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311:(as under the Leipzig standard), probably in the expectation that this realistic coin foot would prevail throughout the empire. This new standard was referred to as the Graumann coin standard. Graumann announced that he would be able to achieve high coin seignorage for the state and that Berlin would become the largest exchange center in Central and Northern Europe, taking away the banking and minting profits that were then accruing to the Dutch. In 1750, silver - for half a million thalers - was purchased in London, Amsterdam, and Frankfurt am Main for the mint facility of Berlin. By April 1751 there was enough new money for it to function as a circulating medium. The metal content of the new “
237:
380:. As the war continued Frederick agreed to reductions in the precious metal content of his coins in order to get as high a coinage as possible. In 1756 Ephraim became operator of the Leipzig mint facility; in 1757 also in Dresden and in 1758 of all the mint facilities in Saxony and Prussia together with Itzig. The Graumann coin standard was abandoned in 1758 in Saxony; at 1 January 1759 in Prussia. In April 1759, Graumann discussed with Ephraim the old and Mittelfriedrich d'or and the
353:, combining an exchange bank, a lending bank, and a note-issuing bank into one institution as a way of attracting additional silver to Prussia. This proposal ran into strong opposition from local, Breslau and Hamburg merchant-bankers and was not implemented. Because the profits of the mint facilities did not meet Frederick's goals, Graumann was dismissed early 1755, and not allowed to disseminate his knowledge. The mess created with massive amounts of coins (
468:, then Prussia could also circulate coins at such a high value. He is very precise in his descriptions but is lacking in some modern economic concepts. In Graumann's view there were two successful coin "exporters": France and the Dutch Republic. France because it was a large country and prohibited all foreign coin. The Netherlands because everyone traded coins and bills there, in part because of the system of
25:
442:. He saw it as the only means of procuring the cash needed for warfare without imposing too heavy a tax burden on his subjects. How many coins were actually minted and what the total income from this inflation was, is unknown. Documents exist only for the mint in Dresden from February 1758 to May 1759. According to Jan Greitens "Graumann and
337:) were melted and exported to places where the silver had higher value. Prussia made this situation worse by overvaluing gold coins relative to silver. Graumann was envious of the Dutch, whose coinage circulated as much as 8 percent above its domestic value in various places in the Baltic. He wanted Prussia to be able to do the same.
245:
480:, former mintmaster in Breslau. The Graumann coin standard was reintroduced and widespread in all of northern and central Germany. Frederick II signed the ruling on March 29, 1764, which came into force on 1 June. Graumann's ideas formed the basis for the introduction of a uniform German coinage system in the 19th century.
194:, a shortage of small coins existed all over Europe. In 1747, Graumann introduced a debased Albertustaler; he wanted to compete with the Dutch who used the Albertustaler to pay in the Baltic countries. In 1748/1749, he lived in Spain, working on his next book. In 1749, he published his groundbreaking
742:
Michael Paul
Baumhauers Rechtsgelehrten, Versuch eines Neuen und richtigen Lehr-Gebäudes der Politischen Münz-Wissenschaft im Grund-Risse: zum Vortheil der Einkünfte großer Herren, zum Nutzen der ganzen Handelschaft, und zum Besten des deutschen gemeinen Wesens entworfen: nebst einer Vertheidigung
255:
Until 1750, the
Prussian minting industry was composed of semi-private enterprises run by mintmasters. Thereafter, mint directors in the service of the crown took over the management of Prussian mints. In 1750, Prussia had two, even three coin standards, which was very disturbing for the
553:
Hans-Jürgen
Gerhard (2009) "Ein Adler fängt keine Mücken!" Eine Währungsreform mit Weitblick und Langzeitwirkung. Johann Philip Grauman als Gernaralmünzdirektor Friedrichs des Großen. In: Wirtschafstlenkende Montanverwaltung - Fürstlicher Unternehmer - Merkantilismus. Matthiesen Verlag
490:
Abdruck von einem
Schreiben, die Deutsche und anderer Völcker Münz-Verfassung und insonderheit die Hoch-Fürstl, Braunschweigische Münze betreffend (Reprint of a letter, the German and Other Peoples Coin Constitution and in particular the High Prince, concerning the Brunswick
171:. Graumann claimed to be the inventor of the commercial chain rule, which he was not. Graumann lived in Hamburg (1730-1734) and in Amsterdam (1737-1740) and worked for the main Amsterdam merchant houses. According to Willem Kersseboom, a financial expert, he came from
349:. In 1753, he introduced the nominal "Achtgutegroschen", which was cheaper by its 3% lowered "Münzfuß" in the production. Dissatisfied with Graumann's performance, Frederick decided to negotiate the silver supply contracts himself. In 1753 Graumann proposed a
287:. Graumann had two main tasks: first, he was to secure the availability of coin silver for the Prussian monetary system; second, he was to eliminate the currency chaos of the Austrian War of Succession and rationalize the Prussian coinage. Prussia adopted a
332:
All
Graumann's efforts were devoted to the goal of keeping the market value of the Prussian coins high and reducing the market value of foreign coin types. Prussia decided to produce a lot of small change, which meant that their large silver coins
423:. From November 1761 most foreign "Kriegsgeld" was no longer accepted in Prussia and Saxony, only if it was melted. An exception was made for the coins minted in Anhalt-Bernburg, which were used to buy silver in Amsterdam and Hamburg.
472:
at the
Wisselbank, but in part just because everyone agreed that Amsterdam was the place for such business. "In the long run, Graumann's export of money without the export of goods was inadequate to control the rate of exchange."
327:
were to be made out only in new money, otherwise they were legally unenforceable. At the end of May 1751, the "Generalkassen", customs and post offices were ordered to make the payments as far as possible in new money.
855:
Quellen zur
Geschichte der Juden in den Archiven der neuen Bundesländer. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Teil I: Ältere Zentralbehörden bis 1808/10 und Brandenburg-Preußisches Hausarchiv (1999), p.
369:. Their success in Königsberg was so great that under similar conditions they were given the lease of the mints of Aurich and Cleves. Moses Gumpertz, Moses Isaak and Daniel Itzig leased the mint in Berlin.
240:
In the middle the
Friedrichswerder city counsel (nr. 25) can be seen. To the north along the Spreekanal and the Unterwasserstrasse, was the old mint. Detail Berliner Stadtansicht von Schultz, 1688.
645:
Europäischer
Arbitrage-Tractat oder arithmetische Wechsel-Tabellen zum großen Vortheile der ansehnl. Hrn. Banquiers ...: sammt der Licitationsrechnung, oder wahre Beschreibung des Interusurii ...
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712:
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611:(1962) Der Preussische Staat und Die Juden (3 Volumes): Dritter Teil / Die Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen. Erste Abteilung: Darstellung. Kapitel Neun: Die Preussische Münzpolitik. p. 231
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453:(until World War II, the headquarters of the Prussian Finance Ministry). Some of his books were translated into French. Graumann corresponded with the Scottish mercantilist
259:
On 23 January 1750, Graumann was appointed as
Frederick's confidential adviser on finance, military affairs, and royal possessions, as well as the Director-General of all
741:
464:
silver was cheaper and gold more expensive in Germany than anywhere else, according to Graumann. He seemed to believe that if Prussia only minted as many coins as the
164:
196:
Abdruck eines Schreibens, die Teutsche und anderer Völker Münzverfassung, insonderheit die hochfürstliche Braunschweigische Münze zu den Annehmlichkeiten betreffend
1079:
345:), and Graumann increased the mint personnel tenfold, but he lacked silver to make this operation profitable. On 2 September, he arranged silver a contract with
190:. In Braunschweig, his task was to increase the income of the Treasury and the volume of trade. Graumann was assisted in his task by Martin Kröncke. During the
643:
388:. In Poland, no no coins were minted throughout the 18th century and consequently, it became an ideal dumping ground for the devalued coins. Frederick's
477:
148:
446:
were trapped in the situation of a divided Germany, in which many states had the right of coinage and devalued the coins to generate income."
438:
Frederick never shied away from responsibility for Prussian inflation, which many historians have characterized as a form of state-sponsored
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This provided as the main component of the reintroduction of the 14-thaler foot for currency money and the 18-thaler foot for minor coins.
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183:
152:
526:
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49:
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757:
597:
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B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 139-140. In: Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands, Band 59
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504:
376:, the king's need for revenue rose sharply. Saxony was invaded by Prussia not least because of its wealthy silver mines near
796:
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Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben ausgezeichneter Teutschen des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts (1802) von Christian Gotthilf Salzmann
543:
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of his time. As master of the mints in Prussia, he implemented a major coin reform, with the goal of implementing a new
412:
in the Duchy of Holstein (1762) were forcibly closed or acquired by Prussia, c.q. by Ephraim as undesired competition.
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67:
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were an inspiration to many other German principalities, who inflated their currencies as well. Rival mints in
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443:
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Graumann "Gesammelte Briefe" contains the best contemporary discussion of the coinage situation. Before the
175:
and arrived in Amsterdam around 1720, which is hard to prove. He dedicated his fifth book to the Amsterdam
537:
212:). The book brought the activities of the Brunswick mint officials to the attention of the Prussian King
112:
365:
After Graumann's fall, the lease of the Prussian mint at Königsberg was transferred to Moses Fränkel and
598:
Der deutsche Zoll-Verein und das deutsche Maas- Gewicht- und Münz-Chaos in ... von Alexander Lips, p. 24
587:
Archiv für Civil-Justizpflege, politische u. kameralistische ..., Band 1 von Franz Joseph Schopf, p. 91
540:" by Karl Theodor von Inama-Stargg in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), pp. 605–606
225:
191:
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The quintessence of the book can be found in par. 189–206. In par. 74 he wrote he was living in Spain.
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40:
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In April 1762, the 56-year old Graumann died of a digestion disease. He was buried in Petrikirche (
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Not much is known about Graumann's early life, but for many years his father was in the service of
85:
681:
521:
135:. Graumann was portrayed by his contemporaries as a dreamer. With only a slight modification, his
866:
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1157:"Susanne Schulz-Falster RARE BOOKS. London Olympia 2015, nr 46: The Beginning of a Central Bank"
236:
549:
A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations Struck Within the Past ... by Jacob Eckfeldt
221:
220:
and by Frederick, but not by Julius Melchior Strube, who wrote a reply for the government in
172:
497:
Herrn Johann Philip Graumanns Gesammlete Briefe (Johann Philip Graumann's Collected Letters)
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1206:
1109:"Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 14"
409:
366:
346:
96:
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Rebellious Prussians: Urban Political Culture Under Frederick the Great and His Successors
713:"Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 5"
8:
824:"Die Geschichte des Bankhauses Gebrüder Schickler. Festschrift zum 200 jährigen bestehen"
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373:
213:
156:
909:
Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts, p. 6
675:
430:). His widow was Johanna Christina Hersin from Hessen, whom he had married in May 1750.
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622:"Jan Greitens (2017) Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts"
216:. His ideas about gold, which was 4% overvalued, were accepted by the government in
119:, and Prussian financial advisor. He is considered one of the most important German
1132:
The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History
1080:"Wohnhaus, Theater, Finanzministerium: Die Geschichte des Palais am Festungsgraben"
132:
320:
288:
260:
887:
William Roberds & François R. Velde (2014) Early Public Banks, Working Paper
427:
354:
930:"Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen Zeitalter"
836:
F. von Schrötter (1902–13) Das preussische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert, p. 167
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100:
889:
527:
Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great by W.O. Henderson, p. 40
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and produced a number of essays on the relationship between gold and silver.
198:, in which he described a plan to reform the mint and abandon the prevailing
136:
449:
After his dismissal by Frederick Graumann lived for the rest of his life in
276:
1097:
Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne; ou, Histoire, par ..., Band 18
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F. von Schrötter, p. 135, 136, 139, 144; H. Rachel & P. Wallich, p. 521
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217:
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Demonstrative Rechenkunst, Oder Wissenschaft, gründlich und kurz zu rechnen
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was occupied by J.P. Graumann; Prussian Ministry of Finance in the 1930s.
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administration and especially for the payment of the silver deliveries.
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as Graumann states in his second publication dedicated to his brother
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http://proxy.handle.net/10648/3c0854fd-7f2f-4a69-93dd-4d23102cea1c
698:
Inventaris van het archief van Willem Kersseboom, 1720-1771 (1788)
284:
264:
384:. Ephraim and Itzig produced millions of debased coins known as
272:
867:
http://www.tempelhofer-muenzenhaus.de/downloads/153_29x236.pdf
661:"The Chain Rule, a Manual of Brief Commercial Arithmetic, Etc"
45:
The article seems to need an improved translation from German.
268:
159:. At the beginning of his career, he was specializing in the
104:
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By 1760, the price of silver that had to be bought from the
341:
In 1752, a new mint facility was built in the Münzstrasse (
381:
248:
8 Gute Groschen (⅓ Reichstaler) von 1754, Münzzeichen: A,
95:(born in 1706 – died 22 April 1762 in Berlin) was a German
1005:
B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 125, 142
987:
B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 141-142
131:
income and elevate the Prussian coins to the status of a
419:
in Amsterdam rose from 19 to 28 and 34 Reichsthaler per
208:
Leipzig standard for silver coins (= 12 thalers per
822:Lenz, Friedrich; Unholtz, Otto (25 January 2019).
1198:
826:. Berlin G. Reimer – via Internet Archive.
752:
750:
572:Preuss, Johann David Erdmann (25 January 2019).
674:Heinrich, Christoph Gottlob (25 January 1799).
476:On 1 December 1763 Graumann's successor became
357:) was obvious; exchanging coins became an art.
747:
659:SCHOENBERG, Charles Louis (25 January 2019).
574:"Friedrich der Grosse: Eine lebensgeschichte"
642:Graumann, Johann Philipp (25 January 2019).
518:Das Preußische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert.
149:Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
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890:http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7306.html
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231:
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532:Die Graumann’sche Münzreform (1750-1755)
301:of a Cologne mark of silver, rather than
184:Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
153:Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
139:remained in place in Germany until 1907.
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
673:
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243:
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182:On 26 January 1742, he was appointed by
163:of exchange. Graumann was influenced by
79:
1061:"Participants - Money, Power and Print"
877:F. von Schrötter, p. 123, 130, 139, 141
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845:F. von Schrötter (1908), p. 79–81, 113
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1078:Adam-Tkalec, Maritta (9 April 2018).
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167:, after Clausberg published his book
928:Meyer, Ferdinand (25 January 1876).
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408:in Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (1762) and
18:
13:
14:
1243:
932:. Weile – via Google Books.
576:. Nauck – via Google Books.
1227:18th-century German male writers
795:Schui, Florian (14 March 2013).
404:in Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1761),
155:. Obviously, Graumann visited a
84:In the 18th century half of the
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1217:18th-century German economists
743:des hohen Münz-Fußes, p. 49-51
691:
686:graumann braunschweig philipp.
684:– via Internet Archive.
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315:" was equal or close to their
1:
1129:Hayek, F. A. (23 June 2005).
942:F. von Schrötter, p. 104, 114
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16:German business mathematician
1232:18th-century Prussian people
7:
1222:18th-century German writers
396:(1760) in Anhalt-Bernburg,
127:to promote trade, increase
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
1248:
1065:www.moneypowerandprint.org
969:F. von Schrötter, p. 87-89
510:
400:in Sachsen-Anhalt (1761),
226:George II of Great Britain
192:Austrian War of Succession
1145:– via Google Books.
811:– via Google Books.
677:Teutsche Reichsgeschichte
663:– via Google Books.
516:Friedrich von Schrötter:
455:James Steuart (economist)
433:
113:Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
951:F. von Schrötter, p. 106
538:Graumann, Johann Philipp
483:
451:Palais am Festungsgraben
372:At the beginning of the
232:Graumann currency reform
165:Christlieb von Clausberg
86:Palais am Festungsgraben
1050:F. von Schrötter, p. 42
1032:F. von Schrötter, p. 44
1014:F. von Schrötter, p. 70
996:F. von Schrötter, p. 85
785:F. von Schrötter, p. 93
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93:Johann Philipp Graumann
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97:business mathematician
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173:Electorate of Hanover
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918:S. Stern, p. 233-234
680:. Weidmann. p.
520:Parey, Berlin 1908.
499:, 1762 (in German),
367:Veitel Heine Ephraim
347:Veitel Heine Ephraim
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
493:, 1749 (in German)
343:Spandauer Vorstadt
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242:
121:monetary theorists
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762:www.bundesbank.de
505:978-0-266-64648-8
325:bills of exchange
319:. All contracts,
250:Münzstätte Berlin
210:Cologne fine mark
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48:Please help
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1212:1762 deaths
1207:1706 births
406:Neustrelitz
398:Quedlinburg
386:Ephraimiten
291:containing
263:in Berlin,
188:Münzmeister
177:burgomaster
129:seigniorage
109:mint master
52:if you can.
1201:Categories
1177:2018-06-30
772:2019-01-25
559:References
417:Wisselbank
394:Harzgerode
361:Later life
317:face value
277:Königsberg
58:April 2022
522:(Archive)
410:Rethwisch
281:Magdeburg
218:Brunswick
161:arbitrage
157:gymnasium
609:S. Stern
470:receipts
402:Schwerin
378:Freiberg
34:require
511:Sources
306:⁄
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285:Stettin
265:Breslau
224:, c.q.
203:⁄
105:coinage
36:cleanup
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434:Legacy
273:Aurich
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625:(PDF)
491:Mint)
484:Works
444:Justi
321:bonds
269:Kleve
1137:ISBN
803:ISBN
554:2009
501:ISBN
421:Mark
382:agio
323:and
283:and
143:Life
103:and
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186:as
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