidates from standing in elections, setting up a unicameral legislature, and relaxing restrictions on the use of emergency powers, Kenyatta had laid "the groundwork" for Moi to further advance dictatorial power in Kenya during the

2800:

Assensoh suggested that Kenyatta initially had socialist inclinations but "became a victim of capitalist circumstances"; conversely, Savage stated that "Kenyatta's direction was hardly towards the creation of a radical new socialist society", and Ochieng called him "an African capitalist". When in

2751:

and to the patronising attitudes and racist slang of Kenya's white minority. According to Murray-Brown, Kenyatta's "basic philosophy" throughout his life was that "all men deserved the right to develop peacefully according to their own wishes". Kenyatta expressed this in his statement that "I have

2528:

Kenyatta made clear his desire for Kenya to become a one-party state, regarding this as a better expression of national unity than a multi-party system. In the first five years of independence, he consolidated control of the central government, removing the autonomy of Kenya's provinces to prevent

2322:

The question of land ownership had deep emotional resonance in Kenya, having been a major grievance against the British colonialists. As part of the Lancaster House negotiations, Britain's government agreed to provide Kenya with £27 million with which to buy out white farmers and redistribute

2294:

Under Kenyatta, corruption became widespread throughout the government, civil service, and business community. Kenyatta and his family were tied up with this corruption as they enriched themselves through the mass purchase of property after 1963. Their acquisitions in the Central, Rift Valley, and

2281:

Kenya's agricultural and industrial sectors were dominated by Europeans and its commerce and trade by Asians; one of Kenyatta's most pressing issues was to bring the economy under indigenous control. There was growing black resentment towards the Asian domination of the small business sector, with

1502:

in 1938. Featuring an introduction written by Malinowski, the book reflected Kenyatta's desire to use anthropology as a weapon against colonialism. In it, Kenyatta challenged the Eurocentric view of history by presenting an image of a golden African past by emphasising the perceived order, virtue,

1001:

he expressed support for the churches, district commissioners, and chiefs. He also praised the British Empire, stating that: "The first thing is that all people are governed justly, big or small—equally. The second thing is that nobody is regarded as a slave, everyone is free to do what he or she

819:

as Johnstone Kamau in August 1914. After his baptism, Kenyatta moved out of the mission dormitory and lived with friends. Having completed his apprenticeship to the carpenter, Kenyatta requested that the mission allow him to be an apprentice stonemason, but they refused. He then requested that the

2987:

Maxon noted that in the areas of health and education, Kenya under Kenyatta "achieved more in a decade and a half than the colonial state had accomplished in the preceding six decades." By the time of Kenyatta's death, Kenya had gained higher life expectancy rates than most of Sub-Saharan Africa.

2767:

described the Kenyan leader as "a pragmatist and a moderate", noting that his only "radicalism" came in the form of his "nationalist attack" on imperialism. Arnold also noted that Kenyatta "absorbed a great deal of the British approach to politics: pragmatism, only dealing with problems when they

2499:

visited Dar es Salaam, his statement that "Africa is ripe for revolution" was clearly aimed largely at Kenya. In 1964, Kenyatta impounded a secret shipment of Chinese armaments that passed through Kenyan territory on its way to Uganda. Obote personally visited Kenyatta to apologise. In June 1967,

2426:

regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia. Britain remained one of Kenya's foremost sources of foreign trade; British aid to Kenya was among the highest in Africa. In 1964, Kenya and the UK signed a Memorandum of Understanding, one of only two military alliances Kenyatta's government made; the British

2227:

Independent Kenya had an economy heavily molded by colonial rule; agriculture dominated while industry was limited, and there was a heavy reliance on exporting primary goods while importing capital and manufactured goods. Under Kenyatta, the structure of this economy did not fundamentally change,

2213:

was created to publish the work of indigenous writers. The Kenya Cultural Centre supported indigenous art and music, and hundreds of traditional music and dance groups were formed; Kenyatta personally insisted that such performances were held at all national celebrations. Support was given to the

2051:

with six largely autonomous regional authorities, a two-chamber legislature, and a central Federal Council of Ministers who would select a rotating chair to serve as head of government for a one-year term. Renison's administration and most white settlers favoured this system as it would prevent a

2882:

through an anthropological lens as an interesting Western phenomenon but did not adopt the practice himself, instead having sexual relations with a wide range of women throughout his life. Murray-Brown characterized Kenyatta as an "affectionate father" to his children, but one who was frequently

2494:

Kenyatta and his government were anti-communist, and in June 1965 he warned that "it is naive to think that there is no danger of imperialism from the East. In world power politics the East has as much designs upon us as the West and would like to serve their own interests. That is why we reject

2218:

in Nairobi city centre—were removed. The government encouraged the use of Swahili as a national language, although English remained the main medium for parliamentary debates and the language of instruction in schools and universities. The historian Robert M. Maxon nevertheless suggested that "no

2031:

Kenyatta sought to gain the confidence of the white settler community. In 1962, the white minority had produced 80% of the country's exports and were a vital part of its economy, yet between 1962 and 1963 they were emigrating at a rate of 700 a month; Kenyatta feared that this white exodus would

1657:

stepped down and Kenyatta was elected as his replacement. Kenyatta began to draw large crowds wherever he travelled in Kikuyuland, and Kikuyu press began describing him as the "Saviour", "Great Elder", and "Hero of Our Race". He was nevertheless aware that to achieve independence, KAU needed the

748:

Kenyatta was raised according to traditional Kikuyu custom and belief, and was taught the skills needed to herd the family flock. When he was 10 years old, his earlobes were pierced to mark his transition from childhood. Wambui subsequently bore another son, Kongo, shortly before Muigai died. In

2832:

Kenyatta was a flamboyant character, with an extroverted personality. According to Murray-Brown, he "liked being at the centre of life", and was always "a rebel at heart" who enjoyed "earthly pleasures". One of Kenyatta's fellow LSE students, Elspeth Huxley, referred to him as "a showman to his

2282:

Kenyatta's government putting pressure on Asian-owned businesses, intending to replace them with African-owned counterparts. The 1965 session paper promised an "Africanization" of the Kenyan economy, with the government increasingly pushing for "black capitalism". The government established the

2149:

guerrillas, Kenyatta sent soldiers into the region in December 1963 and gave them broad powers of arrest and seizure in the NFD in September 1964. British troops were assigned to assist the Kenyan Army in the region. Kenyatta also faced domestic opposition: in January 1964, sections of the army

1826:

process. Pritt pointed out that Thacker had been appointed magistrate for the wrong district, a technicality voiding the whole trial; the Supreme Court of Kenya concurred and Kenyatta and the others were freed in July 1953, only to be immediately re-arrested. The government took the case to the

2777:

period Kenyatta had embraced "radical Pan African activism" which differed sharply from the "deliberate conservative positions, especially on the question of African liberation" that he espoused while Kenya's leader. As leader of Kenya, Kenyatta published two collected volumes of his speeches:

2578:

In July 1969, Mboya—a prominent and popular Luo KANU politician—was assassinated by a Kikuyu. Kenyatta had reportedly been concerned that Mboya, with U.S. backing, could remove him from the presidency, and across Kenya there were suspicions voiced that Kenyatta's government was responsible for

2063:

as Governor of Kenya in January 1963. MacDonald and Kenyatta developed a strong friendship; the Briton referred to the latter as "the wisest and perhaps strongest as well as most popular potential Prime Minister of the independent nation to be". MacDonald sped up plans for Kenyan independence,

2746:

Kenyatta was an African nationalist, and was committed to the belief that European colonial rule in Africa must end. Like other anti-colonialists, he believed that under colonialism, the human and natural resources of Africa had been used not for the benefit of Africa's population but for the

2338:

In part fuelled by high rural unemployment, Kenya witnessed growing rural-to-urban migration under Kenyatta's government. This exacerbated urban unemployment and housing shortages, with squatter settlements and slums growing up and urban crime rates rising. Kenyatta was concerned by this, and

1629:

to discuss the future of the Koinange Independent Teachers' College in Githungui, Koinange appointing Kenyatta as its Vice-Principal. In May 1947, Koinange moved to England, leaving Kenyatta to take full control of the college. Under Kenyatta's leadership, additional funds were raised for the

2890:

During his trial, Kenyatta described himself as a Christian saying, "I do not follow any particular denomination. I believe in Christianity as a whole." Arnold stated that in England, Kenyatta's adherence to Christianity was "desultory". While in London, Kenyatta had taken an interest in the

2286:

to provide loans for black-owned businesses, and secured a 51% share in the Kenya National Assurance Company. In 1965, the government established the Kenya National Trading Corporation to ensure indigenous control over the trade in essential commodities, while the Trade Licensing Act of 1967

2358:

The government oversaw a massive expansion in education facilities. In June 1963, Kenyatta ordered the Ominda Commission to determine a framework for meeting Kenya's educational needs. Their report set out the long-term goal of universal free primary education in Kenya but argued that the

792:. He also performed chores for the mission, including washing the dishes and weeding the gardens. He was soon joined at the mission dormitory by his brother Kongo. The longer the pupils stayed, the more they came to resent the patronising way many of the British missionaries treated them. 876:; she initially moved into Kenyatta's family homestead, although she joined Kenyatta in Dagoretti when Ngengi drove her out. On 20 November 1920 she gave birth to Kenyatta's son, Peter Muigui. In October 1920, Kenyatta was called before the Thogota Kirk Session and suspended from taking 2659:

In 1977, Kenyatta had several further strokes or heart attacks. On 22 August 1978, he died of a heart attack in the State House, Mombasa. The Kenyan government had been preparing for Kenyatta's death since at least his 1968 stroke; it had requested British assistance in organising his

1682:

agitator with links to the Soviet Union who had the impertinence to marry a white woman. They too increasingly called for further Kenyan autonomy from the British government, but wanted continued white-minority rule and closer links to the white-minority governments of South Africa,

658:

economic policies and the "Africanisation" of the economy, prohibiting non-citizens from controlling key industries. Education and healthcare were expanded, while UK-funded land redistribution favoured KANU loyalists and exacerbated ethnic tensions. Under Kenyatta, Kenya joined the

2024:, alongside Somalia. Ethnic Somalis inhabited this region and claimed it should be part of Somalia, not Kenya. Kenyatta disagreed, insisting the land remain Kenyan, and stated that Somalis in Kenya should "pack up camels and go to Somalia". In June 1962, Kenyatta travelled to 1520:

was a commercial failure, selling only 517 copies, but was generally well received; an exception was among white Kenyans, whose assumptions about the Kikuyu being primitive savages in need of European civilization it challenged. Murray-Brown later described it as "a propaganda

1139:

advanced him funds to pay off his debts and return to Kenya. Although Kenyatta enjoyed life in London and feared arrest if he returned home, he sailed back to Mombasa in September 1930. On his return, his prestige among the Kikuyu was high because of his time spent in Europe.

1245:

doctrine and the history of the Marxist-Leninist movement. Many Africans and members of the African diaspora were attracted to the institution because it offered free education and the opportunity to study in an environment where they were treated with dignity, free from the

1852:

During the appeal process, a prison had been built at Lokitaung, where Kenyatta and the four others were then interned. The others were made to break rocks in the hot sun but Kenyatta, because of his age, was instead appointed their cook, preparing a daily diet of beans and

740:

1897 or 1898. Kenyatta's father was named Muigai, and his mother Wambui. They lived in a homestead near River Thiririka, where they raised crops and bred sheep and goats. Muigai was sufficiently wealthy that he could afford to keep several wives, each living in a separate

2205:, expecting these communities to offer total loyalty to the independent Kenyan state. His administration pressured whites-only social clubs to adopt multi-racial entry policies, and in 1964 schools formerly reserved for European pupils were opened to Africans and Asians. 1990:

Renison decided to release Kenyatta before Kenya achieved independence. He thought public exposure to Kenyatta prior to elections would make the populace less likely to vote for a man Renison regarded as a violent extremist. In April 1961, the government flew Kenyatta to

690:

Kenyatta was a controversial figure. Prior to Kenyan independence, many of its white settlers regarded him as an agitator and malcontent, although across Africa he gained widespread respect as an anti-colonialist. During his presidency, he was given the honorary title of

2962:

surrounded him in the country, one which deliberately interlinked Kenyan nationalism with Kenyatta's own personality. This use of Kenyatta as a popular symbol of the nation itself was furthered by the similarities between their names. He came to be regarded as a

3028:

stated that "here was a black Moses who had been called by history to lead his people to the promised land of no exploitation, no oppression, but who failed to rise to the occasion". Ngũgĩ saw Kenyatta as a "twentieth-century tragic figure: he could have been a

2669:. In doing so, senior Kenyans sought to project an image of their country as a modern nation-state rather than one incumbent on tradition. The funeral took place at St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, six days after Kenyatta's death. Britain's heir to the throne, 1265:

government shifted political allegiances in Europe; the Soviet Union pursued formal alliances with France and Czechoslovakia, and thus reduced its support for the movement against British and French colonial rule in Africa. As a result, Comintern disbanded the

1163:—the head of the Church of Scotland in Kenya—later expelled Kenyatta from the church, citing what he deemed dishonesty during the debate. In 1931, Kenyatta took his son out of the church school at Thogota and enrolled him in a KCA-approved, independent school. 929:

identity certificates at all times, being forbidden from growing coffee, and paying taxes without political representation. Political upheavals occurred in Kikuyuland—the area inhabited largely by the Kikuyu—following World War I, among them the campaigns of

1529:, referred to it as "probably the most well-known and influential African scholarly work of its time", while for fellow scholar Simon Gikandi, it was "one of the major texts in what has come to be known as the invention of tradition in colonial Africa". 954:

as their representative, he declined, but recommended that Kenyatta—who had a good command of English—go in his place. Kenyatta accepted, probably on the condition that the Association matched his pre-existing wage. He thus became the group's secretary.

2833:

finger tips; jovial, a good companion, shrewd, fluent, quick, devious, subtle, flesh-pot loving". Kenyatta liked to dress elaborately; throughout most of his adult life, he wore finger rings and while studying at university in London took to wearing a

1050:. He then lodged with a prostitute; both this and Kenyatta's lavish spending brought concern from the Church Mission Society. His landlord subsequently impounded his belongings due to unpaid debt. In the city, Kenyatta met with W. McGregor Ross at the 3021:

British colonialists and "Asian commercial bourgeoisie" with themselves. He suggested that the British supported Kenyatta in this, seeing him as a bulwark against growing worker and peasant militancy who would ensure continued neo-colonial dominance.

2208:

Kenyatta's government believed it necessary to cultivate a united Kenyan national culture. To this end, it made efforts to assert the dignity of indigenous African cultures which missionaries and colonial authorities had belittled as "primitive". An

2219:

national culture emerged during the Kenyatta era", most artistic and cultural expressions reflecting particular ethnic groups rather than a broader sense of Kenyanness, while Western culture remained heavily influential over the country's elites.

2708:

Kenyatta's succession had been an issue of debate since independence, and Kenyatta had not unreservedly nominated a successor. The Kikuyu clique surrounding him had sought to amend the constitution to prevent vice president Moi—who was from the

2845:

Simon Gikandi argued that Kenyatta, like some of his contemporaries in the Pan-African movement, was an "Afro-Victorian", someone whose identity had been shaped "by the culture of colonialism and colonial institutions", especially those of the

2044:

In 1962 he returned to London to attend one of the Lancaster House conferences. There, KANU and KADU representatives met with British officials to formulate a new constitution. KADU desired a federalist state organised on a system they called

2635:

and heart problems, all of which he sought to keep hidden from the public. By 1970, he was increasingly feeble and senile, and by 1975 Kenyatta had—according to Maloba—"in effect ceased to actively govern". Four Kikuyu politicians—Koinange,

1721:"We Africans are in the majority , and we should have self-government. That does not mean we should not take account of whites, provided we have the key position. We want to be friendly with whites. We don't want to be dominated by them." 1511:

The book's jacket cover featured an image of Kenyatta in traditional dress, wearing a skin cloak over one shoulder and carrying a spear. The book was published under the name "Jomo Kenyatta", the first time that he had done so; the term

3007:

To Ochieng, Kenyatta was "a personification of conservative social forces and tendencies" in Kenya. Towards the end of his presidency, many younger Kenyans—while respecting Kenyatta's role in attaining independence—regarded him as a

2760:, an ideological viewpoint likely bolstered by his training in functionalist anthropology. He pursued, according to Maloba, "a conservatism that worked in concert with imperial powers and was distinctly hostile to radical politics". 2570: 2482:

in 1965. Kenyatta also maintained a warm relationship with Israel, including when other East African nations endorsed Arab hostility to the state; he for instance permitted Israeli jets to refuel in Kenya on their way back from the

2805:

land rights that were at odds with any socialist-oriented collectivisation. According to Maloba, Kenyatta's government "sought to project capitalism as an African ideology, and communism (or socialism) as alien and dangerous".

2568: 2264:

was minister for economic planning and development, the government issued a session paper titled "African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya", in which it officially declared its commitment to what it called an

1402:

Kenyatta returned to his former dwellings at 95 Cambridge Street, but did not pay his landlady for over a year, owing over £100 in rent. This angered Ross and contributed to the breakdown of their friendship. He then rented a

844:

had recruited many Kikuyu. One of those who joined was Kongo, who disappeared during the conflict; his family never learned of his fate. Kenyatta did not join the armed forces, and like other Kikuyu he moved to live among the

1927:

This indefinite detention was widely interpreted internationally as a reflection of the cruelties of British imperialism. Calls for his release came from the Chinese government, India's Nehru, and Tanganyika's Prime Minister

2064:

believing that the longer the wait, the greater the opportunity for radicalisation among African nationalists. An election was scheduled for May, with self-government in June, followed by full independence in December 1964.

1831:, which reversed the Supreme Court's decision in August. The appeals process resumed in October 1953, and in January 1954 the Supreme Court upheld the convictions against all but Oneko. Pritt finally took the case to the 2664:

as a result of the UK's longstanding experience in this area. McKenzie had been employed as a go-between, and the structure of the funeral was orchestrated to deliberately imitate that of deceased British Prime Minister

934:

and the East African Association, resulting in the government massacre of 21 native protesters in March 1922. Kenyatta had not taken part in these events, perhaps so as not to disrupt his lucrative employment prospects.

2887:(born 1928). Margaret served as mayor of Nairobi between 1970 and 1976 and then as Kenya's ambassador to the United Nations from 1976 to 1986. Of these children, it was Margaret who was Kenyatta's closest confidante. 1326:. The book was published under Armstrong's name, although Kenyatta claimed he should have been listed as co-author. He enrolled at UCL as a student, studying an English course between January and July 1935 and then a 2532:

A major focus for Kenyatta during the first three and a half years of Kenya's independence were the divisions within KANU itself. Opposition to Kenyatta's government grew, particularly following the assassination of

2435:

one, with the British having exchanged their position of political power for one of influence. The historian Poppy Cullen nevertheless noted that there was no "dictatorial neo-colonial control" in Kenyatta's Kenya.

1433:

in Autumn 1934. Several other Africans in London criticized him for doing so, arguing that the film degraded black people. Appearing in the film also allowed him to meet and befriend its star, the African-American

2142:

Disputes with Somalia over the Northern Frontier District (NFD) continued; for much of Kenyatta's rule, Somalia remained the major threat to his government. To deal with sporadic violence in the region by Somali

11523: 950:, although this led to no firm involvement at the time. In either 1925 or early 1926, Beauttah moved to Uganda, but remained in contact with Kenyatta. When the KCA wrote to Beauttah and asked him to travel to 868:, where he became a retainer for a local sub-chief, Kioi; in 1919 he assisted Kioi in putting the latter's case in a land dispute before a Nairobi court. Desiring a wife, Kenyatta entered a relationship with 2656:. After Kariuki's murder, Maloba noted, there was a "noticeable erosion" of support for Kenyatta and his government. Thenceforth, when the president spoke to crowds, they no longer applauded his statements. 1493:. In response to these activities, the British Colonial Office reopened their file on him, although could not find any evidence that he was engaged in anything sufficiently seditious to warrant prosecution. 1662:—tribes traditionally hostile to the Kikuyu—regarded him as an advocate of Kikuyu dominance. He insisted on intertribal representation on the KAU executive and ensured that party business was conducted in 849:, who had refused to fight for the British. Kenyatta lived with the family of an aunt who had married a Maasai chief, adopting Maasai customs and wearing Maasai jewellery, including a beaded belt known as 2277:

in instances where national security was at risk. Left-wing critics highlighted that the image of "African socialism" portrayed in the document provided for no major shift away from the colonial economy.

1711:. Whatever Kenyatta's views on these developments, he had little ability to control them. He was increasingly frustrated, and—without the intellectual companionship he experienced in Britain—felt lonely. 2837:

and cloak and carrying a silver-topped black cane. He adopted his surname, "Kenyatta", after the name of a beaded belt he often wore in early life. As President he collected a variety of expensive cars.

2752:

stood always for the purposes of human dignity in freedom, and for the values of tolerance and peace." This approach was similar to the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda's ideology of "African humanism".

2085:; a KANU majority government replaced the pre-existing coalition. On 1 June 1963, Kenyatta was sworn in as prime minister of the autonomous Kenyan government. Kenya remained a monarchy, with Queen 2569: 1804:, the main prosecution witness, turned out to have perjured himself; the judge had only recently been awarded an unusually large pension and maintained secret contact with the then colonial Governor 2868:"I do not think I am—and have never been—an enemy of Europeans or the white people, because I have spent many years in England or in Europe, and even today I have many friends in various nations." 1508:

book also reflected his changing views on female genital mutilation; where once he opposed it, he now unequivocally supported the practice, downplaying the medical dangers that it posed to women.

1857:. In 1955, P. de Robeck became the District Officer, after which Kenyatta and the other inmates were treated more leniently. In April 1954, they had been joined by a captured Mau Mau commander, 1580:

Intelligence services continued monitoring Kenyatta, noting that he was politically inactive between 1939 and 1944. In Sussex, he wrote an essay for the United Society for Christian Literature,

2591:. In October 1969 the government banned the KPU, and arrested Odinga before putting him under indefinite detainment. With the organised opposition eliminated, from 1969, Kenya was once again a 1074:

headquarters in April. At the meeting, Kenyatta raised the land issue and Thuku's exile, the atmosphere between the two being friendly. In spite of this, following the meeting, Grigg convinced

891:, equivalent to £862 in 2023) a month, a particularly high wage for a native African, which brought him financial independence and a growing sense of self-confidence. Kenyatta lived in the 795:

Kenyatta's academic progress was unremarkable, and in July 1912 he became an apprentice to the mission's carpenter. That year, he professed his dedication to Christianity and began undergoing

13786: 2248: 2020:

Kenyatta traveled elsewhere in Africa, visiting Tanganyika in October 1961 and Ethiopia in November at the invitation of their governments. A key issue facing Kenya was a border dispute in

2520: 2399:

In part due to his advanced years, Kenyatta rarely traveled outside of Eastern Africa. Under Kenyatta, Kenya was largely uninvolved in the affairs of other states, including those in the

2117:

Kenya's first cabinet included not only Kikuyu but also members of the Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and Maragoli tribal groups. In June 1963, Kenyatta met with Julius Nyerere and Ugandan President

11492: 2193:. The police and military structures were left largely intact. White Kenyans were left in senior positions within the judiciary, civil service, and parliament, with the white Kenyans 2291:. Kenyatta was not sympathetic to those leaving: "Kenya's identity as an African country is not going to be altered by the whims and malaises of groups of uncommitted individuals." 1895:, insisted that it was necessary; in a March 1961 speech, he described Kenyatta an "African leader to darkness and death" and stated that if he were released, violence would erupt. 1883:

His sentence served, in April 1959 Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung. The administration then placed a restricting order on Kenyatta, forcing him to reside in the remote area of

803:

ritual; the missionaries generally disapproved of this custom, but it was an important aspect of Kikuyu tradition, allowing Kenyatta to be recognized as an adult. Asked to take a

2579:

Mboya's death. The killing sparked tensions between the Kikuyu and other ethnic groups across the country, with riots breaking out in Nairobi. In October 1969, Kenyatta visited

1955:

By this point, it was widely accepted that Kenyan independence was inevitable, the British Empire having been dismantled throughout much of Asia and Macmillan having made his "

2418:, Kenyatta officially pursued a policy of "positive non-alignment". In reality, his foreign policy was pro-Western and in particular pro-British. Kenya became a member of the 2788:

Kenyatta had been exposed to Marxist-Leninist ideas through his friendship with Padmore and the time spent in the Soviet Union, but had also been exposed to Western forms of

1237:. Over time, he became Padmore's protégé. In late 1932, he joined Padmore in Germany. Before the end of the year, the duo relocated to Moscow, where Kenyatta studied at the 2214:

preservation of historic and cultural monuments, while street names referencing colonial figures were renamed and symbols of colonialism—like the statue of British settler

1250:

present in the U.S. and British Empire. Kenyatta complained about the food, accommodation, and poor quality of English instruction. There is no evidence that he joined the

12970: 2673:, attended the event, a symbol of the value that the British government perceived in its relationship with Kenya. African heads of state also attended, including Nyerere, 1152: 2648:—formed his inner circle of associates, and he was rarely seen in public without one of them present. This clique faced opposition from KANU back-benchers spearheaded by 883:

In April 1922, Kenyatta began working as a stores clerk and meter reader for Cook, who had been appointed water superintendent for Nairobi's municipal council. He earned

2508:. Relations with the Soviet Union were also strained; Kenyatta shut down the Lumumba Institute—an educational organisation named after the Congolese independence leader 2567: 2928:, which he instead preferred to call "ancestor communion". In that book's dedication, Kenyatta invoked "ancestral spirits" as part of "the Fight for African Freedom." 1932:. Kwame Nkrumah—whom Kenyatta had known since the 1940s and who was now President of a newly independent Ghana—personally raised the issue with British Prime Minister 11734:

Branch, Daniel (2017). "Violence, decolonisation and the Cold War in Kenya's north-eastern province, 1963–1978". In Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (eds.).

2971:

leader, his anti-communist positions gained favour in the West, and some pro-Western governments gave him awards; in 1965 he, for instance, received medals from both

11515: 3069: 2189:

Kenyatta's calls to forgive and forget the past were a keystone of his government. He preserved some elements of the old colonial order, particularly in relation to

1936:

and other UK officials, with the Ghanaian government offering Kenyatta asylum in the event of his release. Resolutions calling for his release were produced at the

13759: 2883:

absent. Kenyatta had two children from his first marriage with Grace Wahu: son Peter Muigai Kenyatta (born 1920), who later became a deputy minister; and daughter

638:—from competing in elections. He promoted reconciliation between the country's indigenous ethnic groups and its European minority, although his relations with the 1192: 2495:

Communism. " His governance was often criticised by communists and other leftists, some of whom accused him of being a fascist. When Chinese Communist official

966:, helping to establish new KCA branches. In February 1928, he was part of a KCA party that visited Government House in Nairobi to give evidence in front of the 699:, securing support from both the black majority and the white minority with his message of reconciliation. Conversely, his rule was criticised as dictatorial, 2785:. The material included in these publications was carefully selected so as to avoid mention of the radicalism he exhibited while in Britain during the 1930s. 11713: 1959:" speech. In January 1960, the British government made its intention to free Kenya apparent. It invited representatives of Kenya's anti-colonial movement to 11803: 14115: 13774: 1872:, was the first to publicly call for Kenyatta's release, an issue that gained growing support among Kenya's anti-colonialists. In 1955, the British writer 1267: 2081:

pitted Kenyatta's KANU against KADU, the Akamba People's Party, and various independent candidates. KANU was victorious with 83 seats out of 124 in the

2059:

The British government considered Renison too ill at ease with indigenous Africans to oversee the transition to independence and thus replaced him with

2005:. In October 1961, Kenyatta formally joined KANU and accepted its presidency. In January 1962 he was elected unopposed as KANU's representative for the 12870: 10914: 2475: 14060: 14040: 14030: 12725: 2283: 2201:

being among Kenyatta's top officials. Kenyatta's government nevertheless rejected the idea that the European and Asian minorities could be permitted

1474: 1002:

likes without being hindered." This did not prevent Grigg from writing to the authorities in London requesting permission to shut the magazine down.

1792:. Pritt's involvement brought much media attention; during the trial he faced government harassment and was sent death threats. The judge selected, 1703:

that in an independent Kenya, all racial groups would be safeguarded. Kenyatta's gradualist and peaceful approach contrasted with the growth of the

13084: 12963: 2459: 1469:(IASB), of which Kenyatta became one of the vice chairs. Kenyatta began giving anti-colonial lectures across Britain for groups like the IASB, the 1887:, where he had to report to the district commissioner twice a day. There, he was joined by his wife Ngina. In October 1961, they had another son, 1641:

In October 1951 Kenyatta selected colors for the KAU flag: green for the land, black for the skin of the people, and red for the blood of liberty.

1238: 1054:, Ross briefing him on how to deal with the Colonial Office. Kenyatta became friends with Ross' family, and accompanied them to social events in 548: 958:

It is likely that the KCA purchased a motorbike for Kenyatta, which he used to travel around Kikuyuland and neighbouring areas inhabited by the

1486: 1868:

Kenyatta's imprisonment transformed him into a political martyr for many Kenyans, further enhancing his status. A Luo anti-colonial activist,

11482: 1773: 2439: 14035: 13704: 12956: 1805: 12451:

Lonsdale, John (2000). "KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War".

1808:. The prosecution failed to produce any strong evidence that Kenyatta or the other accused had any involvement in managing the Mau Mau. 2041:

capable of replacing them. He was sufficiently successful that several prominent white Kenyans backed KANU in the subsequent election.

2016:

Kenyatta became close friends with the last British Governor of Kenya, Malcolm MacDonald, who helped speed the process of independence.

1446: 908:

Kenyatta lobbied against many of the actions of Edward Grigg, Governor of Kenya. Grigg tried to suppress many of Kenyatta's activities.

12539:(2004). "Jomo Kenyatta and the Rise of the Ethno-nationalist State in Kenya". In Berman, Bruce; Eyoh, Dickson; Kymlicka, Will (eds.). 3012:. Those desiring a radical transformation of Kenyan society often compared Kenyatta's Kenya unfavourably with its southern neighbour, 1617:

racial laws. On his arrival in Mombasa, Kenyatta was greeted by his first wife, Grace Wahu and their children. He built a bungalow at

14095: 13744: 1649:(KAU) had been founded; at that time it was the only active political outlet for indigenous Africans in the colony. At its June 1947 1128: 773: 122: 595:, through which he lobbied for independence from British colonial rule, attracting widespread indigenous support but animosity from 13162: 11840:

Frederiksen, Bodil Folke (2008). "Jomo Kenyatta, Marie Bonaparte and Bronislaw Malinowski on Clitoridectomy and Female Sexuality".

2945: 295: 14065: 1921:

Among those lobbying for Kenyatta's release from indefinite detention were Tanganyika's Julius Nyerere and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah.

1832: 1603:, in which he blended political calls for independence with romanticised descriptions of an idealised pre-colonial African past. 1195:

on the future of East Africa. Kenyatta would not return to Kenya for fifteen years. In Britain, he spent the summer attending an

975: 3016:'s Tanzania. The criticisms that leftists like Odinga made of Kenyatta's leadership were similar to those that the intellectual 2631:

For many years, Kenyatta had suffered health problems. He had a mild stroke in 1966, and a second in May 1968. He suffered from

2343:

grew faster than the private sector. The growth in the public sector contributed to the significant expansion of the indigenous

1891:, and later on another daughter, Nyokabi, and a further son, Muhoho. Kenyatta spent two years in Lodwar. The Governor of Kenya, 780:

to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Africa was part of Britain's civilizing mission. While there, Kenyatta stayed at the small

14120: 12863: 12488:

Savage, Donald C. (1969). "Jomo Kenyatta, Malcolm MacDonald and the Colonial Office 1938–39 Some Documents from the P. R. O.".

9580: 2555: 1419:, which he had joined in the spring of 1934, and befriended Africans in the city. To earn money, he worked as one of 250 black 13780: 9367: 2747:

enrichment of the colonisers and their European homelands. For Kenyatta, independence meant not just self-rule, but an end to

2178:

In December 1964, Kenya was officially proclaimed a republic. Kenyatta became its executive president, combining the roles of

1800:; the government knew he would be sympathetic to their case and gave him £20,000 to oversee it. The trial lasted five months: 1748:, a remote area near the Ugandan border that the authorities hoped would not attract crowds or attention. Together, Kenyatta, 13658: 12718: 12567: 12526: 12441: 12418: 11745: 2215: 2094:. Photographs of Kenyatta were widely displayed in shop windows, and his face was also printed on the new currency. In 1964, 1696: 1277:

Kenyatta continued writing articles, reflecting Padmore's influence. Between 1931 and 1937 he wrote several articles for the

1254:, and one of his fellow students later characterised him as "the biggest reactionary I have ever met." Kenyatta also visited 13739: 12979: 1466: 1075: 630:, he transferred regional powers to his central government, suppressed political dissent, and prohibited KANU's only rival— 2354:

The University of Nairobi, Kenya's first institution of higher education, was established under Kenyatta's administration.

1625:, and in March 1947 accepted a post on an African Land Settlement Board, holding the post for two years. He also met with 2135:

A celebration to mark independence was held in a specially constructed stadium on 12 December 1963. During the ceremony,

1960: 1470: 1251: 14015: 13895: 13709: 12548: 12365: 12309: 12290: 12186: 12167: 12140: 12121: 12001: 11886: 11643: 11624: 11605: 11582: 2588: 1952:, while a colonial government commissioned poll revealed that most of Kenya's indigenous Africans wanted this outcome. 1937: 1562: 1359: 1070:. Grigg was in London at the same time and, despite his opposition to Kenyatta's visit, agreed to meet with him at the 987: 896:

could enjoy the lifestyle offered by Nairobi, which included cinemas, football matches, and imported British fashions.

2128:

Continuing to emphasize good relations with the white settlers, in August 1963 Kenyatta met with 300 white farmers at

1525:. No other African had made such an uncompromising stand for tribal integrity." Bodil Folke Frederiksen, a scholar of 14105: 14050: 13769: 12856: 12602: 469: 46: 2105: 1481:. In October 1938, he gave a talk to the Manchester Fabian Society in which he described British colonial policy as 820:

mission recommend him for employment, but the head missionary refused because of an allegation of minor dishonesty.

14125: 12711: 2383: 2136: 2082: 2001: 1659: 1574: 1107: 1102: 2245:

place for investment; between 1964 and 1970, large-scale foreign investment and industry in Kenya nearly doubled.

1772:"—were put on trial. The defendants assembled an international and multiracial team of defence lawyers, including 607:. Although protesting his innocence—a view shared by later historians—he was convicted. He remained imprisoned at 14090: 14080: 14055: 13849: 12734: 1331: 1039: 2952:

Within Kenya, Kenyatta came to be regarded as the "Father of the Nation", and was given the unofficial title of

2722:

tendencies by emphasizing a closer link to the poor. In 1982 he would amend the Kenyan constitution to create a

1621:, near to where he was born, and began farming his 32-acre estate. Kenyatta met with the new Governor of Kenya, 452: 2431:

trained Kenyatta's own bodyguards. Commentators argued that Britain's relationship with Kenyatta's Kenya was a

2210: 2021: 1975: 1781: 1658:

support of other indigenous tribes and ethnic groups. This was made difficult by the fact that many Maasai and

1219: 647: 2273:

with an important role for private capital, with Kenyatta's government specifying that it would consider only

1374: 14020: 13920: 13749: 13678: 10932: 10339: 2884: 2408: 1737:

In October 1952, Kenyatta was arrested and driven to Nairobi, where he was taken aboard a plane and flown to

1281:

and joined the newspaper's editorial board in 1933. He also produced an article for a November 1933 issue of

808: 660: 401: 9656: 2335:

lands in the Rift to non-Nandi, describing the settlement schemes as "Kenyatta's colonization of the rift".

2121:

in Nairobi. The trio discussed the possibility of merging their three nations (plus Zanzibar) into a single

14100: 14075: 13734: 13719: 13155: 12824: 12759: 12629: 2698: 2596: 2078: 1979: 1971: 1828: 979: 619: 513: 356: 333: 186: 12219:"Jomo Kenyatta: An Epitome of Indigenous Pan-Africanism, Nationalism and Intellectual Production in Kenya" 4146: 1392:

95 Cambridge Street, London, where Kenyatta resided for much of his time in London; it is now marked by a

13864: 13398: 12848: 12794: 6220: 2488: 2388: 1596: 1570: 14085: 14045: 13673: 12834: 6569: 4602: 1478: 1442: 1343: 1188: 1136: 1059: 943: 591:. He returned to Kenya in 1946 and became a school principal. In 1947, he was elected President of the 556: 536: 429: 13729: 13694: 12814: 11714:

Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente

11070: 7569: 3025: 2611:. Other political figures who were critical of Kenyatta's administration, including Ronald Ngala and 2608: 2229: 2091: 1496:

Kenyatta assembled the essays on Kikuyu society written for Malinowski's class and published them as

1315: 1144: 916: 552: 425: 228: 24: 2028:

to discuss the issue with the Somalian authorities, but the two sides could not reach an agreement.

14110: 13885: 13634: 13539: 13463: 13303: 13059: 13044: 13024: 12804: 12604:

Audio recording of Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta's independence speech at Uhuru Stadium in Nairobi

2670: 2296: 2190: 1970:

After the Lancaster House negotiations, the anti-colonial movement had split into two parties, the

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from 1964 to his death in 1978. He played a significant role in the transformation of Kenya from

489: 142: 91: 12159: 12151: 7457: 5262: 4093: 2311: 1339: 1241:. There he was taught arithmetic, geography, natural science, and political economy, as well as 14025: 14000: 13724: 13448: 13363: 13212: 12282: 12274: 5350: 2400: 1869: 1797: 1650: 1566: 1412: 971: 643: 631: 97: 12083:

Lonsdale, John (2006). "Ornamental Constitutionalism in Africa: Kenyatta and the Two Queens".

9780: 7906: 5600: 4670: 2652:. In March 1975 Kariuki was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered, and his body was dumped in the 13965: 13629: 8475: 7717: 5170: 2941: 2649: 2612: 2360: 1949: 1844: 884: 707:, of favouring Kikuyu over other ethnic groups, and of facilitating the growth of widespread 56: 12375:

Tamarkin, M. (1979). "From Kenyatta to Moi: The Anatomy of a Peaceful Transition of Power".

5477: 5370: 4874: 2170: 2009:

constituency in the legislative council after its sitting member, Kariuki Njiiri, resigned.

1811:

In April 1953, Judge Thacker found the defendants guilty. He sentenced them to seven years'

1634:, who was one of the few female students at his college; she then gave birth to a daughter. 982:

to express concerns about the recent introduction of Land Boards. Introduced by the British

14010: 14005: 13811: 13764: 13494: 13418: 13383: 7982: 7097: 4435: 4299: 2444: 2288: 2257: 1892: 1622: 1588: 1445:, incensing Kenyatta and other Africans in London; he became the honorary secretary of the 1425: 1097:

before returning to London in October. Kenyatta was strongly influenced by his time in the

1051: 1015: 750: 696: 584: 232: 36: 12319:

Savage, Donald C. (1970). "Kenyatta and the Development of African Nationalism in Kenya".

1305: 1226:, where he remained until the spring of 1932, attaining a certificate in English writing. 915:

sentiment was on the rise among both native and Indian communities in Kenya following the

8: 13854: 13828: 13549: 13192: 13094: 5771: 3056:

Assensoh argued that in his life story, Kenyatta had a great deal in common with Ghana's

2959: 2925: 2896: 2690: 2543: 2539: 2471: 2428: 2364: 2158:, subsequently became some of Kenyatta's most loyal supporters. Kenya therefore became a 2109:

Kenyatta initially agreed to merge Kenya with Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar to form an

1646: 1573:, but was turned down. On 11 May 1942 he married an English woman, Edna Grace Clarke, at 1526: 1335: 708: 592: 528: 505: 12948: 12584: 11896:

Gikandi, Simon (2000). "Pan-Africanism and Cosmopolitanism: The Case of Jomo Kenyatta".

4986: 1034:

to Britain. Grigg's administration could not stop Kenyatta's journey but asked London's

857:. At some point, he took to calling himself "Kĩnyata" or "Kenyatta" after this garment. 728:

A traditional Kikuyu house, similar to that in which Kenyatta would have lived in Ngenda

13880: 13859: 13584: 13534: 13509: 13499: 13484: 13438: 13423: 12780: 12685: 12505: 12476: 12468: 12384: 12344: 12336: 12261: 12205: 12100: 12071: 12032: 11959: 11913: 11865: 11828: 11790: 11782: 11722: 11695: 11670: 11094: 10926: 6973: 4526: 3061: 2748: 2455: 2328: 2260:

state with an equitable distribution of economic and social development. In 1965, when

2183: 1819: 1789: 1498: 1430: 920: 769: 560: 493: 440: 72: 12590: 7220: 7200: 6474: 6454: 5676: 1302:

that he was able to express in Britain would not have been permitted in Kenya itself.

1115:. In these, his criticism of British imperialism was far stronger than it had been in 618:

On his release, Kenyatta became President of KANU and led the party to victory in the

13817: 13504: 13276: 13217: 13197: 13079: 13064: 12563: 12544: 12522: 12480: 12437: 12430: 12414: 12407: 12361: 12348: 12305: 12286: 12182: 12163: 12136: 12117: 12104: 12075: 12036: 11997: 11963: 11930: 11917: 11882: 11857: 11832: 11794: 11741: 11639: 11620: 11601: 11594: 11578: 8681: 4798: 2900: 2789: 2666: 2266: 2060: 1765: 1687: 1683: 1211: 1082: 983: 13348: 13333: 12114:

The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya: British Imperialism and Kenyatta, 1963–1978

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Although many white Kenyans accepted Kenyatta's rule, he remained opposed by white

2323:

their land among the indigenous population. To ease this transition, Kenyatta made

2202: 1933: 1704: 1674: 1663: 1408: 1319: 1242: 1214:

conference on African children. In November, he met the Indian independence leader

1132: 912: 789: 639: 604: 572: 409: 12585:

A 1964 newsreel from British Pathe of Kenyatta's swearing in as President of Kenya

12044:

Lonsdale, John (1990). "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya".

11823: 8661: 5310: 3408: 2256:

In contrast to his economic policies, Kenyatta publicly claimed he would create a

1912: 1637: 1407:

flat with his friend Dinah Stock, whom he had met at an anti-imperialist rally in

13953: 13644: 13624: 13554: 13388: 13353: 13258: 13124: 13104: 13089: 13069: 13054: 13049: 12800: 12695: 12639: 12011:

Leman, Peter (2011). "African Oral Law and the Critique of Colonial Modernity in

11929:. By Armstrong, Lilias E. London: International Africa Institute. pp. v–vi. 11804:"Funeral Planning: British Involvement in the Funeral of President Jomo Kenyatta" 11735: 11636:

African Political Leadership: Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, and Julius K. Nyerere

9804: 8677: 8109: 3042: 2815: 2794: 2710: 2554:

retain their seats and would have to stand for re-election. This resulted in the

2509: 2432: 2372: 2274: 2241: 2237: 2194: 2155: 2037: 1964: 1801: 1793: 1785: 1691: 1347: 1215: 1124: 1067: 1063: 1035: 854: 837: 781: 680: 627: 413: 221: 135: 105: 13373: 10014: 8338: 5755: 5620: 5282: 5018: 2718:, and capitalistic ethos that had characterised Kenyatta's period and expressed 2615:, were killed in incidents that many speculated were government assassinations. 1948:

in 1961. Internal calls for his release came from Kenyan Asian activists in the

1516:

was close to a Kikuyu word describing the removal of a sword from its scabbard.

13925: 13890: 13639: 13599: 13589: 13458: 13453: 13443: 13433: 13368: 13328: 13237: 13171: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13019: 13014: 13009: 12820: 12746: 12332: 9824: 5222: 4242: 3347: 3046: 3030: 3013: 2903:, while an Irish Muslim friend had unsuccessfully urged Kenyatta to convert to 2851: 2682: 2678: 2645: 2641: 2604: 2559: 2463: 2324: 2316: 2240:, with no serious socialist policies being pursued; its focus was on achieving 2198: 1929: 1888: 1873: 1769: 1631: 1626: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1420: 1416: 1355: 1283: 1230: 1203: 1047: 939: 888: 877: 833: 804: 704: 684: 672: 626:

into an independent republic, of which he became president in 1964. Desiring a

600: 576: 532: 501: 405: 377: 319: 101: 20: 12257: 12235: 12218: 12096: 12057: 11984: 11909: 11653:

Beck, Ann (1966). "Some Observations on Jomo Kenyatta in Britain: 1929–1930".

8093: 7772: 7668: 6768: 6637: 13994: 13977: 13823: 13699: 13619: 13614: 13594: 13574: 13559: 13514: 13428: 13413: 13393: 13358: 13114: 13074: 12621: 12028: 11755:

Boone, Catherine (2012). "Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya".

9640: 8685: 7240: 5529: 5051: 3735: 3057: 2964: 2847: 2715: 2686: 2661: 2637: 2600: 2340: 2270: 2179: 2090:

Kenyatta Avenue, and a bronze statue of him was erected beside the country's

1858: 1761: 1749: 1728: 1654: 1592: 1383: 1199: 1148: 1030:

After the KCA raised sufficient funds, in February 1929 Kenyatta sailed from

1024: 846: 733: 700: 668: 596: 520: 209: 8246: 5103: 3882: 3768: 535:, he worked in various jobs before becoming politically engaged through the 13604: 13529: 13318: 13202: 13129: 13099: 12913: 12830: 12755: 12676: 12536: 11861: 11575:

Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire

11487: 5636: 5574: 5572: 5206: 4019: 3839: 3646: 3630: 3559: 3017: 2972: 2916: 2757: 2484: 2479: 2404: 2344: 2332: 2261: 2151: 2118: 2086: 1777: 1550: 1490: 1435: 1298: 1289: 1156: 1101:. Back in England, he wrote three articles on the Kenyan situation for the 1098: 1071: 841: 800: 777: 623: 509: 497: 175: 163: 117: 13269: 12878: 12703: 11955: 11934: 11768: 11666: 8058: 5739: 5696: 4946: 4918: 4782: 4738: 3277: 3275: 3273: 1818:

Kenyatta and the others were returned to Lokitaung, where they resided on

13791: 13479: 13403: 13263: 13119: 12810: 11853: 11737:

Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States

11006: 10939: 10813: 10521: 10129: 9888: 9860: 9844: 9708: 9692: 8499: 8042: 7628: 7069: 6752: 6681: 6653: 6609: 6593: 6399: 6383: 6144: 5970: 5791: 4574: 3940: 3038: 3009: 2936: 2653: 2033: 2006: 1812: 1558: 1404: 1393: 963: 959: 931: 811:. Forced by the missionaries to choose just one, he chose Johnstone, the 580: 481: 12340: 12209: 11786: 11726: 10074: 10034: 9974: 9764: 7541: 6494: 6321: 5937: 5882: 5569: 5513: 5497: 5190: 3784: 3674: 3587: 2756:

Several commentators and biographers described him as being politically

1903: 19:"Kenyatta" redirects here. For his son, the 4th President of Kenya, see 13579: 13489: 13109: 12472: 12388: 12265: 12133:

Kenyatta and Britain: An Account of Political Transformation, 1929–1963

11699: 11674: 9450: 9339: 9170: 7429: 4546: 4419: 4403: 3270: 3034: 2958:, a Swahili term meaning "grand old man". From 1963 until his death, a 2764: 2496: 2467: 2233: 1753: 1745: 1673:

To attract support from Kenya's Indian community, he made contact with

1306:

University College London and the London School of Economics: 1933–1939

1262: 1223: 1120: 1058:. He also contacted anti-imperialists active in Britain, including the 869: 655: 651: 588: 564: 420: 366: 13787:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

12509: 12464: 12066: 11777: 11516:"Kenyatta Family Seeks Approval To For Its Dream City Outside Nairobi" 7017: 4130: 3492: 3428: 2350: 1485:

and compared the treatment of indigenous people in East Africa to the

776:. The missionaries were zealous Christians who believed that bringing 13569: 13564: 13408: 13232: 13227: 13222: 11996:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. 10469: 9246: 9230: 9198: 7865: 7863: 6709: 6280: 2996: 2834: 2694: 2623: 2534: 2423: 2392: 2025: 1757: 1738: 1351: 1327: 1234: 1086: 1055: 970:, which was then considering a federation between Kenya, Uganda, and 865: 796: 608: 9564: 8904: 8374: 8014: 2920:

in particular their readiness to see everything African as evil. In

2474:. Kenyatta's relationship with the United States was also warm; the 2052:

strong central government implementing radical reform. KANU opposed

768:

In November 1909, Kenyatta left home and enrolled as a pupil at the

724: 13960: 13323: 12607:, Swiss Radio, 12. December 1963 (33 sec, original, no translation) 12501: 12244:

O'Brien, Jay (1976). "Bonapartism and Kenyatta's Regime in Kenya".

9724: 9624: 9521: 9466: 8358: 7938: 6873: 5872: 5870: 5717: 5715: 3233: 2912: 2908: 2879: 2860: 2719: 2674: 2415: 2012: 1611: 1330:

course from October 1935 to June 1936. Enabled by a grant from the

1020: 892: 807:

for his upcoming baptism, he first chose both John and Peter after

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churches, backed by European medics and the colonial authorities,

543:

to lobby for Kikuyu land affairs. During the 1930s, he studied at

13905: 13140: 11971:

Kyle, Keith (1997). "The Politics of the Independence of Kenya".

11942:

Kuria, Gibson Kamau (1991). "Confronting Dictatorship in Kenya".

10699: 8749: 5390: 5091: 2892: 2702: 2512:—on the basis that it was a front for Soviet influence in Kenya. 2098:

published a collection of Kenyatta's speeches under the title of

2047: 1992: 1618: 1482: 1255: 1147:(FGM) had become a topic of strong debate in Kikuyu society. The 1031: 947: 938:

Kenyatta's interest in politics stemmed from his friendship with

925: 816: 337: 315: 12993: 12771: 12432:

Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya

11994:

Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant

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Kenyatta and other senior IASB members began planning the fifth

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projects to stem the birth-rate, but these had little success.

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power, Kenyatta displayed a preoccupation with individual and

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Naim, Asher (2005). "Perspectives—Jomo Kenyatta and Israel".

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not only by Kikuyu and Kenyans, but by Africans more widely.

2924:, he challenged the missionaries' dismissive attitude toward 2904: 1945: 1941: 1854: 1457:

fled to London in exile, Kenyatta personally welcomed him at

1081:

Kenyatta developed contacts with radicals to the left of the

974:. In June, he was part of a KCA team which appeared before a 861: 829: 785: 485: 323: 10991: 10967: 10955: 10858: 10841: 10829: 10687: 10663: 10648: 10636: 10295: 10280: 10268: 9680: 9482: 9262: 9086: 8074: 7800: 7749: 7605: 7359: 7332: 7173: 7057: 7005: 6993: 6949: 6813: 6796: 6784: 6554: 6537: 6510: 6442: 6337: 6304: 6292: 6160: 6132: 6102: 6090: 6066: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6010: 5953: 5922: 5910: 5831: 5727: 5462: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5338: 5326: 5250: 5238: 5158: 5146: 5131: 5119: 5079: 5067: 5034: 4934: 4906: 4850: 4826: 4282: 2478:

played a key role in helping respond to a maize shortage in

1848:

Tanganyikan children with signs demanding Kenyatta's release

1591:, held in Manchester in October 1945. They were assisted by 11682:

Berman, Bruce J.; Lonsdale, John M. (1998). "The Labors of

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The Challenge of Uhuru: The Progress of Kenya, 1968 to 1970

2954: 2632: 2174:

The presidential standard of Jomo Kenyatta, adopted in 1970

1699:

in which they both expressed opposition to the Kenya Plan.

1229:

In Britain, Kenyatta befriended an Afro-Caribbean Marxist,

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A British newsreel about Kenyatta's rule, produced in 1973

993:

In May 1928, the KCA launched a Kikuyu-language magazine,

603:

arrested and charged with masterminding the anti-colonial

12978: 12281:. Eastern African Series. London: James Currey. pp. 12158:. Eastern African Series. London: James Currey. pp. 11711:: Sacrifice and Sex: Re-reading Kenyatta's Ethnography". 10803: 10801: 10614: 10612: 10317: 10315: 10313: 9928: 9926: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9017: 9015: 8988: 8877: 8777: 8765: 8709: 8707: 8532: 8530: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8285: 8283: 8281: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7395: 7393: 6420: 6418: 6122: 6120: 4838: 4007: 3211: 3024:

Providing a similar leftist critique, the Marxist writer

2306: 1996: 1271: 13760:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

12302:

Ending British Rule in Africa: Writers in a Common Cause

11463: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11046: 10408: 10406: 9355: 9146: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8937: 8935: 8894: 8892: 8188: 8186: 8173: 8171: 8146: 8144: 7884: 7882: 6742: 6740: 6356: 4814: 2771: 2487:. In turn, in 1976 the Israelis warned of a plot by the 1985: 1362:, who invited Kenyatta to stay with him and his mother, 1274:

intelligence service intercepted and read all his mail.

1191:

sailed for Britain, intent on representing the KCA at a

1089:. In the summer of 1929, he left London and traveled by 946:(KCA). Beauttah took Kenyatta to a political meeting in 899: 12409:

Jomo Kenyatta: Towards Truth about 'The Light of Kenya'

11550: 11427: 11158: 11156: 11119: 11117: 10367: 10327: 10253: 10241: 10205: 10145: 10114: 9962: 9938: 9876: 9752: 9740: 9612: 9549: 9497: 9423: 9411: 9303: 9286: 8739: 8737: 8724: 8722: 8460: 8030: 7644: 7593: 6430: 6368: 6184: 4770: 3928: 1974:(KANU), which was dominated by Kikuyu and Luo, and the 1876:—a socialist sympathetic to Kenyatta's plight—released 11439: 11403: 11391: 11367: 11331: 11228: 11216: 11168: 10798: 10609: 10597: 10509: 10485: 10418: 10379: 10310: 10229: 10090: 10062: 10050: 9990: 9950: 9923: 9904: 9537: 9509: 9438: 9315: 9158: 9134: 9122: 9051: 9039: 9027: 9012: 9000: 8817: 8704: 8692: 8614: 8590: 8578: 8566: 8527: 8515: 8443: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8326: 8307: 8278: 8266: 8222: 8002: 7954: 7926: 7894: 7848: 7836: 7737: 7705: 7688: 7656: 7557: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7445: 7417: 7390: 7347: 7308: 7296: 7188: 7161: 7085: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6837: 6725: 6525: 6415: 6208: 6196: 6117: 5450: 2907:. During his imprisonment, Kenyatta read up on Islam, 622:. As Prime Minister, he oversaw the transition of the 11451: 11295: 11283: 11264: 11192: 11180: 11058: 10979: 10894: 10882: 10786: 10759: 10723: 10711: 10675: 10549: 10457: 10403: 10391: 10217: 9327: 9110: 8976: 8964: 8947: 8932: 8920: 8889: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8829: 8789: 8210: 8198: 8183: 8168: 8156: 8141: 8129: 7879: 7320: 6961: 6737: 5807: 5588: 4862: 4726: 4714: 4702: 3205: 3199: 3070:

Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya

1577:. In August 1943, their son, Peter Magana, was born. 1119:. These communist links concerned many of Kenyatta's 13775:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

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and foreign capital. Kenyatta's economic policy was

1788:, led by British barrister and Member of Parliament 1503:

and self-sufficiency of Kikuyu society. Utilising a

1268:

International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers

1153:

supported the abolition of this traditional practice

923:. Many indigenous Africans resented having to carry 815:

chosen as a reference to Peter. Accordingly, he was

480: – 22 August 1978) was a Kenyan anti- 11307: 11022: 7788: 7117: 3363: 3311: 3208: 3191: 3182: 2797:, who regarded it as parochial and un-progressive. 1553:in September 1939, Kenyatta and Stock moved to the 12595:is available for free viewing and download at the 12429: 12406: 11593: 3258: 3112:My People of Kikuyu and the Life of Chief Wangombe 2515: 2476:United States Agency for International Development 1582:My People of Kikuyu and the Life of Chief Wangombe 11992:Jackson, Robert H.; Rosberg, Carl Gustav (1982). 2504:in Kenya and recalled the Kenyan ambassador from 2284:Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation 1038:not to meet with him. He initially stayed at the 13992: 12279:Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940–93 12156:Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940–93 12085:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 11811:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 11707:Bernardi, Bernardo (1993). "Old Kikuyu Religion 11638:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 2809: 2491:to assassinate him, a threat he took seriously. 1612:Presidency of the Kenya African Union: 1946–1952 1218:while in London. That month, he enrolled in the 10913:Otieno, Samuel; Muiruri, Maina (6 April 2007). 2859:but he never displayed any physical cruelty or 2524:Kenyatta at the Eldoret Agricultural Show, 1968 2500:Kenyatta declared the Chinese Chargé d'Affairs 2387:Kenyatta meets an American delegation from the 2228:remaining externally oriented and dominated by 1258:, probably as part of an official guided tour. 1239:Communist University of the Toilers of the East 679:. Kenyatta died in office and was succeeded by 549:Communist University of the Toilers of the East 504:into an independent republic. Ideologically an 11991: 11681: 11258: 11135: 11100: 11040: 10780: 10591: 10579: 10567: 10543: 10451: 5765: 5630: 5610: 5487: 5384: 5316: 5292: 5272: 5028: 5012: 4884: 4808: 4764: 4680: 4636: 4616: 4493: 4477: 4341: 4293: 4252: 4160: 4107: 1166: 13156: 12964: 12864: 12719: 10921:. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. 10912: 1565:—before working in the tomato greenhouses at 12176: 11076: 11012: 11000: 10973: 10961: 10945: 10876: 10864: 10852: 10835: 10819: 10705: 10693: 10669: 10657: 10642: 10527: 10304: 10289: 10274: 9894: 9854: 9714: 9698: 9686: 9666: 9646: 9590: 9491: 9381: 9268: 9092: 8505: 8099: 8087: 8064: 8048: 7992: 7912: 7818: 7806: 7778: 7766: 7723: 7634: 7622: 7575: 7547: 7463: 7368: 7341: 7246: 7226: 7206: 7182: 7147: 7135: 7103: 7075: 7063: 7039: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6979: 6955: 6943: 6819: 6807: 6790: 6774: 6758: 6687: 6675: 6659: 6643: 6631: 6615: 6599: 6579: 6563: 6548: 6519: 6504: 6480: 6460: 6448: 6405: 6389: 6350: 6327: 6315: 6298: 6286: 6250: 6226: 6166: 6150: 6138: 6111: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6045: 6033: 6021: 5992: 5976: 5964: 5943: 5931: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5876: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5797: 5781: 5761: 5745: 5733: 5721: 5702: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5642: 5626: 5606: 5578: 5555: 5519: 5503: 5483: 5471: 5432: 5408: 5396: 5380: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5304: 5288: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5228: 5212: 5196: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5125: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5057: 5045: 5024: 4992: 4972: 4952: 4940: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4880: 4856: 4832: 4804: 4788: 4760: 4744: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4632: 4612: 4596: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4532: 4520: 4505: 4489: 4473: 4461: 4445: 4425: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4357: 4337: 4325: 4309: 4276: 4264: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4156: 4136: 4124: 4103: 4087: 4070: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4001: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3946: 3922: 3907: 3888: 3876: 3861: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3790: 3774: 3762: 3745: 3729: 3717: 3705: 3680: 3668: 3652: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3593: 3581: 3565: 3553: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3438: 3418: 3402: 3381: 3357: 3329: 3297: 3281: 2983:Domestic influence and posthumous assessment 1318:(UCL); his Kikuyu voice recordings assisted 1310:Between 1935 and 1937, Kenyatta worked as a 1287:, and in May 1934 had a letter published in 642:were strained and Kenya's army clashed with 14116:Members of the Legislative Council of Kenya 12733: 12304:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 12243: 11839: 11385: 5444: 5364: 5320: 5061: 4449: 2289:a legal change revoked their right to do so 13163: 13149: 12971: 12957: 12871: 12857: 12726: 12712: 12519:The Truth about the Trial of Jomo Kenyatta 11927:The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu 2587:"for the preservation of public security" 1839: 1532: 1447:International African Friends of Abyssinia 1324:The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu 85:12 December 1964 – 22 August 1978 55: 13745:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 12299: 12234: 12065: 11822: 11776: 4776: 2411:'s Conciliation Commission on the Congo. 2269:" economic model. The session proposed a 2072: 1475:Indian National Congress of Great Britain 1358:. Another of his fellow LSE students was 1129:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies 14061:Kenyan expatriates in the United Kingdom 14041:Alumni of the London School of Economics 14031:Kenya African National Union politicians 13705:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 12516: 12450: 12374: 12223:African Journal of International Affairs 12216: 12082: 12043: 11706: 11633: 11572: 11445: 11433: 11234: 11108: 11104: 11084: 11052: 10603: 10531: 10479: 10475: 10373: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10333: 10262: 10247: 10211: 10199: 10187: 10167: 10151: 10123: 10020: 9882: 9870: 9834: 9814: 9794: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9602: 9570: 9558: 9389: 9309: 9297: 9208: 8914: 8493: 8469: 8437: 8384: 8348: 8123: 8103: 8068: 8036: 7996: 7782: 7678: 7650: 7599: 7051: 6983: 6436: 6377: 6362: 6234: 6190: 5749: 5706: 5686: 5614: 5420: 5360: 5180: 4980: 4956: 4928: 4792: 4748: 4640: 4584: 4345: 4013: 3892: 3849: 3794: 3778: 3684: 3656: 3640: 3597: 3569: 3305: 3285: 3116:United Society for Christian Literature 2990: 2935: 2827:—Kenyatta biographer Jeremy Murray-Brown 2622: 2564: 2562:, who in turn would be replaced by Moi. 2519: 2438: 2382: 2349: 2310: 2252:Kenyatta at an agricultural show in 1968 2247: 2169: 2165: 2104: 2011: 1843: 1636: 1014: 903: 723: 516:(KANU) party from 1961 until his death. 492:from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first 13464:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 12557: 12277:. In B. A. Ogot; W. R. Ochieng (eds.). 12272: 12154:. In B. A. Ogot; W. R. Ochieng (eds.). 11895: 11876: 11740:. London: Routledge. pp. 104–119. 11513: 11457: 10792: 10765: 10729: 10717: 10321: 10135: 9980: 9968: 9944: 9866: 9670: 9618: 9598: 9503: 9472: 9456: 9444: 9432: 9417: 9405: 9373: 9321: 8659: 8485: 8396: 8380: 8368: 8344: 8332: 8289: 8240: 8228: 8119: 8024: 8020: 8008: 7988: 7960: 7944: 7711: 5456: 1293:. He also wrote the entry on Kenya for 1123:patrons. In January, Kenyatta met with 561:an anthropological study of Kikuyu life 155:1 June 1963 – 12 December 1964 13993: 12560:Jomo's Jailor – Grand Warrior of Kenya 12535: 12487: 12427: 12355: 12318: 12130: 12111: 11801: 11733: 11614: 11591: 11421: 11409: 11397: 11373: 11361: 11349: 11337: 11325: 11301: 11289: 11246: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11162: 11147: 11123: 11088: 11080: 11064: 11016: 10985: 10949: 10900: 10888: 10823: 10807: 10681: 10630: 10618: 10555: 10515: 10503: 10491: 10463: 10436: 10424: 10412: 10397: 10385: 10349: 10345: 10235: 10175: 10171: 10139: 10108: 10096: 10084: 10080: 10068: 10056: 10044: 10040: 10028: 10008: 9996: 9984: 9956: 9932: 9917: 9898: 9850: 9830: 9818: 9810: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9774: 9734: 9730: 9718: 9702: 9674: 9662: 9650: 9634: 9630: 9606: 9594: 9586: 9574: 9543: 9531: 9527: 9515: 9476: 9460: 9393: 9385: 9377: 9361: 9349: 9345: 9333: 9256: 9252: 9240: 9236: 9224: 9220: 9204: 9192: 9180: 9152: 9140: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9080: 9076: 9064: 9045: 9033: 9021: 9006: 8823: 8811: 8807: 8759: 8713: 8698: 8655: 8653: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8521: 8509: 8481: 8454: 8425: 8408: 8364: 8352: 8320: 8301: 8272: 8260: 8252: 8115: 8052: 7972: 7948: 7932: 7920: 7916: 7900: 7888: 7873: 7869: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7743: 7731: 7727: 7699: 7674: 7662: 7638: 7587: 7579: 7563: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7467: 7451: 7439: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7380: 7353: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7194: 7167: 7155: 7111: 7091: 7079: 7043: 6987: 6967: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6879: 6867: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6778: 6762: 6746: 6731: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6663: 6647: 6619: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6531: 6500: 6488: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6424: 6409: 6393: 6331: 6274: 6262: 6238: 6230: 6214: 6202: 6154: 6126: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5980: 5947: 5888: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5813: 5801: 5785: 5777: 5690: 5646: 5594: 5582: 5563: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5523: 5507: 5491: 5376: 5276: 5232: 5216: 5200: 5184: 5113: 5000: 4996: 4976: 4968: 4888: 4868: 4844: 4820: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4620: 4608: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4429: 4413: 4361: 4313: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4099: 4025: 3950: 3934: 3741: 3498: 3450: 3434: 3422: 3414: 3369: 3353: 3341: 3317: 3301: 2975:and from the South Korean government. 2307:Land, healthcare, and education reform 1366:, in Paris during the spring of 1936. 788:, and was taught to read and write in 13144: 12952: 12852: 12707: 12149: 12010: 11941: 11924: 11754: 11686:: Jomo Kenyatta as Author, 1928–45". 11577:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 11556: 11544: 11526:from the original on 10 November 2017 11483:"Kenyatta Led Elite in Land Grabbing" 11469: 11277: 10223: 10163: 10024: 9838: 9280: 8994: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8941: 8926: 8910: 8898: 8883: 8871: 8859: 8847: 8835: 8795: 8783: 8771: 8755: 8743: 8728: 8489: 8256: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8177: 8162: 8150: 8135: 7551: 6719: 6178: 3264: 3232: 2878:Kenyatta was a polygamist. He viewed 2772:Views on Pan-Africanism and socialism 2729: 2627:Kenyatta in the last year of his life 2216:Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere 1986:Preparing for independence: 1961–1963 1697:East African Indian National Congress 1449:, a group established by Padmore and 1233:, who was working for the Soviet-run 900:Kikuyu Central Association: 1922–1929 872:, who had attended the CMS School in 823: 484:activist and politician who governed 13740:International African Service Bureau 12404: 12195: 11970: 11652: 11596:African Firebrand: Kenyatta of Kenya 11313: 11028: 10753: 10741: 9176: 9164: 7976: 7794: 7682: 7583: 7471: 7384: 7278: 7151: 7123: 7107: 7047: 7027: 4441: 4305: 2618: 1467:International African Service Bureau 1461:. This group developed into a wider 1010: 16:President of Kenya from 1964 to 1978 14036:Alumni of University College London 13781:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 12490:Canadian Journal of African Studies 12453:Journal of African Cultural Studies 12246:Review of African Political Economy 11514:Njoroge, Kiarie (20 January 2016). 11495:from the original on 10 August 2017 8650: 2443:Jomo Kenyatta and his son meet the 1714: 1252:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 799:. In 1913, he underwent the Kikuyu 784:, where he learnt stories from the 763:—Kenyatta, in a BBC interview, 1963 579:, he embraced anti-colonialist and 187:Kenya African National Union (KANU) 13: 13710:All-African Trade Union Federation 13170: 12543:. James Currey. pp. 200–217. 12397: 12275:"Structural and Political Changes" 11617:Kenyatta and the Politics of Kenya 8660:Lofchie, Michael F. (1 May 1990). 2458:activists; while in London at the 2331:censured the sale of historically 2222: 1822:while awaiting the results of the 1606: 1443:Italy invaded Ethiopia (Abyssinia) 1360:Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark 611:until 1959 and was then exiled to 14: 14137: 13770:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 12578: 12541:Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa 11879:The Politics of Independent Kenya 2460:July 1964 Commonwealth Conference 2378: 2315:Kenyatta with Malawian President 1569:. He attempted to join the local 1549:After the United Kingdom entered 14096:Prisoners and detainees of Kenya 13971: 13959: 13949: 13948: 13939: 13938: 12992: 12770: 11600:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 11507: 11475: 10906: 3178: 2137:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 1938:All-African Peoples' Conferences 1911: 1902: 1796:, had recently retired from the 1471:Workers' Educational Association 1382: 1373: 1314:for the Phonetics Department at 1206:gatherings. In June, he visited 1103:Communist Party of Great Britain 451: 13896:All-African Peoples' Conference 12436:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 12198:Jewish Political Studies Review 11925:Jones, Daniel (1940). Preface. 11688:Research in African Literatures 3076: 2940:A statue of Kenyatta (1971) by 2741:—Kenyatta biographer Guy Arnold 2546:, thus restoring the country's 2516:Dissent and the one-party state 1692:newly elected Labour government 1332:International African Institute 386: 14066:Kenyan prisoners and detainees 12360:. London: Secker and Warburg. 12177:Murray-Brown, Jeremy (1974) . 12135:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 12116:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 12046:The Journal of African History 3168: 3155:East African Publishing House 3142:East African Publishing House 2597:December 1969 general election 2211:East African Literature Bureau 1976:Kenya African Democratic Union 1544:—Kenyatta, during World War II 583:ideas, co-organising the 1945 1: 14121:Kenyan independence activists 13921:United States of Latin Africa 13750:Organisation of African Unity 13679:African Leadership University 12919:post abolished (2013-present) 12217:Nyangena, Kenneth O. (2003). 12152:"Social and Cultural Changes" 11824:10.1080/03086534.2016.1175737 3247: 2810:Personality and personal life 2589:without putting them on trial 2409:Organisation of African Unity 2067: 1836:decision to reject the case. 1411:. Kenyatta socialised at the 1193:Joint Committee of Parliament 714: 687:later also became president. 661:Organisation of African Unity 474: 288: 13735:First Pan-African Conference 12980:Ministers of Foreign Affairs 12273:Ochieng, William R. (1995). 11973:Contemporary British History 8678:10.1525/curh.1990.89.547.209 3252: 3138:Suffering Without Bitterness 2783:Suffering Without Bitterness 2414:Facing the pressures of the 1972:Kenya African National Union 1829:East African Court of Appeal 1575:Chanctonbury Registry Office 1040:West African Students' Union 719: 599:. In 1952, he was among the 514:Kenya African National Union 7: 12558:Watkins, Elizabeth (1993). 11655:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 3125:Kenya: The Land of Conflict 2693:. His body was buried in a 2489:Palestinian Liberation Army 2389:Congress of Racial Equality 1601:Kenya: The Land of Conflict 1261:The emergence of Germany's 1167:Return to Europe: 1931–1933 1005: 860:In 1917, Kenyatta moved to 575:. Influenced by his friend 539:. In 1929, he travelled to 10: 14142: 13674:African Leadership Academy 12909:post abolished (1964-2008) 12358:The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta 12333:10.1177/002070207002500305 12181:. New York City: Fontana. 12013:The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta 11565: 11259:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 11136:Jackson & Rosberg 1982 11101:Jackson & Rosberg 1982 11041:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10781:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10592:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10580:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10568:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10544:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 10452:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5766:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5631:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5611:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5488:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5385:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5317:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5293:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5273:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5029:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 5013:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4885:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4809:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4765:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4681:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4637:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4617:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4494:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4478:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4342:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4294:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4253:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4161:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 4108:Berman & Lonsdale 1998 3041:; but he ended up being a 2813: 2230:multinational corporations 1878:The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta 1479:League of Coloured Peoples 1453:. When Ethiopia's monarch 1344:London School of Economics 1210:, Switzerland to attend a 1189:Parmenas Githendu Mockerie 1187:In May 1931, Kenyatta and 1060:League Against Imperialism 980:Kenyan Legislative Council 944:Kikuyu Central Association 557:London School of Economics 537:Kikuyu Central Association 430:London School of Economics 18: 14016:People from Kiambu County 13966:Pan-Africanism portal 13934: 13873: 13842: 13804: 13730:Economic Freedom Fighters 13720:Convention People's Party 13695:African Unification Front 13687: 13666: 13657: 13472: 13311: 13302: 13251: 13185: 13178: 12999: 12990: 12927: 12894: 12884:Prime Cabinet Secretaries 12779: 12768: 12745: 12692: 12683: 12665: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12636: 12626: 12618: 12613: 12517:Macharia, Rawson (1991). 12428:Elkins, Caroline (2005). 12300:Polsgrove, Carol (2009). 12258:10.1080/03056247608703293 12236:10.4314/ajia.v6i1-2.57203 12150:Maxon, Robert M. (1995). 12097:10.1080/03086530500412132 12058:10.1017/S0021853700031157 11985:10.1080/13619469708581458 11910:10.1080/00138390008691286 11898:English Studies in Africa 10931:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4360:, pp. 121–122, 124; 4312:, pp. 118–119, 121; 2931: 2445:President of West Germany 2079:May 1963 general election 1726:—Kenyatta, quoted by the 1316:University College London 1297:, an anthology edited by 1220:Woodbrooke Quaker College 1145:female genital mutilation 942:, a senior figure in the 917:Irish War of Independence 654:. His government pursued 553:University College London 459: 447: 435: 426:University College London 419: 396: 362: 352: 344: 329: 305: 280: 275: 271: 261: 249: 238: 227: 215: 203: 192: 184: 169: 159: 148: 141: 129: 111: 89: 78: 70: 66: 54: 34: 25:Kenyatta (disambiguation) 14106:Prime ministers of Kenya 14051:Converts to Christianity 13886:African-American leftism 13635:Henry Sylvester Williams 13399:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 12614:Party political offices 12356:Slater, Montagu (1956). 12029:10.1525/lal.2011.23.1.26 11877:Gertzel, Cherry (1970). 11842:History Workshop Journal 11634:Assensoh, A. B. (1998). 11573:Anderson, David (2005). 11424:, pp. 350–351, 353. 8647:, pp. 246–247, 249. 6289:, pp. 253–254, 257. 3161: 3068:In its 2013 report, the 2671:Charles, Prince of Wales 2083:House of Representatives 1744:The trial took place in 1690:; they viewed Britain's 1364:Princess Marie Bonaparte 1248:institutionalised racism 1197:Independent Labour Party 675:foreign policy amid the 559:. In 1938, he published 256:Constituency established 14126:People from Storrington 13944:Pan-Africanism category 13916:United States of Africa 13911:Union of African States 13901:East African Federation 13850:Ethnic groups of Africa 13755:Pan African Association 13344:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 13290:United States of Africa 12929:Prime Cabinet Secretary 12659:Prime Minister of Kenya 12592:Kenyatta Profile (1971) 12413:. New York: Doubleday. 10915:"Wahu Kenyatta Mourned" 2420:Commonwealth of Nations 2123:East African Federation 2111:East African Federation 2096:Oxford University Press 1840:Imprisonment: 1954–1961 1670:of indigenous Kenyans. 1533:World War II: 1939–1945 1290:The Manchester Guardian 968:Hilton Young Commission 665:Commonwealth of Nations 373:Grace Wanjiku (d. 1950) 371:Edna Clarke (1942–1946) 143:Prime Minister of Kenya 14091:Postcolonial theorists 14081:Kenyan pan-Africanists 14056:Kenyan anti-communists 13725:East African Community 13364:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 13213:Anti-Western sentiment 12131:Maloba, W. O. (2018). 12112:Maloba, W. O. (2017). 11802:Cullen, Poppy (2016). 11757:African Studies Review 11592:Archer, Jules (1969). 3356:, pp. 13–14, 16; 3065:late 1970s and 1980s. 3000: 2949: 2870: 2824: 2738: 2697:in the grounds of the 2628: 2575: 2525: 2462:, he was assaulted by 2451: 2401:East African Community 2396: 2355: 2319: 2253: 2175: 2114: 2073:Premiership: 1963–1964 2017: 1980:February 1961 election 1961:discuss the transition 1870:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 1849: 1798:Supreme Court of Kenya 1723: 1651:annual general meeting 1642: 1541: 1413:Student Movement House 1175: 1027: 909: 760: 729: 648:North Eastern Province 98:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 23:. For other uses, see 13630:Frances Cress Welsing 12405:Delf, George (1961). 12321:International Journal 11956:10.1353/jod.1991.0060 11881:. London: Heinemann. 11769:10.1353/arw.2012.0010 11667:10.3406/cea.1966.3068 10083:, pp. 524, 526; 10043:, pp. 514, 517; 6646:, pp. 283, 284; 6233:, pp. 115, 118; 5235:, pp. 49, 53–55. 4807:, pp. 171, 174; 4340:, pp. 119, 120; 4106:, pp. 107, 109; 3344:, pp. 11, 14–15. 3230:Gikuyu pronunciation: 2994: 2939: 2873:—Kenyatta, April 1961 2866: 2820: 2734: 2650:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki 2626: 2613:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki 2595:one-party state. The 2573: 2556:election of June 1966 2523: 2442: 2386: 2361:University of Nairobi 2353: 2347:in Kenyatta's Kenya. 2314: 2251: 2173: 2166:Presidency: 1964–1978 2108: 2015: 1950:Kenya Indian Congress 1847: 1719: 1640: 1563:military conscription 1537: 1171: 1078:to monitor Kenyatta. 1019:(l-r) Jomo Kenyatta, 1018: 907: 756: 727: 620:1963 general election 519:Kenyatta was born to 14021:Kenyan Presbyterians 13812:Black Star of Africa 13765:Pan-African Congress 13715:Conseil de l'Entente 13495:Edward Wilmot Blyden 13419:Abdias do Nascimento 13384:Toussaint Louverture 12521:. Nairobi: Longman. 11944:Journal of Democracy 11709:Igongona and Mambura 11615:Arnold, Guy (1974). 11150:, pp. 192, 195. 10708:, pp. 215, 216. 10439:, pp. 190, 208. 10178:, pp. 308, 309. 10142:, pp. 279, 281. 9869:, pp. 103–104; 9673:, pp. 101–102; 9665:, pp. 529–530; 8102:, pp. 312–313; 7995:, pp. 314–315; 7915:, pp. 314–315; 7781:, pp. 309–310; 7590:, pp. 244, 245. 7106:, pp. 304–305; 6781:, pp. 140, 143. 6578:, pp. 26, 252; 5784:, pp. 222–223; 5399:, pp. 194, 196. 5271:, pp. 189–190; 5179:, pp. 196–197; 5112:, pp. 199–200; 5100:, pp. 181, 182. 4995:, pp. 180–181; 4763:, pp. 169–170; 4635:, pp. 163–165; 4535:, pp. 149–151; 4492:, pp. 145–146; 4476:, pp. 143–144; 4464:, pp. 134, 139. 4448:, pp. 135–137; 4159:, pp. 111–112; 4044:, pp. 105, 106. 3084:Year of publication 2763:Kenyatta biographer 2699:Parliament Buildings 2258:democratic socialist 1893:Patrick Muir Renison 1645:In August 1944, the 1623:Philip Euen Mitchell 1589:Pan-African Congress 1426:Sanders of the River 1340:Bronisław Malinowski 1312:linguistic informant 1137:Anti-Slavery Society 1085:, including several 1052:Royal Empire Society 697:Father of the Nation 636:Kenya People's Union 585:Pan-African Congress 563:before working as a 334:Parliament Buildings 229:Member of Parliament 37:The Right Honourable 14101:Presidents of Kenya 14076:Kenyan male writers 13865:Conflicts in Africa 13855:Languages of Africa 13829:Pan-African colours 13550:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 13193:African nationalism 13006:(as prime minister) 11364:, pp. 519–520. 11352:, pp. 192–193. 11328:, pp. 197–198. 10879:, pp. 188–189. 10111:, pp. 311–312. 10011:, pp. 274–275. 9987:, pp. 264–265. 9773:, pp. 22, 67; 9653:, pp. 140–143. 9463:, pp. 110–111. 9408:, pp. 99, 100. 9195:, pp. 172–173. 9183:, pp. 190–193. 9107:, pp. 167–168. 8997:, pp. 123–124. 8886:, pp. 126–127. 8786:, pp. 125–126. 8774:, pp. 124–125. 8635:, pp. 237–238. 8611:, pp. 242–244. 8563:, pp. 236–237. 8551:, pp. 215–216. 8304:, pp. 157–158. 7923:, pp. 265–266. 7833:, pp. 153–154. 7821:, pp. 310–311. 7734:, pp. 258–259. 7730:, pp. 65, 67; 7490:, pp. 222–223. 7442:, pp. 217–218. 7414:, pp. 209–213. 7293:, pp. 174–175. 7265:, pp. 192–193. 7253:, pp. 151–152. 7138:, pp. 304–305. 7114:, pp. 182–183. 6946:, pp. 287–288. 6898:, pp. 147–149. 6870:, pp. 155–156. 6858:, pp. 145–146. 6834:, pp. 153–154. 6706:, pp. 93, 199. 6678:, pp. 294–295. 6634:, pp. 283–284. 6277:, pp. 120–121. 6265:, pp. 124–125. 6253:, pp. 248–249. 6087:, pp. 226–227. 5907:, pp. 230–231. 5879:, pp. 229–230. 5828:, pp. 222–228. 5724:, pp. 220–221. 5673:, pp. 209–210. 5661:, pp. 216–217. 5423:, pp. 168–169. 5319:, pp. 30, 31; 5307:, pp. 190–191. 4903:, pp. 175–176. 4267:, pp. 116–117. 4239:, pp. 125–126. 4227:, pp. 115–116. 4203:, pp. 118–119. 4179:, pp. 111–112. 4056:, pp. 107–108. 4028:, pp. 43, 46; 3891:, pp. 95, 96; 3777:, pp. 79, 96; 3103:Secker and Warburg 2960:cult of personality 2944:was erected at the 2926:ancestor veneration 2691:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 2544:official opposition 2540:Kenya Peoples Union 2472:London Hilton Hotel 2429:Special Air Service 2365:Kenyatta University 2297:Tsavo National Park 2022:North East Province 1647:Kenya African Union 1527:development studies 1336:social anthropology 1105:'s newspapers, the 836:was engaged in the 593:Kenya African Union 529:British East Africa 506:African nationalist 300:British East Africa 13881:African philosophy 13860:Religion in Africa 13585:Zephania Mothopeng 13535:Amy Ashwood Garvey 13510:John Henrik Clarke 13500:Stokely Carmichael 13485:Molefi Kete Asante 13439:John Nyathi Pokela 13424:Gamal Abdel Nasser 12781:President of Kenya 12686:President of Kenya 12673:Title next held by 12647:Political offices 12562:. Mulberry Books. 12017:Law and Literature 11854:10.1093/hwj/dbn013 11472:, pp. 120–21. 9352:, p. 105–106. 9179:, pp. 79–80; 8243:, pp. 90, 91. 6722:, pp. 27, 34. 4847:, pp. 66, 68. 3864:, pp. 94, 95. 3848:, pp. 94–95; 3748:, pp. 79, 80. 3744:, pp. 38–39; 3655:, pp. 71–72; 3568:, pp. 50–51; 3465:, pp. 40, 43. 3099:Facing Mount Kenya 3062:Gibson Kamau Kuria 3001: 2950: 2922:Facing Mount Kenya 2790:liberal democratic 2730:Political ideology 2629: 2576: 2526: 2452: 2397: 2356: 2329:Jean-Marie Seroney 2320: 2254: 2184:head of government 2176: 2115: 2018: 1850: 1790:Denis Nowell Pritt 1653:, KAU's President 1643: 1518:Facing Mount Kenya 1499:Facing Mount Kenya 1465:organisation, the 1431:Shepperton Studios 1028: 921:October Revolution 910: 828:Kenyatta moved to 824:Nairobi: 1914–1922 770:Church of Scotland 751:traditional healer 730: 695:and lauded as the 667:, espousing a pro- 644:Somali separatists 441:Facing Mount Kenya 73:President of Kenya 14086:Operation Entebbe 14046:Anti-imperialists 13986: 13985: 13978:Africa portal 13818:Le Marron Inconnu 13800: 13799: 13653: 13652: 13449:Ahmed Sékou Touré 13298: 13297: 13218:Black nationalism 13198:African socialism 13138: 13137: 12946: 12945: 12846: 12845: 12702: 12701: 12693:Succeeded by 12637:Succeeded by 12569:978-0-9528952-0-6 12528:978-9966-49-823-6 12465:10.1080/713674307 12443:978-0-8050-7653-0 12420:978-0-8371-8307-7 11747:978-1-317-53952-0 11559:, pp. 86–87. 11388:, pp. 92–93. 11077:Murray-Brown 1974 11013:Murray-Brown 1974 11001:Murray-Brown 1974 10974:Murray-Brown 1974 10962:Murray-Brown 1974 10946:Murray-Brown 1974 10877:Murray-Brown 1974 10865:Murray-Brown 1974 10853:Murray-Brown 1974 10836:Murray-Brown 1974 10820:Murray-Brown 1974 10706:Murray-Brown 1974 10694:Murray-Brown 1974 10670:Murray-Brown 1974 10658:Murray-Brown 1974 10643:Murray-Brown 1974 10582:, pp. 28–29. 10528:Murray-Brown 1974 10305:Murray-Brown 1974 10290:Murray-Brown 1974 10275:Murray-Brown 1974 10202:, pp. 33–34. 10190:, pp. 30–31. 9895:Murray-Brown 1974 9855:Murray-Brown 1974 9715:Murray-Brown 1974 9699:Murray-Brown 1974 9687:Murray-Brown 1974 9667:Murray-Brown 1974 9647:Murray-Brown 1974 9591:Murray-Brown 1974 9492:Murray-Brown 1974 9382:Murray-Brown 1974 9364:, pp. 70–71. 9269:Murray-Brown 1974 9259:, pp. 93–94. 9243:, pp. 59–60. 9167:, pp. 79–80. 9155:, pp. 63–65. 9093:Murray-Brown 1974 8506:Murray-Brown 1974 8440:, pp. 64–65. 8100:Murray-Brown 1974 8088:Murray-Brown 1974 8065:Murray-Brown 1974 8049:Murray-Brown 1974 7993:Murray-Brown 1974 7913:Murray-Brown 1974 7819:Murray-Brown 1974 7807:Murray-Brown 1974 7779:Murray-Brown 1974 7767:Murray-Brown 1974 7724:Murray-Brown 1974 7635:Murray-Brown 1974 7623:Murray-Brown 1974 7576:Murray-Brown 1974 7548:Murray-Brown 1974 7464:Murray-Brown 1974 7369:Murray-Brown 1974 7342:Murray-Brown 1974 7247:Murray-Brown 1974 7227:Murray-Brown 1974 7207:Murray-Brown 1974 7183:Murray-Brown 1974 7148:Murray-Brown 1974 7136:Murray-Brown 1974 7104:Murray-Brown 1974 7076:Murray-Brown 1974 7064:Murray-Brown 1974 7040:Murray-Brown 1974 7024:Murray-Brown 1974 7012:Murray-Brown 1974 7000:Murray-Brown 1974 6980:Murray-Brown 1974 6956:Murray-Brown 1974 6944:Murray-Brown 1974 6820:Murray-Brown 1974 6808:Murray-Brown 1974 6791:Murray-Brown 1974 6775:Murray-Brown 1974 6759:Murray-Brown 1974 6688:Murray-Brown 1974 6676:Murray-Brown 1974 6660:Murray-Brown 1974 6644:Murray-Brown 1974 6632:Murray-Brown 1974 6616:Murray-Brown 1974 6600:Murray-Brown 1974 6580:Murray-Brown 1974 6564:Murray-Brown 1974 6549:Murray-Brown 1974 6520:Murray-Brown 1974 6505:Murray-Brown 1974 6481:Murray-Brown 1974 6461:Murray-Brown 1974 6449:Murray-Brown 1974 6406:Murray-Brown 1974 6390:Murray-Brown 1974 6351:Murray-Brown 1974 6328:Murray-Brown 1974 6316:Murray-Brown 1974 6299:Murray-Brown 1974 6287:Murray-Brown 1974 6251:Murray-Brown 1974 6227:Murray-Brown 1974 6167:Murray-Brown 1974 6151:Murray-Brown 1974 6139:Murray-Brown 1974 6112:Murray-Brown 1974 6097:Murray-Brown 1974 6085:Murray-Brown 1974 6073:Murray-Brown 1974 6061:Murray-Brown 1974 6046:Murray-Brown 1974 6034:Murray-Brown 1974 6022:Murray-Brown 1974 5993:Murray-Brown 1974 5977:Murray-Brown 1974 5965:Murray-Brown 1974 5944:Murray-Brown 1974 5932:Murray-Brown 1974 5917:Murray-Brown 1974 5905:Murray-Brown 1974 5893:Murray-Brown 1974 5877:Murray-Brown 1974 5850:Murray-Brown 1974 5838:Murray-Brown 1974 5826:Murray-Brown 1974 5798:Murray-Brown 1974 5782:Murray-Brown 1974 5762:Murray-Brown 1974 5752:, pp. 54–55. 5746:Murray-Brown 1974 5734:Murray-Brown 1974 5722:Murray-Brown 1974 5703:Murray-Brown 1974 5683:Murray-Brown 1974 5671:Murray-Brown 1974 5659:Murray-Brown 1974 5649:, pp. 83–84. 5643:Murray-Brown 1974 5627:Murray-Brown 1974 5607:Murray-Brown 1974 5579:Murray-Brown 1974 5556:Murray-Brown 1974 5520:Murray-Brown 1974 5504:Murray-Brown 1974 5484:Murray-Brown 1974 5472:Murray-Brown 1974 5433:Murray-Brown 1974 5409:Murray-Brown 1974 5397:Murray-Brown 1974 5381:Murray-Brown 1974 5357:Murray-Brown 1974 5345:Murray-Brown 1974 5333:Murray-Brown 1974 5305:Murray-Brown 1974 5289:Murray-Brown 1974 5269:Murray-Brown 1974 5257:Murray-Brown 1974 5245:Murray-Brown 1974 5229:Murray-Brown 1974 5219:, pp. 47–48. 5213:Murray-Brown 1974 5197:Murray-Brown 1974 5187:, pp. 55–56. 5177:Murray-Brown 1974 5165:Murray-Brown 1974 5153:Murray-Brown 1974 5141:Murray-Brown 1974 5126:Murray-Brown 1974 5110:Murray-Brown 1974 5098:Murray-Brown 1974 5086:Murray-Brown 1974 5074:Murray-Brown 1974 5058:Murray-Brown 1974 5046:Murray-Brown 1974 5025:Murray-Brown 1974 4993:Murray-Brown 1974 4973:Murray-Brown 1974 4953:Murray-Brown 1974 4941:Murray-Brown 1974 4925:Murray-Brown 1974 4913:Murray-Brown 1974 4901:Murray-Brown 1974 4881:Murray-Brown 1974 4857:Murray-Brown 1974 4833:Murray-Brown 1974 4823:, pp. 74–75. 4805:Murray-Brown 1974 4789:Murray-Brown 1974 4761:Murray-Brown 1974 4745:Murray-Brown 1974 4687:, pp. 69–71. 4677:Murray-Brown 1974 4665:Murray-Brown 1974 4653:Murray-Brown 1974 4633:Murray-Brown 1974 4613:Murray-Brown 1974 4597:Murray-Brown 1974 4581:Murray-Brown 1974 4569:Murray-Brown 1974 4557:Murray-Brown 1974 4533:Murray-Brown 1974 4521:Murray-Brown 1974 4506:Murray-Brown 1974 4490:Murray-Brown 1974 4474:Murray-Brown 1974 4462:Murray-Brown 1974 4446:Murray-Brown 1974 4426:Murray-Brown 1974 4410:Murray-Brown 1974 4398:Murray-Brown 1974 4386:Murray-Brown 1974 4374:Murray-Brown 1974 4364:, pp. 22–23. 4358:Murray-Brown 1974 4338:Murray-Brown 1974 4326:Murray-Brown 1974 4310:Murray-Brown 1974 4277:Murray-Brown 1974 4265:Murray-Brown 1974 4249:Murray-Brown 1974 4237:Murray-Brown 1974 4225:Murray-Brown 1974 4213:Murray-Brown 1974 4201:Murray-Brown 1974 4189:Murray-Brown 1974 4177:Murray-Brown 1974 4157:Murray-Brown 1974 4137:Murray-Brown 1974 4125:Murray-Brown 1974 4104:Murray-Brown 1974 4088:Murray-Brown 1974 4071:Murray-Brown 1974 4054:Murray-Brown 1974 4042:Murray-Brown 1974 4030:Murray-Brown 1974 4016:, pp. 42–43. 4002:Murray-Brown 1974 3987:Murray-Brown 1974 3975:Murray-Brown 1974 3963:Murray-Brown 1974 3953:, pp. 19–20. 3947:Murray-Brown 1974 3937:, pp. 18–19. 3923:Murray-Brown 1974 3908:Murray-Brown 1974 3889:Murray-Brown 1974 3877:Murray-Brown 1974 3862:Murray-Brown 1974 3846:Murray-Brown 1974 3836:, pp. 93–94. 3834:Murray-Brown 1974 3822:Murray-Brown 1974 3810:Murray-Brown 1974 3791:Murray-Brown 1974 3775:Murray-Brown 1974 3763:Murray-Brown 1974 3746:Murray-Brown 1974 3732:, pp. 74–75. 3730:Murray-Brown 1974 3718:Murray-Brown 1974 3706:Murray-Brown 1974 3681:Murray-Brown 1974 3669:Murray-Brown 1974 3653:Murray-Brown 1974 3643:, pp. 40–41. 3637:Murray-Brown 1974 3625:Murray-Brown 1974 3613:Murray-Brown 1974 3594:Murray-Brown 1974 3582:Murray-Brown 1974 3566:Murray-Brown 1974 3554:Murray-Brown 1974 3539:Murray-Brown 1974 3527:Murray-Brown 1974 3515:Murray-Brown 1974 3503:Murray-Brown 1974 3487:Murray-Brown 1974 3475:Murray-Brown 1974 3463:Murray-Brown 1974 3439:Murray-Brown 1974 3419:Murray-Brown 1974 3403:Murray-Brown 1974 3382:Murray-Brown 1974 3360:, pp. 35–36. 3358:Murray-Brown 1974 3330:Murray-Brown 1974 3298:Murray-Brown 1974 3282:Murray-Brown 1974 3159: 3158: 3026:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 2973:Pope Paul VI 2885:Margaret Kenyatta 2726:one-party state. 2685:, as did India's 2667:Winston Churchill 2619:Illness and death 2609:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 2571: 2502:persona non grata 2267:African socialist 2162:one-party state. 2092:National Assembly 2061:Malcolm MacDonald 1865:across his body. 1782:F. R. S. De Souza 1688:Southern Rhodesia 1684:Northern Rhodesia 1487:treatment of Jews 1334:, he also took a 1322:'s production of 1212:Save the Children 1178:—Kenyatta in the 1011:London: 1929–1931 984:Governor of Kenya 772:Mission (CSM) at 683:. Kenyatta's son 463: 462: 313:(aged 80–81) 180: 14133: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13964: 13963: 13952: 13951: 13942: 13941: 13834:Pan-African flag 13664: 13663: 13610:Randall Robinson 13545:Leonard Jeffries 13525:W. E. B. Du Bois 13520:Cheikh Anta Diop 13515:Martin R. Delany 13339:David Comissiong 13309: 13308: 13208:Anti-imperialism 13183: 13182: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13142: 13141: 12996: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12950: 12949: 12937:Musalia Mudavadi 12873: 12866: 12859: 12850: 12849: 12774: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12705: 12704: 12670:Office suspended 12619:Preceded by 12611: 12610: 12597:Internet Archive 12573: 12554: 12532: 12513: 12484: 12447: 12435: 12424: 12412: 12392: 12371: 12352: 12315: 12296: 12269: 12240: 12238: 12213: 12192: 12173: 12146: 12127: 12108: 12079: 12069: 12040: 12007: 11988: 11967: 11938: 11921: 11892: 11873: 11836: 11826: 11808: 11798: 11780: 11751: 11730: 11703: 11678: 11649: 11630: 11619:. London: Dent. 11611: 11599: 11588: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11178: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11112: 11098: 11092: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10953: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10930: 10922: 10910: 10904: 10898: 10892: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 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9568: 9562: 9556: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9480: 9470: 9464: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9250: 9244: 9234: 9228: 9218: 9212: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8945: 8939: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8732: 8726: 8717: 8711: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8672:(547): 209–212. 8657: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8503: 8497: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8458: 8452: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8378: 8372: 8362: 8356: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8181: 8175: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8113: 8107: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8072: 8062: 8056: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7986: 7980: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7877: 7867: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7686: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7388: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7244: 7238: 7224: 7218: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7037: 7031: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6772: 6766: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6657: 6651: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6613: 6607: 6597: 6591: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6552: 6546: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6508: 6498: 6492: 6478: 6472: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6403: 6397: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6115: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6008: 5990: 5984: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5951: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5789: 5775: 5769: 5759: 5753: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5710: 5700: 5694: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5640: 5634: 5624: 5618: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5576: 5567: 5553: 5547: 5533: 5527: 5517: 5511: 5501: 5495: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5445:Frederiksen 2008 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5374: 5368: 5365:Frederiksen 2008 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5321:Frederiksen 2008 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5286: 5280: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5226: 5220: 5210: 5204: 5194: 5188: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5062:Frederiksen 2008 5055: 5049: 5043: 5032: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4990: 4984: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4802: 4796: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4630: 4624: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4450:Frederiksen 2008 4439: 4433: 4423: 4417: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4355: 4349: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4150: 4144: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4111: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3905: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3268: 3262: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3081: 3080: 2897:Speakers' Corner 2874: 2828: 2742: 2572: 2548:two party system 2203:dual citizenship 1934:Harold Macmillan 1915: 1906: 1733: 1732:, September 1952 1715:Trial: 1952–1953 1705:Mau Mau Uprising 1675:Jawaharlal Nehru 1545: 1459:Waterloo station 1409:Trafalgar Square 1386: 1377: 1320:Lilias Armstrong 1243:Marxist-Leninist 1183: 1143:In his absence, 1133:House of Commons 976:select committee 919:and the Russian 913:Anti-imperialist 764: 732:A member of the 605:Mau Mau Uprising 573:Second World War 531:. Educated at a 479: 476: 472: 455: 390: 388: 312: 293: 290: 276:Personal details 267:Ngengi Wa Muigai 264: 252: 243: 218: 206: 197: 185:Chairman of the 178: 172: 153: 132: 114: 94: 83: 61:Kenyatta in 1966 59: 49: 32: 31: 14141: 14140: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14111:Kenyatta family 13991: 13990: 13987: 13982: 13972: 13970: 13958: 13954:Africa category 13930: 13869: 13838: 13796: 13683: 13649: 13645:Omali Yeshitela 13625:Issa Laye Thiaw 13555:Maulana Karenga 13540:John G. Jackson 13468: 13389:Patrice Lumumba 13354:Muammar Gaddafi 13294: 13259:African century 13247: 13174: 13169: 13139: 13134: 13025:Argwings-Kodhek 12997: 12986: 12977: 12947: 12942: 12923: 12896:Prime ministers 12890: 12880:Prime ministers 12877: 12847: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12801:Daniel arap Moi 12775: 12766: 12765: 12741: 12732: 12698: 12696:Daniel arap Moi 12689: 12674: 12671: 12662: 12642: 12640:Daniel arap Moi 12633: 12624: 12589:The short film 12581: 12576: 12570: 12551: 12529: 12444: 12421: 12400: 12398:Further reading 12395: 12368: 12312: 12293: 12189: 12170: 12143: 12124: 12004: 11889: 11806: 11748: 11661:(22): 308–329. 11646: 11627: 11608: 11585: 11568: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11529: 11527: 11512: 11508: 11498: 11496: 11491:. 11 May 2013. 11481: 11480: 11476: 11468: 11464: 11456: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11432: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11408: 11404: 11396: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11372: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11336: 11332: 11324: 11320: 11312: 11308: 11300: 11296: 11288: 11284: 11276: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11233: 11229: 11221: 11217: 11209: 11205: 11197: 11193: 11185: 11181: 11173: 11169: 11161: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11122: 11115: 11099: 11095: 11087:, p. 168; 11083:, p. 166; 11079:, p. 315; 11075: 11071: 11063: 11059: 11051: 11047: 11039: 11035: 11027: 11023: 11015:, p. 285; 11011: 11007: 10999: 10992: 10984: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10960: 10956: 10948:, p. 110; 10944: 10940: 10924: 10923: 10911: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10875: 10871: 10863: 10859: 10851: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10822:, p. 215; 10818: 10814: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10787: 10779: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10668: 10664: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10637: 10629: 10625: 10617: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10554: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10530:, p. 312; 10526: 10522: 10518:, pp. 3–4. 10514: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10474: 10470: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10384: 10380: 10372: 10368: 10356:, p. 147; 10352:, p. 156; 10348:, p. 537; 10344: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10320: 10311: 10303: 10296: 10288: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10174:, p. 521; 10166:, p. 121; 10162: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10138:, p. 104; 10134: 10130: 10122: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10079: 10075: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10039: 10035: 10027:, p. 121; 10019: 10015: 10007: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9983:, p. 103; 9979: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9931: 9924: 9916: 9905: 9897:, p. 320; 9893: 9889: 9881: 9877: 9865: 9861: 9853:, p. 531; 9849: 9845: 9833:, p. 531; 9829: 9825: 9813:, p. 191; 9809: 9805: 9793:, p. 191; 9789:, p. 531; 9785: 9781: 9769: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9733:, p. 531; 9729: 9725: 9717:, p. 319; 9713: 9709: 9701:, p. 318; 9697: 9693: 9685: 9681: 9669:, p. 317; 9661: 9657: 9649:, p. 319; 9645: 9641: 9633:, p. 529; 9629: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9601:, p. 102; 9597:, p. 166; 9593:, p. 317; 9589:, p. 529; 9585: 9581: 9569: 9565: 9557: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9530:, p. 527; 9526: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9490: 9483: 9471: 9467: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9388:, p. 164; 9384:, p. 317; 9380:, p. 527; 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9348:, p. 161; 9344: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9255:, p. 160; 9251: 9247: 9239:, p. 177; 9235: 9231: 9223:, p. 527; 9219: 9215: 9207:, p. 167; 9203: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9079:, p. 515; 9075: 9071: 9063: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9020: 9013: 9005: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8948: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913:, p. 127; 8909: 8905: 8897: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8810:, p. 523; 8806: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8754: 8750: 8742: 8735: 8727: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8666:Current History 8658: 8651: 8643: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8571: 8567: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8508:, p. 316; 8504: 8500: 8492:, p. 114; 8484:, p. 521; 8480: 8476: 8468: 8461: 8453: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8379: 8375: 8367:, p. 520; 8363: 8359: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8288: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8259:, p. 115; 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8118:, p. 168; 8114: 8110: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8075: 8067:, p. 313; 8063: 8059: 8051:, p. 316; 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7987: 7983: 7975:, p. 166; 7971: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919:, p. 160; 7911: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7880: 7872:, p. 157; 7868: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7726:, p. 309; 7722: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7689: 7677:, p. 173; 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637:, p. 315; 7633: 7629: 7621: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7582:, p. 156; 7578:, p. 308; 7574: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7550:, p. 308; 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7470:, p. 159; 7466:, p. 308; 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438:, p. 152; 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7391: 7383:, p. 159; 7379: 7375: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277:, p. 175; 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249:, p. 308; 7245: 7241: 7233:, p. 159; 7229:, p. 308; 7225: 7221: 7213:, p. 152; 7209:, p. 307; 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7150:, p. 306; 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078:, p. 304; 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7046:, p. 184; 7042:, p. 303; 7038: 7034: 7026:, p. 303; 7022: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6982:, p. 300; 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882:, p. 204; 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777:, p. 296; 6773: 6769: 6761:, p. 296; 6757: 6753: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6718:, p. 145; 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690:, p. 289; 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662:, p. 291; 6658: 6654: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618:, p. 280; 6614: 6610: 6602:, p. 280; 6598: 6594: 6586:, p. 140; 6582:, p. 279; 6574: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6511: 6499: 6495: 6487:, p. 143; 6483:, p. 276; 6479: 6475: 6467:, p. 143; 6463:, p. 274; 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6416: 6408:, p. 260; 6404: 6400: 6392:, p. 258; 6388: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6338: 6330:, p. 257; 6326: 6322: 6314: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6229:, p. 243; 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153:, p. 244; 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6011: 5995:, p. 233; 5991: 5987: 5979:, p. 226; 5975: 5971: 5963: 5954: 5946:, p. 247; 5942: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5852:, p. 232; 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800:, p. 223; 5796: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5764:, p. 221; 5760: 5756: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5713: 5705:, p. 219; 5701: 5697: 5685:, p. 219; 5681: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645:, p. 211; 5641: 5637: 5629:, p. 211; 5625: 5621: 5609:, p. 212; 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581:, p. 214; 5577: 5570: 5558:, p. 211; 5554: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5522:, p. 214; 5518: 5514: 5506:, p. 210; 5502: 5498: 5486:, p. 209; 5482: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383:, p. 194; 5375: 5371: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291:, p. 190; 5287: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231:, p. 203; 5227: 5223: 5215:, p. 199; 5211: 5207: 5199:, p. 198; 5195: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060:, p. 187; 5056: 5052: 5044: 5035: 5027:, p. 187; 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4975:, p. 181; 4967: 4963: 4955:, p. 181; 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927:, p. 180; 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4883:, p. 176; 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4799: 4791:, p. 171; 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4747:, p. 168; 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4679:, p. 167; 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4615:, p. 155; 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583:, p. 153; 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4444:, p. 312; 4440: 4436: 4428:, p. 144; 4424: 4420: 4412:, p. 142; 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4308:, p. 318; 4304: 4300: 4292: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251:, p. 117; 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4151: 4147: 4139:, p. 109; 4135: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4077: 4069: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3433: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3280: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3198: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3079: 3043:Chiang Kai-shek 2985: 2934: 2876: 2872: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2816:Kenyatta family 2812: 2795:T. Ras Makonnen 2774: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2711:Kalenjin people 2689:and Pakistan's 2621: 2565: 2518: 2510:Patrice Lumumba 2381: 2373:family planning 2309: 2275:nationalisation 2242:economic growth 2238:entrepreneurial 2225: 2223:Economic policy 2195:Bruce Mackenzie 2168: 2156:Daniel arap Moi 2075: 2070: 2038:skills shortage 1988: 1965:Lancaster House 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1842: 1802:Rawson Macharia 1794:Ransley Thacker 1786:Dudley Thompson 1735: 1725: 1717: 1614: 1609: 1607:Return to Kenya 1547: 1543: 1535: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1348:Audrey Richards 1308: 1216:Mohandas Gandhi 1185: 1182:, November 1933 1177: 1169: 1125:Drummond Shiels 1068:Kingsley Martin 1064:Fenner Brockway 1046:, where he met 1036:Colonial Office 1013: 1008: 902: 855:Kikuyu language 838:First World War 826: 809:Jesus' apostles 782:boarding school 766: 762: 745:(woman's hut). 722: 717: 681:Daniel arap Moi 628:one-party state 477: 468: 436:Notable work(s) 428: 392: 389: 1951) 384: 380: 374: 372: 370: 353:Political party 314: 310: 294: 291: 287: 286: 285:Kamau wa Muigai 262: 250: 244: 239: 222:Daniel arap Moi 216: 204: 198: 193: 170: 154: 149: 136:Daniel arap Moi 130: 112: 106:Daniel arap Moi 104: 100: 90: 84: 79: 62: 50: 45: 43: 40: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14139: 14129: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14071:Kenyan writers 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13968: 13956: 13946: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13928: 13926:Year of Africa 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13891:Africanization 13888: 13883: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13814: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13691: 13689: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13670: 13668: 13661: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13640:Amos N. Wilson 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13600:Runoko Rashidi 13597: 13592: 13590:George Padmore 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13476: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13459:Robert Sobukwe 13456: 13454:Haile Selassie 13451: 13446: 13444:Thomas Sankara 13441: 13436: 13434:Julius Nyerere 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13369:Kenneth Kaunda 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13349:Anténor Firmin 13346: 13341: 13336: 13334:Amílcar Cabral 13331: 13329:Nnamdi Azikiwe 13326: 13321: 13315: 13313: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13238:Uhuru Movement 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13189: 13187: 13180: 13176: 13175: 13172:Pan-Africanism 13168: 13167: 13160: 13153: 13145: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13000: 12998: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12976: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12953: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12939:(2023-present) 12933: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12900: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12876: 12875: 12868: 12861: 12853: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12828: 12821:Uhuru Kenyatta 12818: 12808: 12798: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12763: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12747:Queen of Kenya 12743: 12742: 12735:Heads of State 12731: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12708: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12691: 12681: 12680: 12672: 12669: 12664: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12644: 12643: 12638: 12635: 12625: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12600: 12587: 12580: 12579:External links 12577: 12575: 12574: 12568: 12555: 12550:978-1782047926 12549: 12533: 12527: 12514: 12502:10.2307/483910 12496:(3): 615–632. 12485: 12459:(1): 107–124. 12448: 12442: 12425: 12419: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12372: 12367:978-0436472008 12366: 12353: 12327:(3): 518–537. 12316: 12311:978-0719089015 12310: 12297: 12292:978-0821410516 12291: 12270: 12241: 12214: 12193: 12188:978-0006334538 12187: 12174: 12169:978-0821410516 12168: 12147: 12142:978-3319508955 12141: 12128: 12123:978-3319509648 12122: 12109: 12080: 12052:(3): 393–421. 12041: 12008: 12003:978-0520041851 12002: 11989: 11968: 11950:(4): 115–126. 11939: 11922: 11893: 11888:978-0810103177 11887: 11874: 11837: 11817:(3): 513–532. 11799: 11752: 11746: 11731: 11721:(2): 167–183. 11704: 11679: 11650: 11645:978-0894649110 11644: 11631: 11626:978-0460078788 11625: 11612: 11607:978-0671320621 11606: 11589: 11584:978-0297847199 11583: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11549: 11537: 11520:Business Daily 11506: 11474: 11462: 11450: 11438: 11426: 11414: 11412:, p. 355. 11402: 11400:, p. 354. 11390: 11378: 11376:, p. 518. 11366: 11354: 11342: 11340:, p. 180. 11330: 11318: 11306: 11294: 11282: 11280:, p. 143. 11263: 11251: 11239: 11227: 11225:, p. 192. 11215: 11203: 11191: 11179: 11177:, p. 196. 11167: 11152: 11140: 11128: 11113: 11103:, p. 98; 11093: 11091:, p. 516. 11069: 11057: 11055:, p. 175. 11045: 11033: 11021: 11019:, p. 138. 11005: 11003:, p. 130. 10990: 10978: 10976:, p. 269. 10966: 10964:, p. 265. 10954: 10952:, p. 137. 10938: 10905: 10893: 10881: 10869: 10867:, p. 223. 10857: 10855:, p. 216. 10840: 10838:, p. 215. 10828: 10826:, p. 209. 10812: 10810:, p. 209. 10797: 10785: 10770: 10758: 10756:, p. 316. 10746: 10744:, p. 317. 10734: 10722: 10710: 10698: 10696:, p. 165. 10686: 10674: 10672:, p. 144. 10662: 10660:, p. 184. 10647: 10645:, p. 232. 10635: 10623: 10621:, p. 535. 10608: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10560: 10548: 10536: 10520: 10508: 10496: 10494:, p. 201. 10484: 10478:, p. 27; 10468: 10456: 10441: 10429: 10427:, p. 537. 10417: 10402: 10390: 10388:, p. 209. 10378: 10366: 10338: 10326: 10309: 10307:, p. 322. 10294: 10292:, p. 321. 10279: 10277:, p. 306. 10267: 10252: 10240: 10238:, p. 105. 10228: 10226:, p. 117. 10216: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10170:, p. 67; 10156: 10144: 10128: 10113: 10101: 10099:, p. 316. 10089: 10087:, p. 314. 10073: 10071:, p. 518. 10061: 10059:, p. 524. 10049: 10047:, p. 311. 10033: 10031:, p. 305. 10023:, p. 30; 10013: 10001: 9999:, p. 274. 9989: 9973: 9971:, p. 102. 9961: 9959:, p. 282. 9949: 9947:, p. 103. 9937: 9935:, p. 239. 9922: 9920:, p. 516. 9903: 9901:, p. 238. 9887: 9875: 9859: 9857:, p. 319. 9843: 9837:, p. 25; 9823: 9821:, p. 145. 9817:, p. 67; 9803: 9801:, p. 145. 9797:, p. 67; 9779: 9777:, p. 129. 9763: 9751: 9739: 9737:, p. 140. 9723: 9721:, p. 139. 9707: 9705:, p. 139. 9691: 9689:, p. 317. 9679: 9677:, p. 138. 9655: 9639: 9637:, p. 137. 9623: 9621:, p. 101. 9611: 9609:, p. 135. 9605:, p. 67; 9579: 9577:, p. 138. 9573:, p. 67; 9563: 9548: 9546:, p. 164. 9536: 9534:, p. 125. 9520: 9518:, p. 119. 9508: 9506:, p. 147. 9496: 9494:, p. 318. 9481: 9479:, p. 111. 9475:, p. 35; 9465: 9459:, p. 35; 9449: 9437: 9435:, p. 144. 9422: 9420:, p. 146. 9410: 9398: 9396:, p. 108. 9392:, p. 67; 9376:, p. 32; 9366: 9354: 9338: 9326: 9314: 9302: 9285: 9273: 9271:, p. 314. 9261: 9245: 9229: 9213: 9211:, p. 147. 9197: 9185: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9143:, p. 296. 9133: 9131:, p. 514. 9121: 9109: 9097: 9095:, p. 313. 9085: 9069: 9067:, p. 515. 9050: 9048:, p. 188. 9038: 9036:, p. 178. 9026: 9024:, p. 175. 9011: 9009:, p. 167. 8999: 8987: 8985:, p. 122. 8975: 8973:, p. 134. 8963: 8961:, p. 133. 8946: 8944:, p. 132. 8931: 8929:, p. 128. 8919: 8917:, p. 147. 8903: 8901:, p. 127. 8888: 8876: 8874:, p. 110. 8864: 8862:, p. 120. 8852: 8850:, p. 118. 8840: 8838:, p. 113. 8828: 8826:, p. 523. 8816: 8800: 8798:, p. 126. 8788: 8776: 8764: 8762:, p. 251. 8758:, p. 85; 8748: 8733: 8718: 8716:, p. 196. 8703: 8701:, p. 195. 8691: 8649: 8637: 8625: 8623:, p. 236. 8613: 8601: 8599:, p. 242. 8589: 8587:, p. 238. 8577: 8575:, p. 241. 8565: 8553: 8541: 8539:, p. 172. 8526: 8524:, p. 114. 8514: 8512:, p. 170. 8498: 8488:, p. 85; 8474: 8459: 8457:, p. 522. 8442: 8430: 8428:, p. 521. 8413: 8411:, p. 171. 8401: 8389: 8383:, p. 84; 8373: 8357: 8351:, p. 64; 8347:, p. 83; 8337: 8325: 8323:, p. 177. 8306: 8294: 8277: 8275:, p. 208. 8265: 8255:, p. 84; 8245: 8233: 8221: 8219:, p. 142. 8209: 8207:, p. 141. 8197: 8195:, p. 140. 8182: 8180:, p. 139. 8167: 8165:, p. 138. 8155: 8153:, p. 115. 8140: 8138:, p. 112. 8128: 8122:, p. 93; 8108: 8092: 8090:, p. 312. 8073: 8057: 8055:, p. 340. 8041: 8029: 8027:, p. 152. 8023:, p. 94; 8013: 8001: 7991:, p. 34; 7981: 7965: 7953: 7951:, p. 160. 7947:, p. 34; 7937: 7935:, p. 160. 7925: 7905: 7903:, p. 157. 7893: 7878: 7859: 7857:, p. 155. 7847: 7845:, p. 154. 7835: 7823: 7811: 7809:, p. 311. 7799: 7787: 7771: 7769:, p. 316. 7748: 7746:, p. 153. 7736: 7716: 7704: 7702:, p. 174. 7687: 7681:, p. 55; 7667: 7665:, p. 155. 7655: 7643: 7641:, p. 155. 7627: 7625:, p. 315. 7604: 7592: 7586:, p. 58; 7568: 7566:, p. 244. 7556: 7554:, p. 120. 7540: 7538:, p. 240. 7528: 7526:, p. 239. 7516: 7514:, p. 234. 7504: 7502:, p. 230. 7492: 7480: 7478:, p. 220. 7474:, p. 56; 7456: 7454:, p. 220. 7444: 7428: 7426:, p. 215. 7416: 7404: 7402:, p. 152. 7389: 7373: 7371:, p. 308. 7358: 7356:, p. 187. 7346: 7344:, p. 309. 7331: 7319: 7317:, p. 176. 7307: 7305:, p. 104. 7295: 7283: 7267: 7255: 7239: 7237:, p. 209. 7219: 7217:, p. 191. 7199: 7197:, p. 149. 7187: 7185:, p. 307. 7172: 7170:, p. 186. 7160: 7158:, p. 191. 7154:, p. 51; 7140: 7128: 7116: 7110:, p. 50; 7096: 7094:, p. 182. 7084: 7082:, p. 185. 7068: 7066:, p. 304. 7056: 7050:, p. 50; 7032: 7016: 7014:, p. 303. 7004: 7002:, p. 300. 6992: 6990:, p. 204. 6986:, p. 59; 6972: 6960: 6958:, p. 299. 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. 176. 6924: 6922:, p. 169. 6912: 6910:, p. 147. 6900: 6888: 6886:, p. 152. 6872: 6860: 6848: 6846:, p. 144. 6836: 6824: 6822:, p. 297. 6812: 6810:, p. 320. 6795: 6793:, p. 296. 6783: 6767: 6765:, p. 140. 6751: 6736: 6734:, p. 161. 6724: 6708: 6696: 6694:, p. 137. 6680: 6668: 6666:, p. 138. 6652: 6650:, p. 139. 6636: 6624: 6622:, p. 136. 6608: 6606:, p. 135. 6592: 6590:, p. 135. 6568: 6566:, p. 279. 6553: 6551:, p. 278. 6536: 6534:, p. 136. 6524: 6522:, p. 255. 6509: 6507:, p. 274. 6503:, p. 14; 6493: 6491:, p. 129. 6473: 6471:, p. 129. 6453: 6451:, p. 262. 6441: 6429: 6427:, p. 129. 6414: 6412:, p. 142. 6398: 6396:, p. 134. 6382: 6367: 6365:, p. 403. 6355: 6353:, p. 259. 6336: 6320: 6318:, p. 258. 6303: 6301:, p. 257. 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6241:, p. 123. 6237:, p. 58; 6219: 6217:, p. 121. 6207: 6205:, p. 123. 6195: 6183: 6171: 6169:, p. 244. 6159: 6157:, p. 119. 6143: 6141:, p. 229. 6131: 6129:, p. 181. 6116: 6114:, p. 241. 6101: 6099:, p. 237. 6089: 6077: 6075:, p. 227. 6065: 6063:, p. 226. 6050: 6048:, p. 225. 6038: 6036:, p. 234. 6026: 6024:, p. 233. 6009: 6007:, p. 117. 6003:, p. 99; 5999:, p. 70; 5985: 5983:, p. 113. 5969: 5967:, p. 242. 5952: 5936: 5934:, p. 243. 5921: 5919:, p. 231. 5909: 5897: 5895:, p. 230. 5891:, p. 69; 5881: 5866: 5864:, p. 114. 5860:, p. 91; 5856:, p. 69; 5842: 5840:, p. 230. 5830: 5818: 5806: 5804:, p. 106. 5790: 5788:, p. 106. 5780:, p. 61; 5770: 5754: 5738: 5736:, p. 220. 5726: 5711: 5695: 5689:, p. 54; 5675: 5663: 5651: 5635: 5619: 5613:, p. 35; 5599: 5587: 5568: 5562:, p. 30; 5548: 5542:, p. 30; 5538:, p. 58; 5528: 5512: 5496: 5490:, p. 35; 5476: 5474:, p. 211. 5461: 5449: 5437: 5435:, p. 192. 5425: 5413: 5411:, p. 195. 5401: 5389: 5379:, p. 56; 5369: 5359:, p. 47; 5349: 5347:, p. 193. 5337: 5335:, p. 191. 5325: 5309: 5297: 5281: 5275:, p. 30; 5261: 5259:, p. 204. 5249: 5247:, p. 203. 5237: 5221: 5205: 5189: 5183:, p. 53; 5169: 5167:, p. 187. 5157: 5155:, p. 186. 5145: 5143:, p. 185. 5130: 5128:, p. 183. 5118: 5102: 5090: 5088:, p. 182. 5078: 5076:, p. 181. 5066: 5050: 5048:, p. 189. 5033: 5017: 5005: 4999:, p. 28; 4985: 4979:, p. 28; 4971:, p. 55; 4961: 4945: 4943:, p. 180. 4933: 4917: 4915:, p. 179. 4905: 4893: 4887:, p. 28; 4873: 4861: 4859:, p. 177. 4849: 4837: 4835:, p. 176. 4825: 4813: 4797: 4781: 4777:Polsgrove 2009 4769: 4753: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4683:, p. 27; 4669: 4667:, p. 166. 4657: 4655:, p. 171. 4645: 4639:, p. 17; 4625: 4619:, p. 26; 4611:, p. 51; 4601: 4599:, p. 157. 4589: 4573: 4571:, p. 153. 4561: 4559:, p. 151. 4555:, p. 51; 4545: 4539:, p. 26; 4525: 4523:, p. 178. 4510: 4508:, p. 148. 4498: 4482: 4466: 4454: 4434: 4418: 4402: 4400:, p. 125. 4390: 4388:, p. 131. 4378: 4376:, p. 122. 4366: 4350: 4344:, p. 17; 4330: 4328:, p. 120. 4318: 4298: 4281: 4279:, p. 117. 4269: 4257: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4215:, p. 119. 4205: 4193: 4191:, p. 114. 4181: 4169: 4163:, p. 23; 4155:, p. 48; 4145: 4129: 4127:, p. 109. 4112: 4102:, p. 46; 4092: 4090:, p. 107. 4075: 4073:, p. 110. 4058: 4046: 4034: 4032:, p. 110. 4018: 4006: 4004:, p. 106. 3991: 3989:, p. 105. 3979: 3977:, p. 101. 3967: 3955: 3949:, p. 90; 3939: 3927: 3925:, p. 103. 3912: 3897: 3881: 3866: 3854: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3799: 3793:, p. 91; 3783: 3767: 3750: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3689: 3683:, p. 73; 3673: 3661: 3645: 3639:, p. 71; 3629: 3617: 3602: 3596:, p. 52; 3586: 3574: 3558: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3501:, p. 28; 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3437:, p. 18; 3427: 3421:, p. 42; 3417:, p. 11; 3407: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 323. 3322: 3310: 3304:, p. 11; 3300:, p. 33; 3290: 3284:, p. 34; 3269: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3129:Panaf Service 3127: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3047:Park Chung Hee 3014:Julius Nyerere 2984: 2981: 2933: 2930: 2865: 2852:Peter Abrahams 2819: 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2773: 2770: 2749:the colour bar 2733: 2731: 2728: 2683:Hastings Banda 2679:Kenneth Kaunda 2646:Charles Njonjo 2642:Njoroge Mungai 2620: 2617: 2605:Martin Shikuku 2560:Joseph Murumbi 2517: 2514: 2464:Martin Webster 2448:Heinrich Lübke 2407:, heading the 2380: 2379:Foreign policy 2377: 2325:Bruce McKenzie 2317:Hastings Banda 2308: 2305: 2224: 2221: 2199:Humphrey Slade 2167: 2164: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 1987: 1984: 1957:Wind of Change 1930:Julius Nyerere 1920: 1919: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1874:Montagu Slater 1841: 1838: 1770:Kapenguria Six 1766:Kung'u Karumba 1718: 1716: 1713: 1709:cell structure 1679:Prime Minister 1627:Mbiyu Koinange 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1463:pan-Africanist 1455:Haile Selassie 1451:C. L. R. James 1417:Russell Square 1391: 1390: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1356:Elspeth Huxley 1307: 1304: 1284:Labour Monthly 1231:George Padmore 1204:Fabian Society 1180:Labour Monthly 1170: 1168: 1165: 1076:Special Branch 1048:Ladipo Solanke 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 940:James Beauttah 901: 898: 878:Holy Communion 834:British Empire 825: 822: 805:Christian name 755: 721: 718: 716: 713: 673:anti-communist 640:Kenyan Indians 601:Kapenguria Six 597:white settlers 577:George Padmore 533:mission school 502:British Empire 490:Prime Minister 461: 460: 457: 456: 449: 445: 444: 437: 433: 432: 423: 417: 416: 398: 394: 393: 382: 378:Ngina Kenyatta 376: 375: 364: 360: 359: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 331: 327: 326: 320:Coast Province 309:22 August 1978 307: 303: 302: 284: 282: 278: 277: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 236: 235: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 207: 201: 200: 190: 189: 182: 181: 173: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 146: 145: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 123:Queen of Kenya 115: 109: 108: 102:Joseph Murumbi 95: 92:Vice President 87: 86: 76: 75: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 44: 41: 35: 21:Uhuru Kenyatta 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14138: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14026:Kikuyu people 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 14001:Jomo Kenyatta 13999: 13998: 13996: 13989: 13979: 13969: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13955: 13947: 13945: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13824:Lion of Judah 13822: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13803: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13700:African Union 13698: 13696: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13659:Organizations 13656: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13620:Burning Spear 13618: 13616: 13615:Walter Rodney 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13595:Motsoko Pheko 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13575:Archie Mafeje 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13560:Alice Kinloch 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13429:Kwame Nkrumah 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13414:Robert Mugabe 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13394:Samora Machel 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13379:Jomo Kenyatta 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13359:Marcus Garvey 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13301: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13281: 13279: 13278: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13166: 13161: 13159: 13154: 13152: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12969: 12967: 12962: 12960: 12955: 12954: 12951: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12904:Jomo Kenyatta 12902: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12874: 12869: 12867: 12862: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12791:Jomo Kenyatta 12789: 12788: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12773: 12761: 12757: 12754: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12729: 12724: 12722: 12717: 12715: 12710: 12709: 12706: 12697: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12668: 12661: 12660: 12654: 12650: 12645: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12623: 12622:James Gichuru 12617: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12537:Muigai, Githu 12534: 12530: 12524: 12520: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12449: 12445: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12422: 12416: 12411: 12410: 12403: 12402: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12359: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12119: 12115: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12091:(1): 87–103. 12090: 12086: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11848:(65): 23–48. 11847: 11843: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11805: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11763:(1): 75–103. 11762: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11739: 11738: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11637: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11618: 11613: 11609: 11603: 11598: 11597: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11571: 11570: 11558: 11553: 11547:, p. 86. 11546: 11541: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11510: 11494: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11471: 11466: 11459: 11454: 11447: 11446:Assensoh 1998 11442: 11436:, p. 65. 11435: 11434:Assensoh 1998 11430: 11423: 11418: 11411: 11406: 11399: 11394: 11387: 11382: 11375: 11370: 11363: 11358: 11351: 11346: 11339: 11334: 11327: 11322: 11316:, p. 43. 11315: 11310: 11304:, p. 37. 11303: 11298: 11292:, p. 46. 11291: 11286: 11279: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11261:, p. 17. 11260: 11255: 11248: 11243: 11236: 11235:Nyangena 2003 11231: 11224: 11219: 11212: 11207: 11201:, p. 25. 11200: 11195: 11189:, p. 26. 11188: 11183: 11176: 11171: 11164: 11159: 11157: 11149: 11144: 11138:, p. 98. 11137: 11132: 11125: 11120: 11118: 11110: 11109:Nyangena 2003 11107:, p. 3; 11106: 11105:Assensoh 1998 11102: 11097: 11090: 11086: 11085:Bernardi 1993 11082: 11078: 11073: 11067:, p. 70. 11066: 11061: 11054: 11053:Bernardi 1993 11049: 11043:, p. 25. 11042: 11037: 11031:, p. 77. 11030: 11025: 11018: 11014: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10995: 10988:, p. 27. 10987: 10982: 10975: 10970: 10963: 10958: 10951: 10947: 10942: 10934: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10903:, p. 23. 10902: 10897: 10891:, p. 65. 10890: 10885: 10878: 10873: 10866: 10861: 10854: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10802: 10794: 10789: 10783:, p. 19. 10782: 10777: 10775: 10767: 10762: 10755: 10750: 10743: 10738: 10731: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10707: 10702: 10695: 10690: 10684:, p. 17. 10683: 10678: 10671: 10666: 10659: 10654: 10652: 10644: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10620: 10615: 10613: 10605: 10604:Assensoh 1998 10600: 10594:, p. 34. 10593: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10570:, p. 28. 10569: 10564: 10558:, p. 83. 10557: 10552: 10546:, p. 29. 10545: 10540: 10533: 10532:Assensoh 1998 10529: 10524: 10517: 10512: 10505: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10482:, p. 10. 10481: 10480:Nyangena 2003 10477: 10476:Assensoh 1998 10472: 10466:, p. 47. 10465: 10460: 10454:, p. 38. 10453: 10448: 10446: 10438: 10433: 10426: 10421: 10415:, p. 32. 10414: 10409: 10407: 10400:, p. 33. 10399: 10394: 10387: 10382: 10376:, p. 94. 10375: 10374:Lonsdale 2006 10370: 10364:, p. 89. 10363: 10362:Lonsdale 2006 10360:, p. 8; 10359: 10358:Nyangena 2003 10355: 10354:Assensoh 1998 10351: 10347: 10342: 10336:, p. 25. 10335: 10334:Assensoh 1998 10330: 10324:, p. 93. 10323: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10306: 10301: 10299: 10291: 10286: 10284: 10276: 10271: 10265:, p. 27. 10264: 10263:Assensoh 1998 10259: 10257: 10250:, p. 26. 10249: 10248:Assensoh 1998 10244: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10220: 10214:, p. 34. 10213: 10212:Tamarkin 1979 10208: 10201: 10200:Tamarkin 1979 10196: 10189: 10188:Tamarkin 1979 10184: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10168:Assensoh 1998 10165: 10160: 10154:, p. 29. 10153: 10152:Assensoh 1998 10148: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10126:, p. 22. 10125: 10124:Tamarkin 1979 10120: 10118: 10110: 10105: 10098: 10093: 10086: 10082: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10021:Tamarkin 1979 10017: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9970: 9965: 9958: 9953: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9927: 9919: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9885:, p. 68. 9884: 9883:Assensoh 1998 9879: 9873:, p. 67. 9872: 9871:Assensoh 1998 9868: 9863: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9841:, p. 84. 9840: 9836: 9835:Tamarkin 1979 9832: 9827: 9820: 9816: 9815:Assensoh 1998 9812: 9807: 9800: 9796: 9795:Assensoh 1998 9792: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9772: 9771:Assensoh 1998 9767: 9761:, p. 23. 9760: 9759:Assensoh 1998 9755: 9749:, p. 21. 9748: 9747:Assensoh 1998 9743: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9700: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9659: 9652: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9620: 9615: 9608: 9604: 9603:Assensoh 1998 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9576: 9572: 9571:Assensoh 1998 9567: 9561:, p. 67. 9560: 9559:Assensoh 1998 9555: 9553: 9545: 9540: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9447:, p. 98. 9446: 9441: 9434: 9429: 9427: 9419: 9414: 9407: 9402: 9395: 9391: 9390:Assensoh 1998 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9336:, p. 68. 9335: 9330: 9324:, p. 32. 9323: 9318: 9312:, p. 19. 9311: 9310:Assensoh 1998 9306: 9300:, p. 18. 9299: 9298:Assensoh 1998 9294: 9292: 9290: 9283:, p. 84. 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9227:, p. 76. 9226: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9209:Assensoh 1998 9206: 9201: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9119:, p. 54. 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9083:, p. 96. 9082: 9078: 9073: 9066: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8943: 8938: 8936: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8915:Assensoh 1998 8912: 8907: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8885: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8861: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8825: 8820: 8814:, p. 91. 8813: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8752: 8746:, p. 82. 8745: 8740: 8738: 8731:, p. 81. 8730: 8725: 8723: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8700: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8654: 8646: 8641: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8574: 8569: 8562: 8557: 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8496:, p. 64. 8495: 8494:Assensoh 1998 8491: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8472:, p. 64. 8471: 8470:Assensoh 1998 8466: 8464: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8438:Assensoh 1998 8434: 8427: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8410: 8405: 8399:, p. 96. 8398: 8393: 8387:, p. 64. 8386: 8385:Assensoh 1998 8382: 8377: 8371:, p. 84. 8370: 8366: 8361: 8355:, p. 77. 8354: 8350: 8349:Assensoh 1998 8346: 8341: 8335:, p. 91. 8334: 8329: 8322: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8303: 8298: 8292:, p. 85. 8291: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8231:, p. 83. 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8147: 8145: 8137: 8132: 8126:, p. 63. 8125: 8124:Assensoh 1998 8121: 8117: 8112: 8106:, p. 63. 8105: 8104:Assensoh 1998 8101: 8096: 8089: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8071:, p. 63. 8070: 8069:Assensoh 1998 8066: 8061: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8039:, p. 20. 8038: 8037:Assensoh 1998 8033: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8011:, p. 35. 8010: 8005: 7999:, p. 63. 7998: 7997:Assensoh 1998 7994: 7990: 7985: 7979:, p. 60. 7978: 7974: 7969: 7963:, p. 34. 7962: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7897: 7891:, p. 52. 7890: 7885: 7883: 7876:, p. 51. 7875: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7797:, p. 60. 7796: 7791: 7785:, p. 63. 7784: 7783:Assensoh 1998 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7740: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7714:, p. 95. 7713: 7708: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7685:, p. 58. 7684: 7680: 7679:Assensoh 1998 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7653:, p. 24. 7652: 7651:Assensoh 1998 7647: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7602:, p. 99. 7601: 7600:Lonsdale 2006 7596: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7408: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7387:, p. 55. 7386: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7329:, p. 66. 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7304: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7281:, p. 52. 7280: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7126:, p. 50. 7125: 7120: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 59. 7053: 7052:Assensoh 1998 7049: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7030:, p. 49. 7029: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6985: 6984:Assensoh 1998 6981: 6976: 6970:, p. 51. 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6749:, p. 96. 6748: 6743: 6741: 6733: 6728: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6533: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 65. 6438: 6437:Anderson 2005 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6380:, p. 62. 6379: 6378:Assensoh 1998 6374: 6372: 6364: 6363:Lonsdale 1990 6359: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6334:, p. 60. 6333: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6235:Assensoh 1998 6232: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6193:, p. 98. 6192: 6191:Lonsdale 2006 6187: 6181:, p. 32. 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5950:, p. 67. 5949: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5816:, p. 60. 5815: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5768:, p. 37. 5767: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5750:Assensoh 1998 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5709:, p. 53. 5708: 5707:Assensoh 1998 5704: 5699: 5693:, p. 85. 5692: 5688: 5687:Assensoh 1998 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5633:, p. 35. 5632: 5628: 5623: 5617:, p. 95. 5616: 5615:Lonsdale 2006 5612: 5608: 5603: 5597:, p. 85. 5596: 5591: 5585:, p. 84. 5584: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5566:, p. 81. 5565: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5546:, p. 81. 5545: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5526:, p. 81. 5525: 5521: 5516: 5510:, p. 81. 5509: 5505: 5500: 5494:, p. 81. 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5459:, p. 10. 5458: 5453: 5447:, p. 36. 5446: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5421:Bernardi 1993 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5387:, p. 31. 5386: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5367:, p. 27. 5366: 5362: 5361:Assensoh 1998 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5323:, p. 36. 5322: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5295:, p. 32. 5294: 5290: 5285: 5279:, p. 59. 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5203:, p. 58. 5202: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5181:Assensoh 1998 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5116:, p. 63. 5115: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5064:, p. 31. 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5031:, p. 30. 5030: 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 30. 5014: 5009: 5003:, p. 59. 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4983:, p. 46. 4982: 4981:Assensoh 1998 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4959:, p. 46. 4958: 4957:Assensoh 1998 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4931:, p. 46. 4930: 4929:Assensoh 1998 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4891:, p. 62. 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4871:, p. 64. 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4811:, p. 27. 4810: 4806: 4801: 4795:, p. 45. 4794: 4793:Assensoh 1998 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4767:, p. 27. 4766: 4762: 4757: 4751:, p. 45. 4750: 4749:Assensoh 1998 4746: 4741: 4735:, p. 73. 4734: 4729: 4723:, p. 72. 4722: 4717: 4711:, p. 71. 4710: 4705: 4699:, p. 70. 4698: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4643:, p. 44. 4642: 4641:Assensoh 1998 4638: 4634: 4629: 4623:, p. 59. 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4587:, p. 51. 4586: 4585:Assensoh 1998 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4543:, p. 31. 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4496:, p. 25. 4495: 4491: 4486: 4480:, p. 25. 4479: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4452:, p. 25. 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4432:, p. 29. 4431: 4427: 4422: 4416:, p. 29. 4415: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 44. 4347: 4346:Assensoh 1998 4343: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4316:, p. 27. 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4296:, p. 27. 4295: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4255:, p. 24. 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4110:, p. 17. 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014:Assensoh 1998 4010: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3965:, p. 90. 3964: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3910:, p. 96. 3909: 3904: 3902: 3895:, p. 42. 3894: 3893:Assensoh 1998 3890: 3885: 3879:, p. 95. 3878: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3852:, p. 42. 3851: 3850:Assensoh 1998 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3824:, p. 93. 3823: 3818: 3812:, p. 92. 3811: 3806: 3804: 3797:, p. 42. 3796: 3795:Assensoh 1998 3792: 3787: 3781:, p. 42. 3780: 3779:Assensoh 1998 3776: 3771: 3765:, p. 79. 3764: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3731: 3726: 3720:, p. 75. 3719: 3714: 3708:, p. 74. 3707: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3687:, p. 41. 3686: 3685:Assensoh 1998 3682: 3677: 3671:, p. 73. 3670: 3665: 3659:, p. 41. 3658: 3657:Assensoh 1998 3654: 3649: 3642: 3641:Assensoh 1998 3638: 3633: 3627:, p. 71. 3626: 3621: 3615:, p. 53. 3614: 3609: 3607: 3600:, p. 39. 3599: 3598:Assensoh 1998 3595: 3590: 3584:, p. 52. 3583: 3578: 3572:, p. 39. 3571: 3570:Assensoh 1998 3567: 3562: 3556:, p. 48. 3555: 3550: 3548: 3541:, p. 49. 3540: 3535: 3529:, p. 50. 3528: 3523: 3517:, p. 43. 3516: 3511: 3505:, p. 45. 3504: 3500: 3495: 3489:, p. 45. 3488: 3483: 3477:, p. 46. 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 32. 3452: 3447: 3441:, p. 38. 3440: 3436: 3431: 3425:, p. 15. 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3405:, p. 37. 3404: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3384:, p. 35. 3383: 3378: 3372:, p. 17. 3371: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3320:, p. 11. 3319: 3314: 3308:, p. 38. 3307: 3306:Assensoh 1998 3303: 3299: 3294: 3288:, p. 38. 3287: 3286:Assensoh 1998 3283: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3267:, p. vi. 3266: 3261: 3257: 3239: 3225: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058:Kwame Nkrumah 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2965:father figure 2961: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848:Victorian era 2843: 2839: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:land grabbing 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Morarji Desai 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2662:state funeral 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:James Gichuru 2634: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:George Anyona 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2341:public sector 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2271:mixed economy 2268: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:law and order 2187: 2185: 2181: 2180:head of state 2172: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859:Waruhiu Itote 1856: 1846: 1837: 1834: 1833:Privy Council 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1806:Evelyn Baring 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Achieng Oneko 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750:Bildad Kaggia 1747: 1742: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729:Daily Express 1722: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1668:lingua franca 1665: 1661: 1656: 1655:James Gichuru 1652: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:Kwame Nkrumah 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1523:tour de force 1519: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1505:functionalist 1501: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1338:course under 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:summer school 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Sunday Worker 1110: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1025:Achieng Oneko 1022: 1017: 1003: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 933: 928: 927: 922: 918: 914: 906: 897: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 831: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 759: 754: 752: 746: 744: 739: 735: 734:Kikuyu people 726: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701:authoritarian 698: 694: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:Oginga Odinga 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:farm labourer 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 512:, he led the 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 471: 467: 466:Jomo Kenyatta 458: 454: 450: 446: 443: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 424: 422: 418: 415: 411: 407: 403: 400:8, including 399: 395: 379: 368: 365: 361: 358: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332: 330:Resting place 328: 325: 321: 317: 308: 304: 301: 297: 283: 279: 274: 270: 266: 260: 257: 254: 248: 242: 237: 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 214: 211: 210:James Gichuru 208: 202: 196: 191: 188: 183: 177: 174: 168: 165: 162: 158: 152: 147: 144: 140: 137: 134: 128: 125: 124: 119: 116: 110: 107: 103: 99: 96: 93: 88: 82: 77: 74: 69: 65: 58: 53: 48: 42:Jomo Kenyatta 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 13988: 13816: 13779: 13605:Paul Robeson 13530:Frantz Fanon 13505:Aimé Césaire 13378: 13374:Modibo Keïta 13319:Dennis Akumu 13282: 13275: 13268: 13203:Afrocentrism 13003: 12918: 12914:Raila Odinga 12908: 12903: 12835:2022–present 12831:William Ruto 12790: 12756:Elizabeth II 12684: 12677:Raila Odinga 12675: 12666: 12657: 12652: 12628:Chairman of 12627: 12603: 12591: 12559: 12540: 12518: 12493: 12489: 12456: 12452: 12431: 12408: 12383:(3): 21–37. 12380: 12377:Africa Today 12376: 12357: 12324: 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O. Davies 1743: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1701: 1677:, the first 1672: 1667: 1644: 1615: 1600: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1551:World War II 1548: 1542: 1538: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1497: 1495: 1491:Nazi Germany 1440: 1436:Paul Robeson 1429:, filmed at 1424: 1423:in the film 1401: 1323: 1309: 1299:Nancy Cunard 1294: 1288: 1282: 1279:Negro Worker 1278: 1276: 1260: 1228: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1157:Hulda Stumpf 1142: 1117:Muĩgwithania 1116: 1112: 1108:Daily Worker 1106: 1099:Soviet Union 1083:Labour Party 1080: 1072:Rhodes Trust 1042:premises in 1029: 999:Mũigwithania 998: 995:Mũigwithania 994: 992: 988:Edward Grigg 957: 937: 924: 911: 882: 859: 850: 842:British Army 827: 812: 801:circumcision 794: 778:Christianity 767: 761: 757: 747: 742: 737: 731: 692: 689: 624:Kenya Colony 617: 615:until 1961. 518: 510:conservative 465: 464: 439: 311:(1978-08-22) 263:Succeeded by 255: 240: 217:Succeeded by 194: 176:Raila Odinga 171:Succeeded by 164:Elizabeth II 150: 131:Succeeded by 121: 118:Elizabeth II 80: 29: 14011:1978 deaths 14006:1897 births 13667:Educational 13480:Marimba Ani 13404:Thabo Mbeki 13312:Politicians 13264:Black power 12811:Mwai Kibaki 11904:(1): 3–27. 11530:12 December 11499:12 December 11422:Maloba 2017 11410:Maloba 2017 11398:Maloba 2017 11374:Savage 1970 11362:Savage 1970 11350:Arnold 1974 11338:Arnold 1974 11326:Arnold 1974 11302:Arnold 1974 11290:Arnold 1974 11247:Maloba 2018 11223:Arnold 1974 11211:Arnold 1974 11199:Maloba 2017 11187:Maloba 2017 11175:Maloba 2017 11163:Maloba 2018 11148:Arnold 1974 11124:Maloba 2018 11089:Cullen 2016 11081:Arnold 1974 11065:Arnold 1974 11017:Maloba 2018 10986:Arnold 1974 10950:Maloba 2018 10901:Maloba 2017 10889:Arnold 1974 10824:Arnold 1974 10808:Arnold 1974 10682:Arnold 1974 10631:Maloba 2017 10619:Savage 1970 10556:Maloba 2017 10516:Maloba 2018 10504:Maloba 2018 10492:Maloba 2017 10464:Maloba 2018 10437:Arnold 1974 10425:Savage 1970 10413:Arnold 1974 10398:Arnold 1974 10386:Maloba 2017 10350:Arnold 1974 10346:Savage 1970 10236:Arnold 1974 10176:Maloba 2017 10172:Cullen 2016 10140:Maloba 2017 10109:Maloba 2017 10097:Maloba 2017 10085:Maloba 2017 10081:Cullen 2016 10069:Cullen 2016 10057:Cullen 2016 10045:Maloba 2017 10041:Cullen 2016 10029:Maloba 2017 10009:Maloba 2017 9997:Maloba 2017 9985:Maloba 2017 9957:Maloba 2017 9933:Maloba 2017 9918:Cullen 2016 9899:Maloba 2017 9851:Savage 1970 9831:Savage 1970 9819:Maloba 2017 9811:Arnold 1974 9799:Maloba 2017 9791:Arnold 1974 9787:Savage 1970 9775:Maloba 2017 9735:Maloba 2017 9731:Savage 1970 9719:Maloba 2017 9703:Maloba 2017 9675:Maloba 2017 9663:Savage 1970 9651:Maloba 2017 9635:Maloba 2017 9631:Savage 1970 9607:Maloba 2017 9595:Arnold 1974 9587:Savage 1970 9575:Maloba 2017 9544:Arnold 1974 9532:Maloba 2017 9528:Savage 1970 9516:Maloba 2017 9477:Maloba 2017 9461:Maloba 2017 9394:Maloba 2017 9386:Arnold 1974 9378:Savage 1970 9362:Maloba 2017 9350:Maloba 2017 9346:Arnold 1974 9334:Maloba 2017 9257:Maloba 2017 9253:Arnold 1974 9241:Maloba 2017 9237:Arnold 1974 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2018 5201:Maloba 2018 5185:Maloba 2018 5114:Maloba 2018 5001:Maloba 2018 4997:Arnold 1974 4977:Arnold 1974 4969:Archer 1969 4889:Maloba 2018 4869:Maloba 2018 4845:Maloba 2018 4821:Maloba 2018 4733:Maloba 2018 4721:Maloba 2018 4709:Maloba 2018 4697:Maloba 2018 4685:Maloba 2018 4621:Maloba 2018 4609:Archer 1969 4553:Archer 1969 4541:Maloba 2018 4537:Arnold 1974 4430:Maloba 2018 4414:Maloba 2018 4362:Maloba 2018 4314:Maloba 2018 4165:Maloba 2018 4153:Archer 1969 4141:Maloba 2018 4100:Archer 1969 4026:Archer 1969 3951:Arnold 1974 3935:Arnold 1974 3742:Archer 1969 3499:Archer 1969 3451:Archer 1969 3435:Archer 1969 3423:Arnold 1974 3415:Archer 1969 3370:Archer 1969 3354:Archer 1969 3342:Archer 1969 3318:Archer 1969 3302:Arnold 1974 3039:Ho Chi Minh 3010:reactionary 2995:Kenyatta's 2948:in Nairobi. 2654:Ngong Hills 2034:brain drain 1813:hard labour 1774:Chaman Lall 1559:Storrington 1557:village of 1405:Camden Town 1394:blue plaque 1161:John Arthur 1044:West London 932:Harry Thuku 705:neocolonial 650:during the 634:'s leftist 581:Pan-African 571:during the 523:farmers in 478: 1897 345:Nationality 292: 1897 251:Preceded by 205:Preceded by 113:Preceded by 13995:Categories 13580:Ali Mazrui 13490:Steve Biko 13304:Proponents 12690:1964–1978 12663:1963–1964 12653:New office 12634:1961–1978 12067:10539/9062 11778:2152/19778 11557:Boone 2012 11545:Boone 2012 11470:Kuria 1991 11278:Maxon 1995 10224:Kuria 1991 10164:Kuria 1991 10025:Kuria 1991 9839:Boone 2012 9281:Boone 2012 8995:Maxon 1995 8983:Maxon 1995 8971:Maxon 1995 8959:Maxon 1995 8942:Maxon 1995 8927:Maxon 1995 8911:Maxon 1995 8899:Maxon 1995 8884:Maxon 1995 8872:Maxon 1995 8860:Maxon 1995 8848:Maxon 1995 8836:Maxon 1995 8796:Maxon 1995 8784:Maxon 1995 8772:Maxon 1995 8756:Boone 2012 8744:Boone 2012 8729:Boone 2012 8490:Maxon 1995 8257:Maxon 1995 8217:Maxon 1995 8205:Maxon 1995 8193:Maxon 1995 8178:Maxon 1995 8163:Maxon 1995 8151:Maxon 1995 8136:Maxon 1995 7552:Kuria 1991 6720:Leman 2011 6179:Leman 2011 3265:Jones 1940 3248:References 3236:⁽ᶮ⁾dʒɔ̄mɔ̄ 3176:English: 3090:Publisher 3035:Mao Zedong 2999:in Nairobi 2765:Guy Arnold 2497:Zhou Enlai 2234:capitalist 2068:Leadership 1754:Fred Kubai 1746:Kapenguria 1597:Gold Coast 1571:Home Guard 1477:, and the 1224:Birmingham 1149:Protestant 1087:communists 972:Tanganyika 870:Grace Wahu 840:, and the 715:Early life 709:corruption 656:capitalist 652:Shifta War 589:Manchester 555:, and the 421:Alma mater 367:Grace Wahu 13688:Political 13570:Malcolm X 13565:Fela Kuti 13409:Tom Mboya 13270:Négritude 13233:Sankarism 13228:Nkrumaism 13223:Garveyism 13105:Wetangula 12825:2013–2022 12815:2002–2013 12805:1978–2002 12795:1964–1978 12760:1963–1964 12481:143712816 12349:147253845 12105:153491600 12076:162867744 12037:145432539 11964:154003550 11918:161686105 11833:156552406 11795:154334560 11314:Kyle 1997 11029:Naim 2005 10927:cite news 10754:Beck 1966 10742:Beck 1966 9177:Naim 2005 9165:Naim 2005 8686:0011-3530 7977:Kyle 1997 7795:Kyle 1997 7683:Kyle 1997 7584:Kyle 1997 7472:Kyle 1997 7385:Kyle 1997 7279:Kyle 1997 7152:Kyle 1997 7124:Kyle 1997 7108:Kyle 1997 7048:Kyle 1997 7028:Kyle 1997 4442:Beck 1966 4306:Beck 1966 3253:Footnotes 2997:Mausoleum 2901:Hyde Park 2695:mausoleum 2535:Pio Pinto 2480:Kambaland 2470:, at the 2456:far-right 2424:apartheid 2393:Roy Innis 2100:Harambee! 2026:Mogadishu 2007:Fort Hall 1758:Paul Ngei 1739:Lokitaung 1567:Lindfield 1441:In 1935, 1352:Lucy Mair 1328:phonetics 1235:Comintern 1131:, at the 1056:Hampstead 866:Dagoretti 797:catechism 720:Childhood 609:Lokitaung 494:President 448:Signature 369:(m. 1919) 363:Spouse(s) 245:1963–1978 241:In office 199:1961–1978 195:In office 151:In office 81:In office 13843:Dynamics 13324:Idi Amin 13252:Concepts 13186:Variants 13179:Ideology 13095:Mwakwere 13050:Mwangale 13030:Koinange 13020:Nyamweya 13015:Koinange 13004:Kenyatta 12341:40200855 12229:: 1–18. 12210:25834640 12179:Kenyatta 11870:38737442 11862:19618561 11787:41804129 11727:40760779 11524:Archived 11493:Archived 3051:Pinochet 2913:Buddhism 2909:Hinduism 2880:monogamy 2861:nihilism 2779:Harambee 2720:populist 2675:Idi Amin 2593:de facto 2468:neo-Nazi 2450:in 1966. 2416:Cold War 2160:de facto 2032:cause a 1940:held in 1695:and the 1021:Apa Pant 1006:Overseas 893:Kilimani 889:£12/10/– 817:baptized 677:Cold War 663:and the 498:a colony 482:colonial 402:Margaret 397:Children 71:1st 13906:Kwanzaa 13874:Related 13805:Symbols 13792:ZANU–PF 13115:Mohamed 13090:Musyoka 13070:Musyoka 13055:Onyonka 13040:Waiyaki 13010:Murumbi 12473:1771859 12389:4185874 12266:3997848 12160:110–147 11700:3820530 11675:4390930 11566:Sources 8662:"Kenya" 3049:, or a 3037:, or a 2893:atheist 2724:de jure 2703:Nairobi 2054:Majimbo 2048:Majimbo 1993:Maralal 1664:Swahili 1619:Gatundu 1483:fascism 1342:at the 1256:Siberia 1121:liberal 1032:Mombasa 978:of the 948:Pumwani 926:kipande 853:in the 851:kĩnyata 790:English 774:Thogoto 669:Western 646:in the 500:of the 488:as its 410:Nyokabi 391: 383: 340:, Kenya 338:Nairobi 316:Mombasa 233:Gatundu 160:Monarch 13473:Others 13284:Ujamaa 13277:Ubuntu 13243:Zikism 13110:Ongeri 13085:Madoka 13075:Godana 13035:Mungai 12667:Vacant 12566: 12547: 12525: 12510:483910 12508: 12479: 12471: 12440: 12417: 12387: 12364: 12347: 12339: 12308: 12289: 12283:83–109 12264: 12208: 12185: 12166: 12139: 12120: 12103: 12074: 12035: 12000: 11962: 11935:386522 11933: 11916: 11885: 11868: 11860: 11831: 11793: 11785: 11744: 11725: 11698: 11673: 11642: 11623: 11604: 11581: 8684: 3121:1944? 3087:Title 2932:Legacy 2915:, and 2681:, and 2644:, and 2607:, and 2581:Kisumu 2506:Peking 2146:shifta 2130:Nakuru 1885:Lodwar 1863:eczema 1824:appeal 1820:remand 1784:, and 1768:—the " 1686:, and 1666:, the 1555:Sussex 1421:extras 1354:, and 1208:Geneva 1127:, the 1095:Moscow 1091:Berlin 1066:, and 1023:, and 952:London 874:Kabete 847:Maasai 813:-stone 743:nyũmba 703:, and 613:Lodwar 569:Sussex 545:Moscow 541:London 525:Kiambu 521:Kikuyu 508:and a 414:Muhoho 348:Kenyan 296:Ngenda 179:(2008) 13130:Mutua 13125:Omamo 13080:Obure 12984:Kenya 12888:Kenya 12739:Kenya 12506:JSTOR 12477:S2CID 12469:JSTOR 12385:JSTOR 12345:S2CID 12337:JSTOR 12262:JSTOR 12206:JSTOR 12101:S2CID 12072:S2CID 12033:S2CID 11960:S2CID 11914:S2CID 11866:S2CID 11829:S2CID 11807:(PDF) 11791:S2CID 11783:JSTOR 11723:JSTOR 11696:JSTOR 11671:JSTOR 3234:[ 3162:Notes 3147:1971 3134:1968 3108:1944 3095:1938 3031:Lenin 2905:Islam 2803:mbari 2333:Nandi 1946:Cairo 1942:Tunis 1889:Uhuru 1855:posho 1632:Ngina 1295:Negro 885:250/= 862:Narok 830:Thika 786:Bible 738:circa 685:Uhuru 486:Kenya 406:Uhuru 385:( 381: 324:Kenya 13120:Juma 13100:Tuju 13065:Ayah 13060:Ouko 13045:Ouko 12882:and 12630:KANU 12564:ISBN 12545:ISBN 12523:ISBN 12438:ISBN 12415:ISBN 12362:ISBN 12306:ISBN 12287:ISBN 12183:ISBN 12164:ISBN 12137:ISBN 12118:ISBN 11998:ISBN 11931:OCLC 11883:ISBN 11858:PMID 11742:ISBN 11640:ISBN 11621:ISBN 11602:ISBN 11579:ISBN 11532:2016 11501:2017 10933:link 8682:ISSN 3045:, a 3033:, a 2955:Mzee 2946:KICC 2781:and 2633:gout 2363:and 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