886:, Lawson wrote that "the rulers of the United States take the film very seriously as an instrument of propaganda, and will do their utmost to prevent its use for any democratic purpose.". He wrote that Hollywood "has always falsified the life of American workers" and its "unwritten law decrees that only the middle and upper classes provide themes suitable for film presentation, and that workers appear on the screen only in subordinate or comic roles." According to Lawson, "The consistent presentation on the nation's screens of the views that working-class life is to be despised and that workers who seek to protect their class interests are stupid, malicious, or even treasonable, has its effect on every strike and every labor struggle." He added, "Workers and their families see films which urge them to despise the values by which they live, and to emulate the corrupt values of their enemies."
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Simeon also insisted the family belong to a
Christian church. They joined the First Church at 96th Street and Central Park West. As a boy, John recalled going to the house of a Christian schoolmate. He mentioned his father's real name was Levy. He was not invited to that house again. But despite his father's desire for the Lawson family to assimilate, John would adhere to Jewish dietary laws all his life.
491:. Lawson would later write in his autobiography that during this time period in his life, he could "neither ignore the flaws in American politics and economics nor bring himself to become more deeply involved in the struggle." In his conflicted state of mind, he left New York for Hollywood, where the motion picture industry was clamoring for dramatists to write for the new talking pictures.
446:, Lawson formed the Workers Drama League to produce revolutionary plays. One production and a few weeks later, however, the three men disbanded the league. They then joined with Em Jo Basshe to establish a radical theatrical group that came to be known as the "New Playwrights". The group lasted until 1929 and was largely funded by millionaire businessman
136:(September 25, 1894 – August 11, 1977) was an American playwright, screenwriter, arts critic, and cultural historian. After enjoying a relatively successful career writing plays that were staged on and off Broadway in the 1920s and '30s, Lawson relocated to Hollywood and began working in the motion picture industry. In 1933, he helped to organize the
409:. It would be his first play to reach Broadway when it opened on March 1, 1923. It was put on by the Equity Players and ran for fifty performances. His marriage to Kate did not last; they were divorced in 1923. He had meanwhile met Susan Edmond, whom he would marry two years later, and they remained married till the end of his life.
300:. According to one biographer, "This book gave Lawson his first knowledge of Marx and Marxism, with which he first disagreed, though he brought Kautsky's book to Socialist Club meetings and, to the faculty sponsor's annoyance, quoted from it as a basis for discussion." After graduating from Williams in 1914 with a
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s editorial board because some students raised questions about his Jewish background. He would later say it was a good experience since it forced him "to begin his struggle to come to terms with his Jewish identity." As previously stated, his father had changed the family surname from Levy to Lawson;
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Lawson also condemned the screen portrayals of
Negroes at that time in the early 1950s. And he argued that Hollywood films promoted degrading images of women, treating "'glamour' and sex appeal as the sum-total of woman's personality". He wrote that in most American movies, "when a woman succeeds in
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magazine, describing Lawson as "A Bourgeois Hamlet of Our Time" who wrote adolescent works that lacked moral fiber or clear ideas. A short time later, Lawson responded in the magazine with an essay entitled "'Inner
Conflict' and Proletarian Art". He said his middle-class upbringing had prevented him
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While living in Rome in autumn of 1918, Lawson met and married
Kathryn (Kate) Drain. She was a volunteer nurse's aide, and would later become a film actress and costume designer. In spring of 1919, they returned to New York due to a lack of money and the wishes of their families. Their son Alan was
901:, who were eventually "forgiven" for their youthful political radicalism and allowed to work openly again in the film industry, Lawson was never forgiven. He continued to be banned all the way up until his death. That's why Gerald Horne called him "The Final Victim of the Blacklist".
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obituary for Lawson quotes him as saying, "I'm much more completely blacklisted than the others. I'm much more notorious and I'm very proud of that. It had much to do with the fact that I helped to organize the Guild and played a leading role in progressive activities until 1947."
392:'s Ballets Russes. In January 1918, Dos Passos wrote a letter that was critical of the ambulance company. It somehow reached Red Cross officials, and they forced Dos Passos to resign. Lawson was under suspicion for his attitudes as well, but he managed to stay in Italy and do
165:, the initial group of American film industry professionals to appear before Congress as part of an investigation into communist influence in Hollywood. Because he and the other nine screenwriters and directors refused to answer questions about their alleged
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Lawson's reputation at
Williams was as a good-natured iconoclast and a frequent speaker at undergraduate meetings. His older brother Wendell was meanwhile studying music and art in Germany. On a trip back to the U.S. in 1913, Wendell brought a copy of
571:. Lawson finally succeeded in that task, and the SWG became a viable union that could bargain on behalf of screenwriters. However, the success came at a cost. He was quickly fired by MGM, an action he attributed to his union organizing.
480:, opened on March 7, 1927 at the 52nd Street Theatre and ran for forty-two performances. He had been intrigued by the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone at the new Theatre Guild playhouse in 1924, an event attended by both Governor
228:. Before his first child was born, Simeon changed the family name from Levy to Lawson, later saying half-jokingly that he did it so he could "obtain reservations at expensive resort hotels", many of which refused to accommodate Jews.
262:. In 1906, Simeon sent his three children on a tour of Europe where they saw many theatrical productions. John took notes on the set designs, actors, and plays. In 1909, the children toured the United States and Canada.
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For the most part, the
Hollywood Ten stayed united in their resistance to HUAC, but there were exceptions. In 1951, Dmytryk testified before the committee that Lawson, among others, had pressured him to insert
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and opened on
Broadway on January 12, 1925. Although the production ran for 96 performances, it failed financially, and the Theatre Guild told Lawson they would not stage any more of his plays written in the
476:. They attempted to establish the Proletarian Artists and Writers League. A similar Soviet Union organization offered some financial backing to them. The first play produced by the New Playwrights, Lawson's
320:, while at Williams. Mary Kirkpatrick, faculty leader of the Williams College Drama Club, was impressed by this effort and became his first agent. Lawson was inspired to write three plays in 1915-16:
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gave them the right to not cooperate with the committee. However, the U.S. appeals courts disagreed and all ten were found guilty of contempt of
Congress. Lawson was sentenced to twelve months in
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cause. He traveled throughout poverty-stricken areas of
Alabama and Georgia where workers were trying to unionize, and facing violent resistance. While in the South, he submitted articles to the
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article, "What Shall We Ask of
Writers?". Maltz challenged the didacticism of the CPUSA's censorship of writers. Surprised by the ferocity of attack from his colleagues—including Lawson,
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premiered on March 3, 1926 at the Greenwich Village Theatre, but ran for only six performances. The play calls for a new religion to help people survive the swirling cyclone of jazz, the
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affiliation, they were cited for contempt of Congress. In 1948, Lawson was sentenced to a year in prison; he began serving in 1950. When he got out, he like the others found himself
1841:, Testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) October 27, 1947. In: History Matters, The American Social History Project, CUNY and George Mason University.
806:, he refused to answer almost all questions and would not give names of other people he knew in communist circles. These ten screenwriters and directors came to be known as the
203:, and cultural history. Unlike most other members of the Hollywood Ten, Lawson was never "un-blacklisted". He remained a pariah in the film industry until his death in 1977.
582:. The Theatre Guild agreed to produce it, but backed out when the out-of-town tryout in Baltimore failed. After the Group Theatre also rejected the play, it was produced by
711:. In response, the Hollywood branch, spearheaded by Lawson, renamed itself the Hollywood Writers Mobilization. In 1946, Lawson organized and led a critical attack on
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In 1926, the New York International Theatrical Exposition showcased experimental European cubist, futurist, and constructivist plays. Lawson was fascinated by these
743:, American fears of communist power increased after the Soviet Union established communist governments in Eastern Europe, and developed its own atomic weapons. The
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One biographer notes that Lawson "became an important member of the small CPUSA community in Hollywood, then eventually its cultural czar." In 1941, Lawson ordered
235:, which was a profound loss that scarred him. Belle had named her three children after people she admired: Wendell Holmes Lawson was named for the American jurist
195:. With his Hollywood livelihood largely cut off, Lawson turned his attention to scholarship. He taught at several California universities. He authored books about
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As a successful businessman, Simeon was able to send his children to private schools. At age seven, John attended the experimental school, the Playhouse, run by
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from fully understanding working-class people. He acknowledged that his prosperity and Hollywood connections were suspect in the fight for workers' rights.
239:; John's sister Adelaide Jaffery Lawson was named for a friend of Belle's who was active in social causes; John Howard Lawson was named for prison reformer
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594:, completed in association with D. A. Doran Jr., was produced by the Group Theatre and opened on March 22, 1934. It ran for twelve performances.
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During the 1930s, several prominent leftists accused Lawson of lacking ideological and political commitment. In April 1934, his longtime friend
1945:
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Lawson died in San Francisco on August 11, 1977. The manuscript of his unpublished autobiography is held, along with his other papers, at
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871:(1951). Despite the film industry blacklist, Lawson was able to earn money by teaching at several California universities, including
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the world of competition, Hollywood holds that her success is achieved by trickery, deceit, and the amoral use of sexual appeal."
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376:'s Ambulance Service, Dos Passos and Lawson decided to become drivers; they went to Italy. At this time, Dos Passos was working on
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As a result of his newfound communist commitment, Lawson wrote several politically-themed screenplays in the next decade, such as
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From Shtetl to Stardom: Jews and Hollywood: Chapter 1: Still an Empire of Their Own: How Jews Remain Atop a Reinvented Hollywood
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1983:
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Vaughn, Robert (1996) . "Appendix II: The Committee's Evidence of Communist Party Membership of Two of the Unfriendly Ten".
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In August 1927, Lawson, Dos Passos, and Gold went to Boston to protest the executions of the Italian immigrant anarchists
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1255:
The Hidden Heritage: A Rediscovery of the Ideas and Forces That Link the Thought of Our Time with the Culture of the Past
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The Hidden Heritage: A Rediscovery of the Ideas and Forces that Link the Thought of Our Time with the Culture of the Past
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2009:
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and became its first president. In the ensuing years, he was credited with a number of notable screenplays including
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born in July 1919. In early 1920, the Lawsons moved back to Europe and found residence in Paris, where he completed
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Blacklisted in Hollywood, Lawson began writing Marxist interpretations of drama and cinema. He expanded his 1936
563:(SWG). Lawson served as SWG's first president from 1933-34. He later recalled how he spent most of his tenure in
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While Lawson was working in Hollywood in 1928, the New Playwrights in New York decided to produce his play,
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of New York and Otto Kahn. In his play, Lawson explored the concept of Kahn as governor rather than Smith.
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parents, Simeon Levy and Belle Hart. In the 1880s, Simeon had lived in Mexico City, where he started the
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to better fit the Communist message; Schulberg refused and quit the CPUSA in protest. In February 1943,
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opened on September 26, 1932 and ran for 121 performances. Lawson later adapted it into the 1934 film,
505:, with set design by John Dos Passos. It opened on January 12 and ran for twenty-seven performances.
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and Sam Harris, and was given a tryout in Albany and Syracuse in 1915. It never made it to Broadway.
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and needed new dramatic material. Clurman and Lawson reworked the play during the summer of 1932.
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Partly due to the criticism he was receiving from the Left, Lawson decided in 1934 to join the
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759:), began an investigation into communist influence in the Hollywood motion picture industry.
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1967:
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and fined $ 1,000. They were immediately blacklisted from working for any of the studios.
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1839:“They Want to Muzzle Public Opinion”: John Howard Lawson’s Warning to the American Public
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849:(1949). He researched and wrote a lengthy historical work on cultural tradition entitled
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1972:
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Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry in the 1930s and 1940s
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in 1917, Lawson was opposed to enlisting. His father helped him get a position in the
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newspaper. After he met Belle, he moved to New York City and became an executive with
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625:. He himself was arrested numerous times. These experiences inspired his next play,
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384:. While serving, they were outfitted to Paris. Lawson attended performances of the
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857:(1953). He explored "the principles, technique, and aesthetics of film-making" in
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Film, The Creative Process: The Search for an Audio-Visual Language and Structure
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opened on March 20, 1933 and had a run of only seven performances. Lawson's play
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337:
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1419:
The Final Victim of the Blacklist: John Howard Lawson, Dean of the Hollywood Ten
574:
Lawson continued to be a prolific playwright. In 1932, in addition to reworking
536:, who was a reader for the Guild, saw possibilities. He had recently formed the
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at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center
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461:, skyscrapers, science fiction, tabloids, and radio. Lawson's reputation after
372:, also as aspiring writer. In November, when Norton-Haryes was folded into the
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216:
John Howard Lawson was born on September 25, 1894 in New York City to affluent
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2002:
The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century
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1801:"Summary of the 'New Masses' Controversy on 'What Shall We Ask of Writers?'"
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opened in New York on February 17, 1937 and ran for sixty-one performances.
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trying to get recognition of the union under provisions of the newly passed
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682:(1945), a tribute to the Soviet-U.S. alliance during the struggle against
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and was a member of the varsity debating team. But he also encountered
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853:(1950). He analyzed the politics of mid-20th century Hollywood in
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Writing from the Left: New Essays on Radical Culture and Politics
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1946:"John Howard Lawson, 82, Writer Blacklisted by Hollywood in '47"
861:(1964). He also wrote, using a pseudonym, one of the first anti-
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works, which he saw as revolutionary. Along with Dos Passos and
1035:(1928), with Dorothy Farnum, Marion Ainslee, and Ruth Cummings
196:
1422:(1 ed.). University of California Press. p. xxii.
368:. In June 1917, he left for Europe. Aboard the ship, he met
469:, are considered to have helped it gain the six showings.
250:. Later, John and his siblings went to Halstead School in
1803:. Australian Communist Party – via C.P.A. Archive.
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In late 1926, Lawson, Dos Passos, and Gold were on the
281:. During his sophomore year, he was denied election to
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Theory and Technique of Playwriting and Screenwriting,
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Lawson appeared before HUAC on October 29, 1947. Like
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Theory and Technique of Playwriting and Screenwriting
1974:
Twentieth-Century American Dramatists: Second Series
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1775:
Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting
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893:Unlike other members of the Hollywood Ten, such as
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Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations
524:. In the winter of 1930–1931, he wrote a new play,
348:in a run in Los Angeles, but received bad reviews.
1971:
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1882:. New York: Masses & Mainstream. p. 119.
1270:, Hill and Wang, 1964, 2nd revised edition, 1967.
2302:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
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1641:Excerpt from Lawson's unpublished autobiography.
1597:Excerpt from Lawson's unpublished autobiography.
1295:by Karen M. Taylor, New York: Drama Books, 1972.
1099:(1933), with Hampton Del Ruth and George Rosener
615:(CPUSA). He sought to educate himself about the
1246:, Putnam, 1936; enlarged edition published as
435:and it garnered critical and popular acclaim.
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1937:
1751:. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing. p. 59.
735:House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
731:, and Samuel Sillen—Maltz publicly recanted.
508:In Hollywood, Lawson was under contract with
273:literary magazine. He also edited the senior
1306:List of ambulance drivers during World War I
747:(HUAC), under the leadership of Congressman
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1289:, New York, International Publishers, 1967.
1258:, Citadel, 1950, 1st revised edition, 1968.
177:. He wrote, uncredited, the screenplay for
2347:Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
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2091:Various books by John Howard Lawson online
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1588:Robinson, LeRoy, ed. (December 25, 1982).
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512:(MGM) and wrote scripts for films such as
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1632:Robinson, LeRoy, ed. (December 1, 1977).
1590:"John Howard Lawson - The Early Years II"
879:, and Los Angeles University of Judaism.
745:House Committee on Un-American Activities
629:. Produced by the radical Theatre Union,
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2367:American male dramatists and playwrights
1778:. Limelight Editions. pp. 312–313.
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1508:, Princeton University Press, 1980, 265.
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2018:
1999:
1855:. New York: Hill and Wang. p. vii.
1634:"John Howard Lawson's '1919' (c. 1964)"
1457:. Purdue University Press. p. 17.
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911:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
366:Norton-Harjes Volunteer Ambulance Corps
231:When John was five, his mother died of
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1943:
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810:or "Unfriendly Ten". They claimed the
450:who was a devoted patron of the arts.
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1944:Fraser, C. Gerald (August 14, 1977).
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1244:Theory and Technique of Playwrighting
2085:John Howard Lawson Papers, 1905-1969
2035:
1451:Brook, Vincent (December 15, 2016).
766:Rep. J. Parnell Thomas shown in 1939
654:. He wrote the critically acclaimed
489:Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
304:, John worked as a cable editor for
2387:20th-century American screenwriters
2377:Screenwriters from New York (state)
2337:Loyola Marymount University faculty
1747:Billingsley, Kenneth Lloyd (1998).
1333:
843:Theory and Technique of Playwriting
13:
2382:20th-century American male writers
2297:Members of the Communist Party USA
1993:
206:
14:
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2392:Ambulance services of World War I
2202:Committee for the First Amendment
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465:, and the notable set designs by
1390:O'Hara, Michael M. (July 2014).
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1264:, Masses & Mainstream, 1953.
569:National Industrial Recovery Act
123:
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1557:. Writers Guild of America West
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1336:"John Howard Lawson - Mini Bio"
161:In 1947, Lawson was one of the
2307:American people of World War I
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1211:Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman
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380:and Lawson had begun his play
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311:
1:
2372:Screenwriters from California
2352:Jewish American screenwriters
1960:
1282:Ten Days that Shook the World
693:to make changes to his novel
316:Lawson wrote his first play,
283:The Williams College Monthly'
1878:Lawson, John Howard (1953).
1851:Lawson, John Howard (1964).
1233:(1957), with Mitch Lindemann
1187:Action in the North Atlantic
1171:(1940), with Samuel C. Engel
1093:(1931), with J. Walter Rubin
673:Action in the North Atlantic
474:National Executive Committee
271:The Williams College Monthly
149:Action in the North Atlantic
7:
2332:Stanford University faculty
2312:American male screenwriters
2019:Navasky, Victor S. (1986).
1978:, Detroit, Michigan: Gale,
1880:Film in the Battle of Ideas
1799:Brown, Max (October 1946).
1299:
1293:People's Theatre in Amerika
1262:Film in the Battle of Ideas
1237:
1135:(1936), adaption uncredited
1041:(1929), with Dorothy Farnum
884:Film in the Battle of Ideas
877:Loyola Marymount University
855:Film in the Battle of Ideas
399:
269:in 1910. He contributed to
10:
2408:
2327:Writers from New York City
2075:Internet Broadway Database
1853:Film: The Creative Process
1506:The Modern School Movement
925:
859:Film: The Creative Process
705:League of American Writers
646:. This work earned him an
601:sharply criticized him in
378:One Man's Initiation: 1917
103:Kathryn Drain (1918–1923)
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2000:Denning, Michael (2010).
248:Elizabeth and Alexis Ferm
183:(1951), an adaptation of
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117:
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89:
75:
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61:San Francisco, California
50:
30:
23:
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1219:Cry, the Beloved Country
920:
868:Cry, the Beloved Country
396:work for the Red Cross.
180:Cry, the Beloved Country
2342:Williams College alumni
1815:"Albert Maltz - Trivia"
1127:(1935), with Ethel Hill
1024:
429:Federal Theatre Project
212:Childhood and education
2036:Wald, Alan M. (1994).
1416:Horne, Gerald (2006).
1132:Adventure in Manhattan
1083:The Ship From Shanghai
767:
586:and Alfred De Liagre.
514:The Ship from Shanghai
495:Hollywood and New York
418:, was produced by the
260:New Rochelle, New York
1159:They Shall Have Music
765:
715:after he published a
696:What Makes Sammy Run?
237:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1555:"John Howard Lawson"
1397:. The Sticking Place
1392:"John Howard Lawson"
1119:and Leonard Praskins
1104:Success at Any Price
944:Servant-Master-Lover
915:Carbondale, Illinois
676:. Lawson also wrote
664:war movies in 1943,
561:Screen Writers Guild
559:helped organize the
546:Success at Any Price
427:style. In 1937, the
412:Lawson's next play,
346:Servant-Master-Lover
330:Servant-Master-Lover
138:Screen Writers Guild
105:Susan Edmond (1925–)
2261:Hollywood blacklist
1608:"Kate Drain Lawson"
1438:10.1525/j.ctt1pnrw4
1107:(1934), with others
1072:Our Blushing Brides
932:A Hindoo Love Drama
510:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
318:A Hindoo Love Drama
308:from 1914 to 1915.
2238:(2007 documentary)
2230:(1976 documentary)
2227:Hollywood on Trial
2222:(1950 documentary)
2166:John Howard Lawson
2071:John Howard Lawson
2062:John Howard Lawson
1968:O'Hara, Michael M.
1950:The New York Times
1366:. August 17, 1977.
1230:The Careless Years
1090:Bachelor Apartment
903:The New York Times
816:U.S. Constitituion
768:
518:Bachelor Apartment
374:American Red Cross
297:The Class Struggle
134:John Howard Lawson
44:New York, New York
41:September 25, 1894
25:John Howard Lawson
18:American dramatist
2362:Communist writers
2322:Modernist theatre
2274:
2273:
2266:Waldorf Statement
2219:The Hollywood Ten
2023:. Penguin Books.
1985:978-0-7876-3137-6
1737:, pp. 84=88.
1544:, pp. 17–18.
1334:Hopwood, John C.
1079:and Helen Mainard
1051:Jeanie MacPherson
999:The Pure in Heart
983:The International
938:The Spice of Life
749:J. Parnell Thomas
644:Spanish Civil War
642:(1938) about the
588:The Pure in Heart
580:The Pure in Heart
551:In 1933, Lawson,
532:rejected it, but
502:The International
448:Otto Hermann Kahn
386:Comédie-Française
326:The Spice of Life
252:Yonkers, New York
222:Mexican Financier
131:
130:
2399:
2161:Ring Lardner Jr.
2146:Herbert Biberman
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899:Ring Lardner Jr.
833:into his films.
804:Ring Lardner Jr.
776:Herbert Biberman
729:Ring Lardner Jr.
684:European fascism
660:(1938), and two
565:Washington, D.C.
467:Mordecai Gorelik
394:public relations
390:Sergey Diaghilev
267:Williams College
127:
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40:
38:
21:
20:
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1994:Further reading
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1181:Milton Sperling
1112:Treasure Island
1027:
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839:
812:First Amendment
737:
662:Humphrey Bogart
650:nomination for
613:Communist Party
584:Richard Aldrich
497:
482:Alfred E. Smith
425:expressionistic
402:
370:John Dos Passos
354:
338:George M. Cohan
314:
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207:Life and career
167:Communist Party
104:
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54:August 11, 1977
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2156:Edward Dmytryk
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2056:External links
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:978-1859840016
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2016:
2011:978-1844674640
2010:
1995:
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1639:. p. 107.
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820:Ashland Prison
796:Edward Dmytryk
736:
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701:Francis Biddle
691:Budd Schulberg
679:Counter-Attack
534:Harold Clurman
496:
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453:Lawson's play
401:
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342:Oliver Morosco
336:was bought by
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1934:, p. 64.
1933:
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1922:, p. 61.
1921:
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1595:. p. 76.
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1275:Introductions
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1252:
1250:Putnam, 1949.
1249:
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1222:(1952), with
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1164:Irma von Cube
1162:(1939), with
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1151:(1938), with
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1097:Good-bye Love
1095:
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1077:Bess Meredyth
1075:(1930), with
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1066:Bess Meredyth
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991:Success Story
988:
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956:Roger Bloomer
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808:Hollywood Ten
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2181:Adrian Scott
2171:Albert Maltz
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2141:Alvah Bessie
2037:
2021:Naming Names
2020:
2001:
1973:
1949:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
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1774:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
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1646:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1583:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1488:
1453:
1446:
1418:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1361:
1360:"Obituary".
1355:
1345:December 31,
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1292:
1280:
1267:
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1096:
1088:
1082:
1070:
1062:Dorothy Yost
1055:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1018:Parlor Magic
1017:
1011:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
975:
969:
963:Processional
961:
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902:
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858:
854:
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824:
784:Adrian Scott
780:Albert Maltz
772:Alvah Bessie
769:
741:World War II
738:
725:Alvah Bessie
716:
713:Albert Maltz
694:
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622:Daily Worker
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486:
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463:Processional
462:
454:
452:
444:Michael Gold
437:
433:Processional
432:
415:Processional
413:
411:
406:
403:
381:
377:
355:
345:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
315:
295:
292:Karl Kautsky
288:
282:
279:antisemitism
270:
264:
254:and then to
245:
230:
221:
215:
193:South Africa
191:novel about
178:
160:
153:
152:(1943), and
147:
141:
133:
132:
84:screenwriter
71:Edward Lewis
56:(1977-08-11)
15:
2292:1977 deaths
2287:1894 births
2151:Lester Cole
1932:Lawson 1953
1920:Lawson 1953
1908:Lawson 1953
1893:Lawson 1953
1866:O'Hara 2000
1699:O'Hara 2000
1663:O'Hara 2000
1576:O'Hara 2000
1530:O'Hara 2000
1518:O'Hara 2000
1493:O'Hara 2000
1057:The Sea Bat
1006:Gentlewoman
976:Loudspeaker
837:Later years
792:Lester Cole
721:Howard Fast
617:proletarian
592:Gentlewoman
578:, he wrote
553:Lester Cole
478:Loudspeaker
459:Machine Age
440:avant-garde
362:World War I
352:World War I
312:Early plays
241:John Howard
201:film-making
171:blacklisted
2281:Categories
2029:B0014XW99C
1961:References
1735:Horne 2006
1723:Horne 2006
1711:Horne 2006
1687:Horne 2006
1675:Horne 2006
1651:Horne 2006
1542:Horne 2006
1481:Horne 2006
1224:Alan Paton
1169:Earthbound
1124:Party Wire
831:propaganda
717:New Masses
703:added the
652:Best Story
604:New Masses
185:Alan Paton
80:Playwright
76:Occupation
37:1894-09-25
2040:. Verso.
2004:. Verso.
1287:John Reed
1176:Four Sons
1039:The Pagan
950:Standards
863:apartheid
828:communist
599:Mike Gold
356:When the
344:produced
334:Standards
322:Standards
189:apartheid
118:Signature
94:Modernism
1970:(2000),
1300:See also
1238:Writings
1140:Blockade
1046:Dynamite
873:Stanford
865:movies,
639:Blockade
431:revived
400:Post-war
360:entered
275:yearbook
187:'s anti-
158:(1945).
146:(1938),
143:Blockade
110:Children
68:Pen name
2254:Related
2195:Support
2073:at the
1868:, 1-375
1701:, 1-375
1665:, 1-375
1578:, 1-375
1532:, 1-375
1520:, 1-375
1495:, 1-375
1363:Variety
1148:Algiers
970:Nirvana
926:Theatre
814:of the
707:to the
657:Algiers
455:Nirvana
306:Reuters
226:Reuters
175:studios
173:by the
2246:(2015)
2243:Trumbo
2235:Trumbo
2134:People
2044:
2027:
2008:
1982:
1782:
1755:
1461:
1436:
1426:
1214:(1947)
1206:(1945)
1198:(1943)
1195:Sahara
1190:(1943)
1143:(1938)
1085:(1930)
1020:(1963)
1014:(1937)
1008:(1934)
1002:(1934)
994:(1932)
986:(1928)
978:(1927)
972:(1926)
966:(1925)
958:(1923)
952:(1916)
946:(1916)
940:(1915)
934:(1915)
739:After
667:Sahara
555:, and
528:. The
520:, and
328:, and
218:Jewish
100:Spouse
90:Period
63:, U.S.
46:, U.S.
2211:Films
1637:(PDF)
1593:(PDF)
1434:JSTOR
1395:(PDF)
1312:Notes
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197:drama
2066:IMDb
2042:ISBN
2025:ASIN
2006:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1826:2024
1819:IMDb
1780:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1619:2024
1612:IMDb
1563:2024
1459:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1403:2024
1347:2020
1340:IMDb
1064:and
1025:Film
897:and
802:and
670:and
388:and
302:B.A.
51:Died
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882:In
294:'s
258:in
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1900:^
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82:,
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113:3
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