550:, copies of which still exist in Italian and English. Other research suggests the Borromeo testament dated from 1638 at the earliest and could never have been in the possession of John Shakespeare, rather than his daughter, Joan Shakespeare. The first leaf of the document had been forged by John Jordan who acquired the manuscript and attempted to have it published. Scholar Matthew Steggle believes that the "Testament" cannot chronologically belong to John but instead may be by his daughter Joan (William's sister), and that its discoverer, John Jordan, forged the missing first page and misread the name "Joan" for "John."
1422:
230:
probably his primary trade, as tradition remembers him as following that trade even into his old age, but the records of his real estate purchases and legal expenses indicate an income much higher than that of a small-town tradesman. The administration of his father's estate in 1561 names him as a farmer. He inherited and leased agricultural lands and is on record as selling timber and barley. Court records also document him as a "brogger", an unlicensed—and therefore illegal—wool dealer. In addition, he bought and leased out houses. He was twice taken to court for violating the
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40:
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330:, a draft of which application (with parenthetical additions representing amendments to be made in a successive draft) read: "John Shakespeare ... whose parentes and late antecessors were for there valeant and faithefull service advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent prince king Henry the Seventh of famous memorie, sythence whiche tyme they have continewed ... in good reputation and credit ...". After a long period of dormancy,
435:. Such illicit trade would have been profitable to his glove business by avoiding the middleman. In 1570, he was accused of making loans to a Walter Mussum, worth £220 (equivalent to over £50,000 in 2007), including interest. Mussum was not a good risk; at his death, his whole estate was worth £114, or barely half what Shakespeare had lent him. The
502:. John Shakespeare was elected to several municipal offices, which required being a church member in good standing. William Shakespeare's baptism and that of his siblings were entered into the parish church register, as were the burials of family members. Shakespeare, acting as town chamberlain and in accordance with
439:
was just one side of his potentially problematic business activity. The law described usury as "a vice most odious and detestable" and levied severe penalties for those caught in such practices, even in a small way. The law stated that anyone caught lending money with interest illegally would forfeit
447:
In 1576, Shakespeare withdrew from public life in
Stratford. He had been excused levies that he was supposed to pay by supportive townsmen and business associates and they kept his name on the rolls for a decade, perhaps hoping that in that time he would be able to return to public life and recover
229:
John
Shakespeare moved to Stratford-upon-Avon in 1551, where he became a successful businessman involved in several related occupations. At this time, Stratford had a population of 1500 people and only 200 houses. From 1556 to 1592, several official records identify him as a glovemaker, which was
342:
on 20 October 1596. Most historians believe that his son, William, re-opened the application following his literary and financial success in London. This application additionally made reference to John
Shakespeare having married "the daughter and heir of Arden, a gentleman of worship".
299:, the present-day equivalent of mayor, elected by the common council of burgesses and aldermen, which entitled him to be referred to as Master John Shakespeare. In that capacity he presided at the sessions of the Court of Record and at council meetings. For his borough the bailiff was
371:
family and reportedly a niece of John
Shakespeare's father Richard Shakespeare. It is not known when they married, but a date around 1557 is assumed as there is a baptismal record for a "Joan Shakespeare, daughter to John Shakespeare" dated 15 September 1558.
421:
Shakespeare fell on hard times in the late 1570s that would last until the early 1590s. He failed to attend council meetings, attending just once (on 5 September 1582) between
January 1577 and 6 September 1586 when he lost his position as an
748:
The Works of
William Shakespeare, the text formed from a new collation of the early Editions, vol. I – The Life of Shakespeare; An Essay on the Formation of the Text; The Tempest, James O. Halliwell, C. and J. Adlard, London, 1853, p.
529:
family. A tract, apparently signed by a "J. Shakespeare", in which the author pledged to remain a
Catholic in their heart, was found in the 18th century in the rafters of a house on Henley Street. It was seen and described by scholar
491:(1599–1671), who stated that he had once met him in his shop and described him as a "merry cheeked old man" who said of his son that "Will was a good honest fellow, but he durst have cracked a jest with him at any time." As
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for non-attendance. In 1592, he was recorded as among several local men who stayed away from Church services for fear of being arrested for debt. Records indicate that he was also prosecuted in the 1570s for
495:
points out, this is impossible, since Mennes was two years old when John
Shakespeare died. She thinks Plume may have been recording an anecdote related by Mennes taken from his father.
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all the money lent, plus forfeiture of any interest due, face a fine on top and also possible imprisonment. He was also engaged in trading wool illegally in 1571, when he acquired 300
253:. Whether the house he bought in 1556 was the same house he had lived in during 1552 is unknown. In 1576, he bought two houses to the west and joined the three together.
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288:. He would have been known as a 'Goodman', a title that recognised his growing social status within Stratford. By 1564, Shakespeare was an
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his financial situation, but he never did so. He is mentioned in the local records in 1597 when he sold some property to George Badger, a
506:'s injunction of 1559 to remove "all signs of superstition and idolatry from places of worship", covered over the wall-paintings of the
199:, and mayor of Stratford in 1568, before he fell on hard times for reasons unknown. His fortunes later revived and he was granted a
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260:, the first of several key municipal positions he was to hold in Stratford. In that position he was responsible for ensuring that
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Years given are usually approximate and typically reflect baptismal and burial years, rather than birth and death.
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and publicans within the borough, and also by butchers, bakers and town traders. In 1558 he was appointed borough
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However, some scholars believe there is evidence that several members of
Shakespeare's family were secretly
326:; the application—subsequently withdrawn—included a vague claim of an ancestor having been honoured by King
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five years before his death, probably at the instigation and expense of his son, the actor and playwright.
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250:
155:
138:
20:
1255:
Steggle, Matthew (27 March 2024). "John
Shakespeare's "Spiritual Testament" Is Not John Shakespeare's".
1016:
Steggle, Matthew (27 March 2024). "John Shakespeare's "Spiritual Testament" Is Not John Shakespeare's".
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249:. On 2 October 1556, he purchased a house on the same street, the eastern wing of what is now called
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For remarriages, the number in parentheses after the name indicates the order of the marriages.
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1392: People related to Shakespeare only through marriage are shown with a green background
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292:, a member of the Common Hall of Stratford, and it was in this year that William was born.
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issuing warrants and negotiating with the lord of the manor on behalf of the corporation.
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writes that Malone's reported wording of the tract is linked to a testament written by
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171:– 7 September 1601) was an English businessman and politician who was the father of
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laws that prohibited charging interest higher than the legal limit of 10 per cent.
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Shakespeare and his immediate family were conforming members of the established
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The only record that survives of Shakespeare's personality is a note written by
276:. In 1559 he became an affeeror, an officer responsible for assessing fines for
187:) by trade. Shakespeare was elected to several municipal offices, serving as an
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some time in the 1560s or 1570s; his contemporary record detailed paying two
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1398: Relations whose identity is not known are shown with a dashed border
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Bearman, Robert (2005). "John Shakespeare: A Papist or Just Penniless?".
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210:, with whom he had eight children, five of whom survived into adulthood.
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offences carrying penalties not explicitly defined by existing statutes
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990:
Bearman, R., "John Shakespeare's Spiritual Testament, a reappraisal",
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for "defasyng ymages in þe chapel" ("defacing images in the chapel").
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Richard (bap. 11 March 1574 – bur. 4 February 1613) and
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Margaret (bap. 2 December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563),
916:"Internet Archaeol. 32. Giles et al. 2.3 The Holy Cross Guild Chapel"
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Shakespeare, Anthony Burgess, 1970, reprinted by Vintage Lives, 1996
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fifty years after his death. Plume records a conversation with Sir
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412:(bap. 3 May 1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).
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Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. 4 April 1579),
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444:(or 8,400 pounds (3,800 kg)) of wool, a large consignment.
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772:
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare: The Alexander Text
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394:(bap. 13 October 1566 – bur. 2 February 1612),
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1376: Shakespeare's siblings are shown with a red background
536:
Religious views of William Shakespeare#Shakespeare's family
432:
400:(bap. 15 April 1569 – bur. 4 November 1646),
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241:
Shakespeare's coat of arms, granted in 1596, 1602 version
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1137:
Campbell, Oscar James; Quinn, Edward G.., eds. (1966).
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16:
Father of playwright William Shakespeare (c. 1531–1601)
822:
820:
1212:
The Life of William Shakespeare: A Critical Biography
416:
462:
388:(bap. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616),
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455:John Shakespeare was buried on 8 September 1601 at
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Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy),
2384:William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems
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1167:William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems
1138:
1386:and ascendants are shown with a yellow background
346:
150:Shakespeare's restored house on Henley Street in
2437:
2408:William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life
1238:William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life
971:William Shakespeare: The Man Behind the Genius
794:, page 12 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008).
774:, page xxxi (HarperCollins Publishers, 2006).
1338:
1240:(Revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
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633:
621:
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1058:Shakespere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke
1366: Direct ascendants and descendants of
534:but apparently was subsequently lost. (See
2390:. pp. Vol. I 11–12, 18, Vol. II 8–9.
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881:Ungentle Shakespeare: Scenes from His Life
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948:. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 29.
256:In 1556, Shakespeare was elected borough
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719:. Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 2.
322:In 1569, Shakespeare had applied for a
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375:The Shakespeares had eight children:
214:Career and municipal responsibilities
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1141:Reader's Encyclopedia of Shakespeare
770:William Shakespeare, Peter Ackroyd,
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685:
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598:"The Parents of William Shakespeare"
2461:17th-century English businesspeople
2456:16th-century English businesspeople
1195:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
883:, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2001, p. 8
471:The restored wall paintings of the
295:In 1568, Shakespeare was appointed
13:
716:The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare
417:Risk taking and financial problems
280:. This role led to his becoming a
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463:Personality and religious beliefs
272:– a position similar to an early
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1370:are shown with a blue background
479:that were defaced by Shakespeare
2471:People from Stratford-upon-Avon
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843:Shakespeare: The World as Stage
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222:of the Warwickshire village of
1106:Johns Hopkins University Press
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457:Holy Trinity Church, Stratford
347:Marriage into the local gentry
195:, the chief magistrate of the
19:For the British diplomat, see
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546:and circulated in England by
191:and culminating in a term as
165:
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1067:University of Illinois Press
602:www.william-shakespeare.info
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264:and prices were observed by
154:, now open to the public as
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2466:Councillors in Warwickshire
713:Kinney, Arthur F., editor.
431:and for illegal dealing in
21:John Shakespeare (diplomat)
10:
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946:Shakespeare: the Biography
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1295:, New York: Basic Books,
1147:Thomas Y. Crowell Company
870:, Greenwood, 2008, p. 24.
634:Campbell & Quinn 1966
622:Campbell & Quinn 1966
566:Campbell & Quinn 1966
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52:
37:
30:
977:15 December 2007 at the
879:Katherine Duncan-Jones,
251:Shakespeare's Birthplace
156:Shakespeare's Birthplace
1318:A Shakespeare Genealogy
1055:Baldwin, T. W. (1944).
363:, one of the Ardens of
86:, Warwickshire, England
67:, Warwickshire, England
992:Shakespeare Survey 56
896:. Stratford Town Trust
493:Katherine Duncan-Jones
480:
356:
242:
158:
1257:Shakespeare Quarterly
1210:Potter, Lois (2012).
1114:10.1353/shq.2006.0015
1097:Shakespeare Quarterly
1018:Shakespeare Quarterly
981:Little, Brown (2000).
922:. Internet Archeology
470:
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240:
149:
894:"The Wall Paintings"
868:Shakespeare's Family
792:Shakespeare's Family
700:, pp. 18, 32.;
688:, pp. 38–9, 65.
317:justice of the peace
262:weights and measures
1368:William Shakespeare
1354:William Shakespeare
1193:Shakespeare: A Life
477:Stratford-upon-Avon
313:clerk of the market
220:Richard Shakespeare
177:Stratford-upon-Avon
173:William Shakespeare
152:Stratford-upon-Avon
129:Richard Shakespeare
84:Stratford-upon-Avon
2476:Shakespeare family
1446:(1490–before 1561)
1269:10.1093/sq/quae003
1081:on 13 October 2011
1030:10.1093/sq/quae003
790:Kate Emery Pogue,
684:, pp. 31–2.;
572:, pp. 39, 42.
568:, pp. 751–3;
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357:
355:Arden Coat of Arms
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218:He was the son of
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139:Shakespeare family
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1247:978-0-19-505161-2
1225:978-0-631-20784-9
1202:978-0-19-282527-8
1180:978-0-19-811774-2
968:Holden, Anthony.
800:978-0-275-99510-2
780:978-0-00-720830-2
521:Roman Catholics.
500:Church of England
332:arms were granted
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80:(aged 69–70)
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1169:. Vol. II.
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1077:. Archived from
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672:, pp. 30–2.
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544:Charles Borromeo
315:, and served as
274:police constable
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162:John Shakespeare
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76:7 September 1601
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32:John Shakespeare
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2414:. p. 292.
2412:Clarendon Press
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2388:Clarendon Press
2380:Chambers, E. K.
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1171:Clarendon Press
1163:Chambers, E. K.
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1004:Schoenbaum 1987
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2446:1530s births
2407:
2383:
2372:
1800:
1611:Hathaway (2)
1553:
1290:
1263:(1): 44–71.
1260:
1256:
1237:
1211:
1192:
1166:
1145:. New York:
1140:
1101:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1057:
1024:(1): 44–71.
1021:
1017:
1011:
1006:, p. 51
999:
994:pp. 184–204.
991:
986:
970:
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945:
936:
924:. Retrieved
919:
910:
898:. Retrieved
888:
880:
875:
867:
866:Kate Pogue,
862:
850:
834:
827:Bearman 2005
811:
806:
791:
786:
771:
766:
744:
732:
715:
709:
693:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:. Retrieved
601:
577:
561:
516:
497:
485:Thomas Plume
482:
473:Guild Chapel
454:
446:
420:
374:
365:Warwickshire
358:
324:coat of arms
321:
297:High Bailiff
294:
255:
244:
228:
226:, a farmer.
224:Snitterfield
217:
205:
201:coat of arms
197:town council
175:. Active in
161:
160:
78:(1601-09-07)
65:Snitterfield
25:
2451:1601 deaths
2354:(1620–1639)
2343:(1618–1639)
2332:(1616–1617)
2327:Shakespeare
2319:(1604–1674)
2305:(1608–1670)
2292:(1593–1647)
2176:(1585–1596)
2172:Shakespeare
2157:(1589–1662)
2144:(1585–1662)
2121:(1583–1649)
2108:(1575–1635)
1943:(1580–1607)
1939:Shakespeare
1930:(1574–1613)
1921:(1571–1579)
1822:(1555–1623)
1809:(1564–1616)
1804:Shakespeare
1794:(1569–1646)
1790:Shakespeare
1779:(1566–1612)
1775:Shakespeare
1764:(1562–1563)
1753:(1558–1558)
1556:Shakespeare
1471:(died 1556)
1442:Shakespeare
1291:Shakespeare
1189:Honan, Park
857:, p. 4
839:Bill Bryson
525:was from a
504:Elizabeth I
489:John Mennes
359:He married
286:chamberlain
206:He married
179:, he was a
169: 1531
60: 1531
2440:Categories
2421:0195051610
2410:. Oxford:
2386:. Oxford:
1108:: 411–33.
1048:References
523:Mary Arden
367:, a local
361:Mary Arden
266:innkeepers
258:ale taster
208:Mary Arden
96:Mary Arden
2299:Elisabeth
1460:(unknown)
1453:(unknown)
1277:0037-3222
1130:162352992
1122:1538-3555
1075:654144828
1038:0037-3222
926:2 January
900:2 January
702:Wood 2003
686:Wood 2003
658:Wood 2003
554:Footnotes
512:shillings
328:Henry VII
309:escheator
284:, then a
270:constable
2406:(1977).
2382:(1930).
1818:Hathaway
1761:Margaret
1600:Hathaway
1287:(2003),
1236:(1987).
1191:(2000).
1165:(1930).
1155:66-11946
975:Archived
944:(2005).
841: :
527:Catholic
519:recusant
424:alderman
290:alderman
189:alderman
102:Children
2373:Sources
2338:Richard
2314:Barnard
2301:Barnard
2115:Susanna
1927:Richard
1802:William
1773:Gilbert
1614:(–1599)
1603:(–1581)
1598:Richard
1440:Richard
1085:2 March
607:16 July
392:Gilbert
386:William
338:of the
305:coroner
301:almoner
282:burgess
193:bailiff
111:Gilbert
107:William
2418:
2396:353406
2394:
2351:Quiney
2349:Thomas
2340:Quiney
2329:Quiney
2285:Thomas
2170:Hamnet
2153:Quiney
2151:Thomas
2140:Quiney
2138:Judith
1937:Edmund
1466:Robert
1396:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1364:
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1275:
1244:
1222:
1199:
1177:
1153:
1128:
1120:
1073:
1063:Urbana
1036:
952:
798:
778:
723:
450:draper
410:Edmund
369:gentry
311:, and
181:glover
135:Family
125:Father
119:Edmund
92:Spouse
1569:Arden
1468:Arden
1126:S2CID
1104:(4).
814::1–2.
429:usury
232:usury
2416:ISBN
2392:OCLC
2312:John
2287:Nash
2117:Hall
2104:Hall
2102:John
1918:Anne
1816:Anne
1788:Joan
1750:Joan
1609:Joan
1567:Mary
1554:John
1297:ISBN
1273:ISSN
1242:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1151:LCCN
1118:ISSN
1087:2011
1071:OCLC
1034:ISSN
950:ISBN
928:2019
902:2019
845:2007
796:ISBN
776:ISBN
721:ISBN
609:2017
442:tods
433:wool
398:Joan
117:and
115:Joan
73:Died
53:Born
45:Arms
2316:(2)
2289:(1)
1265:doi
1110:doi
1026:doi
538:.)
475:in
334:by
2442::
1271:.
1261:75
1259:.
1218:.
1214:.
1173:.
1149:.
1124:.
1116:.
1102:56
1100:.
1069:.
1065::
1061:.
1032:.
1022:75
1020:.
918:.
819:^
812:II
754:^
749:69
600:.
589:^
459:.
452:.
307:,
303:,
166:c.
113:,
109:,
57:c.
2424:.
2398:.
1346:e
1339:t
1332:v
1306:.
1279:.
1267::
1250:.
1228:.
1205:.
1183:.
1157:.
1132:.
1112::
1089:.
1040:.
1028::
958:.
930:.
904:.
829:.
727:.
611:.
164:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
