580:"When Sutter established himself in 1839 in the Sacramento Valley, new misfortune came upon these peaceful natives of the country. Their services were demanded immediately. Those who did not want to work were considered as enemies. With other tribes the field was taken against the hostile Indian. Declaration of war was not made. The villages were attacked usually before daybreak when everybody was still asleep. Neither old nor young was spared by the enemy, and often the Sacramento River was colored red by the blood of the innocent Indians, for these villages usually were situated at the banks of the rivers. During a campaign one section of the attackers fell upon the village by way of land. All the Indians of the attacked village naturally fled to find protection on the other bank of the river. But there they were awaited by the other half of the enemy and thus the unhappy people were shot and killed with rifles from both sides of the river. Seldom an Indian escaped such an attack, and those who were not murdered were captured. All children from six to fifteen years of age were usually taken by the greedy white people. The village was burned down and the few Indians who had escaped with their lives were left to their fate."
910:
918:
688:
485:
481:, he had to reside in the territory for a year and become a Mexican citizen, which he did to assuage the governor on August 29, 1840. However, shortly after his land tract was granted and his fort was erected, Sutter quickly reneged on his agreement to discourage European trespass. On the contrary, Sutter aided the migration of other Europeans to California. "I gave passports to those entering the country… and this (Bautista) did not like it… I encouraged immigration, while they discouraged it. I sympathized with the Americans while they hated them."
853:, and needed lumber for the construction. One morning, as Marshall inspected the tailrace for silt and debris, he noticed some gold nuggets and brought them to Sutter's attention. Together, they read an encyclopedia entry on gold and performed primitive tests to confirm whether it was precious metal. Sutter concluded that it was, in fact, gold, but he was very anxious that the discovery not disrupt his plans for construction and farming. At the same time, he set about gaining legitimate title to as much land near the discovery as possible.
595:"As the room had neither beds nor straw, the inmates were forced to sleep on the bare floor. When I opened the door for them in the morning, the odor that greeted me was overwhelming, for no sanitary arrangements had been provided. What these rooms were like after ten days or two weeks can be imagined, and the fact that nocturnal confinement was not agreeable to the Indians was obvious. Large numbers deserted during the daytime, or remained outside the fort when the gates were locked."
571:. Sutter believed that Native Americans had to be kept "strictly under fear" in order to serve white landowners. Housing and working conditions at the fort were very poor, and have been described as "enslavement", with uncooperative Indians being "whipped, jailed, and executed." Sutter's Native American "employees" slept on bare floors in locked rooms without sanitation, and ate from troughs made from hollowed tree trunks. Housing conditions for workers living in nearby villages and
651:
Indians by White settlers. In 1851, the civilian governor of
California declared, "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged ... until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected." This expectation soon found its way into law. An 1851 legislative measure not only gave settlers the right to organize lynch mobs to kill Indians, but allowed them to submit their expenses to the government. By 1852, the state had authorized over a million dollars in such claims.
971:
442:
179:
619:"I could not reconcile my feelings to see these fellows being driven, as it were, around some narrow troughs of hollow tree trunks, out of which, crouched on their haunches, they fed more like beasts than human beings, using their hands in hurried manner to convey to their mouths the thin porage which was served to them. Soon they filed off to the fields after having, I fancy, half satisfied their physical wants."
808:
611:"The Capt. keeps 600 to 800 Indians in a complete state of Slavery and as I had the mortification of seeing them dine I may give a short description. 10 or 15 Troughs 3 or 4 feet long were brought out of the cook room and seated in the Broiling sun. All the Labourers grate and small ran to the troughs like so many pigs and fed themselves with their hands as long as the troughs contained even a moisture."
474:
was called New
Helvetia and Sutter was given the right to "represent in the Establishment of New Helvetia all the laws of the country, to function as political authority and dispenser of justice, in order to prevent the robberies committed by adventurers from the United States, to stop the invasion of savage Indians, and the hunting and trading by companies from the Columbia (river)."
739:(also known as the Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass). The battle consisted primarily of an artillery exchange, and during the battle Marsh secretly went over to parley with the other side. There was a large number of Americans fighting on both sides. Marsh met with them and convinced the Americans on both sides that there was no reason for Americans to be fighting each other.
496:, or "New Switzerland," after his homeland. In order to elevate his social standing, Sutter impersonated a Swiss guard officer who had been displaced by the French Revolution and identified himself accordingly as 'Captain Sutter of the Swiss Guard'. When the settlement was completed in 1841, on June 18, he received title to 48,827 acres (197.60 km) on the
249:. At age 21, he married the daughter of a rich widow. He operated a store but showed more interest in spending money than in earning it. Because of family circumstances and mounting debts, Johann faced charges that would have him placed in jail and so he decided to dodge trial and fled to America. He named himself Captain John Augustus Sutter.
631:"The public can see how inhuman were the operations of Sutter who had no scruples about depriving Indian mothers of their children. Sutter has sent these little Indian children as gifts to people who live far from the place of their birth, without demanding of them any promises that in their homes the Indians should be treated with kindness."
39:
636:
resources. As the White settlers were ranching two million head of livestock, shooting wild game in enormous numbers, and replacing wilderness with wheat fields, available food for
Indians in the region diminished. In response, some Indians took to raiding the cattle of White ranchers. In August 1846, an article in
953:
Sutter built his home across from the Lititz
Springs Hotel (renamed in 1930 to be the General Sutter Inn and subsequently renamed to be the Lititz Springs Inn & Spa). For more than fifteen years, Sutter petitioned Congress for restitution but little was done. On June 16, 1880, Congress adjourned,
473:
as useful in "buttressing the frontier which he was trying to maintain against
Indians, Russians, Americans and British." Sutter persuaded Governor Alvarado to grant him 48,400 acres of land for the sake of curtailing American encroachment on the Mexican territory of California. This stretch of land
650:
Much of Sutter's labor practices were illegal under
Mexican law. However, in April 22, 1850, following the annexation of California by the United States, the California state legislature passed the "Act for the Government and Protection of Indians," legalizing the kidnapping and forced servitude of
716:
The army had been recruited from Mexico's worst jails, and the soldiers soon began stealing
Californians' chickens and other property. Micheltorena's army was described as descending on California "like a plague of locusts, stripping the countryside bare." Californians complained that the army was
575:
was described as being more favorable. Pierson
Reading, Sutter's fort manager, wrote in a letter to a relative that “the Indians of California make as obedient and humble slaves as the Negro in the South". If Indians refused to work for him, Sutter responded with violence. Observers accused him of
663:
article of the time accused high-pressure lobbyists interested in profiting off enslaved
Indians of pushing the law through, gave examples of how wealthy individuals had abused the law to acquire Indian slaves from the reservations, and stated, "The Act authorizes as complete a system of slavery,
599:
Lienhard also claimed that Sutter was known to rape his Indian captives, even girls as young as 12 years old. Despite the procurement of fertile agriculture, Sutter fed his Native
American work force in pig troughs, where they would eat gruel with their hands in the sun on their knees. Numerous
635:
Despite his promises to the Mexican government, Sutter was hospitable to American settlers entering the region, and provided an impetus for many of them to settle there. The hundreds of thousands of acres which these men took from the Native Americans had been an important source of food and
778:: "Very curious reports come to me from below but the poor wretches do not know what they do. The first French frigate that comes here will do me justice. The first step they do against me I will make a declaration of Independence and proclaim California a Republic independent of Mexico."
867:
When Sutter's oldest son arrived from Switzerland, Sutter Sr. asked his fellow Swiss majordomo Heinrich Lienhard to lend him his half of the gold he had mined, so that Sutter could impress his son with a large amount of the precious metal. However, when Lienhard later went to the Fort,
860:
returned from Sutter's Mill to San Francisco with gold he had acquired there and began publicizing the find. Large crowds of people overran the land and destroyed nearly everything Sutter had worked for. To avoid losing everything, Sutter deeded his remaining land to his son
789:, raised the American flag there. Montgomery sent a messenger with an American flag to Sutter, who, on July 11, 1846, hoisted the same, completing formal transition of his fort to US command the next month upon his own commission as a lieutenant under U.S. Army Captain
658:
editorial stated, "Extermination is the quickest and cheapest remedy, and effectually prevents all other difficulties when an outbreak occurs." In 1860, the legislature passed a law expanding the age and condition of Indians available for forced slavery. A
954:
once again, without action on a bill which would have given Sutter US$ 50,000 (~$ 1.36 million in 2023). Two days later, on June 18, 1880, Sutter died in the Mades Hotel in Washington D.C. He was returned to Lititz and is buried adjacent to
512:
Sutter's Fort had a central building made of adobe bricks, surrounded by a high wall with protection on opposite corners to guard against attack. It also had workshops and stores that produced all goods necessary for the New Helvetia settlement.
986:
There are numerous California landmarks bearing the name of Sutter. Sutter Street in San Francisco is named for John A. Sutter. Sutter's Landing, Sutterville Road, Sutter Middle School, Sutter's Mill School, and Sutterville Elementary School in
936:
Sutter sought reimbursement of his losses associated with the Gold Rush. He received a pension of US$ 250 a month as a reimbursement of taxes paid on the Sobrante grant at the time Sutter considered it his own. He and wife Annette moved to
576:
using "kidnapping, food privation, and slavery" in order to force Indians to work for him, and generally stated that Sutter held the Indians under inhumane conditions. Theodor Cordua, a German immigrant who leased land from Sutter, wrote:
600:
visitors to Sutter's Fort noted the shock of this sight in their diaries, alongside their discontent for his kidnapping of Indian children who were sold into bondage to repay Sutter's debts or given as gifts. American explorer and
770:, Sutter, as a self-professed citizen of France, threatened to muster British, Canadian, and American immigrants and indigenous and again declare New Helvetia a republic under French protection. Sutter wrote to US Counsel
949:
Schools. After having prospectors destroy his crops and slaughter cows leaving everything but his own gold, John Sutter spent the rest of his life trying to get the government to pay him for his losses, without success.
642:
declared that in respect to California Indians, "The only effectual means of stopping inroads upon the property of the country, will be to attack them in their villages." On February 28, 1847 Sutter ordered the
932:
Sutter got a letter of introduction to the Congress of the United States from the governor of California. He moved to Washington D.C. at the end of 1865, after Hock Farm was destroyed by fire in June 1865.
2331:
941:
in 1871. The proximity to Washington, D.C. along with the reputed healing qualities of Lititz Springs appealed to the aging Sutter. He also wanted three of his grandchildren (he had grandchildren in
1403:
University of Michigan – Supreme court of the United States. No. 135. The United States, appellants, vs. John A. Sutter. Appeal from the District court U.S. for the Northern district of California.
1936:
Russell, Joseph Owen William. Statement of Joseph Owen William Russell Concerning the Bear Flag Movement & Operations in Southern California, 1846-1847 Taken at Napa. United States, n.p, 1886.
875:
The younger Sutter, who had come from Switzerland and joined his father in September 1848, saw the commercial possibilities of the land and promptly started plans for building a new town he named
1402:
544:, and for a time the settlement was in fact quite large and prosperous. Prior to the Gold Rush, it was the destination for most immigrants entering California via the high passes of the
1490:, Vol. 4. . Provo, UT: The Generations Network, Inc., 1998. Original data: Hunt, Rockwell D., ed. California and Californians. Vol. IV. Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing, 1932. pp. 36, 37.
872:, having taken charge of his father's debt-ridden business, was unable to return his share of the gold to Lienhard. Lienhard finally accepted Sutter's flock of sheep as payment.
555:
In order to build his fort and develop a large ranching/farming network in the area, Sutter relied on Indian labor. Some Native Americans worked voluntarily for Sutter (e.g.
2658:
742:
The Americans agreed and quit the fight, and as a result, Sutter’s forces lost the battle. The defeated Micheltorena took his army back to Mexico, and Californian
732:. Marsh, who sided with the Californios, wanted no part of this effort. However, Sutter gave Marsh a choice: either join the army or be arrested and put in jail.
2321:
359:, and had to remain in the kingdom for four months. Over the months, Sutter gained friendly relations with the European American community, dining with the
2713:
2663:
2344:
Yvor Winters, “John Sutter” from The Selected Poems of Yvor Winters, edited by R. L. Barth. Used by permission of Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio.
615:
Dr. Waseurtz af Sandels, a Swedish explorer who visited California in 1842–1843, also wrote about Sutter's brutal treatment of Indian slaves in 1842:
2688:
2130:
2600:
2748:
2653:
2648:
2743:
2532:
2503:
2463:
2436:
2414:
276:
In North America, John Augustus Sutter (as he would call himself for the rest of his life) undertook extensive travels. Before he went to the
2738:
2728:
462:
697:
Note: In early 1846, Sutter hoisted perhaps the above version if not another in red, white, and green. In published, period recollections,
2733:
2708:
364:
2678:
883:. The elder Sutter deeply resented this; he had wanted the town named Sutterville (for them) and for it to be built near New Helvetia.
2723:
2718:
1075:, was removed, "out of respect for some community members' viewpoints, and in the interest of public safety for patients and staff."
2582:
701:
J. William Russell wrote, "When I got to the fort the 'lone star' flag was flying. The colors was made up of the old Mexican flag."
2683:
336:
convinced him that such an attempt would be perilous. Douglas charged Sutter ÂŁ21 to arrange transportation on the British bark
403:
laborers, and several other followers embarked on April 20, 1839. Staying at New Archangel for a month, Sutter joined several
2563:
2551:
2241:
2207:
2081:
2031:
1986:
2577:
2572:
2537:
2291:
1469:
1169:
1039:
1413:
909:
2703:
1923:
729:
2698:
1628:
926:
2594:
709:
Two years earlier, in 1842, Mexico had removed California Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, and sent Brigadier General
2753:
2102:
2010:
1515:
1191:
1098:
925:
Sutter's El Sobrante (Spanish for leftover) land grant was challenged by the Squatter's Association, and in 1858 the
678:
638:
2673:
1800:
2643:
1429:
454:
1063:
On June 15, 2020, amid the Black Lives Matter protests and the removal of many statues deemed to be racist, the
2261:
2173:
537:
1647:
Hurtado, Albert (Spring 1990). "California Indians and the Workaday West: Labor, Assimilation, and Survival".
2693:
1283:
706:
In 1844–1845, there was a revolt of the Mexican colony of California against the army of the mother country.
627:, then Governor of Alta California, who deplored Sutter's ill-treatment of indigenous Californians in 1845:
2668:
1738:
1507:
1208:
540:) he had brought, and also employed some Europeans at his compound. He envisioned creating an agricultural
2142:
1345:, Mitch's class is studying the Gold Rush and Mitch uses toothpicks to create a replica of Sutter's mill.
1321:
470:
2165:
2345:
2274:
Sutter was made a Major General in the California Militia by legislative action on February 16, 1853.
1588:
1378:
1031:
1024:
869:
644:
424:
230:
2454:
1855:
1682:
1602:
1060:, affectionately referred to as the First Dog of California. Sutter died in late 2016 from cancer.
1717:
1132:
1012:
1000:
862:
388:
333:
167:
119:
20:
856:
Sutter's attempt at keeping the gold discovery quiet failed when merchant and newspaper publisher
720:
In late 1844, the Californios revolted against Micheltorena. Micheltorena had appointed Sutter as
775:
692:
682:
420:
360:
917:
2593:
1156:
988:
876:
624:
501:
466:
147:
2226:
2192:
886:
Sutter gave up New Helvetia to pay the last of his debts. He rejoined his family and lived in
2296:
1867:
1501:
1383:
1161:
1149:
1068:
1064:
1020:
815:
In 1848, gold was discovered in the area. Initially, one of Sutter's most trusted employees,
736:
305:
253:
246:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2555:
2546:
1035:
938:
802:
767:
725:
458:
313:
297:
199:
195:
163:
76:
2542:
8:
2608:
1249:
1174:
828:
710:
698:
293:
223:
484:
206:, and Christina Wilhelmine Sutter (née Stober). His father came from the nearby town of
2408:
1664:
1004:
898:
836:
786:
782:
755:
329:
2421:
2391:
The Memoirs of Theodor Cordua: The Pioneer of New Mecklenburg in the Sacramento Valley
1861:
824:
383:
was eventually hired by Sutter to take freight provisions and general merchandise for
2497:
2430:
2326:
2098:
2077:
2027:
2006:
1982:
1624:
1511:
1094:
816:
664:
without any of the checks and wholesome restraints of slavery, as ever was devised."
584:
469:, to settle in the territory. Alvarado saw Sutter's plan of establishing a colony in
368:
151:
142:
immigrant who became a Mexican and later an American citizen, known for establishing
80:
2533:
Captain Sutter's account of the first discovery of the gold (illustrated lithograph)
2256:
687:
1656:
1312:(1925). A character sketch, it portrays his life as more tragic than it really was.
1144:
992:
887:
880:
850:
533:
497:
492:
Construction was begun in August 1839 on a fortified settlement which Sutter named
412:
400:
372:
348:
325:
285:
281:
265:
159:
143:
98:
2560:
2612:
2567:
2389:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1309:
1270:
1125:
1115:
1046:
979:
959:
946:
790:
762:
408:
392:
356:
211:
2309:
2115:
1616:
1342:
1244:
1184:
1072:
857:
840:
376:
321:
2587:
1718:"Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (American Indians)"
2622:
1337:
1290:
1266:
1203:
1016:
955:
891:
545:
384:
277:
241:
until 1823. Between 1823 and 1828, he worked as a clerk at clothing shops in
38:
2423:
Journals of the Legislature of the State of California at its Second Session
2378:
2322:"Statue of colonizer John Sutter removed after being defaced in Sacramento"
1873:
1365:
1348:
1315:
1237:
1137:
1057:
832:
604:
601:
563:), but others were subjected to varying degrees of coercion that resembled
549:
493:
436:
404:
317:
309:
2527:
1950:
962:
Graveyard; Anna Sutter died the following January and is buried with him.
572:
207:
1819:
1225:
1053:
771:
560:
215:
139:
2552:
Finding Aid to the Sutter/Link Family Papers, 1849–1992 (bulk 1849–1964)
1668:
819:, found gold at Sutter's Mill. It started when Sutter hired Marshall, a
328:, which they reached in October. Sutter originally planned to cross the
1232:
1215:
1211:
1196:
970:
897:
In 1853, the California legislature made Sutter a major general in the
820:
478:
396:
234:
203:
2490:
Statutes of California, Passed at the First Session of the Legislature
2061:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-blazer on Six Frontiers
2045:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-blazer on Six Frontiers
1535:
Fool's Gold, the Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California
999:, a non-profit health care system in Northern California. The City of
843:. Sutter was intent on building a city on his property (not yet named
2244:. University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations. pp. 44–46.
2210:. University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations. pp. 44–46.
1660:
588:
441:
2588:
John A. Sutter Jr. Marker. Spanish (Acapulco) / English (Sacramento)
793:. Command of the fort reverted to Sutter in March of the next year.
178:
2076:, pp. 75–76, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010.
1981:, pp. 73–75, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010.
1008:
942:
743:
449:
At the time of Sutter's arrival, Alta California was a province of
352:
257:
219:
1973:
1971:
1879:
2286:
913:
Camp Union, Sutterville (State Historical marker and fort pillar)
568:
564:
556:
525:
457:
estimated at 100,000–700,000. Sutter had to go to the capital at
289:
242:
191:
183:
162:. Sutter, however, saw his own business ventures fail during the
72:
2381:
Expenditures for Military Expeditions against Indians, 1851-1859
2363:
Genocide and Vendetta, the Round Valley Wars of North California
1968:
1910:"Reminiscences of Old Times by 'Bear Flag' J. William Russell (
975:
807:
541:
529:
477:
The governor stipulated however that for Sutter to qualify for
450:
301:
2055:
2053:
1745:
1027:(of which Yuba City is the seat) are named after him as well.
996:
419:
then sailed for Alta California, arriving on July 1, 1839, at
1621:
Palo Alto: A History of California, Capitalism, and the World
1356:, 1961 novelization of his 1936 screenplay, in turn based on
521:
517:
238:
2063:, pp. 254–261, Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
2047:, pp. 252–254, Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
1891:
945:, Mexico, as well) to have the benefits of the fine private
749:
355:
on December 9. Sutter had missed the only ship outbound for
2227:
https://books.google.com/books?id=nGyVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT749
2193:
https://books.google.com/books?id=9UI1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA386
2097:, pp. 60–61, Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York, 2004.
2050:
2005:, pp. 59–61, Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., New York, 2004.
1862:
Journals of the Legislature of the State of California 1851
1807:
1056:, elected to a third term in 2010, had a Welsh corgi named
155:
735:
In 1845, Sutter's forces met the Californio forces at the
500:. The site is now part of the California state capital of
252:
In May 1834, he left his wife and five children behind in
2242:"The history of Sutter & of Sutter's Fort, 1839-1931"
2208:"The history of Sutter & of Sutter's Fort, 1839-1931"
2026:, pp. 70–71, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2010.
1414:
The Sutter Family and the Origins of Gold-Rush Sacramento
347:
departed Fort Vancouver on November 11 and sailed to the
1015:
became the Hotel Sutter, which is still in service. The
591:, wrote of the treatment of the enslaved once captured:
411:, who likely gave help in determining the course of the
2095:
John Sutter: Sutter's Fort and the California Gold Rush
2003:
John Sutter: Sutter's Fort and the California Gold Rush
552:
of 1846, for whose rescue Sutter contributed supplies.
268:, to New York City, where it arrived on July 14, 1834.
2487:
2443:
1997:
1995:
1885:
1825:
785:, in the aftermath of the renegade Bear Flag Revolt's
304:, then moved to the town of Westport, now the site of
1781:
991:
are all named after him. The Sutterville Bend of the
667:
507:
427:), which at that time was only a small seaport town.
229:
After attending school in Kandern, Sutter studied at
158:, leading to the founding of the mill-making team at
2379:
Comptroller of the State of California (1851–1859),
1769:
1757:
516:
Sutter employed or enslaved Native Americans of the
2659:
American slave owners in nominally free territories
1992:
679:
Juan Bautista Alvarado § Independence movement
237:at the Thurneysen printing and publishing house in
2453:
2452:
2186:
1751:
1500:Owens, Kenneth N.; Sutter, John Augustus (2002) .
1424:Sutter, John A. Jr. & Ottley, Allan R. (Ed.).
1091:John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier
198:in present-day Germany, to Johann Jakob Sutter, a
2578:Sutter's Fort, California State Historic Landmark
2074:Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California
2024:Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California
1979:Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California
1583:
1581:
1579:
1426:Statement: Regarding Early California Experiences
921:Camp Union, Sutterville (State Historical marker)
218:, and his maternal grandfather was a pastor from
2620:
2478:
2239:
2205:
1916:Historical Society Southern California Quarterly
1897:
1874:Comptroller of the State of California 1851–1859
724:Sutter, in turn, recruited men, one of whom was
695:, as hoisted during the 1842 Alvarado rebellion.
2573:Sutterville, California State Historic Landmark
2510:
1813:
1944:
1942:
1576:
1463:
1049:bred by Herbert C. Swim, was named after him.
1011:, Mexico, the property that used to belong to
430:
2360:
2257:"History of California State Military Forces"
1837:
1457:
1451:
1093:(2006) University of Oklahoma Press, 416 pp.
844:
796:
488:Contemporaneous illustration of Sutter's Fort
2116:"Diary of John A. Sutter 1838-1848 - Part I"
1801:"The Lesser Known History of John A. Sutter"
1642:
1640:
1623:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 14-15.
1537:. New York City: Coward-McCann. 1967, p. 66.
1357:
1351:
1327:
1319:
1303:
587:, a Swiss immigrant that served as Sutter's
2601:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1951:"Historic Northern California Sutters Fort"
1939:
1569:
1567:
1499:
1263:Tex Willer Special #9: La Valle del Terrore
717:committing robberies, beatings, and rapes.
365:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
332:during the winter, but acting chief factor
2714:Naturalized citizens of Mexican California
2664:Businesspeople from Sacramento, California
2502:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2435:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2401:Indian Survival on the California Frontier
2220:
2163:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1527:
1045:The 'Sutter's Gold' rose, an orange blend
728:, a medical doctor and owner of the large
130:(February 23, 1803 – June 18, 1880), born
37:
2538:Collection of John Sutter Journal Entries
1637:
1609:
750:Mexico's loss of the Mexican American War
387:(now known as Sitka), the capital of the
308:. On April 1, 1838, he joined a group of
233:between 1818 and 1819, then worked as an
190:Sutter was born on February 23, 1803, in
146:in the area that would eventually become
2689:History of Sacramento County, California
2543:Guide to the John Augustus Sutter Papers
2361:Carranco, Lynwood; Beard, Estle (1981).
2128:
1564:
969:
916:
908:
849:), including housing and a wharf on the
806:
766:having become especially tenuous during
686:
483:
440:
375:, along with merchants such as American
363:of the United States of America and the
177:
2749:Perpetrators of the California genocide
2654:American people of the Bear Flag Revolt
2649:American people of Swiss-German descent
2398:
2225:. University of Nevada Press. p. [
2223:Fremont: Explorer For A Restless Nation
2191:. Whitaker & Ray Company. p. [
2129:Chalmers, Claudine (March–April 1998).
1849:
1763:
1646:
1552:
1540:
1524:
904:
2621:
2455:"John Sutter and California's Indians"
2387:
2369:
2287:"National Register Information System"
2254:
1787:
1775:
1683:"John Sutter and California's Indians"
1615:
1603:"John Sutter and California's Indians"
1589:"John Sutter and California's Indians"
1318:narrates Sutter's story in one of his
713:to replace him. It also sent an army.
672:
2372:Diary of Col. James Clyman of Napa Co
2255:Dayton, Dello G. (February 8, 2016).
1442:
1440:
1438:
768:the United States' war against Mexico
340:for himself and his eight followers.
2739:People of the Conquest of California
2729:People from the Margraviate of Baden
2528:His account of the discovery of gold
2466:from the original on August 28, 2017
2292:National Register of Historic Places
2279:
1493:
1470:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
1418:
1083:
1040:National Register of Historic Places
150:, the state's capital. His employee
2744:People from the canton of Neuchâtel
1710:
1689:. Wild West Magazine. June 12, 2006
623:These concerns were even shared by
13:
2734:People of the California Gold Rush
2709:Military personnel from California
2334:from the original on July 5, 2022.
1948:
1435:
1078:
668:'Red Star' and 'Bear Flag' revolts
508:Relationship with Native Americans
14:
2765:
2679:German explorers of North America
2521:
2365:. Norman: University of Oklahoma.
1192:Donner Pass: The Road to Survival
300:, New Mexico, then a province of
288:in addition to French. He and 35
166:, though those of his elder son,
2719:People from Lititz, Pennsylvania
2394:. California historical society.
2131:"The French in Early California"
2093:Engstrand, Iris and Owens, Ken.
2001:Engstrand, Iris and Owens, Ken.
1739:"Dark history spurs name debate"
271:
2488:California Legislature (1850),
2338:
2314:
2303:
2248:
2233:
2214:
2199:
2180:
2157:
2122:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2037:
2016:
1930:
1903:
1843:
1831:
1793:
1731:
1701:
1675:
1595:
1430:Sacramento Book Collectors Club
2724:People from Lörrach (district)
2684:German people of Swiss descent
2583:General Sutter Inn Lititz, PA
2353:
2262:California Military Department
2174:University of California Press
1476:
1407:
1396:
1332:("The Discovery of Eldorado").
974:General Sutter's grave in the
461:to obtain permission from the
1:
2595:"Sutter, John Augustus"
2561:Street names in San Francisco
2383:, Sacramento: The Comptroller
2170:Boom: A Journal of California
1389:
1297:
1284:New Riders of the Purple Sage
1007:are also named after him. In
691:Red-and-white version of the
395:. Joining the crew as unpaid
173:
44:
1508:University of Nebraska Press
1503:John Sutter and a Wider West
7:
2474:– via Historynet.com.
2187:Bryan James Clinch (1904).
1886:San Francisco Bulletin 1856
1826:Statutes of California 1850
1488:California and Californians
1372:
1322:Sternstunden der Menschheit
1289:"Sutter's Mill", a song by
1282:"Sutter's Mill", a song by
1214:, role of Sutter played by
995:is named for Sutter, as is
823:native who had served with
781:On July 7, 1846, Commodore
431:Beginnings of Sutter's Fort
16:Swiss pioneer of California
10:
2770:
2704:Landowners from California
1573:Dillion (1967), pp. 76–77.
1561:Dillion (1967), pp. 72–73.
1353:Der Kaiser von Kalifornien
800:
797:Beginning of the Gold Rush
753:
676:
548:, including the ill-fated
434:
18:
2699:Immigrants to Switzerland
2240:Herbert D. Gwinn (1931).
2206:Herbert D. Gwinn (1931).
1838:Carranco & Beard 1981
1379:Kern and Sutter massacres
1364:"John Sutter", a poem by
1256:
1032:Johann Agust Sutter House
1025:Sutter County, California
965:
890:(in California along the
645:Kern and Sutter massacres
114:
106:
87:
54:
36:
29:
2754:Ranchers from California
2399:Hurtado, Albert (1988).
2388:Cordua, Theodor (1933).
2072:Salomon, Carlos Manuel.
2022:Salomon, Carlos Manuel.
1977:Salomon, Carlos Manuel.
1707:Hurtado (1988), p. 57-59
1329:Die Entdeckung Eldorados
1276:
1133:The Kaiser of California
1105:
1019:, a mountain range near
1013:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
1001:Sutter Creek, California
863:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
453:and had a population of
389:Russian-American Company
314:fur trapper Andrew Drips
170:, were more successful.
168:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
134:and known in Spanish as
120:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
21:John Augustus Sutter Jr.
2674:Explorers of California
1752:Wild West Magazine 2006
1335:In the children's book
693:Lone Star of California
683:Lone Star of California
607:reported in 1846 that:
264:, which travelled from
182:Sutter's birthplace in
2644:American city founders
2566:March 6, 2018, at the
2481:Sacramento Daily Union
2446:San Francisco Bulletin
2370:Clyman, James (1871).
1549:Dillion (1967), p. 70.
1358:
1352:
1328:
1320:
1304:
983:
922:
914:
845:
812:
811:Sutter's Mill in 1850.
703:
661:Sacramento Daily Union
656:San Francisco Bulletin
633:
625:Juan Bautista Alvarado
621:
613:
597:
582:
489:
467:Juan Bautista Alvarado
446:
260:, he boarded the ship
187:
148:Sacramento, California
2615:", 1880-07-10, pp. 21
2462:. December 12, 2006.
2297:National Park Service
1898:Sacramento Union 1861
1619:(February 14, 2023).
1384:Fort Ross, California
1114:(1924, serial), with
1069:Sutter Medical Center
1065:statue of John Sutter
1021:Yuba City, California
973:
929:denied its validity.
920:
912:
810:
737:Battle of Providencia
690:
629:
617:
609:
593:
578:
487:
444:
254:Burgdorf, Switzerland
181:
2694:Immigrants to Mexico
2556:The Bancroft Library
2547:The Bancroft Library
2511:"untitled article".
2479:"untitled article".
2448:. September 1, 1856.
2444:"untitled article".
2310:'Sutter's Gold' Rose
1912:Napa County Reporter
1814:The Californian 1846
1222:California Gold Rush
1036:Lititz, Pennsylvania
939:Lititz, Pennsylvania
905:Land grant challenge
833:water-driven sawmill
803:California Gold Rush
760:Mexico's control of
722:commandante militar.
256:, and with a French
164:California Gold Rush
132:Johann August Sutter
128:John Augustus Sutter
77:Margraviate of Baden
59:Johann August Sutter
2669:California pioneers
2613:Gen. John A. Sutton
2609:Scientific American
2483:. February 4, 1861.
2374:. Bancroft Library.
2221:Ferol Egan (2012).
2141:(2). Archived from
1803:. January 25, 2017.
1250:Hannes Schmidhauser
1170:The Great Adventure
1089:Albert L. Hurtado,
711:Manuel Micheltorena
673:Lone star rebellion
407:hosted by Governor
316:, and traveled the
224:Swiss-German border
2515:. August 22, 1846.
2460:Wild West Magazine
1955:Pashnit Motorcycle
1914:, June 2, 1861)".
1876:, pp. 16, 19.
1852:, pp. 129–131
1828:, p. 408-410.
1649:California History
1533:Dillion, Richard.
1167:"The Pathfinder" (
1038:was listed on the
1005:Sutter, California
984:
923:
915:
899:California Militia
813:
787:Battle of Monterey
783:John B. Montgomery
756:Bear Flag Republic
730:Rancho los Meganos
704:
490:
447:
330:Siskiyou Mountains
188:
2330:. June 16, 2020.
2327:Los Angeles Times
2166:"Their Flag, Too"
2135:Ancestry Magazine
2082:978-0-8061-4090-2
2059:Lyman, George D.
2043:Lyman, George D.
2032:978-0-8061-4090-2
1987:978-0-8061-4090-2
1122:California in '49
1084:Scholarly studies
817:James W. Marshall
746:became governor.
585:Heinrich Lienhard
445:John Sutter, 1866
369:John Coffin Jones
280:, he had learned
152:James W. Marshall
125:
124:
81:Holy Roman Empire
69:February 23, 1803
19:For his son, see
2761:
2605:
2597:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2425:, San Jose, 1851
2418:
2412:
2404:
2395:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2189:Upper California
2184:
2178:
2177:
2164:Albert Hurtado.
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:on July 19, 2011
2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2014:
1999:
1990:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:, p. 40,109
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:10.2307/25177303
1644:
1635:
1634:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:. June 12, 2006.
1599:
1593:
1592:
1591:. June 12, 2006.
1585:
1574:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1361:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1307:
1175:Carroll O'Connor
993:Sacramento River
978:, Pennsylvania,
927:US Supreme Court
881:Sacramento River
851:Sacramento River
848:
829:Bear Flag Revolt
647:in retaliation.
498:Sacramento River
455:Native Americans
413:Sacramento River
373:Richard Charlton
349:Hawaiian Kingdom
326:Oregon Territory
266:Le Havre, France
99:Washington, D.C.
94:
68:
66:
49:
46:
41:
27:
26:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2619:
2618:
2592:
2568:Wayback Machine
2524:
2519:
2513:The Californian
2495:
2494:
2469:
2467:
2428:
2427:
2406:
2405:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2299:. July 9, 2010.
2285:
2284:
2280:
2267:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2219:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2185:
2181:
2172:(Winter 2011).
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2092:
2088:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1993:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1617:Harris, Malcolm
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1445:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1375:
1310:Blaise Cendrars
1300:
1279:
1259:
1126:Charles Brinley
1116:Charles Brinley
1108:
1086:
1081:
1079:Popular culture
1047:hybrid tea rose
968:
907:
825:John C. Frémont
805:
799:
791:John C. Fremont
763:Alta California
758:
752:
699:Bear Flag rebel
685:
677:Main articles:
675:
670:
639:The Californian
510:
439:
433:
401:Native Hawaiian
393:Russian America
357:Alta California
292:moved from the
274:
212:canton of Basel
176:
136:Don Juan Sutter
102:
101:, United States
96:
92:
83:
70:
64:
62:
61:
60:
50:
47:
32:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2522:External links
2520:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2485:
2476:
2450:
2441:
2419:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2313:
2302:
2278:
2247:
2232:
2213:
2198:
2179:
2156:
2121:
2107:
2086:
2065:
2049:
2036:
2015:
1991:
1967:
1938:
1929:
1922:(March 1951):
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1792:
1790:, p. 116.
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1730:
1709:
1700:
1687:Historynet.com
1674:
1636:
1630:978-0316592031
1629:
1608:
1594:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1523:
1516:
1510:. p. 78.
1492:
1475:
1467:in the online
1434:
1417:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1346:
1343:Beverly Cleary
1333:
1326:(1927) called
1313:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:General Sutter
1241:
1229:
1219:
1200:
1188:
1185:Pierre Michael
1178:
1173:, 1964), with
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:Sacramento, CA
967:
964:
906:
903:
858:Samuel Brannan
841:American River
801:Main article:
798:
795:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
674:
671:
669:
666:
509:
506:
479:land ownership
471:Central Valley
435:Main article:
432:
429:
377:Faxon Atherton
322:Fort Vancouver
273:
270:
175:
172:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
110:Annette D'beld
108:
104:
103:
97:
95:(aged 77)
89:
85:
84:
71:
58:
56:
52:
51:
42:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2103:0-8239-6630-5
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2011:0-8239-6630-5
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1949:Mayhew, Tim.
1945:
1943:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1864:, p. 15.
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:, p. 24.
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1517:0-8032-8618-X
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:Eric Howard,
1479:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1338:Mitch and Amy
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:, a novel by
1306:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1291:Dan Fogelberg
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1267:Claudio Nizzi
1264:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1248:(1999), with
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:(1986), with
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:(1981), with
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:The Chisholms
1201:
1198:
1195:(1978), with
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:(1969), with
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:Edwin Maxwell
1160:(1940), with
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:Edward Arnold
1148:(1936), with
1147:
1146:
1145:Sutter's Gold
1142:
1139:
1136:(1936), with
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:(1924), with
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1099:0-8061-3772-X
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:Sutter Buttes
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Sutter Health
994:
990:
981:
977:
972:
963:
961:
957:
951:
948:
944:
940:
934:
930:
928:
919:
911:
902:
900:
895:
893:
892:Feather River
889:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
865:
864:
859:
854:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
831:, to build a
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:
757:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
712:
707:
702:
700:
694:
689:
684:
680:
665:
662:
657:
652:
648:
646:
641:
640:
632:
628:
626:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
603:
596:
592:
590:
586:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
546:Sierra Nevada
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
505:
503:
499:
495:
486:
482:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
443:
438:
428:
426:
425:San Francisco
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:, Sutter, 10
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:New Archangel
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
334:James Douglas
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:, led by the
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:United States
272:The New World
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:Sutter's Mill
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Sutter's Fort
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
118:5, including
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
91:June 18, 1880
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
57:
53:
40:
35:
28:
25:
22:
2599:
2512:
2489:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2445:
2422:
2403:. New Haven.
2400:
2390:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2340:
2325:
2316:
2305:
2290:
2281:
2273:
2266:. Retrieved
2260:
2250:
2235:
2222:
2216:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2138:
2134:
2124:
2110:
2094:
2089:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2044:
2039:
2023:
2018:
2002:
1978:
1960:September 2,
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1850:Hurtado 1988
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1766:, p. 5.
1764:Hurtado 1990
1759:
1747:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1693:December 25,
1691:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1652:
1648:
1620:
1611:
1597:
1534:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1446:
1425:
1420:
1409:
1398:
1366:Yvor Winters
1349:Luis Trenker
1336:
1316:Stefan Zweig
1262:
1243:
1238:Jerry Orbach
1231:
1221:
1202:
1190:
1180:
1168:
1155:
1143:
1138:Luis Trenker
1131:
1121:
1111:
1090:
1067:outside the
1062:
1058:Sutter Brown
1051:
1044:
1029:
985:
952:
935:
931:
924:
896:
885:
879:, after the
874:
866:
855:
839:, along the
814:
780:
761:
759:
741:
734:
721:
719:
715:
708:
705:
696:
660:
655:
653:
649:
637:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:James Clyman
602:mountain man
598:
594:
583:
579:
554:
550:Donner Party
532:tribes, the
515:
511:
494:New Helvetia
491:
476:
448:
437:New Helvetia
416:
391:colonies in
380:
344:
342:
337:
318:Oregon Trail
310:missionaries
275:
261:
251:
231:Saint-Blaise
228:
189:
135:
131:
127:
126:
93:(1880-06-18)
24:
2639:1880 deaths
2634:1803 births
2629:John Sutter
2354:Works cited
2268:October 31,
1788:Clyman 1871
1776:Cordua 1933
1723:October 17,
1484:John Sutter
1447:John Sutter
1226:John Dehner
1112:Days of '49
1054:Jerry Brown
870:Sutter, Jr.
776:Yerba Buena
772:Jacob Leese
654:In 1856, a
421:Yerba Buena
379:. The brig
351:, reaching
306:Kansas City
216:Switzerland
154:discovered
48: 1850
31:John Sutter
2623:Categories
2492:, San Jose
2470:August 27,
2149:October 8,
1390:References
1341:(1967) by
1298:Literature
1265:(1996) by
1233:Dream West
1216:Ben Piazza
1212:miniseries
1197:Royal Dano
1157:Kit Carson
989:Sacramento
956:God's Acre
877:Sacramento
846:Sacramento
821:New Jersey
726:John Marsh
573:rancherĂas
559:, Miwoks,
502:Sacramento
417:Clementine
409:Kupreyanov
397:supercargo
381:Clementine
235:apprentice
204:paper mill
174:Early life
65:1803-02-23
2409:cite book
1252:as Sutter
1240:as Sutter
1228:as Sutter
1199:as Sutter
1187:as Sutter
1177:as Sutter
1164:as Sutter
1152:as Sutter
1140:as Sutter
1128:as Sutter
1118:as Sutter
1042:in 1982.
888:Hock Farm
589:majordomo
561:Ochecames
534:Hawaiians
294:St. Louis
222:, on the
210:, in the
208:RĂĽnenberg
186:, Germany
2564:Archived
2498:citation
2464:Archived
2431:citation
2332:Archived
1669:25177303
1655:(1): 5.
1373:See also
1009:Acapulco
982:Cemetery
980:Moravian
960:Moravian
947:Moravian
943:Acapulco
744:Pio Pico
557:Nisenans
463:governor
459:Monterey
353:Honolulu
345:Columbia
338:Columbia
298:Santa Fe
296:area to
258:passport
247:Burgdorf
220:Grenzach
138:, was a
115:Children
43:Sutter,
2604:. 1889.
1464:Italian
1432:. 1943.
1181:Fortune
827:in the
569:serfdom
565:slavery
538:Kanakas
526:Nisenan
361:Consuls
290:Germans
286:English
282:Spanish
243:Aarburg
200:foreman
192:Kandern
184:Kandern
73:Kandern
2101:
2080:
2030:
2009:
1985:
1667:
1627:
1514:
1458:French
1452:German
1368:(1960)
1293:(1985)
1286:(1972)
1271:Magnus
1257:Comics
1218:(1980)
1097:
1023:, and
976:Lititz
966:Legacy
958:, the
837:Coloma
681:, and
542:utopia
530:Ohlone
528:, and
451:Mexico
415:. The
302:Mexico
107:Spouse
2176:: 48.
1665:JSTOR
1277:Music
1106:Films
1052:Gov.
522:Maidu
518:Miwok
423:(now
405:balls
262:Sully
239:Basel
202:at a
196:Baden
140:Swiss
2504:link
2472:2017
2437:link
2415:link
2270:2022
2229:749.
2195:386.
2151:2007
2099:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2028:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1962:2022
1725:2013
1695:2014
1625:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1461:and
1449:in
1359:L'Or
1305:L'Or
1269:and
1095:ISBN
1030:The
1003:and
371:and
343:The
284:and
245:and
156:gold
88:Died
55:Born
2611:, "
2545:at
1657:doi
1209:CBS
1071:in
1034:in
894:).
835:in
774:in
567:or
324:in
320:to
214:in
2625::
2598:.
2554:,
2500:}}
2496:{{
2458:.
2433:}}
2429:{{
2411:}}
2407:{{
2324:.
2295:.
2289:.
2272:.
2259:.
2168:.
2139:16
2137:.
2133:.
2052:^
1994:^
1970:^
1953:.
1941:^
1920:33
1918:.
1685:.
1663:.
1653:69
1651:.
1639:^
1578:^
1566:^
1554:^
1542:^
1526:^
1506:.
1486:,
1455:,
1437:^
1428:.
1207:,
901:.
524:,
520:,
504:.
465:,
367:,
226:.
194:,
79:,
75:,
45:c.
2506:)
2439:)
2417:)
2153:.
2118:.
2105:.
2084:.
2034:.
2013:.
1989:.
1964:.
1926:.
1924:5
1900:.
1888:.
1816:.
1754:.
1741:.
1727:.
1697:.
1671:.
1659::
1633:.
1520:.
1473:.
1101:.
536:(
67:)
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
