492:
933:
cites
Confederate effective strength of "just over 38,000," including A.P. Hill's division, which arrived in the afternoon. Priest, p. 343, cites 87,164 men present in the Army of the Potomac, with 53,632 engaged, and 30,646 engaged in the Army of Northern Virginia. Luvaas and Nelson, p. 302, cite 87,100 Union engaged, 51,800 Confederate. Harsh, Sounding the Shallows, pp. 201–202, analyzes the historiography of the figures, and shows that Ezra A. Carman (a battlefield historian who influenced some of these sources) used "engaged" figures; the 38,000 excludes Pender's and Field's brigades, roughly half the artillery, and forces used to secure objectives behind the line.
943:
unmarked graves where they fell." McPherson, p. 129, gives ranges for the
Confederate losses: 1,546–2,700 dead, 7,752–9,024 wounded. He states that more than 2,000 of the wounded on both sides died from their wounds. Priest, p. 343, reports 12,882 Union casualties (2,157 killed, 9,716 wounded, 1,009 missing or captured) and 11,530 Confederate (1,754 killed, 8,649 wounded, 1,127 missing or captured). Luvaas and Nelson, p. 302, cite Union casualties of 12,469 (2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, 1,043 missing or captured) and 10,292 Confederate (1,567 killed, 8,725 wounded for September 14–20, plus approximately 2,000 missing or captured).
503:. Proponents claim that the engagement was in-fact a massacre and not a battle, due to the high number of killed and wounded Lakota women and children and the very one-sided casualty counts. Estimates of the Lakota losses indicate 150–300 killed, of which up to 200 were women and children. Additionally, as many as 51 were wounded. In contrast, the 7th Cavalry suffered 25 killed and 39 wounded, many being the result of friendly fire.
31:
562:
530:
932:
Eicher, p. 363. Sears, p. 173, cites 75,000 Union troops, with an effective strength of 71,500, with 300 guns; on p. 296, he states that the 12,401 Union casualties were 25% of those who went into action and that McClellan committed "barely 50,000 infantry and artillerymen to the contest"; p. 389, he
942:
Sears, pp. 294–96; Cannan, p. 201. Confederate casualties are estimates because reported figures include undifferentiated casualties at South
Mountain and Shepherdstown; Sears remarks that "there is no doubt that a good many of the 1,771 men listed as missing were in fact dead, buried uncounted in
922:
Wert, p. 246, Eicher, p. 752. Lewis, p. 288, reports Union totals as 5,764 (569 killed, 3,425 wounded, 1,770 missing), Confederates 3,060 (1,860 killed and wounded, 1,200 prisoners). Kennedy, p. 323, reports 5,672 Union, 2,910 Confederate. The NPS battle summary reports 5,665 Union, 2,910
518:. Respectively, Cedar Creek and Antietam involved 52,712 and 113,000 troops, suffering 8,674 and 22,717 casualties. Wounded Knee, however, involved 610 combatants and resulted in as many as 705 casualties (including non-combatants).
952:
Brown, p. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the
Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Big
472:
Rank and organization: First
Lieutenant, 7th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: Wounded Knee Creek, S. Dak., 29 December 1890. Entered service at: Lancaster Courthouse, Va.. Birth: Virginia. Date of issue: 26 March 1895.
509:
The Army has also been criticized more generally for the seemingly disproportionate number of Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the battle. For comparison, 20 Medals were awarded at
Wounded Knee, 21 at the
904:
Whitehorne, p. 15. The NPS battle summary lists Union strength of 31,945. Cullen, p. 111, states 35,000 Union effectives, including 10,000 cavalry. Salmon, p. 368, and
Kennedy, p. 319, state 32,000 Union.
1037:
886:
Green, Jerry (1994). "The Medals of
Wounded Knee". Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75, pp. 200–208. Nebraska State Historical Society History.
426:. He was in charge of militia affairs for the Western Department from August 1914 until he retired in September 1915. However, he was immediately assigned to active duty with the
913:
Whitehorne, p. 17. The NPS battle summary and
Kennedy, p. 319, list Confederate strength of 21,000. Cullen, p. 112, states 18,000 Confederate effectives, including 4,000 cavalry.
1032:
548:
506:
Calvin
Spotted Elk, direct descendant of Chief Spotted Elk killed at Wounded Knee, launched a petition to rescind medals from the soldiers who participated in the battle.
1062:
1077:
383:
and returned to the United States. He returned to the Philippines with the 15th Cavalry in October 1905, serving there until July 1906. He transferred to the
543:
1042:
1067:
315:
225:
1047:
1082:
1057:
716:
570:
231:
In 1887 he returned to the campaigns against the Indians where he was injured and received his Medal of Honor for his actions during the
743:
708:
793:"Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information". Footnote.com. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
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768:
411:
392:
380:
147:
1052:
491:
384:
360:
291:
283:
137:
435:
239:
388:
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Voluntarily led a party into a ravine to dislodge Sioux Indians concealed therein. He was wounded during this action.
279:
439:
307:
243:
499:
There have been several attempts by various parties to rescind the Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the
461:
450:
345:
259:
80:
314:
until September 1884. From September 1884 to February 1887 he was Professor of Military Science and Tactics at
275:
975:
598:
329:, leading a party into a ravine to attack a group of Indians hiding there. For this action he received the
1072:
172:
271:
53:
694:
427:
295:
251:
107:
682:
660:
638:
620:
612:
586:
321:
In 1887 Gresham returned to duty with the 7th Cavalry and participated in the campaign against the
396:
407:
337:
127:
895:
Owens, Ronald J. (2004) Medal of Honor: Historical facts and figures. Turner Publishing Company
500:
423:
303:
217:
162:
687:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, Volume VII
591:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, Volume III
511:
457:
356:
326:
255:
232:
202:
167:
69:
815:
665:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, Volume VI
617:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, Volume IV
1027:
1022:
643:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U. S. Military Academy, Volume V
443:
311:
287:
247:
221:
8:
515:
213:
194:
103:
923:
Confederate. Salmon, p. 372, reports Union "almost 5,700", Confederate "almost 3,000."
720:
668:
646:
535:
415:
400:
372:
624:
216:
and saw combat in several battles during the American Indian wars including the
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After graduating from the military academy he accepted a commission in the
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805:"Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre". Retrieved December 9, 2014.
238:
After retiring in 1915 he was recalled to active duty to command the
495:
Mass Grave for the Dead Lakota After the Engagement at Wounded Knee
30:
690:
419:
387:
and again returned to the U. S. In July 1907 he was promoted to
344:. He served as Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the
341:
310:
in June 1878, and continued to serve at various posts within the
364:
349:
193:(September 25, 1851 – September 2, 1926) was an officer in the
867:"No Medals for massacre: Close the Open Wound of Wounded Knee"
769:"No Medals for Massacre: Close the Open Wound of Wounded Knee"
549:
List of United States Military Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)
367:
to join the regiment. He served with the 6th Cavalry in the
322:
882:
880:
1038:
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
877:
801:
799:
346:
North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts
410:
in August 1911, and, in April 1912 took command of the
16:
United States Army officer and Medal of Honor recipient
796:
744:"The Wounded Knee medals of honor should be rescinded"
254:
until the programs were disbanded in 1918. He died in
1033:
American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor
544:
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
363:
in September 1901, and in January 1902 he sailed for
816:"The 110th Anniversary of the Wounded Knee Massacre"
525:
348:from December 1896 until rejoining the regiment in
864:
434:, and beginning in January 1918, he commanded the
395:and given command of the regiment and the post of
228:as a professor of Military Science and Tactics.
1014:
1063:United States Army personnel of the Indian Wars
1078:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution
741:
446:, until they were disbanded in December 1918.
717:United States Army Center of Military History
571:United States Army Center of Military History
340:in April 1892 and moved with the regiment to
1043:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
675:
579:
456:Colonel Gresham died September 2, 1926, in
1068:Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery
653:
605:
467:
29:
631:
995:Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients
865:Joseph Huff-Hannon (February 12, 2013).
490:
270:Gresham was born September 25, 1851, in
422:. In December 1913 he took command of
224:until 1884 when he was assigned to the
1048:People from Lancaster County, Virginia
1015:
681:
659:
637:
611:
585:
1083:Native American genocide perpetrators
1058:United States Military Academy alumni
371:until August 1903, including General
742:Dana Lone Hill (February 18, 2013).
671:: Seeman & Peters. p. 218.
649:: Seeman & Peters. p. 247.
13:
701:
569:from websites or documents of the
403:in the Philippines in March 1910.
265:
14:
1094:
960:
565: This article incorporates
560:
528:
278:in 1876. He was commissioned a
119:1915–1918 (National Guard)
946:
936:
926:
916:
907:
898:
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462:San Francisco National Cemetery
451:Sons of the American Revolution
294:as a replacement following the
260:San Francisco National Cemetery
81:San Francisco National Cemetery
787:
761:
735:
719:. June 8, 2009. Archived from
486:
276:United States Military Academy
1:
599:Houghton, Mifflin and Company
554:
316:Virginia Agricultural College
226:Virginia Agricultural College
35:Gresham as a West Point cadet
399:. The regiment was sent to
7:
1053:United States Army officers
709:"Medal of Honor recipients"
521:
201:for his actions during the
197:who was a recipient of the
10:
1099:
695:R. R. Donnelley & Sons
272:Lancaster County, Virginia
54:Lancaster County, Virginia
713:Medal of Honor statistics
428:California National Guard
379:. He transferred to the
296:Battle of Little Big Horn
290:. He transferred to the
274:, and graduated from the
258:in 1926 and is buried in
252:California National Guard
220:. He was assigned to the
178:
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133:
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113:
108:California National Guard
97:
87:
75:
59:
40:
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21:
621:Cambridge, Massachusetts
406:Gresham was promoted to
355:Gresham was promoted to
92:United States of America
991:"John Chowning Gresham"
968:"John Chowning Gresham"
468:Medal of Honor citation
449:He was a member of the
173:Philippine–American War
567:public domain material
501:Battle of Wounded Knee
496:
484:
424:Fort Huachuca, Arizona
306:. He was promoted to
304:Battle of Canyon Creek
218:Battle of Canyon Creek
163:Battle of Canyon Creek
117:1876–1915 (Army)
512:Battle of Cedar Creek
494:
480:
458:San Diego, California
327:Wounded Knee Massacre
256:San Diego, California
233:Wounded Knee Massacre
203:Wounded Knee Massacre
191:John Chowning Gresham
168:Wounded Knee Massacre
148:10th Cavalry Regiment
114:Years of service
70:San Diego, California
23:John Chowning Gresham
444:University of Denver
375:'s campaign against
312:Department of Dakota
298:, and served in the
248:University of Denver
222:Department of Dakota
138:7th Cavalry Regiment
1073:Pine Ridge Campaign
841:"Wagner...Part Two"
775:. February 12, 2013
773:The Huffington Post
460:, and is buried in
336:He was promoted to
250:as a member of the
516:Battle of Antietam
497:
389:lieutenant colonel
214:United States Army
195:United States Army
104:United States Army
51:September 25, 1851
723:on August 9, 2011
683:Cullum, George W.
669:Saginaw, Michigan
661:Cullum, George W.
647:Saginaw, Michigan
639:Cullum, George W.
613:Cullum, George W.
587:Cullum, George W.
333:in March 1895.
280:second lieutenant
188:
187:
63:September 2, 1926
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536:Biography portal
533:
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514:, and 20 at the
442:programs at the
416:Fort Ethan Allen
401:Fort Stotsenburg
373:J. Franklin Bell
308:first lieutenant
302:, including the
246:programs at the
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820:perspicuity.net
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352:in March 1899.
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266:Life and career
205:as part of the
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76:Place of Burial
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961:External links
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845:dickshovel.com
832:
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795:
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697:. p. 136.
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627:. p. 271.
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601:. p. 265.
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1004:February 22,
1002:. Retrieved
999:Find a Grave
994:
979:. Retrieved
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848:. Retrieved
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748:the Guardian
747:
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725:. Retrieved
721:the original
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412:10th Cavalry
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393:14th Cavalry
381:15th Cavalry
354:
335:
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288:Fort Lincoln
269:
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190:
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154:Battles/wars
65:(1926-09-02)
1028:1926 deaths
1023:1851 births
487:Controversy
432:Los Angeles
385:9th Cavalry
369:Philippines
361:6th Cavalry
292:7th Cavalry
284:3rd Cavalry
207:Indian Wars
158:Indian Wars
1017:Categories
555:References
88:Allegiance
47:1851-09-25
981:March 11,
727:March 11,
477:Citation:
850:March 1,
825:March 1,
779:March 1,
753:March 1,
685:(1930).
663:(1920).
641:(1910).
615:(1901).
589:(1891).
522:See also
144:Commands
98:Service/
691:Chicago
420:Vermont
408:colonel
391:of the
359:of the
342:Arizona
338:captain
325:in the
282:in the
128:Colonel
365:Manila
350:Havana
179:Awards
100:branch
953:Foot.
357:major
323:Sioux
1006:2010
983:2010
852:2015
827:2015
781:2015
755:2015
729:2010
440:SATC
438:and
436:ROTC
244:SATC
242:and
240:ROTC
134:Unit
124:Rank
60:Died
41:Born
430:in
414:at
286:at
1019::
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879:^
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49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
